ISSN: 2381-4381 Volume 9 Number 1 2021
International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences
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Horizon Research Publishing http://www.hrpub.org ISSN 2381-4381 Table of Contents
International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences Volume 9 Number 1 2021
Construction and Development - Field Hockey Specific Skills' Test (https://www.doi.org/10.13189/saj.2021.090101) Lalit Mohan, Syed Tariq Murtaza, Ashish Kumar Katiyar ...... 1
Online Learning and Platforms Favored in Physical Education Class during COVID-19 Era: Exploring Student' Perceptions (https://www.doi.org/10.13189/saj.2021.090102) Hasanuddin Jumareng, Edi Setiawan, Ihsan Abdul Patah, Mela Aryani, Asmuddin, Ruslan Abdul Gani ...... 11
Effect of Post-Exercise Yoga Poses on Eccentric Exercise-Induced Muscle Soreness, Pain, and Activities of Daily Living (https://www.doi.org/10.13189/saj.2021.090103) Chakravarthy Marx Sadacharan ...... 19
Model of National Athlete Training Centre-B toward the Prestige of Provincial Government of All Indonesian Athlete Association in East Java (https://www.doi.org/10.13189/saj.2021.090104) Rumpis Agus Sudarko, Hari Setijono, Edy Mintarto ...... 27
The Effect of a Training and Nutritional Program to Address the Male Gynecomastia Phenomenon (https://www.doi.org/10.13189/saj.2021.090105) Ali Bedaiwi Tapoor, Ammar Muthanna Jameel, Mushtaq Abed Alredha Mashi ...... 34
Students' Difficulties in the Practice of Volleyball in School Physical Education: An Analysis Based on Tactical Principles (https://www.doi.org/10.13189/saj.2021.090106) Chanh Thuc Dao, Van Tang Nguyen ...... 41
The Effect of Visualization, Relaxation, and Self-efficacy on the Performance of Men Speed World Record Athletes Category (https://www.doi.org/10.13189/saj.2021.090107) Ilham, Dimyati ...... 48
Sports Management of Indonesian Sports Athletics Preparations in Asian Games 2018 (https://www.doi.org/10.13189/saj.2021.090108) Ria Lumintuarso, Suharjana, Widiyanto, Japhet Ndayisenga ...... 56
Influence of Different Training Activities on Development of Junior Athletes' Logical Thinking (https://www.doi.org/10.13189/saj.2021.090109) Mykhailo Khoroshukha, Grygoriy Griban, Nataliia Terentieva, Pavlo Tkachenko, Oleksandr Petrachkov, Bogdan Semeniv, Olena Otravenko, Zoia Dikhtiarenko, Eduard Yeromenko, Oksana Khurtenko, Andrii Lytvynenko ...... 62
Learning Model of Fundamental Movement Skills (FMS) for Children with Mild Intellectual Disability (https://www.doi.org/10.13189/saj.2021.090110) Selvi Atesya Kesumawati, Fakhruddin, Husni Fahritsani ...... 71 The Basic Learning Model of Traditional Motion Based Games for Early Childhood (5-6) Years (https://www.doi.org/10.13189/saj.2021.090111) Nofi Marlina Siregar, Eka Fitri Novita Sari, Marlinda Budiningsih, Zulham ...... 81
Quality Physical Education Learning through Process Modeling Based on Kinesthetic Perception (https://www.doi.org/10.13189/saj.2021.090112) Eva Julianti P, Yusmawati, Heni Widyaningsih, Abd. Halim ...... 89
A Variation of Push Up for Overhead Pass on Volleyball Games (https://www.doi.org/10.13189/saj.2021.090113) Fauziah Nuraini Kurdi, Hartati, Yeni Risnawati, Destriana ...... 97
The Effect of Gamma Wave Optimization and Attention on Hitting Skills in Softball (https://www.doi.org/10.13189/saj.2021.090114) Jajat Darajat Kusumah Negara, Sufyar Mudjianto, Astri Budikayanti, Adhitya Nugraha PP ...... 103
The Effect of Shuttle Drill Training on the Ability of Dribbling Ball in Soccer Games in Extracuricular Students of Sma Negeri 1 Lembak (https://www.doi.org/10.13189/saj.2021.090115) Maya Kurnia, Putri Cicilia Kristina, Husni Fahritsani, Perabu Nita, Hengki Kumbara, Daryono ...... 110
Futsal Sports Coaching Achievements of Banggai Regency (A Case Study in Banggai Regency) (https://www.doi.org/10.13189/saj.2021.090116) Muhammad Salahuddin, Armin Haluti, Nurhikmah ...... 117
Development of Information and Technology-based Learning Media in Athletic Materials for Short Distance Running Numbers for Quality Junior N 2 Students in Lubuk Linggau City, South Sumatra Province (https://www.doi.org/10.13189/saj.2021.090117) Nurul Ihsan, Khodijah Reza Amum, Willadi Rasyid, Hendri Neldi ...... 124
Effect of Tempe Drinks on Muscle Recovery (Malondialdehyde) and Sub-Maximum Activity on Sparta DK Percut Sei Tuan Football Players in Deli Serdang Regency, North Sumatra Province (https://www.doi.org/10.13189/saj.2021.090118) Winara, Oktia Woro Kasmini Handayani, Sulaiman, Rumini ...... 130
The Effect of Smash Training Using Hanging Balls on the Accuracy of Open Smash (https://www.doi.org/10.13189/saj.2021.090119) Siti Ayu Risma Putri, Firmansyah Dlis, Samsudin, Mutiara Fajar, Sugar Wanto, Puput Sekar Sari...... 135
A Study on the Behavior of Change & Korean Dance Creation by Foreign Visitors (https://www.doi.org/10.13189/saj.2021.090120) Ji Young Yoo, Yeon Soo Kim...... 140
Synchronized Breathing with Pelvic Floor Contractions Expands Maximum Voluntary Ventilation in Young Soccer Players (https://www.doi.org/10.13189/saj.2021.090121) Vijayamurugan Eswaramoorthi, Mohamad Razali Abdullah, Naresh Bhaskar Raj, Rabiu Muazu Musa, Ahmad Bisyri Husin Musawi Maliki ...... 149
Testing the Level of Knowledge of Physical Fitness among the Employees of Hashemite University (https://www.doi.org/10.13189/saj.2021.090122) Mahmoud AL-Haliq, Esam Abu-Shihab, Manal Al-Kloub, Ibrahim Harafsheh ...... 156 International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences 9(1): 1-10, 2021 http://www.hrpub.org DOI: 10.13189/saj.2021.090101
Construction and Development - Field Hockey Specific Skills' Test
Lalit Mohan1, Syed Tariq Murtaza2, Ashish Kumar Katiyar3,*
1Madhya Pradesh Men’s Hockey Academy, Department of Sports, Youth Welfare, Bhopal (M.P), India 2Department of Physical Education, A.M.U., Aligarh (U.P.), India 3Department of Physical Education, C.S.J.M. University, Kanpur (U.P.), India
Received October 12, 2020; Revised December 24, 2020; Accepted January 20, 2021
Cite This Paper in the following Citation Styles (a): [1] Lalit Mohan, Syed Tariq Murtaza, Ashish Kumar Katiyar , "Construction and Development- Field Hockey Specific Skills’ Test," International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 1 - 10, 2021. DOI: 10.13189/saj.2021.090101. (b): Lalit Mohan, Syed Tariq Murtaza, Ashish Kumar Katiyar (2021). Construction and Development- Field Hockey Specific Skills’ Test. International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences, 9(1), 1 - 10. DOI: 10.13189/saj.2021.090101. Copyright©2021 by authors, all rights reserved. Authors agree that this article remains permanently open access under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 International License
Abstract In this existing time, the approaches made in Keywords Field-Hockey Skills Test, Hit, Push, Scoop, field hockey are highly appreciable. As the synthetic Dribble, Sweep/Slap Shot, Receiving the Moving Ball surface introduced, many drastic changes have taken place. The game got a new trend for assessing functional playing abilities, and performance-based specific skills of advanced field hockey players. Field hockey is a stick-based game; where stick-work with speed and 1. Introduction accuracy is required for controlling the movement of the History of hockey is very old. The game has been ball. A number of specific skill tests had already been played since the 2000 BC by different names but in developed and produced to test the functional abilities of similar fashion; and from 2000 BC to 2020 this game saw players’ stick-work with other developmental work as many ups & downs with numerous changes. Though the fielding, dribbling, driving, controlling, and shooting while game of ball and sticks, has adopted many advanced form moving the ball. However, no existing test fulfills the now called hockey. About 50 years ago hockey has been criteria of modern field hockey playing skills. In order to played on a grass field with wooden stick. But modern test the specific skills and evaluate the performance level of hockey is played with modern equipment and hybrid advanced hockey players; the authors designed and grounds. constructed a test with proper selection of specific skills, in There are many tests available in sports literature which many other movements related to advance skills regarding field hockey proposed by many authors. Field were combined with stick-work. Wherein major focus was hockey skill testing goes back to 1929 when Hartley laid upon the player’s ability to control the force element developed an empirical skill test (based on observation/ when contacting the ball, manipulation of stick-work by experience only) for field hockey [1]. The statistically combining wrist and hand movement with quickness to valid test was first established by Schmithals & French [2], control the movement of the ball while running in speed followed by many other researchers who developed and and hitting the right target was the prime concern. The idea constructed Field Hockey tests; as like, Friedel (1956); presented in this paper is the need of the day and, the test is Singh (1957); Strait (1960); Illner (1968); Perry (1969); known as the ‘Veer- Lalit Field-Hockey Skills Test’ which Henry (1970); Chapman (1982); Clarke & Clarke (1987); meaningfully analyses the overall performances of SAI (1992) [3-12]. advanced hockey players. Out of these, Schmithals & French developed a field 2 Construction and Development - Field Hockey Specific Skills' Test
hockey test which still remains as the most comprehensive receiving the ball successfully dribbling is an automatic that provides a good demonstration of the process of test process to a large extent; elite player requires high-level construction from the selection of test items to the of technical skills, being able to dribble and control the development of regression (Prediction) equations by movement of ball without losing speed while running [19]. Bosco and Gustafson [13]. However, Friedal in 1956 In this specific test many valid and reliable skills recommended a single item field hockey test for high measures, unified with pure acceleration; which allows to school girls based on high validity coefficient (0.87) field hockey coaches to make more informed decisions between the Friedal Hockey Skill test and Schmithals & when assessing athletes’ coordinative abilities during French Ball Control Test. SAI Hockey Skill Test is about speed and acceleration, whereas in the same time 23 years old. evaluating technical proficiency create a more holistic At present the number of published tests of field hockey understanding of each athlete’s physical attributes and skill is limited in number and very little has been done technical strengths and weaknesses to assess the impact of scientifically to formulate tests that measure playing their training program; in addition with this considerable ability [14], developed by many authors; as like Mehrotra training time usually dedicated to technical development. (1996); Dureha & Mehrotra (2003); Kasiviswanathan And, to assess facets like concentration over task and ego (2010); and Kumar, & Mehrotra (2017) [15-18]. orientation in order to develop the psychological training Since the ages, field hockey is a multiple high intensity programs to enhance athletes’ performance [27]. activity sport with a multidirectional nature [19]. In these two decades developments of hockey tests had not advanced at the global plane. Most of these tests are 2. Methodology containing proficiency only in one or two skills. Wherein the game of hockey & its rules have been In this section participants, equipment required, Layout progressively changing as the technological development and marking, administration of the test and scoring advances; playing surfaces, hockey sticks and skills were procedure by using different types of scoring sheets filled changed over that period, which increased number of by the official and the nomenclature of the test has been physiological and technical demands made on field given in the following subsection: hockey players particularly at elite level [20]. By adopting these modification and changes, some countries are quite 2.1. Participants ahead of others and did brilliantly in specific skill testing as like Lemmink (2004); Spencer (2006); Sunderland This test is constructed for the male and female both the (2006); and Tapsell (2020) [21-24]. players, age ranging in between 18 to 35 yrs. It is clearly visible that the skills have changed significantly over the time and thus it is required to 2.2. Equipment Required for Administration of the Test develop a modern hockey test which measures the modern field-hockey skills, and to test out the capacity and As per the requirement of the test following equipment capability of players during this competitive era of game. are required i.e. Standard Hockey balls (eight to ten); There are extensive numbers of tests available; however, Hockey field (half side); White Tape Strips (for Marking); there is currently no existing test which fulfills the criteria Cones (five in number); Stop watch (three); Measuring of modern field hockey playing skills [25]. tape (at least 50 meter); Pen, Pencil; Score Sheets.
1.1. Test Objective 2.3. Layout & Marking The present study aims to design and construct field To administer the test marking is done on the half side hockey specific test based on practical application which of the hockey field with the following specification: can be administered easily and used regularly, to allow 1. On the both ends of center line there shall be 4 balls coaches and researchers to test and measure the modern placed from where side line meets i.e. 45.70 meter field hockey skills. from the end line. This test consists of all the important changes by which 2. At the middle of 23 meter line a box of 2 by 3 meters we can measure the performance level, physiological marked which is called as receiving box and it shall be capacity and concentration over task performed by the marked in such way that it lies toward center line players too. touching the 23 meter line. Receiving box is divided in three equal parts measuring 1x1meters each. 1.2. Utility and Practical Applications of the Test 3. Three cones are placed in such a way that the first cone is 4 meter away from receiving box, second cone Consistent performance testing of athletes is a vital is 1 meter away from the first cone and third cone is 1 component of elite sport [26]. In field hockey, after meter away from second cone in a straight line.
