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Power in the Human-Monkey Social Worlds of Delhi and Shimla

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Power in the Human-Monkey Social Worlds of Delhi and Shimla UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SANTA CRUZ MENACE AND MANAGEMENT: POWER IN THE HUMAN-MONKEY SOCIAL WORLDS OF DELHI AND SHIMLA A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in ANTHROPOLOGY by Daniel Allen Solomon September 2013 The Dissertation of Daniel Allen Solomon is approved: ___________________________ Professor Susan Harding, chair ___________________________ Professor Donna Haraway ___________________________ Professor Andrew Mathews ___________________________ Professor Megan Moodie ___________________________ Professor Adrienne Zihlman _______________________________ Tyrus Miller, Vice Provost of Graduate Studies Copyright by Daniel Allen Solomon 2013 Table of Contents Part I – Introduction: From Menace to Multispecies 1 Foreword 1 Chapter One: The Monkey Menace 4 Chapter Two Theorizing Multispecies Worlds 20 Part II – Delhi and Its Environs 43 Chapter Three: The Out-of-Placeness of Monkeys in Menace Narratives 47 Chapter Four: Dis/Affections for Monkeys and the Problem of Anthropomorphism 65 Chapter Five Dislocating and Relocating Monkeys on the Global Scale 88 Chapter Six: Capture and Sanctuary in Delhi 105 Part III – Shimla and Its Environs 138 Chapter Seven: Hill Histories 141 Chapter Eight: Etiquette and Exchange in the Monkey Kingdom 173 Chapter Nine: Governing the Monkey Kingdom 202 Chapter Ten: Conclusion: Introductions in Urban Tangles 248 iii List of Figures 1. Young adult near Jakhoo Mandir. 4 2. One of the Step Sisters. 7 3. Monkey accepting offerings near Pracheen Hanuman Mandir. 7 4. "Left Scar Face". 7 5. Jungle monkeys at a tourist camp in the Sundarbans. 7 6. One of the elder females at Pracheen Hanuman Mandir. 7 7. Man feeding monkeys in Vrindavan. 12 8. Shimlan male eating roti from the garbage. 12 9. Males walking the Mall. 20 10. Commensalism at the canteen. 23 11. New Delhi skyline with house crows. 43 12. Watching from a niche in Bundi. 47 13. A young monkey patiently destroying something. 57 14. Hanuman the Bhakt. 65 15. Panchmuki Hanuman. 65 16. Rhesus and jungle crows at a dump site. 76 17. Rhesus and Hanuman langur mating. 76 18. Rhesus and dog gazing at a pig. 76 19. Mother and infant at the Mall. 88 20. Resident of the Canara Bank Building. 105 21. Pracheen Hanuman Mandir. 131 22. Feeding monkeys at Jaipur Zoo. 134 23. Shimla from Ridge Road. 138 24. The path to Jakhoo. 141 iv 25. Ravan burning. 162 26. Smoke in the trees. 162 27. Jakhoo Mandir in the 1910s. 164 28. Jakhoo Mandir in 2009. 164 29. "Jai Hanuman." 172 30. Man swinging a danda while a monkey watches. 173 31. Juvenile eating marigolds with his feet. 175 32. Adult male makes off with two whole packets of candy. 175 33. Drinking from the spigot. 175 34. Looking up the stairs. 177 35. The monkey who stole Teresa's glasses . 181 36. also stole a woman's shoe. 183 37. Retirees stressing a monkey out. 187 38. An open-mouthed threat. 187 39. Madan feeds the monkeys. 190 40. Chewbacca Monkey. 191 41. Chewbacca's injury. 199 42. Confronting the trapper. 202 43. A serious threat. 202 44. A caged porch on Jakhoo Hill. 212 45. Highway 22 through Shimla. 213 46. Monkey trap at Totu. 227 47. Preparing monkeys to be sterilized. 231 48. Babu waking up in post-op. 234 49. Trappers moving monkeys from one cage to another. 240 v 50. Post-op ward cages. 242 51. Rani and Babu after Babu's surgery. 243 52. Children hiding in the shoe room, as a monkey sits outside. 248 Figures 6, 13, 20, 29, 34, 36, and 39 are copyright Daniel Allen Solomon, 2013. Figure 27 is public domain, photographer unknown. All other photographs are copyright Teresa Gonsoski, 2009. vi Abstract Daniel Allen Solomon Menace and Management: Power in Human-Monkey Social Worlds of Delhi and Shimla This dissertation is based on ethnographic and textual research among the monkeys and humans of two Indian metropolises, mostly between 2006-2010. The monkeys are rhesus macaques, who have lived alongside humans in South Asia for thousands of years, make their livings in apparently anthropogenic material-symbolic environments. Rhesus participate in the shaping of the space of their interaction with humans; that is, they engage in multispecies world-building. In the context of their relationships with one another, humans and monkeys become capable of agency in multispecies contexts: members of the two species grant others' agency in contexts that might be otherwise unintelligible to them. Humans make monkeys into politically potent actors and speak for them in politics, and monkeys make humans into their subordinates, caretakers, and allies. I focus on government as an act of world-building, and I evaluate government attempts to manage monkeys in Delhi and Shimla. Governmentality can be considered as a part of monkeys' niche co-construction because the significances that government actors take into account are not wholly human in origin, and affections for monkeys play as important a role in government