Die Familie Strozzi Als Auftraggeber Und Bauherren Des

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Die Familie Strozzi Als Auftraggeber Und Bauherren Des Die Familie Strozzi als Auftraggeber und Bauherren des Palazzo Strozzi und der Cappella Strozzi in Santa Maria Novella in Florenz Diplomarbeit zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades einer Magistra der Philosophie an der geisteswissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz vorgelegt von Sophie Theres NAGELE am Institut für Kunstgeschichte Begutachter: Univ.- Prof. Dr. phil. Edgar Lein Graz, 2013 Ehrenwörtliche Erklärung Ich erkläre hiermit, dass ich die vorliegende Arbeit selbstständig und nur unter Hilfenahme der angegebenen Quellen und Hilfsmittel verfasst habe. Alle Stellen der Arbeit, die im Wortlaut oder dem Sinn nach anderen gedruckten Werken entnommen sind, habe ich durch genaue Quellenangaben gekennzeichnet. Graz, Juli 2013 2 VORWORT Mein Bezug zur Renaissance rührt aus meiner Schulzeit in Udine her. Ich lebte ein Schuljahr lang in einem alten Konventgebäude der Franziskaner. Eine der bleibenden Erinnerungen an diese Zeit ist die aktive Auseinandersetzung mit der Bedeutung der Medici für die italienische Geschichte. Zurück in Österreich war es für mich klar, dass ich zur Matura die Familie der Medicis als Spezialgebiet wählen werde. In der eingehenderen Beschäftigung mit Lorenzo, dem Prächtigen, stieß ich dann auch erstmals auf den Namen Strozzi. Es war, als würde ich die andere Seite der glorreichen Medici Familie erblicken. Es war nicht mehr von prächtigen Gebäuden und aufregenden Ränken die Sprache, plötzlich ging es um Neid und Missgunst, Angst und Gier. Als ich dann erstmals in Florenz den Palazzo der Familie sah und die großartige Präsentation von Kunst erlebte, fragte ich mich, was steht hinter diesem Namen, wer sind bzw. waren „die Strozzi“. Daher lag es nahe, diese Frage im Rahmen meiner Diplomarbeit zu bearbeiten. Ich hoffe dabei nicht nur für mich eine Antwort gefunden zu haben, sondern auch dem Leser ein anschauliches Bild dieser Familie und ihrer Spuren zu vermitteln. Hier möchte ich mich bei allen bedanken, die mich während meiner Diplomarbeit unterstützt haben. Mein besonderer Dank gilt meinen Eltern, die mich die gesamte Studienzeit hindurch uneingeschränkt unterstützt haben und mir vor allem jetzt immer zur Seite standen und mir die nötige Motivation gaben. Außerdem möchte ich mich bei Herrn Univ.-Prof. Dr. phil. Edgar Lein für die Betreuung der Diplomarbeit bedanken. Er war mir eine große Hilfe bei allen Fragen die während der Erarbeitung des Themas aufkamen. 3 INHALTSVERZEICHNIS EINLEITUNG ...............................................................................................................1 STROZZI – DIE GESCHICHTE EINER FAMILIE ........................................................4 STROZZIERE...........................................................................................................4 ONOFRIO STROZZI ................................................................................................8 PALLA STROZZI ......................................................................................................9 MATTEO STROZZI ................................................................................................14 ALESSANDRA MACINGHI ....................................................................................16 FILIPPO „IL VECCHIO“ STROZZI..........................................................................24 SELVAGGIA GIANFIGLIAZZI ................................................................................33 FILIPPO „IL GIOVANE“ STROZZI..........................................................................36 DIE NACHKOMMENSCHAFT ................................................................................46 DER PALAZZO STROZZI .........................................................................................53 „CASA STROZZI“ ...................................................................................................53 AUFTRAGSGEBER UND BAUHERR ....................................................................58 DIE MODELLE .......................................................................................................61 DER BAU ...............................................................................................................66 GESTALTUNG .......................................................................................................75 DER PALAZZO STROZZI IM WANDEL DER ZEIT................................................81 DIE CAPPELLA STROZZI .........................................................................................83 DIE KIRCHE SANTA MARIA NOVELLA ................................................................83 DIE CAPPELLA STROZZI .....................................................................................89 