International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences 9(1): 1-10, 2021 3
4. Three shooting boxes of 2 by 1 meters shall be 4 Point Area = (4 squares of 0.45m x 0.45m on each marked on the shooting circle in such a way that first corner of the goal post). box is at the middle of the shooting circle and the rest 3 Point Area = (2 rectangles of 1.22m x 0.45m on two are 5 meters away each at either side of the first each side of pole). box. 2 Point Area = (2 rectangles of 2.13m x 0.92m 5. The dimension of the goal post is 2.13m x 3.65m and beside of 4 & 3 point area). the whole goal post shall be divided in five columns 1 Point Area = (1 rectangle of 2.13m x 0.92m in and each column possesses a target area where the between of 2 point area). ball hits and a score is awarded to the player in the following manners.
Official 3
Goal Post
4 4
No. Plate 3 2 1 2 3 No. Plate Back Line
4 4
Shooting Circle
Shooting Box 2 Shooting Box 3 (5.0 m) (5.0 m)
5 m Shooting Box 1 22.8
(1.0 m) Side Line Official 2 Side Line (1.0 m)
(4.0 m)
m)
0 1/3 2 3/1 Receiving 23 m Line & (45.7 Marking Area Attacker
5 m 2.8 2
Official 1
Center Line Balls Balls
Defender Defender
(55 m)
Figure 1. Layout and Marking of Hockey Field for Specific Skill Test
4 Construction and Development - Field Hockey Specific Skills' Test
2.4. Test & Its Administration 2.5. Scoring Procedure This test consists of four basic skills; Hit, Push, Scoop, In this test the scoring would be done in two parts i.e. and Dribble, and six advanced skills; Right foot leading scoring for feeders and receivers and then after it would Scoop, Right foot leading Push, Sweep/Slap Shot, Low be merged to analyze for further utilities and to check Back hand Hit, Right foot leading Hit, and Receiving the their individual and group performances. moving ball. 1. Scoring for the feeders: Feeders got the points Before administering the test, the participants were according to their accuracy while feeding the ball to given a demonstration of the test items by the test the receiver. The scores shall be awarded as for administrator or by any person having the knowledge of example the ball feeded by the feeder goes through the execution of the test. Three trails would be helpful to the three (3) point area of receiving box three (3) get familiar with the test. points shall be awarded and so on. Zero (0) points The test is conducted in groups, consisting of three shall be awarded if the ball moves outside the scoring members. Each player will act as a shooter as well as area. The main difference in scoring between the right feeder, because after every eight (8) balls feeded by the and left feeder is given below while scoring; feeders the players have to change their positions in a triangular way; wherein, the receiver comes in place of The score or point is awarded from the right side numbers left side feeder and left side feeder shall go in place of shown in the receiving box i.e. right side feeder and right side feeder shall act as receiver. For Right Side Feeder 3 2 1 1. The test starts with the feeder feeding the ball from right or left corner of the center line depending upon For Left Side Feeder 1 2 3 the choice of the receiver, that from which end he Note: The sum of all four balls feeded in alternate pattern intends to receive the ball first. by the feeder shall be the total score. 2. Both feeders have four (4) balls each, the feeders have to feed the ball in alternate pattern i.e. one ball by 2. Scoring for the Receiver: Scoring for receiver would right feeder and another by left feeder until their four be done in three parts and then it would further balls are completed. analyzed after complete scoring. The right feeder has to feed the ball by using the Receiving within or outside of Box: Receiver is four ways i.e. (Hit, Scoop, Push, and Sweep/Slap awarded points on the basis of his receiving ability; shot). so he has to receive each ball that is feeded by the The left feeder has to feed the ball by using four feeder within or outside the receiving box & then ways i.e. (Hit, Right foot leading scoop, Right foot drag to the highest point area in the receiving box. leading push, and Sweep/Slap shoot). If the receiver receives the ball in two (2) point area of receiving box, two (2) points shall be awarded Note: The main aim of both the feeders is to score and so on. The receiver can increase the score by maximum points by feeding the ball in marked dragging the ball to the next high scoring box, for scoring/targeted area at the middle of 23 meter line. example, if the ball is received at one (1) point area, 3. The receiver has to receive each ball that is fed by the the receiver can drag it to three (3) point area to feeders with-in the receiving box or it goes outside of increase the score to three (3) point. the receiving box. And if the receiver wants to Time taken to reach the shooting box: The increase his score then he has to drag the ball to the receiver is also awarded points on the basis of time next highest point area in the receiving box and then taken to reach the shooting box from the receiving he has to take the ball to the shooting boxes by box which are as follows: following ways: First three balls by dribbling method. 5 seconds or less = 3 points. Second three balls by rolling method. 6 to 8 seconds = 2 points. Last two balls by using 3D Skill/ Popping up the Above 8 seconds = 1 point. ball over the cones. Note: The time keeper shall starts the time as he receives 4. As the player reaches near the shooting circle, he has the ball or he touches the ball by his stick until he would to shoot the ball in the following ways: not reach to the shooting box. First two balls by Straight Hit from shooting box 1. Second two balls by Right Foot leading Hit from Shooting ability from shooting boxes: The scores shooting box 2. shall also be awarded on the basis of shooting Third two balls by times Low Back hand Hit from ability, on reaching to the shooting boxes, the shooting box 3. receiver has to shoot the ball in different ways from And the last two balls from any shooting box, different shooting boxes and the scores shall be performing any skill depending upon his choice. awarded as per the number plate on which the ball
International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences 9(1): 1-10, 2021 5
hits, for example if the ball hits two (2) point area, reliability of the constructed test would be tested two points shall be awarded and so on. separately. Here, in this paper authors’ prime intention was to construct a comprehensive testing module with a Note: Higher score shall be taken if the ball strikes with limited number of test items with a greater level of the boundary line of two adjacent scores. dependability, which would be proved as a reliable, objective, and valid tool for testing the skills of good to 2.6. Scoring Sheet elite field hockey male and female players age ranging from 18 to 35-year-olds. Analysis of the performance of Altogether (04) four types of scoring sheets were used players will be prepared later on, as per the individual in this test, in which (03) three scoring sheets are scores by using the scoring table. And, the constructed test separately filled by the three different officials and a confirms the assessment of the skill of the modern era, separate score sheet had also been used for accessing the administered on Astroturf with the latest equipment and overall performance of an individual player. All the (04) rules. four score sheets are as given separately as per the following annexures. Scoring Sheet for Official 1 (Annexure 1). 4. Recommendation Scoring Sheet for Official 2 (Annexure 2). Scoring Sheet for Official 3 (Annexure 3). The following areas could be strengthened in order to Combined Score Sheet (Annexure 4). excel present and future challenges of hockey players. To ensure the objectivity, validity, and reliability of 2.7. Nomenclature of the Test the constructed test, data needs to be collected for the formulation of test norms accordingly, based on Every test in the literature is christened as per the wish gender differences, and for different age groups. of the author(s); hence the test is named as ‘Veer- Lalit The newly constructed skill test must cover the Field-Hockey Skills Test’. modern demands of the game, which must reflect the players’ quality of being tested. Re-construction of old skill test as per modern playing 3. Conclusions surface. Priority must be given to test basic and modern skills. At present, the preceding test suggests the execution part only, which tests specific skills of field hockey players to determine differences in skill performance Conflicts of Interest between players, rather than to monitor improvements or changes for a particular player. And, the validity and There is no conflict of interest in between the author(s).
6 Construction and Development - Field Hockey Specific Skills' Test
Annexure 1
Scoring Sheet for Official 1 Group No:-
Receiving Receiving Feeding the ball Feeding the ball Players Details Score Score Ball from Score Ball form Score from Right Side from Left Side Right Side Left Side Right foot leading Hit Ball 1 Ball 1 Player 1 Hit Right foot leading Scoop Ball 2 Ball 2 Name: Scoop Right foot leading Push Ball 3 Ball 3 Chest No. Push Sweep/Slap Shot Sweep/Slap Shot Ball 4 Ball 4 Total Score of Player 1 Receiving Receiving Feeding the ball Feeding the ball Score Score Ball from Score Ball form Score from Right Side from Left Side Right Side Left Side Player 2 Right foot leading Hit Ball 1 Ball 1 Hit Name: Right foot leading Scoop Ball 2 Ball 2 Scoop Chest No. Right foot leading Push Ball 3 Ball 3 Push Sweep/Slap Shot Sweep/Slap Shot Ball 4 Ball 4 Total Score of Player 2 Receiving Receiving Feeding the ball Feeding the ball Score Score Ball from Score Ball form Score from Right Side from Left Side Right Side Left Side Player 3 Right foot leading Hit Ball 1 Ball 1 Hit Name: Right foot leading Scoop Ball 2 Ball 2 Scoop Chest No. Right foot leading Push Ball 3 Ball 3 Push Sweep/Slap Shot Sweep/Slap Shot Ball 4 Ball 4 Total Score of Player 3
Official Signature
Name: …………………….
International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences 9(1): 1-10, 2021 7
Annexure 2
Scoring Sheet for Official 2 Group No:-
Players Details Skill Ball No. Time in Sec Score Ball 1 Dribbling Ball 2 Ball 3 Player 1
Time taken to carry the ball Ball 1 Name: from 23 meter line to Shooting Circle Rolling Ball 2 Ball 3 Chest No.
3D Skill/ Ball 1 Popping Up the Ball Ball 2 Total Score of Player 1 Ball 1 Dribbling Ball 2 Ball 3 Player 2
Time taken to carry the ball Ball 1 Name: from 23 meter line to Shooting Circle Rolling Ball 2 Ball 3 Chest No.
3D Skill/ Ball 1 Popping Up the Ball Ball 2 Total Score of Player 2 Ball 1 Dribbling Ball 2 Ball 3 Player 3
Time taken to carry the ball Ball 1 Name: from 23 meter line to Shooting Circle Rolling Ball 2 Ball 3 Chest No.
3D Skill/ Ball 1 Popping Up the Ball Ball 2 Total Score of Player 3
Official Signature Name: …………………….
8 Construction and Development - Field Hockey Specific Skills' Test
Annexure 3
Scoring Sheet for Official 3 Group No:-
Players Details Skill Ball No. Score Ball 1 Right Foot leading Hit from Box 1 Ball 2 Player 1 Ball 1 Straight Hit from Box 2 Ball 2 Name: Bal1 1 Low Back hand Hit from Box 3 Ball 2 Chest No. Ball 1 Free Shoot from any Box Ball 2 Total Score of Player 1 Ball 1 Right Foot leading Hit from Box 1 Ball 2 Player 2 Ball 1 Straight Hit from Box 2 Ball 2 Name: Bal1 1 Low Back hand Hit from Box 3 Ball 2 Chest No. Ball 1 Free Shoot from any Box Ball 2 Total Score of Player 2 Ball 1 Right Foot leading Hit from Box 1 Ball 2 Player 3 Ball 1 Straight Hit from Box 2 Ball 2 Name: Bal1 1 Low Back hand Hit from Box 3 Ball 2 Chest No. Ball 1 Free Shoot from any Box Ball 2 Total Score of Player 3
Official Signature Name: …………………….
International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences 9(1): 1-10, 2021 9
Annexure 4 ‘VEER- LALIT FIELD-HOCKEY SKILLS TEST’
(Combine Score Sheet)
Name: ………………………………………………………………… Level of Play: State/ National/International (Tick) DOB : ………………………, Gender: ………………………… U- ……… Preferred Hand of Play: ……………………………………… Weather Condition………………………………………………… Preferred Playing Position: ………………………………… Test Session: Morning / Noon / Evening / Night (Tick) Specialty: …………………………………………………………... Playing Surface: Natural / Artificial (Tick)
Skill 1: Feeding the Stationary Ball Feeding the ball from Right Side Feeding the ball from Left Side Skill to be performed Score Awarded Skill to be performed Score Awarded Hit Right foot leading Hit Scoop Right foot leading Scoop Push Right foot leading Push Sweep/Slap Shot Sweep/Slap Shot Total Score Total Score
Skill 2: Receiving the Moving Ball Receiving Ball from Right Side Receiving Ball form Left Side Ball 1 Ball 1 Ball 2 Ball 2 Ball 3 Ball 3 Ball 4 Ball 4 Total Score Total Score
Skill 3: Time taken to carry the ball from 23 meter line to Shooting Circle Attempt No. Time Score Awarded
Ball 1
Dribbling Ball 2
Ball 3
Ball 1
Rolling Ball 2
Ball 3
Ball 1 3D Skill / Popping Up the Ball Ball 2
Total Score
Skill 4: Shooting Ability Attempt No. Score Awarded
Ball 1 Box 1 Ball 2
Ball 1 Box 2 Ball 2
Ball 1 Box 3 Ball 2
Ball 1 Free Shoot from any Box Ball 2
Total Score
Total Score: (Skill 1 +Skill 2 +Skill 3+Skill 4) =
Coaches’ Personal Observations Corrections Required 1. New Changes………………………………………………………………………………
2. Any Deviation in Fitness…………………………………………………………………..
3. Questions Asked by Player………………………………………………………………...
4. Further Scope of Improvement………………………………………………………..……
Official Signature
Name: ………………….….