management calculations as the nuisance that the animals cause. My task here isn't to select the "best" government-built world, but to note how the specific styles of governmentality that have unfolded in Delhi and Shimla work upon the possibility of amenable interspecies relations. Delhi's management strategy performs the enforcement of an inviolate division between monkeys and urban spaces by translocating and keeping thousands of monkeys in a refuge to the south of the city, but in Shimla wildlife managers have opted for a sterilization program which allows the monkeys to return to their home site, thus minimally interfering in already- working situations of human-monkey interaction. vii I dedicate this work to my parents, Alana Lee Solomon and Paul Daniel Solomon. viii Special thanks to Teresa Gonsoski, Susan Harding, and Neelima Jeychandran. I'd also like to extend my gratitude to: Anita Chauhan, Sonya Ghosh, Donna Haraway, Hiranmay Karlekar, Iqbal Malik and Vatavaran, Andrew Mathews, Megan Moodie, Raghubir Pirta, Sandeep Rattan, Pandit B.P. Sharma and the other pandits, staff, and regular vendors on Jakhoo, Charles Southwick, Ravi Sundaram and the Center for the Study of Developing Societies, Hafiz S.A. Yahya, Adrienne Zihlman, and to all the other people who made connections for me, read drafts of my work, or showed me hospitality. Thanks to everyone who fed me, there are so many of you. Finally, I'd like to thank the Wenner-Gren Foundation, who funded this research. ix Solomon – Menace and Management Part I – Introduction: From Menace to Multispecies Foreword This dissertation is about the relationships that exist between humans and rhesus macaque in two Indian metropolises. These monkeys, who have lived alongside humans in South Asia for thousands of years, make their livings in material-symbolic environments that many will think of as anthropogenic, or strictly human in origin. The monkeys make their livings there through exercises of guile and cunning, through the application of brute force, and by manipulating human affections. This is not just to say that the monkeys subsist mainly by evading or resisting human power; and it is not to say that they make their livings mainly by taking advantage of human feelings and foibles like the religious sentiment that many Hindus feel for the monkeys who are the living incarnations or representatives of the god Hanuman. The monkeys also participate in the shaping of the material and social spaces of their interaction with humans. They engage in what scholar of science studies Donna Haraway has called world-building. The monkeys aren't laying brick; nor are they actively politicking amongst their human associates for their rights; nor do they seem to have any special awareness of Hanuman's resemblance to them, nor of their other moral connotations. While monkeys do come equipped with many physical, mental, and emotional capacities that are similar to the ones that we have, it is instead in the context of their relationships with humans that either primate species becomes capable (as STS scholar Vinciane Despret might say) of agency in multispecies contexts. Monkeys construct their world through processes like what the primatologist Agustín Fuentes has called niche co-construction. The buildings that humans erect, the affections that humans feel, and the political action that humans are willing to take on behalf of monkeys 1 Foreword shape the world for monkeys. Humans and monkeys are each other's ecological and social actuators. They grant one another agency in contexts that might be otherwise unintelligible to them: humans make monkeys into politically potent actors and speak for them in politics, and monkeys make humans into their subordinates, caretakers, and allies. Much of this dissertation is concerned with governmentality, the exercise of power by state authorities over the territory of the geographical state and its contents. Government is also an act of world-building. Insofar as monkeys and other wildlife become materially or symbolically significant to human political actors, who then act politically on the nonhumans' behalves, governance can also be considered a tool of niche co-construction. The worlds that emerge from the governance of monkeys are varied, ranging from landscapes hewn by a stark divide between human and monkey – Delhi – to landscapes where the two species get along together through active negotiations of power – Shimla. In all cases, my job here is not to evaluate these worlds as better or worse in a universal sense that cuts across the specific situations which gave rise to the specific governmentalities that emerge in the two cities. Rather, I join with other authors who are writing and teaching towards the cultivation of a sensibility in my readers and students that is not just worldly, but multi-worldly. The task isn't to select the "best" world, but to learn something about what makes worlds amenable to the lives who compose them, and to apply those lessons to the work of building up, repairing, or re-imagining the significances that make living together possible.
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