CONCLUSIO ...........................................................................................................104 LITERATURVERZEICHNIS.....................................................................................106 ABBILDUNGSVERZEICHNIS .................................................................................113 EINLEITUNG In der Historie ist die Geschichte einer Familie häufig die einer Rivalität. Und auch hier haben wir es mit Konkurrenzkämpfen über Jahrhunderte hinweg zu tun. Die Familien Strozzi und Medici verbindet ein Band andauernder Auseinandersetzungen um Macht und Einfluss. Wie Ironie wirkt es, wenn sich die beiden Geschlechter im Lauf der Zeit durch die Verheiratung von Töchtern und Söhnen miteinander verschmelzen. 1509 heiratete Filippo Strozzi Clarice de‘ Medici, eine Enkelin Lorenzo des Prächtigen, und verband so seine Familie mit der des Erzrivalen.1 Es ist wie auch in allen anderen Kämpfen der herrschenden Dynastien im Europa der frühen Neuzeit. Wenn die Kriege den Erfolg des Machtzuwachses nicht ausreichend sichern konnten und somit die Gefahr bestand, dass sich eine Familie verbrauchte, griff man auf die ultima ratio der Machtpolitik zurück: die Heirat. Der florentinische Händler und Bankier Palla Strozzi musste 1434, nachdem er gegen die Vorherrschaft der Medici aufbegehrt hatte, die Stadt verlassen. Er und seine Familie wurden mit einem jahrzehntelangen Bann bestraft. Palla floh nach Norditalien, nach Padua und wurde dort zum Prototyp des gebildeten und kunstsinnigen Renaissancebürgers.2 Er erwarb mit Geld nicht nur politischen Einfluss, sondern wurde zum Motor einer reichen Kulturentwicklung. Die Gelehrten, die Künstler, unter ihnen Donatello, Masaccio und Fra Filippo Lippi, Autoren sowie Philosophen scharten sich um ihn. Er finanzierte und beeinflusste die Kunstproduktion seiner Zeit nachhaltig. In der Geschichte seiner Familie ist Palla keine singuläre Erscheinung. Filippo der Ältere stiftet nicht nur den großartigen Palazzo Strozzi und die Cappella Strozzi in Santa Maria Novella, ihn verbanden auch Freundschaften zu den hervorragendsten Künstlern seiner Zeit. Die Arbeiten von Filippino Lippi und Benedetto da Maiano geben darüber Auskunft. Filippo Strozzis Sohn, Lorenzo, war 1 Vgl. Walter 2011, 229ff. 2 Vgl. Zeri 1987, 404ff. 1 ein begeisterter Kenner antiker Autoren und für die Niederschrift der Familiengeschichte verantwortlich. Für Ruberto Strozzi arbeitete Tizian in Venedig.3 So wurde die Familie Strozzi in der Renaissance zum Symbol für die Verbindung von Finanzkraft und Mäzenentum. Der hier vorgestellte Palazzo Strozzi und die Cappella Strozzi in Santa Maria Novella sind eindrucksvolle Belege dafür. Im ersten Teil wird die Geschichte der Familie vorgestellt. Am Anfang steht der unglaubliche Reichtum, den Onofrio Strozzi seinem Sohn Palla hinterließ. In der großen Verbannung verbrauchte sich das Vermögen und es dauerte über fünfzig Jahre, bis der ältere Filippo die Familie in Florenz wiedervereinen konnte. Ich versuche darzustellen, wie wichtig seine Mutter Alessandra Macinghi als Familienoberhaupt einer verbannten Familie war. Die meisten Informationen dieser Zeit stammen aus dem Briefwechsel Alessandras mit ihren Söhnen. Im ersten Teil findet auch der tragende Konflikt mit den Medici Platz, der letztlich das Lebenswerk der Familie beinahe zum Scheitern brachte. Im zweiten Abschnitt beschäftige ich mich mit dem Haus der Strozzi, dem Palazzo Strozzi in Florenz. Ich werde die entscheidenden Neuerungen, die der Palastbau mit sich brachte, darstellen – das Baumodell des Giuliano da Sangallo, den Verschluss des Innenhofes nach außen, den architektonischen Mut von Simone di Tommaso del Pollaiuolo genannt „il Cronaca“ und die städtebauliche Neuerung, die das Gebäude bedeutete. Im dritten und letzten Abschnitt wird die Grabkapelle der Strozzi in Santa Maria Novella vorgestellt. Kurz wird die Baugeschichte der Kirchen im Zentrum des „Strozzi-Viertels“ angerissen. Ich beschreibe den Innenraum mit der großen Zahl an bedeutenden Kunstwerken und die Kapelle. Hier finden sich einige der großartigsten Fresken der Renaissance, sowie Benedetto da Maianos außergewöhnlicher Sarkophag mit dem darüber angebrachten Madonnentondo in der Grabnische. Am Ende versuche ich die Frage zu beantworten, was die Familie Strozzi von den anderen Familien im Florenz des 15. Jahrhunderts unterscheidet und warum hat der 3 Vgl. Walter 2011, 208ff. 2 Name Strozzi nicht nur überlebt hat, sondern weiterhin mit dem Glanz einer Epoche in Verbindung gebracht wird. 3 STROZZI – DIE GESCHICHTE EINER FAMILIE STROZZIERE Der Ursprung der Familie Strozzi, so berichtet Lorenzo Strozzi (1482-1549) in der von ihm verfassten Familiengeschichte, geht zurück auf eine Familie alten Adels. Es ist schon sehr früh ein Bestreben mächtiger Familien gewesen,
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