10 Construction and Development - Field Hockey Specific Skills' Test
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International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences 9(1): 11-18, 2021 http://www.hrpub.org DOI: 10.13189/saj.2021.090102
Online Learning and Platforms Favored in Physical Education Class during COVID-19 Era: Exploring Student' Perceptions
Hasanuddin Jumareng1,*, Edi Setiawan2, Ihsan Abdul Patah2, Mela Aryani2, Asmuddin1, Ruslan Abdul Gani3
1Department of Physical Education Health and Recreation, Universitas Halu Oleo, Kendari 93231, Indonesia 2Department of Physical Education Health and Recreation, Universitas Suryakancana, Cianjur, Jawa Barat 43216, Indonesia 3Department of Physical Education Health and Recreation, Universitas Singaperbangsa Karawang, Jawa Barat 41360, Indonesia
Received November 15, 2020; Revised January 4, 2021; Accepted January 20, 2021
Cite This Paper in the following Citation Styles (a): [1] Hasanuddin Jumareng, Edi Setiawan, Ihsan Abdul Patah, Mela Aryani, Asmuddin, Ruslan Abdul Gani , "Online Learning and Platforms Favored in Physical Education Class during COVID-19 Era: Exploring Student’ Perceptions," International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 11 - 18, 2021. DOI: 10.13189/saj.2021.090102. (b): Hasanuddin Jumareng, Edi Setiawan, Ihsan Abdul Patah, Mela Aryani, Asmuddin, Ruslan Abdul Gani (2021). Online Learning and Platforms Favored in Physical Education Class during COVID-19 Era: Exploring Student’ Perceptions. International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences, 9(1), 11 - 18. DOI: 10.13189/saj.2021.090102. Copyright©2021 by authors, all rights reserved. Authors agree that this article remains permanently open access under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 International License
Abstract The current COVID-19 pandemic becomes a students can be achieved more optimally. problem for education, especially in the physical education learning process at the university level. The aim of this Keywords Students' Perceptions, Online Learning, study is explore students' perceptions of online learning Platforms, Physical Education, COVID-19 and preferred platforms in physical education classes during the COVID-19 pandemic. The method in this research was a qualitative exploratory study by interview. There were as many as 60 students became the sample 1. Introduction from Suryakancana and Halu Oleo University. Data collection is done by interviews to find out student In the current era of COVID-19 the use of online-based perceptions about the online learning and preferred learning is increasing rapidly in the world [1], including platforms in physical education classes. The results of this Indonesia and become one of the important lessons [2], study showed the different perceptions of students for lecturers to carry out education at the university level. regarding online learning and platform favored in the midst Currently research on online-based learning is becoming a of the COVID-19 pandemic, from those who consider trend among researchers, for example previous studies online learning to be very helpful and some are tried to analyze the factors that support or fail in online highlighting the obstacles faced when implementing online learning [3], [4], [5]. Another study tried to analyze the learning. Overall, students' perceptions consider online factors that influence student satisfaction in implementing learning very important in the current era of COVID-19, online-based learning [6], [7]. Then a study conducted by and the majority of the platforms that students like the most Chuan Wei and Chou [2] tried to explore students' are Zoom Meetings. The contribution of this research can perceptions of online learning performance and provide information to teachers and lecturers about online satisfaction. The majority of previous studies on student learning and platforms that can be used in physical perceptions of online learning only focused on general education classes, so that later learning outcomes from education [8], and partly scrutinizing difficulties or 12 Online Learning and Platforms Favored in Physical Education Class during COVID-19 Era: Exploring Student' Perceptions
planning an efficient operation middle and high school self-regulated learning, however there must still be strict online physical education classes, no studies have supervision by the lecturer so that students can learn the investigated student perceptions of online learning and lesson optimally. Based on this fact, a question arises preferred platforms in PE classes during the COVID-19 whether students' perceptions of online learning will be pandemic. In addition, there are still problems regarding related to better learning outcomes. For example research online learning, as reported by Brom et al [9] that Wei and Chou [2] finding the first week of online courses online-based distance education is burdensome for can help students perceive online learning more positively, families, schools and students at all levels. With the gap of for example, students can decide the best time and online learning in general education classes, this is the location to study, and online learning can facilitate reason why online learning must be continuously analyzed students to study independently, getting more learning and evaluated, especially in PE classes. According to resources to solve problems when studying. However, Jeong and So [10] that online PE classes require special different results are reported by Bali and Lie [19] that preparation to communicate and practice the values of students' perceptions of online learning are a lack of physical education well, so that there is a need to analyze interactivity, a low amount of social attendance and a lack students' perceptions of online education in PE to ensure of satisfaction among students, so it can be interpreted that that online learning can be used to transfer theoretical and online learning is less effective than face-to-face learning. practical knowledge which is usually done directly to face. With the contradictory results regarding perceptions of The urgency of this research problem is the importance of online learning in previous studies, attention is needed and facts about the online learning process in PE classes, so further exploration about online learning, especially in PE that the findings from this research analysis can provide class during the COVID-19 pandemic. information for lecturers, teachers and practitioners as Based on the above literature, several factors can be consideration or evaluation to carry out better online viewed as a consideration for students' perceptions of learning in the future and allow institutions to improve online learning. For example, online learning provides their services both in terms of quantity and quality. This students with a learning environment that is more flexible, study aims to determine students' perceptions of online easy and more comfortable to do than face-to-face learning and preferred platforms in PE class during the learning. Then even though online learning can be COVID-19 era accessed anywhere and anytime, students must consider a comfortable place and condition and have adequate internet access and learning resources or media available 2. Literature Review for them to do learning. In addition, the advantages and disadvantages are felt when implementing online learning. 2.1. Students' Perceptions On Online Learning Therefore, the concept of student perceptions in this study refers to online learning in PE class against the things Online learning uses the internet network, so that described above. It is proposed that the perception of lecturers and students can interact in cyberspace [11]. online learning can provide broad benefits in the field of Online is learning that uses internet networks with PE. accessibility, connectivity, flexibility, and the ability to generate various types of interactions in learning [12]. 2.2. Online Learning Model Online learning can create active, innovative, and efficient learning because it can be accessed anywhere and anytime To carry out online learning there are several models [13]. Students' perceptions about online learning show that can be implemented in order to create effective online positive results and they consider that the use of learning. Models that can be used include: technology in learning is very important to support optimal learning outcomes [14], [15]. Teachers, lecturers, 2.2.1. TPACK Model experts or researchers from various disciplines, including Technology, Pedagogy and Content Knowledge PE, are interested in discussing the perceptions of student (TPACK) is a model that offers online learning that is learning experiences about online learning at the different, because it combines several dimensions. This university level. For example Kuo et al [16] reported that model offers seven dimensions: CK (Content Knowledge), online learning is more student-centered which causes PK (Pedagogical Knowledge), TK (Technological them to be able to bring up responsibility and autonomy in Knowledge), CPK (Pedagogical Knowledge) Content learning (learning autonomy). Learning online requires Knowledge), TCK (Technological Content Knowledge), students to prepare all their learning tools, evaluate, TPK (Technological Pedagogical Knowledge), and TPCK organize and simultaneously maintain motivation in (Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge) [20]. independent learning [17]. Similarly, the results of the This model has been claimed by some researchers as a research by Cho and Shen [18] reported that online model and tool that greatly contributes to determining learning has the benefit of being able to foster success in implementing online learning.
International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences 9(1): 11-18, 2021 13
key success factors when implementing online learning, because the platform can facilitate interaction between students and lecturers [27]. In addition, the platform can share all kinds of information, such as text, images, video or sound, so that lecturers can distribute study assignments, arrange delivery, can provide assessments of student learning assignments and can monitor the implementation of learning carried out by students [28]. However, the problem is that if the lecturer is not literate in operating the platform it will hinder the learning process, even the learning outcomes will not be maximally achieved [29]. Based on the above literature, several factors can be viewed as a consideration of students' perceptions of preferred platforms. For example the preferred platform and easy to use during PE. Then does the use of platforms have an impact on learning outcomes in PE classrooms during COVID-19.
Figure 1. TPACK Framework 2.2.2. SAMR Model 3. Materials and Methods Substitution, Augmentation, Modification and Redefinition (SAMR) A model that has the concept of 3.1. Methods learning phases from substitution (initial contact with In this study using qualitative methods [30], [11] and technology) to redefinition (mastery of education) quantitative (mixed method), so that the data obtained is technology).The first two phases correspond to the verbal and numeric from the participants. process of improvement in the way of integrating ICT, and the next two phases are in the process of transformation. Each phase can be characterized by the 3.2. Participation role of technology in the teaching practice. Substitution, Participation in this study is 60 PE students drawn from technology acts as a direct tool substitute, without any levels 3 and 4 from the Suryakancana (n=30) and Halu functional change. Augmentation, technology acts as a Oleo (n=30) University. For more details, the direct substitute tool, with functional improvement. characteristics of the subject can be seen in Table 1. Modification, the technology allows redesigning important task. Redefinition, technology allows the Table 1. The Characteristics of Participation creation of new tasks, previously inconceivable [20]. Age (year) Height (cm) Weight (kg) 2.3. Students' Perceptions on Platforms Favored 19.7±1.01 1.68±1.73 59.97±4.20 To carry out online learning effectively and efficiently, The value can be presented as mean ± deviation lecturers and students really need mobile devices such as standard smartphones [21], tablets [22] that are connected to the The sampling technique used purposive sampling, use of a platform [23], such as Zoom Meeting, Webex, therefore we choosing students from level 3 and 4 to Google Meet, Google Classroom, Edmodo [24], participate in this research is because they have been Schoology, or WhatsApp [25]. The platform is a tool or doing online learning for 2 semesters, so they know more vehicle on the internet and has a function to facilitate about online learning in the era of COVID-19. distance learning between lecturers and students. Students' perceptions about the platform are very important and 3.3. Research Procedure must be disclosed of their effectiveness, because the use of the platform will determine success in implementing This research has received permission from the online learning in the future. For example, Benta, Bologa Suryakancana and Halu Oleo University committee with and Dzitac [26] reported the results of their research that number E 19/11/2020 and obtain approval from the the Moodle platform was proven to be useful to assist and parents of students. In addition, this study has followed strengthen students in submitting homework to lecturers the Ethics guidelines from the World Medical Association and lecturers could check student assignments anytime (Helsinki Declaration). Before the research is carried out, and anywhere. The platform is claimed to be one of the the subject is asked to make a written statement regarding
14 Online Learning and Platforms Favored in Physical Education Class during COVID-19 Era: Exploring Student' Perceptions
the willingness to participate in all activities in this study. have smartphones and laptops, it will obstruct the learning process and they have to buy these tools 3.4. Data Collection Technique with a lot of money and of course it takes a relatively long time to buy the tools. So in my opinion that Data collection and analysis procedures should be smartphones and laptops are the main tools students clearly explained with a reference to the role and need to achieve optimal online learning in the competency of the researcher(s). Five questions have been COVID-19 era." validated by 3 experts who have expertise related to Other respondents added regarding the first question: online learning. Interviews with respondents were "There are several media equipment that must be conducted for two days with a duration of 5 hours. On the prepared by students, one of which is a laptop and first day conducting interviews with 30 respondents and internet access when doing online learning at home. on the second day conducting interviews with 30 Laptops are used to be able to access the zoom site, respondents. The data technique in this study was in-depth so that we can interact via cyberspace with other interviews via WhatsApp. The aspects that were asked in friends and lecturers. Without a laptop and internet the interview were: network, it is certain that online learning cannot be 1. Do PE students have the facilities and infrastructure implemented and we will not get knowledge from to carry out online learning? lecturers." 2. What makes online learning successful compared to traditional learning? The responses from other respondents stated: 3. What platforms are often used by lecturers in online "Media tools needed to carry out online learning are learning? laptops, smartphones and adequate internet access. 4. What is the most preferred platform for PE students? With all these tools, we can easily access the zoom 5. How do PE students perceive the advantages and site, Google Meet, Google Classroom that is disadvantages of online learning? commonly used by lecturers in conducting online learning. Thus, to achieve optimal learning outcomes, The five questions in this study were adapted from Kim all media equipment must be prepared before [31], but the modification researcher became five participating the online learning." questions. In addition, this instrument has been tested beforehand and has validity (0.88) and reliability (0.78), Question 2: What makes online learning successful so this instrument is valid for scientific research. compared to face-to-face (offline) learning? The respondent' answered: 3.5. Data Analysis Technique "The spread of COVID-19 in Indonesia, especially in the Cianjur region, is very rapid and massive. The After conducting observations and interviews with 60 first way to avoid COVID-19 is to maintain social students, documentation data was collected, using distancing (for example 2 meters) with people who is analytical data collection techniques and data collection, positive for this virus. To prevent the widespread of using three stages, namely (a) data reduction, (b) data COVID-19 among PE students, online learning is the display, and (c) drawing conclusions from data analysis, best way for now. In addition, online learning can namely the process of analyzing data collection, in increase our learning motivation to be better than accordance with the formulation of the problem, then also face-to-face learning.” proven by the results of data processing in narrative form. Comments from informants (data display in the process of Other respondents stated that: becoming narrative comments). "Online learning is less successful than face-to-face learning, because PE learning is synonymous with motion. If motion learning is carried out online, it will be difficult for students to understand, especially 4. Result the movements exemplified by the lecturers are Question 1: What is the Media needed to carry out online relatively difficult. Like the movement of pencak silat, learning? other than that lectures that require equipment will be difficult to do online such as physical test and Respondents answered: measurement courses, badminton, volleyball, "Media equipment is a very important factor and it is handball, because all the equipment used is only needed to support the implementation of online available on campus.” learning effectively during PE lectures. Smartphones, laptops and the internet are tools that will facilitate There were also respondents who answered: and assist students in obtaining all material "Various efforts to suppress the chain of COVID-19 presented by lecturers. However, if students do not spread in the campus environment, one of which is
International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences 9(1): 11-18, 2021 15
by implementing online learning. Online learning is Question 4: Which platform do students like the most? an effective strategy to use today, because with Several respondents answered: online learning students and lecturers do not need to “The Zoom Meeting and Google Classroom platform do PE learning directly (face to face), so that in this are my favorite learning media, because these way it can minimize the occurrence of COVID-19 platforms are very easy to access. Apart from that it's transmission. In addition, online learning has easy to send video files and save other files. However, advantages compared to face-to-face learning, the lack of the Google Classroom platform is that it learning can be accessed anywhere. such as on the cannot make video calls with friends or lecturers. home page, home page or in the room. By Meanwhile, Zoom Meetings are better, because apart implementing online learning, we make it easier for from being able to store files easily, this platform can us to learn PE subject matter given by the lecturer." also make video calls or meet face to face with Question 3: What platforms are often used by lecturers in lecturers in cyberspace. However, there are still online learning? some shortcomings in this Zoom Meeting platform, namely there is a minimum time limit for use of 45 The respondent' answered: minutes, when that time is up, the user will "Each platform has advantages and disadvantages, automatically exit the Zoom Meeting platform and but most PE lecturers often use the Zoom Meeting when they want to re-enter they must use a different platform to carry out online learning in PE classes. id and password." In one semester lectures, both theoretical and practical, the lecturers always instruct us to do And others claim that: learning via Zoom Meetings, because this platform "There are many media or platforms that exist today, really makes easy for students, for example the Zoom but to be able to access all of these learning media Meeting platform is easy to access and can save files requires a lot of internet quota, I tend to prefer to use easily.” the WhatsApp media. If you look at the impact of COVID-19, where many parents of students have Another respondent added an answer: difficulty finding money and many have terminated "At the beginning of the online lecture, the lecturers their employment contracts, the WhatsApp platform introduced and instructed students to use the Zoom will be much more useful than other learning media. Meeting platform. The Zoom Meeting platform has Many lecturers instruct me to use the Zoom Meeting its own advantages, it displays someone who is and Schoology platform at the beginning of online talking, then it can give messages to all participants lectures, but I prefer to use Google Classroom, in the Zoom Room and can send messages privately because the platform has advantages: (1) Easy to to the target person." access, (2) Do not require a large internet quota, (3) There were also respondents who answered: It has the feature that is easy to understand, (4) Can "At the beginning of the semester the lecturers save large files, (5) Can see assignments given by introduced the Zoom Meeting platform and lecturers easily, but this platform also has Schoology to us, as a medium to support online shortcomings, (6) Cannot make video calls with learning. At the beginning of our meeting it was friends or lecturers." The majority of respondents difficult to operate the platform, because it uses chose Zoom Meeting with a percentage of 30.00% as English, but as the lecture progressed we began to the most preferred platform and often used in the PE understand and understand how to run all the learning process in theory and practice. Meanwhile, features on the platform. Thus the platform most the platform that the respondents did not like was often used by PE lecturers is the Zoom Meeting.” Schoology with a percentage of 3.33% (see fig. 2).
16 Online Learning and Platforms Favored in Physical Education Class during COVID-19 Era: Exploring Student' Perceptions
Figure 2. Percentage of platforms students liked
Question 5: How do students perceive the advantages and In addition to the data presented in the verbal form of disadvantages of online learning? the participants, this study is also presented in the form of Respondent said: mean, standard deviation and percentage (see Table 2). "Every learning design or pattern that is applied has Table 2. Results of student perception assessment its advantages and disadvantages, in this case is the Standard N0. Question Mean Percentage online learning. On the other hand, online learning deviation can protect students and lecturers from spreading the 1. Q1 2.53 0.85 63.33 COVID-19 epidemic, but online learning can be 2. Q2 2.77 0.81 69.17 burdensome the students and their parents, because they have to prepare smartphones, laptops and 3. Q3 2.60 0.81 65.01 internet quotas with relatively expensive prices.” 4. Q4 2.73 0.84 68.33 5 Q5 2.63 0.86 65.83 Most of respondents said: "By using smartphones or other technological devices, such as laptops connected to the internet, we can already access the material we want to study. By 5. Discussions implementing online learning we can do learning The purpose of this study was to explore students' anywhere and anytime. Especially with the current perceptions of online learning and the platforms they conditions with no crowds or large gatherings are preferred during the COVID-19 pandemic. The results of allowed, online learning is the most effective strategy this study indicate that the majority of respondents' to use in obtaining information. However, there are perceptions admit that online learning is better and limitations, namely internet access in remote areas effective used for now than face-to-face learning. In that is not always stable, so that it is the main addition, they feel online learning more interesting and obstacle for us to participate in the online learning easy to access at any time. Similar with previous research process. Thus, online learning is good to use amid show online learning has been proven effective in the current COVID-19, but the availability of improving student learning achievement and is claimed to internet access is a major problem for us. Because be a learning solution in the era of COVID-19 [32], [33]. not all students have adequate finance. I hope the However, this study found there are many shortcomings university can solve this problem by giving students and problems related to online-based learning that free internet quota in one semester to carry out implicate lecturers and students, for example students do online learning.” not focus on subject matter or difficult learning tasks, so
International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences 9(1): 11-18, 2021 17
they cannot learn them optimally, bad internet network learning. and not all students have internet quota. The same problem was found in previous studies which reported that online-based learning caused several problems to Acknowledgements students, such as a bad internet network, and many students do not have internet connectivity at home [34]. Many thanks to Suryakancana University and also Another finding reports that if lecturers and students are Physical Education students who have been willing to be less skilled in operating online learning media, learning respondents in this research. outcomes will not be achieved [35]. In line with the results of this study, many respondents reported having difficulty operating the Schoology or Zoom Meeting platform at the beginning of lectures. Then in this study found that the majority of respondents chose the Zoom REFERENCES Meeting platform (30.00%) as the most preferred and [1] H. Cigdem and O. G. Yildirim, “Effects of students’ commonly used platform in the PE online learning characteristics on online learning readiness: A vocational process. However, it is different from the results of college example,” Turkish Online J. Distance Educ., vol. 15, previous studies which show that the majority of no. 3, pp. 80–93, 2014. respondents choose DingTalk (56.65%) and WeChat [2] H. C. Wei and C. Chou, “Online learning performance and (52.75%) which are often used in the online learning satisfaction: do perceptions and readiness matter?,” Distance process [36]. Educ., vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 48–69, 2020. Some suggestions that can be applied to overcome [3] D. U. Bolliger and C. Halupa, “Online student perceptions of distance learning problems for motor skills in learning engagement, transactional distance, and outcomes,” kinetic sports activities such as swimming or other Distance Educ., vol. 39, no. 3, pp. 299–316, 2018. activities such as gymnastics, basketball, include: (1) demonstration the movements that students will learn [4] B. E. Shelton, J. L. Hung, and P. R. Lowenthal, “Predicting student success by modeling student interaction in through the zoom meeting platform, (2) provide videos or asynchronous online courses,” Distance Educ., vol. 38, no. 1, digital textbooks about the subject matter to students, (3) pp. 59–69, 2017. instruct students to do exercises independently at home, (4) provide feedback to students whenever they need. [5] D. Yang, “Instructional strategies and course design for teaching statistics online: perspectives from online students,” Int. J. STEM Educ., vol. 4, no. 1, 2017.
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International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences 9(1): 19-26, 2021 http://www.hrpub.org DOI: 10.13189/saj.2021.090103
Effect of Post-Exercise Yoga Poses on Eccentric Exercise-Induced Muscle Soreness, Pain, and Activities of Daily Living
Chakravarthy Marx Sadacharan
School of Biological Sciences (SBS), University of New England (UNE), Biddeford, Maine, 04005, United States
Received November 15, 2020; Revised December 25, 2020; Accepted January 20, 2021
Cite This Paper in the following Citation Styles (a): [1] Chakravarthy Marx Sadacharan, "Effect of Post-Exercise Yoga Poses on Eccentric Exercise-Induced Muscle Soreness, Pain, and Activities of Daily Living," International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 19 - 26, 2021. DOI: 10.13189/saj.2021.090103. (b): Chakravarthy Marx Sadacharan (2021). Effect of Post-Exercise Yoga Poses on Eccentric Exercise-Induced Muscle Soreness, Pain, and Activities of Daily Living. International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences, 9(1), 19 - 26. DOI: 10.13189/saj.2021.090103. Copyright©2021 by authors, all rights reserved. Authors agree that this article remains permanently open access under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 International License
Abstract The eccentric (ECC) exercises are an between 30.53 and 43.12%. The upper extremity efficient way to exercise the muscles than concentric (extensors) muscles are more prone to DOMS and pain exercises. However, unaccustomed ECC may cause muscle when compared to the lower extremity muscles. damage, pain, delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) that Performing yoga stretching poses after the eccentric may lead to temporary functional impairments. The aim is exercise protocol may affect reducing DOMS and muscle to measure the effects of performed yoga poses after pain. various intensities of ECC exercise protocol with different ranges of motion (ROM) at the elbow and knee. Thirty-six Keywords Exercise, Muscle, Pain, Soreness, Yoga participants aged between 18 and 30 years performed yoga after the ECC protocols (weeks 3, 5, 7, 9) and the ECC protocols without yoga poses (weeks 2, 4, 6, 8) on the elbow and knee muscles (5 × 10 repetitions each 1. Introduction session) using their 25%/35% of maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC). The subjective and Delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) or muscle pain objective assessments were carried out (activities of daily occurs because of physical activity that strains the muscle living (ADL), pain (visual analog scale (VAS), pain tissue [1, 2]. DOMS occurs when the muscle is pressure threshold (PPT), and MVIC). The FROM ECC performing a lengthening or an eccentric (ECC) exercise with 35% of MVIC without yoga showed contraction [1, 3]. The severity of muscle damage is moderate pain (0-3.5) in ADL, VAS, and PPT for elbow caused by the range of motion (ROM; muscle contraction extensors and showed a statistically significant difference length), intensity, and repetition [4, 5]. DOMS can be (p ≤ 0.05) compared to the PROM ECC exercise with experienced by individuals in varying degrees depending 25% of MVIC without yoga. ECC exercise performed upon their level of fitness, type, and intensity of the with 35% of MVIC without yoga induced a higher degree exercise performed. For example, a given set of exercise of DOMS, pain, ADL limitations than 25% of MVIC intensity may induce a less amount of DOMS in an athlete without yoga. Yoga after PROM ECC protocol showed than a sedentary individual. In case of severe DOMS, less pain, DOMS in VAS, and PPT for elbow flexors, individuals might experience pain, temporary discomfort, knee flexors, and knee extensors. The overall percentage and difficulty in performing the activities of daily living of increased MVIC value at the end of the study was (ADLs). Various interventions were used by the 20 Effect of Post-Exercise Yoga Poses on Eccentric Exercise-Induced Muscle Soreness, Pain, and Activities of Daily Living
researchers to treat the DOMS [1, 5-7]. involved in the day to day regular activities), and free of National Health Interview Survey data conducted by pain in the arms and legs. Exclusion criteria: Have had an the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) injury in the arms and/or legs that caused a visit to a showed increased usage of complementary and alternative medical provider, high blood pressure (systolic > 130 or medicine (CAM) treatments. Yoga has gained popularity diastolic > 90), pregnant, diabetes (type 1 or type 2) and tremendously in the past years to treat many diseases. any nerve, muscle, or joint disorder. Participants could Yoga is a process of physical and mental training along perform their normal activities of daily living (ADL) with, simple meditation, breath control, and the adoption during the testing period and were asked to refrain from of specific body postures. It is widely practiced around the consuming any anti-inflammatory drugs and nutritional world for health and relaxation. Individuals performing supplements two hours before the exercise protocol and yoga poses have tremendous health benefits like relief alcohol 12 hours before the exercise protocol. The study pain [8-12] and improve flexibility and balance [13], has been approved by the authors’ Institutional Review muscle strength [14, 15], skeletal muscle oxygen uptake Board (20180508-004) and conducted in the Biology [16], and lung function [17], and many more. At the gym, Research lab at Alfond Center for Health Sciences (ACHS) Yoga poses are recommended along with workout building and Campus Center Gym, UNE, Maine, USA. sessions. It can be either performed before or after the exercise protocol depending upon the intensity, type, and Table 1. Demographical characteristics of the study participants Mean ± SD repetitions of the exercise protocol. In mild to severe Participants intensity exercise protocol, certain types of yoga poses are (standard deviation) recommended after the workout as relaxation and cool Age (years) 25.5 ±1.45 down. But still, it is not clear that the types of yoga poses Height (cm) 175.2 ±5.35 can be performed after the ECC exercise protocol is Bodyweight (Kg) 66.21 ±6.27 recommended for sedentary individuals. There is a need Body mass index (BMI) 23.45 ± 2.70 for balance between the level of yoga poses that can be Blood pressure (BP) 120/84 ± 3/2 done after the various intensity ECC exercise protocol. In the published literature search, a study by Boyle et al. [18] Heart rate (HR) 86/min ±11 showed that in women, yoga training, and a single bout of yoga following a short period of bench-stepping eccentric 2.3. Procedures exercise greatly reduces the DOMS. This study was carried out for a period of nine weeks: We hypothesized that the level of DOMS, pain, and Week 1 - pre-test screening, the familiarization session, functional impairment would be lower when certain yoga and MVIC calculation. Every week, the participants were poses were performed after ECC exercise protocol, called for six days where only three days (days 1, 3, and 5) compared with ECC exercise performed without yoga performed ECC exercises (5 sets of 10 repetitions for all poses. We choose specific yoga poses that involve elbow four muscle groups) on elbow flexors, elbow extensors, and knee muscle groups to see the effect of yoga poses knee flexors, and knee extensors and remaining days 2, 4, performed after ECC exercise protocol. and 6, subjective ((ADLs, Visual analog scale (VAS) and The aim was to see the effects of performing yoga objective (Pain pressure threshold (PPT), and muscle poses after various intensities of ECC exercise protocol strength (MVIC)) assessments were carried out. Weeks 2, with different range of motion (ROM) at elbow and knee. 3, 4, and 5 – elbow and knee ECC exercise protocol using their MVICs (25% (week 2), yoga+25% (week 3), 25% (week 4) and yoga+25% (week 5)) at a partial range of 2. Materials and Methods motion (PROM) (60° of total ROM – an outer range of motion) and the full range of motion (FROM), subjective 2.1. Participants and objective assessments, and post ECC protocol MVIC Thirty-six untrained active healthy men and women calculation; Weeks 6, 7, 8, and 9 – elbow and knee ECC were recruited after the screening procedure at the exercise protocol using their MVICs (35% (week 6), yoga University of New England (UNE) students aged between + 35% (week 7), 35% (week 8) and 35% (week 9)) at 18 and 30 years. PROM and FROM, subjective and objective assessments, and post ECC protocol MVIC calculation. Weeks 2, 3, 6, and 7 ECC exercise protocol was performed with PROM 2.2. Screening whereas, weeks 4, 5, 8, and 9 ECC exercise protocol was Health screening (height, weight, body mass index, performed with FROM. Yoga poses were also performed blood pressure, and heart rate) was carried out on the after each day of ECC exercise in weeks 3, 5, 7, and 9 participants (Table 1). Inclusion criteria: (Participants (Figure 1). Familiarization: (week 1 – day 1 (visit 1)): The must be): An untrained, active, healthy, man or woman investigator reviewed the study and the informed consent (not involved in any kind of physical exercise protocols; form with participants. The study procedure including step
International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences 9(1): 19-26, 2021 21
by step to do maximal voluntary isometric contraction and clasped the hands together. Pretended that the (MVIC) and eccentric (ECC) exercises in four of their participant's arms were the trunk of an elephant. Then, muscle groups (elbow flexors, elbow extensors, knee kept their hands overhead. Breathed and held for 6-8 flexors, and knee extensors), associated risks that may breaths. arise due to their participation, and the health benefits of the participants in this research project were explained.
2.4. Yoga Poses The five yoga poses were selected and demonstrated using yoga mats to all the participants by the certified yoga instructors. The yoga poses were performed by the participants after each day of PROM and FROM ECC exercise protocol in weeks 3, 5, 7, and 9 (3 days per week). Yoga sessions were conducted as a group activity and repeated five times. All yoga sessions were started with a breathing exercise (6-8 times). A total duration of 20-30 mins was spent on each yoga session. The five yoga poses are: a. Child's pose- Participants sat on the heels, then slowly brought their forehead down to rest in front of their knees. Rested the arms down alongside the body and took eight deep breaths. b. Thread the needle pose: Participants sat on the heels and slid the right hand between the left hand and left knee. Slid the arm out to the left so that the right shoulder and side of the head rested comfortably on Figure 1. Simplified experimental design the floor. Then, inhaled and reached the left hand up towards the ceiling. At first, explored the posture with the The MVICs were performed on four selected muscles arm, found the place where the participant felt the deepest using a hand-held dynamometer (Lafayette Instrument, stretch, then stayed there and reached out through the Manual Muscle Testing (MMT) Device, Pro-Health Care, fingers. Breathed and held for 6-8 breaths. To release: USA) for 4 positions: 1) Elbow flexion at 90 degrees; 2) exhaled the palm back to the floor and slowly inhaled Elbow extension at 90 degrees; 3) Knee flexion at 90 back to sitting on the heels. The same was repeated on the degrees; and 4) Knee extension at 90 degrees. Depending other side. c. Eagle arms: Participants stood tall in on the visit, 25% or 35% of MVICs were calculated for mountain pose. Wrapped one leg around the other, the ECC exercise protocol. brought their bent arms out in front and wrapped their Baseline delayed onset of muscle soreness (DOMS) arms together in the opposite way, and slightly bent knees. assessment after MVIC testing: (week 1) After 24 hours Perched on a tree-like an eagle. Breathed and held for 6-8 of familiarization, the assessment of the ADL, DOMS, breaths. d. Cow face pose: Participants sat in a crossed-leg pain, and muscle strength were carried out. position, right leg over the left. Spread the legs as far apart as possible without bending their knees. The participant 2.5. Subjective Assessments bent the left knee and placed the bottom of the left foot against the inner left thigh. Brought their left heel as close a. Health activities of daily living (ADL) difficulty to the perineum as possible. Kept their left knee on the scale - The following questions were asked. The pain floor. After that, grasped the right foot with the left hand, scale ranged from 0 (no pain) to 10 (worst pain). For and kept the foot on the floor, placed the heel of the right elbow: 1. Combing hair, 2. Pulling a heavy object, 3. foot against the front-left portion of the left buttock. The Using arm to rise from a chair, 4. Carrying an object right knee was directly on top of the left knee. Inhaled above the shoulder, 5. Putting on shirt/coat, 6. Washing slowly through the nostrils and raised the right hand over opposite armpit and back for knee: 1. Getting in and out of the head and bent the right elbow. Reached behind the the car, 2. Walking on the flat ground, 3. Ascending stairs, back with the left hand and clasped the fingers of both 4. Descending stairs, 5. Getting in and out of bed, 6. hands (forming an "s" shaped lock). Maintained the Bending to pick up from the floor. posture comfortably hold the inhaled breath. Later, a). Visual Analog Scale (VAS) - The level of muscle exhaled slowly and then repeated the posture reversing the soreness was quantified using an 11 points VAS in arms and legs. Breathed and held for 6-8 breaths. e. Hands which 0 indicated "no pain" and 10 represented overhead in wide-legged forward bend: From mountain "extreme pain". The participants were asked to mark pose, stepped their feet out wide and bent their upper body the level of perceived soreness on the VAS when the
22 Effect of Post-Exercise Yoga Poses on Eccentric Exercise-Induced Muscle Soreness, Pain, and Activities of Daily Living
elbow flexors, elbow extensors, knee flexors, and Exercise Protocol: Each week (week 2-9)- participants knee extensors are palpated in a circular motion by were introduced to ECC exercise on days 1, 3, and 5 (5 the investigator. sets of 10 repetitions for all four muscle groups) at b). The delayed-onset of muscle soreness (DOMS) was PROM/FROM with calculated 25%/35% of MVIC. The assessed by asking the participants to perform the yoga poses were also performed after each day of ECC movements at the elbow and knee joints (flexion for exercise protocol in weeks 3, 5, 7, and 9 (3 days per extensors and extensors for flexors) and pain level week). was recorded based on the verbal response of the participants.
2.6. Objective Assessment a). Pressure Pain Threshold (PPT) - PPT is the minimum amount of force that can be applied to induce pain, that was measured using an electronic algometer (Baseline 60-pound Dolorimeter/Algometer Pain Threshold Meter, Pro-Health Care, USA). The VAS and PPT measurements helped us to compare the research participants' pain responses in the induced DOMS.
2.7. Eccentric (ECC) Exercise Protocol The calculated elbow and knee flexors or extensors, 25% or 35% of MVIC was attached to the research participant’s wrist and ankle using Ultimately Fit Adjustable Ankle Weights (Hayneedle Company, USA) Figure 3. FROM elbow and knee eccentric exercise positions; FROM – and facilitated the PROM and FROM ECC exercise full range of motion protocols. The dynamic adjustable ROM controlled elbow and knee joint splints (T Scope® Elbow Premier (07254) Post- ECC Exercise assessment: days 2, 4, and 6 - After and T Scope® Premier Post-Op Knee Brace (08814), every ECC exercise protocol, the subjective and the BREG, USA) were used to limit the partial ROM (60° of objective assessments were carried out for 24-48 hours to total ROM – the outer range of motion) while performing see the functional impairment involving elbow and knee ECC protocols with PROM. These splints have locks to joints. The muscle strength (MVIC) was calculated for all control the ROM so unexpected or uncontrolled four muscle groups at the end of each week (Figure 1). movements at the elbow and knee of the subjects were prevented. We did not use any splint or external devices 2.8. Statistical Analysis while performing ECC protocols with FROM (weeks 6-9) (Figure 2 and 3). Statistical analysis was carried out using GraphPad Prism software (version 8.2.0), San Diego, CA. The paired-sample t-test and repeated measures one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparison tests were carried out to compare the difference between pre-exercise, yoga after the PROM, and FROM ECC exercise protocols. Statistical significance was set at an alpha level at p ≤ 0.05.
3. Results Yoga poses performed after the PROM ECC protocol (25% of MVIC in week 3) showed less pain, soreness, and muscle strength when compared to FROM ECC protocol without yoga poses (35% of MVIC in week 8). The ADL activities pain levels were less (pain level 0-0.5) and did not show any statistically significant difference between Figure 2. PROM elbow and knee eccentric exercise positions; PROM – yoga after the PROM and yoga after the FROM ECC partial range of motion exercise weeks.
International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences 9(1): 19-26, 2021 23
between them. The elbow flexors, knee flexors, and knee extensors pain levels were less (pain level 0-0.5) and did not show any statistically significant difference between the ECC exercise weeks. PPT was compared between yoga after the PROM and FROM exercise protocols (Figure 5). The moderate PPT (pain level 4.2) was measured at the mid-belly of triceps brachii in the FROM ECC protocol without yoga poses (35% of MVIC) at week 8 and mild PPT (pain level 6.6) was measured in the yoga after the PROM ECC protocol (25% of MVIC) at week 3. Mid-belly of the biceps brachii, mid-upper anterior thigh, and mid-upper posterior thigh PPT values showed minimal pain and did not show any statistically significant difference between them.
Figure 4. Visual analog scale (VAS) and delayed onset of muscle soreness (DOMS) comparison between yoga after the partial range of motion (PROM) and yoga after the full range of motion (FROM) eccentric exercise protocols Figure 5. Elbow extensors (EE) PPT calculation in the non-yoga and The pain level of VAS and DOMS assessments are yoga weeks shown in Figure 4. Yoga after the PROM ECC protocol Yoga after the PROM and FROM MVICs (weeks 3, 5, (weeks 3 and 7) showed less pain on elbow extensors than 7, 9) were compared and showed statistically significant yoga after the FROM ECC protocol (weeks 5 and 9) in differences (P ≤ 0.05) between them for all four muscle both VAS and DOMS assessments. Yoga after the PROM groups are shown in Table 2. ECC protocol (weeks 3 and 7) showed less pain on elbow The MVIC mean difference was increased with weeks. extensors than PROM ECC protocol without yoga poses At the end of the 25% MVIC ECC protocol (end of week (weeks 2 and 6) in both VAS and DOMS assessments. 5), MVIC values were increased between 9.91 and FROM ECC protocol without yoga poses (week 4 and 8) 13.42% whereas, after the 35% MVIC ECC protocol (end showed a moderate pain (pain level 2-5) on elbow of week 9), MVIC values were increased between 15.73 extensors than yoga after the FROM ECC protocol (week and 24.34%. The overall percentage of increased MVIC 5 and 9) in both VAS and DOMS assessments and did value at the end of the study was between 30.53 and show a statistically significant difference (P ≤ 0.05) 43.12%.
Table 2. MVIC comparison between yoga after PROM and yoga after FROM exercises using repeated measures one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparison tests
weeks EF EE KF KE MD (sig.) MD (sig.) MD (sig.) MD (sig.) week1 vs week3 0.9133 (ns) 1.96 (****) 1.967 (****) 2.247 (****) week3 vs week5 3.053 (*) 2.667 (****) 2.447 (****) 2.847 (****) week5 vs week7 4.2 (****) 3.98 (****) 2.847 (****) 3.747 (****) week7 vs week9 4.967 (****) 4.553 (***) 4.181 (****) 4.581 (****) week3 vs week7 7.253 (****) 6.647 (****) 5.297 (****) 6.593 (****) week5 vs week9 9.163 (****) 8.533 (****) 7.027 (****) 8.327 (****)
MVIC - Maximal Voluntary Isometric Contraction; PROM - partial range of motion; FROM - the full range of motion; EF - elbow flexors; EE -elbow extensors; KF – knee flexors; KE - knee extensors; week1 - before exercise protocol; week3 - yoga after PROM exercise with 25% of MVIC; week5 - yoga after FROM exercise with 25% of MVIC; week7 - yoga after PROM exercise with 35% of MVIC; week9 – yoga after FROM exercise with 35% of MVIC; ns - not significance; * - significance; MD (sig.) – mean difference (significance)
24 Effect of Post-Exercise Yoga Poses on Eccentric Exercise-Induced Muscle Soreness, Pain, and Activities of Daily Living
4. Discussion In the FROM ECC protocol with greater load, the muscles were stretched and it led to muscle damage, pain, Eccentric training is a more effective way to exercise and DOMS. In the PROM ECC protocol with lesser load, muscles than concentric training as it develops greater the muscles were not stretched and caused minimal or no muscle force (up to 20-60% greater than concentric), muscle damage, less pain, and DOMS. In this study, many muscle size, strength, flexibility, low risk of injury, and factors like ROM, intensity, number of contractions, type better sports performance. But the eccentric contractions of muscle contractions (ECC or CON), muscle groups may induce muscle pain and soreness than concentric exercised (flexors or extensors), and with or without yoga contractions [19-21]. have influenced to determine the level of pain and DOMS. The eccentric exercises generate greater hypertrophy The participants who performed yoga poses after ECC and strength effects for both upper and lower body protocol perceived mild or no pain on elbow flexors and training. The eccentric exercises performed with higher knee extensors. The participants who performed ECC loads induce neural adaptation while lower loading causes protocol without yoga poses perceived moderate pain on hypertrophy of the muscles. The use of one over the other elbow extensors and knee flexors. depends on individual needs [21]. There are many ways to With a group of untrained subjects, Wirth et al. [21] relieve exercise-induced muscle pain. One of them is to studied the effects of eccentric training on the lower body try rolling out on the mat and doing some yoga poses for maximal strength and speed-strength (power). The sore muscles. training group was made to do three lower body strength Yoga integrates deep breathing with slow, conscious sessions using a 45-degree unilateral leg press for each stretching on the muscles after a workout. There are many week. This was carried out for six weeks. This training different asanas in yoga that target all different parts of the group was compared with another control group that did body and focus on specific muscles. Performing certain not do the training. It was observed, at the end of six yoga poses have many health benefits like increasing weeks, the eccentric strength improved by 28.2% and the flexibility, mobility, reducing anxiety and depression, absolute strength by 31.1% for the training group. In the mood, stress, and, in many cases, all-natural pain relief current study, the muscle strengths (MVIC) were [22]. In the present study, the participants were made to increased in all the muscle groups studied. The FROM perform selected yoga poses only after the ECC protocol. ECC protocol with 35% of MVIC increased the muscle For the question, should we do yoga before or after the strength compared to the PROM ECC protocol with 25% ECC protocol, the answer depends on many factors. For of MVIC. In general, yoga poses involve many muscle example, if the exercise depends more on strength than groups of the body. Certain yoga poses work on specific flexibility, then we would rather do it after the exercise. muscle groups along with adjacent muscles. Child, thread The general belief is that yoga can be best performed after the needle, eagle arms, cow face pose, and hands overhead a strengthening exercise where we can focus all the in wide-legged forward bend poses were performed in the muscle groups used and stretched. This may help to study for 20-30 mins. The selected yoga poses involved recover faster and can also aid in bringing the heart rate all the muscle groups studied (elbow and knee) in this back down and relax. study. One of the challenges was to distinguish the effect The study results showed that yoga performed after the of yoga on elbow and knee muscle groups alone. Studied PROM ECC protocol on the elbow and knee showed less muscle groups were limited to elbow and knee joints. pain, DOMS, and muscle strength when compared to the Participants did not perform yoga poses before the ECC FROM ECC protocol without yoga poses. The ECC protocol. These were the limitation of the study. protocols performed without yoga poses showed more pain and DOMS. The participants performed mild (25% of MVIC) to moderate (35% of MVIC) intensity ECC 5. Conclusions protocols and the yoga poses after ECC protocol was also The performed yoga poses after ECC protocol reduced effective in relieving the muscle pain and DOMS. This the pain and DOMS on the elbow extensors and knee could be due to the amount of intensity and repetition used flexors compared to elbow flexors and knee extensors. in the PROM and FORM ECC exercise protocol in this The Upper extremity (extensors) muscles were more study. prone to DOMS and pain compared to the lower extremity The evidence suggests that the intensity used during the muscles. The performed yoga stretching poses after the ECC exercise may also affect the muscle damage response eccentric exercise protocol reduced DOMS and pain in all [22-25]. The participants that performed the ECC protocol the participants. with a smaller load (25% of MVIC) felt less pain and DOMS than the ECC protocol with greater load (35% of MVIC). Greater load and ROM ECC induce pain and Acknowledgments DOMS whereas smaller load and ROM ECC showed less pain and DOMS. The author thanks the School of Biological Sciences
International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences 9(1): 19-26, 2021 25
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26 Effect of Post-Exercise Yoga Poses on Eccentric Exercise-Induced Muscle Soreness, Pain, and Activities of Daily Living
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International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences 9(1): 27-33, 2021 http://www.hrpub.org DOI: 10.13189/saj.2021.090104
Model of National Athlete Training Centre-B toward the Prestige of Provincial Government of All Indonesian Athlete Association in East Java
Rumpis Agus Sudarko1,2,*, Hari Setijono1, Edy Mintarto1
1Study Program of Sport science, Postgraduate Program, State University of Surabaya, Indonesia 2Study Program of Sport Coaching, Faculty of Sport Science, State University of Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Received November 5, 2020; Revised December 3, 2020; Accepted January 20, 2021
Cite This Paper in the following Citation Styles (a): [1] Rumpis Agus Sudarko, Hari Setijono, Edy Mintarto , "Model of National Athlete Training Centre-B toward the Prestige of Provincial Government of All Indonesian Athlete Association in East Java," International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 27 - 33, 2021. DOI: 10.13189/saj.2021.090104. (b): Rumpis Agus Sudarko, Hari Setijono, Edy Mintarto (2021). Model of National Athlete Training Centre-B toward the Prestige of Provincial Government of All Indonesian Athlete Association in East Java. International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences, 9(1), 27 - 33. DOI: 10.13189/saj.2021.090104. Copyright©2021 by authors, all rights reserved. Authors agree that this article remains permanently open access under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 International License
Abstract The aim of this research is to know whether Java after applying the model has been significant the use of new guideline produced is effective toward the increased. This case shows that the model applying has athlete’s prestige of National Athlete Training Centre-B of good level of effectiveness. Therefore, the development provincial government of all Indonesian athlete association model of National Athlete Training Centre-B of provincial in East Java. Type of this research is Research and government of all Indonesian athlete association in East Development (R&D) by following research procedure Java is feasible to apply to improve the junior athlete which is conducted by seven stages, including: 1) Potential prestige in East java. and problem, 2) data collecting, 3) product design, 4) design validity, 5) revision of design, 6) product testing, 7) Keywords Model, National Athlete Training Centre-B, product revision. Kinds of data used in this research are Provincial Government of All Indonesian Athlete Qualitative data including field observation data, interview Association in East Java and questionnaire, and quantitative data including validity counting of data and reliability of questionnaire assessment of design model of National Athlete Training Centre-B of provincial government of all Indonesian athlete association 1. Introduction in East Java. Technique of collecting data is conducted into two stages such as processing qualitative and quantitative Sport is one of the phenomena of social activity data. Analyzing data in this research uses qualitative and existing in every corner of the world and becomes a quantitative descriptive analysis. Qualitative analysis is difficult part to be separated from people's life, as well as conducted on interview, input and reduction in product made as a social institution, according to Erin Cameron, assessment, as well questionnaire about development etc. [1] sport is a social institution. Through sport, it is model design. Meanwhile, quantitative analysis is used for expected that sport can form a national character building assessment of development model design of National in a nation, so that sport becomes one of the strategies to Athlete Training Centre-B of provincial government of all build confidence, national identity, and national pride. Indonesian athlete association in East Java. The research Various development advances in sports that boil down to finding indicates that the prestige reached by the athletics the increasing culture and achievement of sports, one of athlete of National Athlete Training Centre-B of provincial the supporting components is due to the advancement of government of all Indonesian athlete association in East Science and Technology [2]. 28 Model of National Athlete Training Centre-B toward the Prestige of Provincial Government of All Indonesian Athlete Association in East Java
The development of Science and Technology over time According to data records at the 28th Sea Games in has a significant impact in the field of sports, especially in Singapore in 2015, athletics is one of the most the field of athlete’s development to achieve achievements. contributors to gold medal scoring, such as 7 gold medals, This is appropriate with the opinion previously expressed 4 silver medals, and 4 bronze medals. The athletes by Wijono [3], that through athletes’ development in the contributed gold medals were: Agus Prayogo in the men's field of sports has provided evidence that in order to 10,000-meter sprint, Hendro in the men's 20 km sprint achieve a high achievement, it is not obtained instantly, number, Triyaningsih in the women's 5,000 meters and but it takes a long, gradual, and comprehensive time in 10,000 meters sprint, Rini Budiarti on the women's conducting the development and it is supported by the 3,000-meter sprint number, and Maria Londa on the proper use of sports science. According to Christine Green women's long jump and jump numbers. [4] to achieve athlete’s achievement, it is required athlete The data indicate that the achievements achieved by recruitment, athlete retention (athlete consistency care), athletics at the Sea Games are good enough, although they and athlete transition. Athlete recruitment requires cannot be compared to Thailand or Vietnam. Therefore, it identification, activities or championships at the regional needs to be evaluation and classification of sports having level. Athlete retention should focus on motivation, potential to contribute medals, so that the improvement of socialization, and commitment and further research the guiding program and application of Sport Science can development literature is required. be more focused. According to Dragan Milanovic, etc. [5], The application of Science and Technology in Asian new technologies in sports offer great benefits and countries, has been already more advanced and it is efficiencies to training planning and programming, proven by the achievements at the 2015 Sea Games event diagnostic level of athlete readiness, implementation of in Singapore with medals, such as Thailand performed as training or competition, and recovery efficiency. The the general champion with 95 gold medals, Singapore as approach is scientifically conducted through cross and the host was second place with a collection of 84 gold interdisciplinary. The sophistication used in the field of medals, Vietnam 73 gold medals and Malaysia 62 gold measurement and evaluation and the discovery of medals in fourth place. Indonesia left behind with the instruments that can be used to foresee someone's achievements in the 5th rank, this case becomes one of the achievements, will encourage us to work effectively in driving factors that need the set up a national sports development system, such as a well-planned identifying and selecting talented and focused athletes in organizational program, a programmatic development the branches that are pursued or become the mainstay system and the development of talented athletes. sports in obtaining medals, such as athletic sports. National Sports Week (NSW) is the benchmark of the Table 1. The Result of Medal Acquisition in Sea Games Singapore 2015 highest event achievement of athletes at the national level, Rank Country Gold Silver Bronze because it is followed by all provinces in Indonesia, one 1 Thailand 95 83 69 of them is East Java. East Java is one of the contingents that is quite successful in participating in the four-year 2 Singapore 84 73 102 event, proven from the data 2 (two) period of the previous 3 Vietnamese 73 53 60 NSW implementation managed to achieve the 4 Malaysia 62 58 66 improvement of the general final classification such as 3rd 5 Indonesia 47 61 74 ranked in NSW XVII in Riau with the acquisition of 86 6 Philippine 29 36 66 gold medals, 86 silver medals, 84 bronze medals, while 7 Myanmar 12 26 31 NSW XIX in West Java managed to come out in the 2nd 8 Cambodia 1 5 9 place general with the acquisition of 132 gold medals , 9 Laos 0 4 25 136 silver medals, and 131 bronze medals. However, there 10 Brunei 0 1 6 are several sports that are in the spotlight due to the 11 Timor Leste 0 1 1 decline in gold medal scoring, one of which is athletics.
Table 2. The Ratio of Medal Acquisition of East Java in Last Twice National Sport Week (NSW)
NSW XVIII Riau 2012 NSW XIX West Java 2016 Region Gold Silver Bronze Region Gold Silver Bronze Special Capital Region Jaya 110 101 112 West Java 217 157 157 West Java 99 79 101 East Java 132 138 135 East Java 86 86 84 Special Capital Region Jaya 132 125 119
International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences 9(1): 27-33, 2021 29
Table 3. The Ratio of Medals Acquisition of Athletics Sport of East Java Java in development of achievements towards general in the last Three National Sport Week (NSW) champions at athletic championships both national and Gold Silver Bronze international. NSW XVII 2008 East Kalimantan 7 6 8 NSW XVIII 2012 Riau 9 7 4 NSW XIX 2016 West Java 4 8 4 2. Method
The results of NSW XVII data in 2008, NSW XVIII in This type of the research is Research and Development 2012, and NSW XVIV results in 2016 showed that medal (R&D) by following research procedures conducted in 7 scoring in athletic sport decreased significantly. The 17th steps, including: (1) Potential and problems, (2) Data NSW in 2008 in East Kalimantan, All Indonesian Athlete collection, (3) Product design, (4) Design validation, (5) association East Java athletic sport earned total 21 medals Design revision, (6) Product trial, (7) Product revision. including 7 (seven) gold, 6 (six) silver and 8 (eight) The types of data used in this research are qualitative data bronze. In the 18th NSW in 2012 in RIAU, medals (field observation data, interviews and questionnaires) and acquisition in athletics (9 gold medals, 7 silver medals, quantitative data (data on validity calculation and and 4 bronze medals), while in the 2016 PON XIX in reliability of the assessment development model design of West Java, they won medals in athletics (4 gold medals, 8 National Athlete Training Centre-B of provincial silver medals, and 4 bronze medals). government of all Indonesian athlete association in East The comparison of medal scoring in National Sport Java). Technique of Data collection techniques is Week (NSW) XVII, NSW XVIII, and NSW XIX athletic conducted in two stages, such as: first, processing sport has many issues which need to be analyzed, such as: qualitative data by reviewing the results of observations, (1) problems in the operational standards of operational interviews and inputs from statisticians, management training procedures, socialization, selection of athletes or experts, strength and conditioning experts, talent scouting coaches that are not ready in pre-condition approaching appropriating with product development procedures, and NSW XIX in West Java, besides problems with second, processing quantitative data conducted through stakeholders in the Provincial Government or Government validity and reliability tests and quantitative data (scores) that have not delivered programs and objectives yet to which are then spelled out qualitatively. The data analysis prepare NSW XIX in West Java , (2) problems with conducted in this study uses qualitative and quantitative athlete criteria and coach criteria to input in achievement descriptive analysis techniques. Qualitative analysis was in NSW XIX in West Java, (3) problems in the conducted on interviews, inputs and reductions in product management process in preparation or running TC assessment, as well as questionnaires about development (Training Centre) have not been systematically organized, model design of National Athlete Training Centre-B of starting from the system training and operational provincial government of all Indonesian athlete management, (4) The absence of the latest Regional association in East Java. The techniques of Quantitative Training Centre guidance athletics after the guidance data analysis used to assessment of the development published in 2011, so that the development process will be design model of National Athlete Training Centre-B of hit with the advancement of science and technology used provincial government of all Indonesian athlete by other contingents, from the literature study of Munir association in East Java. Talović's et.al, research result [6] shows that the training Centre is the best place where professional football teams do preparations for matches, conduct activities that are primarily focused on the physical skills and preparation of 3. Result and Discussion players, so that it becomes part of the team that has an important role and helps for the development of young 3.1. Expert Validity players, the training center is separated from the stadium, and isolated from the noise, allowing players to practice The product of this research is the model of calmly. Based on the research, it was concluded that to development pattern of Athlete Training Centre of East obtain maximal result in sport, training concentration Java. From the preliminary research results, it shows that preparation is required, same as the case with athletic an effective and efficient pattern of development model sports. training is needed by provincial government of All The problem become an interesting factor for Indonesian Athletics Association of East Java to optimize researchers to conduct in-depth research on "Development the achievement of athletes. Validators involved in this Model National Athlete Training Centre-B of provincial research are several competent experts, i.e.: statistics government of all Indonesian athlete association in East expert, management expert, strength and conditioning Java ". The results of the research are expected to be used expert and talent scouting expert. The expert validity as a model for the latest development guidelines to be conducted in this research uses Focus Group Discussion utilized by All Indonesian Athlete Association of East (FGD) which is by presenting initial product draft in
30 Model of National Athlete Training Centre-B toward the Prestige of Provincial Government of All Indonesian Athlete Association in East Java writing and then presented in front of the experts. Input results of input and suggestion of experts in focus group and suggestion of the experts in FGD at the first stage is discussion (FGD) second phase towards the initial product described on the Table 4 below. of development pattern model of Pre-National Training To get more detailed input and suggestions, focus group Centre-B Provincial Government of all Indonesia Athlete discussion (FGD) is conducted in the second phase. The association East Java are described in Table 5 below.
Table 4. Input and Suggestion of the Experts toward Initial Product Draft Chapter Indicator Description Input and Suggestion Name and position Place and time assignment Basic implementation It needs to be conveyed about the vision 1 General Status of National Training Center and mission of the target pattern applied National Training Center- B Objectives, functions and tasks. Mechanism of National Training Center-B Organizational structure Organization task Appropriating with great caretaker of All 2 Organization Organization Indonesia Athletic Association In charge of Training Athlete qualifications Coach qualifications Athlete quota Coach status Athletes and coaches' input model of 3 Athlete and coach Athlete rights instruments and designs need to be Athlete's obligations explained in detail Coach rights Trainer's obligations Rights of administrators except coaches and athletes The provision of support competition system The participants of Support Competition System Made in detail and systematically so that Promotion and degradation 4 Policy it is easy to understand by all related Punishment party Implementation of punishment Others and closing
Table 5. Development Pattern Model of Athletic Training Centre of |East Java Aspect Indicators Sub Indicators (1) (2) (3) Current model of training, operational implementation Condition Athlete and Coach Selection and selection of athletes and coaches Athlete and Coach Selection Championship Results Criteria of athlete Test: Anthropometry, Biomotion, Psychological Knowledge of Sport Science, Psychological, Training Program Input Criteria of coach Coach Competency Standards Training Standards Biomechanical Personnel Psychological Personnel 3. Scientific Supporting Staff Sports Personnel Organization Structure Vision, Mission, Description of Needs, Regulations That Form the Basis of Training Methods of Training System,
Training Centre Management Operational Manage-men, Nutrition, Accommodating, Schools, Facilities and Infrastructure, and Education
Process Management parameter Competition Region / National, Period Technical practice & Non-Technical, Application Sport Science / Lab. test and Field Test Training Centre Program (Technical & Non-Technical, Application of Sport Science / Lab Test dan Field Test)
Key Performance Indicator (KPI) Training Centre Service, Organizational System of Achievement, Award, Output Key Performance Indicator (KPI) Athlete Prosperity & Guarantee of Future Prosperity Key Performance Indicator (KPI) Coach
International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences 9(1): 27-33, 2021 31
Table 5 indicates that there are several changes to the of experts disagreed, and 1.01% of experts disagreed. initial product that have been compiled, such as about the Therefore, it can be concluded, that the development of organizational structure, coach recruitment, athlete development pattern model of National Athlete Training recruitment, coaching system, and budget system. The Centre of All Indonesian Athlete Association of East Java result of identification shows, that basically athletic sports fulfills the requirements to be tested in large-scale. development organizations in East Java are quite numerous, such as: clubs under All Indonesia Athlete 3.3. Product Revision Association, Centre for Student Sports Development and Training, Centre for Student (College) Sports The results of testing analysis on a small-scale show, Development and Training, and Regional Training Centre. that the initial product is eligible to be tested in large Each sports coaching organization has definitively had its groups. This means that initial products submitted and own main duties and functions. Therefore, in order to observed in small group testing can be tested in large provide a solid foundation which is the basis of the groups immediately. footing of the establishment of National Training Centre-B athletics in East Java, it is necessary to 3.4. The Test of Product Effectiveness formulate the basic duties and clear functions of the organization. Effectiveness test is conducted by comparing the results of achievements achieved by athletes between before and 3.2. Description of Small Scale Testing Data after the application of the model. The recapitulation of data retrieval results in the effectiveness test, can be The results of the expert assessment of model offered described on Table 7. can be presented in Table 6 below. Table 7 shows that the achievements achieved by athletic athletes’ development of National Athlete Table 6. Recapitulation Data of Experts' Assessment Toward Initial Products Training Centre-B of All Indonesia Athlete association of East Java after the application of model have improved Score of Experts’ Assessment NO MATERIAL significantly. The results show that the application of SA A DA DA Development Pattern Model of National Athlete Training 1. Appropriateness 6 - - - Centre-B of All Indonesia Athlete association of East Java has good level of effectiveness. Therefore, the 2. Properness 7 4 1 - Development Pattern Model of National Athlete Training 3. Comprehensiveness 9 5 1 - Centre-B of All Indonesia Athlete association of East Java 4. Clarity 3 3 - - deserves to be applied in order to improve the 5. Deepness 30 2 1 - performance of East Java junior athletes. 6. Attractiveness 2 1 - - Although some athletes have declined, it is not caused by the errors in model applying. The decline in 7. Usefulness 6 1 2 - achievement is more influenced by the stages of the 8. Compliance 2 1 - - training program implemented by the coach, which means 9. Usability 11 1 - - that the athlete's pick performance is not oriented at the Sum 76 18 5 - championship. Each athlete has a specific target at the event followed, so there are some events that are only for The data in Table 6, show that the initial product trying out. Therefore, the trainer does not give the target submitted is declared feasible for large-scale testing. This champion but it is more concerned with the process of can be viewed from the experts’ opinion stating strongly accuracy in the implementation of the training program. agree with the initial product submitted. The calculation The achievements of some athletes can also exceed the result using percentages, showed that 77.78% of experts limit of pre-NSW 2021, but due to the age that cannot yet stated strongly agree, 16.16% of experts disagreed, 5.05% represent East Java in the 20th NSW event in Papua.
32 Model of National Athlete Training Centre-B toward the Prestige of Provincial Government of All Indonesian Athlete Association in East Java
Table 7. Recapitulation of Data Retrieval Results in Effectiveness Test
No Name of Athlete Number Before the Application of Model After the Application of Model 1 Abdul Wachid Hasyim 400 meters 53.17 54.45 10000 meters 2:55.87 2:08:30
2 Angga Aji Satria 100 meters 11.34 11.70
3 Barik Abrar Long Jump 6.92m 7.18m
4 Dheanova Pramudya P. R. 110 m Wicket 17.79 15.08
5 Dimas Pramudya Kusuma 110 m Wicket 15.62 15.08
6 Edgar Davitson High Jump 1.89m 1.75m
7 Farel Wijayanto High Jump 1.66m 8 Iqbal Naufal High Jump 1.92m 1.80m 9 Jihan Lusiami 200 meters 26.59 26.39
10 Meisa Alvalen Cahyanti 200 meters 13.51 29.56
11 Moh Turi 400 meters 52.96 53.10 800 meters 2:03.76 2:12.95
12 Mohammad Feriyanto Long Jump 6.45m Double Jump 14.09m
13 Muh Reva Putra Andika 400 meters 55.99 49.74 400 Wicket 57.32 57.36 22.64 14 Muhammad Azizi Rabbani 400 meters 54.09 54.67
15 Nabilah Fafrilian A Long Jump 5.30m 5.41m High Jump 1.63m 1.70m
16 Prasha Rizki 100 meters 10.66 200 meters 21.73
17 Rizal Syaiful Fatih Double Jump 14.47m 14.52m
3.5. Final Product association in East Java. The final product of National Athlete Training Centre-B of provincial government of all Final product is the produce produced after the revision Indonesian athlete association in East Java is a guide book of product test have been finished. Therefore, the result is of National Athlete Training Centre-B of provincial expected to be a reflection of the right product toward the government of all Indonesian athlete association in East target aimed, i.e. National Athlete Training Centre-B of Java which is divided into 5 chapters and it is begun with provincial government of all Indonesian athlete the introduction. The final product is the revision of
International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences 9(1): 27-33, 2021 33
previous several stages and it can be explained as follow: 4. Conclusions
INTRODUCTION There are several fundamentals that can be concluded in this research such as: first, there are some findings that Introduction contains general goal of organizing should be corrected in the product one (old) guidelines for National Athlete Training Centre-B of provincial implementation of National Athlete Training Centre-B of government of all Indonesian athlete association in East all Indonesian Athlete Association of East Java which has Java and specific goal of the guide book arranged. been used, including; a) the formulation of the objectives of the institution seems to overlap (not clear) with the CHAPTER 1 workspace of other sports development institutions; b) It is necessary to adjust the organizational structure with the Chapter 1 contains about the general things supporting institution shading directly such as All Indonesian Athlete the implementation process of National Athlete Training Association (AIAA); c) the weak of instruments and Centre-B of provincial government of all Indonesian design of input models of athletes and coaches; d) the athlete association in East Java covering: 1) name and details of the reference which is the basis of the policy position, 2) place and time of determination, 3) the concerning all relevant stakeholders need to be detailed fundamental of implementation, 4) the status of National and clarified. Second, the changes made between the Athlete Training Centre-B of provincial government of all initial product and the final product are quite significant, Indonesian athlete association in East Java, 5) the goal, such as adding the components appearing/ found in the function and role of National Athlete Training Centre-B of early stages of the information excavation process (review provincial government of all Indonesian athlete of existing products / initial product). The problem association in East Java, and 6) the mechanism of intended is caused by the irrelevance/ or ineffectiveness of National Athlete Training Centre-B of provincial some steps in the guidelines or new needs arising in the government of all Indonesian athlete association in East practice of implementing the program. The results of the Java. testing conducted toward the guidelines, in real terms, have better impact on the course of the organization. CHAPETR II
Chapter 2 discusses about the organization of National Athlete Training Centre-B of provincial government of all Indonesian athlete association in East Java covering: 1) REFERENCES organizational structure of National Athlete Training [1] Erin Cameron, Ann Peel, Marko Begovic. (2014). Centre-B of provincial government of all Indonesian Developing The Citizen Athlete. Sport Science Vol 7., Issue: athlete association in East Java, 2) the role and the 1., (Hlm. 35). function of organization. [2] Kemenpora. (2010). Rencana Strategis 2010-2014. Kementerian Pemuda dan Olahraga. Jakarta: Indonesia. CHAPTER III [3] Wijono. (2011). Pemanfaatan IPTEK Olahraga Dalam Chapter 3 discusses about the athlete and coach, Peningkatan Prestasi. Vol. 6, No.2. Jurnal Kepelatihan covering 1) the qualification of the athlete and the coach, Olahraga. Unessa: Surabaya. 2) status of athlete and coach and 3) rights and obligations [4] C. Christine Green. (2005) Building Sport Programs to of athlete and coach. Optimize Athlete Recruitment, Retention, and Transition: Toward a Normative Theory of Sport Development. Volume CHAPTER IV 19., Issue: 3., (Hlm. 233-253). Dept of Kinesiology and Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Chapter 4 emphasizes more on the discussion about the Texas. implementation policy of National Athlete Training [5] Dragan Milanović, Sanja Šalaj, Aleksandar Trbojević. Centre-B of provincial government of all Indonesian (2016). Contemporary technology procedures in elite sport: athlete association in East Java, covering: 1) Support application of scientific findings in training. Faculty of Sport Competition System and degradation and 2) the penalty Science Vol. 9 Issue: 1. Kinesiology: University of Zagreb and its implementation. Croatia. [6] Munir Talović, etc. (2016). Analysis of The Contents Of CHAPTER V Training Camps Of European Clubs. Sport Science Vol: 9, Issue: 1 (hlm: 63) Faculty of Sport and Physical Education Chapter 5 contains about other things and closing. University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences 9(1): 34-40, 2021 http://www.hrpub.org DOI: 10.13189/saj.2021.090105
The Effect of a Training and Nutritional Program to Address the Male Gynecomastia Phenomenon
Ali Bedaiwi Tapoor, Ammar Muthanna Jameel, Mushtaq Abed Alredha Mashi*
College of Physical Education and Sports Science, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Iraq
Received September 23, 2020; Revised December 24, 2020; Accepted January 20, 2021
Cite This Paper in the following Citation Styles (a): [1] Ali Bedaiwi Tapoor, Ammar Muthanna Jameel, Mushtaq Abed Alredha Mashi , "The Effect of a Training and Nutritional Program to Address the Male Gynecomastia Phenomenon," International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 34 - 40, 2021. DOI: 10.13189/saj.2021.090105. (b): Ali Bedaiwi Tapoor, Ammar Muthanna Jameel, Mushtaq Abed Alredha Mashi (2021). The Effect of a Training and Nutritional Program to Address the Male Gynecomastia Phenomenon. International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences, 9(1), 34 - 40. DOI: 10.13189/saj.2021.090105. Copyright©2021 by authors, all rights reserved. Authors agree that this article remains permanently open access under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 International License
Abstract Some of the main problems facing sportsmen, consists of (10) students divided into two groups and males in general, are obesity and the accumulation of (experimental and control) - (5) students per group. The unwanted fat. Gynecomastia is the phenomenon of a body researchers check the homogeneity and equivalence of the deformity in males that occurs in the chest area and causes research sample in the studied variables. All field a lot of embarrassment. It is quite uncomfortable for procedures have been appropriately done, from sportsmen and males. They experience embarrassment and measurements to obtain the necessary data, to conducting dissatisfaction, making them dress in such a way that may the appropriate statistics and classifying them in the form hide their weight or gynecomastia. The importance of this of tables, analyzing and discussing them, and coming up research lies in developing a general suggested with some conclusions and recommendations. rehabilitative program (training and diet) by trainers and experts in the field of training and bodybuilding. This Keywords Proposed Rehabilitative Program (Training program is developed to: address the phenomenon of and Diet), Treating Gynecomastia gynecomastia, burning accumulated fat in the chest area, raising testosterone level, and lowering (progesterone and estrogen) hormone levels in participants. The research problem is explored through observing some males with 1. Introduction noticeable bloated or flabby chest appearance. They are examined to check the amount of accumulated fat in their Being attentive to the fit physical appearance has bodies -using calipers- and examine the chest glands by become one of the basic requirements in societies in feeling them to detect the texture of this gland. The results general and in the sports community in particular. Every are presented to doctors specialized in this field, showing athlete must have an ideal figure without any fats that that they suffer from a form of sagging. This condition increase the burden while performing exercises and occurs due to three reasons: a genetic glandular disease, a participating in competitions. We can notice that a fit difference between the proportions of male and female physique greatly impacts the psychological state and hormones, or the accumulation of fats as a result of a diet boosts self-confidence. containing fats, carbohydrates, and sugars which the body Based on many studies conducted worldwide, we find keeps in the form of fats in the chest area. This that athletes with a fit body reach high levels of athletic phenomenon is called gynecomastia. The research achievement and achieve their goals faster than others. community consists of students from the College of The male community always seeks a fit, athletic, and Physical Education and Sport Sciences - University of healthy body and stays away from the appearance of Qadisiyah for the academic year 2018-2019. The sample excess fat and obesity that affects their overall appearance International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences 9(1): 34-40, 2021 35
and thus affects their social relationships in general and carbohydrates, and sugars which the body keeps in the with women in particular. form of fats in the chest area. This phenomenon with all Some of the main problems facing sportsmen, and its three reasons is called gynecomastia. males in general, are obesity and the accumulation of unwanted fat. Gynecomastia is the phenomenon of a body The Purpose of the STUDY deformity in males that occurs in the chest area and causes a lot of embarrassment. This condition is quite To prepare a proposed rehabilitation program (training uncomfortable for sportsmen and males, where they and diet) to treat gynecomastia and burn accumulated fat experience embarrassment and dissatisfaction that makes in the chest area (gynecomastia). The aim is to also them dress in a certain type of way that they do not like to identify the effect of this program in raising and lowering hide their weight and gynecomastia. This condition affects the levels of the hormones: testosterone, progesterone, and the mental health of males who suffer from it especially estrogen; and what may result from this whether when dealing with society.1 positively or negatively in terms of development and The relevance of this research is in proposing a general variations that will occur to both groups (experimental and rehabilitative program (training and diet) by trainers and control) and to check what works better for them. workers in the field of training and bodybuilding, in addition to the central and subsidiary unions in the governorates of Iraq. This program was developed to: 2. Research Methodology and Field address the phenomenon of gynecomastia, burn Procedures accumulated fat in the chest area, raise testosterone level, and lower (progesterone and estrogen) hormone levels in Research Methodology participants. The researchers used the experimental approach and equivalent groups method because it meets the needs of Research Problematic the research: accurate results. Societies and their nature differ in all parts of the world, and the outer appearance of males in these societies may Research community and sample differ according to their way of life, their beliefs, and their The research community included (183) first stage cultural heritage. In Arab societies, males have a certain students of the College of Physical Education and Sport type of distinction in terms of religion and society; they Sciences at the University of Qadisiyah, for the academic are viewed as the father and man of the house who works year (2018-2019). The research sample was deliberately and toils for the sake of his family and protects, defends, chosen: (10) students who suffer from gynecomastia and maintains his home and family. Their purpose is also representing the proportion (5.464%) of the research affiliated with national security, by fighting against community. Homogeneity and equivalence were achieved everyone who dares to attack their country. All of these between the two groups in variables (height, weight, age). things require firmness and strength that can be seen through the external masculine appearance in every detail Table 1. Shows the homogeneity of the two groups of a man’s body. An observation of some males with Coefficient of Variables Units Mean SD noticeable bloated or flabby chest appearance was done. variation (Cv) These individuals were examined to check the amount of Length Cm 169.118 4.133 2.443% accumulated fat in their bodies using calipers and examine weight Kg 75.792 5.993 7.907% the chest glands by feeling them to detect the texture of Age Year 19.024 0.896 4.709% this gland. The results presented to doctors who specialize in this field showed that they suffer from a form of As shown in Table (1) The Cv values are less than sagging. This condition occurs due to three reasons: a (30%). This proves the homogeneity of the sample in one genetic glandular disease, a difference between the group, "the more the coefficient of variation is near (1%) proportions of male and female hormones, or the the more homogeneous the sample is, and if the accumulation of fats as a result of a diet containing fats, Cvsurpassed (30%) then the sample is non-homogeneous.
Table 2. Shows the equivalence of the respondents
Experimental group Control group Calculated value of Indication of S Variables Mean SD Mean SD (t) variation 1 Length 168.261 3.117 169.961 4.317 1.093 No sig. 2 weight 74.862 6.913 75.307 5.033 0.994 No sig. 3 Age 19.011 1.438 19.003 1.015 0.481 No sig. * Table (T) value at the level of significance (0.05) and freedom degree (8) = 1.860
36 The Effect of a Training and Nutritional Program to Address the Male Gynecomastia Phenomenon
Means, Tools and Devices Used in the Research chest area. Arabic sources and references. Observation and experimentation. Testing and Measurement Personal interview Data collection form. Data dump form. Tape measure (centimeters, linen). Electronic medical scale to measure weight. Calipers for measuring the thickness of the skin folds (the accumulated fat). Blood tubes. Medical syringes to draw blood, cooler box, centrifuge to separate blood components Computer (type DELL) and electronic calculator (SONY). Camera. Figure 1. Shows a method for measuring skin folds in the chest area Multi gym, flat anesthesia, upper anesthesia, lower with a caliper anesthetic, iron bar, iron weights, and weights. Sports watch to measure work time and rest. Drawing blood samples5 The blood sample was drawn from the students (5 cc) at Field research procedures the time of rest and without effort. Samples were taken The pilot study from the venous blood of the upper arm region. Blood The researchers and the assistant work team conducted samples were placed in the blood-saving tubes which are a pilot study on a sample consisting of (5) members of the standard tubes numbered according to the students’ research community. The experiment took place on sequence (each number is appointed to a student) and then Sunday, 10/21/2018 at 9:00 am in the physiology lab of transferred to the laboratory to be separated by the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Science - centrifugation to extract the serum (blood plasma) from University of Qadisiyah. The aim of the study was the each sample with the help of a specialist. They are then following:3 placed after separation in tubes marked with the student Figuring the level of students' understanding of the number and kept in the refrigeration box to be transferred elements of the diet training program. to the laboratory for analysis (Sikma laboratory for Ensuring the validity of the tools and devices that will pathological analyzes in Al-Qadisiyah Governorate). The be used in the main experiment. percentage of the concentration of testosterone, Identifying the difficulties and problems that progesterone, and estrogen in the blood is then known, researchers may encounter while training, and using and the results will be extracted on October 25, 2018. food and measurements to resolve them. Knowing the number of auxiliary staff needed by the research when taking measurements, as well as training them on the registration method. Knowing the time spent on taking the measurements.
Pretests On October 25, 2018, the researchers conducted pretests of the variables on the studied research sample in the two groups (experimental and control), where the researchers took into account the fixation of conditions on the research sample in the posttests. They measured:4 -Measuring the percentage of fat accumulated in the chest area and measuring the hormone variables (testosterone, estrogen, and progesterone): The thickness of the saggy skin in the chest area was measured by a Figure 2. Shows the method of drawing blood from a student (research caliper to know the percentage of fat accumulated in the sample)
International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences 9(1): 34-40, 2021 37
The main experience Suggested qualification program (diet) After the researchers, with the assistance of the The proposed rehabilitation program (diet) was carried auxiliary team, conducted the pilot experiment and did the out on Sunday, October 28, 2018, until December 20, pretests on the variables of the research sample, the main 2018, through which meals containing vitamin-rich food experiment included: were distributed to get rid of fats and raise the levels of testosterone hormone. The food program included the The exercises in a single training unit that range from following meals on Exercise days:7 (5-6). 1. Breakfast The researchers trained the research sample with three (3) Boiled egg whites + a cup of skimmed milk + weekly training units, whether the (experimental) group walnut + toast loaf + 2 tablespoons oats. that works according to the proposed qualification program (training and diet) or the (control) group that These nutrients are full of vitamins, fibers and proteins works according to what it takes from practical lessons of essential for burning fats, raising the hormone level, and its annual curriculum in the first course of all sports. building muscle tissues. The period of these exercises: (24) units, by (3) units 2. Lunch per week and for (8) weeks. Duration of the unit: (90) minutes. Boiled chicken breast + vegetable salad + four Training days (Sunday - Tuesday - Thursday). tablespoons boiled rice + a cup of lemon juice. The The diet plan of the proposed rehabilitation program boiled chicken breast is fat-free and contains a is given based on scientific principles and its purpose good amount of fibers and proteins necessary for is to raise the testosterone ratio of the (experimental) building muscles. The vegetable salad contains a group along with training according to the proposed great amount of vitamin A, which promotes the exercises. stimulation of testosterone. lemon juice is rich in The endurance of each student was measured vitamin C), which promotes tissue building and separately and he was dealt with accordingly. helps burn fat because it contains acidic The intensity ranged between (75% - 100%) compounds. according to the ripple method, with repetitions and 3. Dinner meal breaks between them according to the intensity levels and according to the scientific foundations of the Grilled liver meat pieces + vegetable salad + cup of training. carrot juice + banana. This proposed rehabilitative program (training and diet) Where the liver contains a high amount of vitamin (K was developed after personal interviews with experts and and D), where vitamin (K) engages in the reactions of specialists in the field of sports training and sports diet oxidation, reduction, and phosphorylation in burning fat. and asking for their opinions on the importance of the As for vitamin (D), it is necessary form muscle used exercises in terms of their significance in raising development and prevent atrophy. Carrot juice and leafy testosterone levels and burning accumulated fat in the vegetable salads also contain a high amount of vitamin (A) chest area in particular and the areas of the body in which raises the level of testosterone.8 general. They were also asked about the diet plan that will be given to the research sample. The researchers then Post-test selected the best exercises that help achieve the goal and also the food used in the program and that was agreed On Sunday, December 23, 2018 at 9:00 a.m., the upon by experts and specialists. Reps and intensity levels researchers and the team in the physiology lab at the and groups and breaks were also set.6 College of Physical Education and Sports Science-University of Qadisiyah, did the posttests under Suggested qualification program (training) the same conditions of the pretests. The proposed rehabilitation program (training) was Statistical means conducted on the research sample from Sunday, October 28, 2018, until December 20, 2018, through the three The researchers used version (22) of the software training units given pee week. These units included package for statistical analysis(SPSS). weightlifting exercises that were distributed. The training time was at 10:00 a.m. in each training unit, and the training period was from 1:00 a.m. to 1:00 p.m. All 3. Results exercises begin after warm-ups and Swedish exercises, where the training units were arranged and distributed on In table (3), the results show the significance of the weekdays. variations after comparing the calculated value of (t) with
38 The Effect of a Training and Nutritional Program to Address the Male Gynecomastia Phenomenon
its tabular value. The value of t was greater than the effect on raising the level of the hormone testosterone and tabular value at the level of significance (0.05) and the decrease in the level of estrogen and progesterone. By freedom degree (4) for the benefit of posttests in this that, the purpose of the study is achieved.10 group. Its scale of impact was (Big) in all studied In Table (5), the results show the significance of the hormones, which indicates that the results of the proposed variations in the posttests between the two groups rehabilitation program (training and diet) have a positive (experimental and control). After comparing the effect in raising the level of the hormone testosterone and calculated value of (t) between them with the tabular the decrease in the level of estrogen and progesterone. By value. The value of t was greater than the tabular value of that, the purpose of the study is achieved.9 (1.860) at the level of significance (0.05) and degree of In table (4), the results show the significance of the freedom (8) for the benefit of the experimental group in variations after comparing the calculated value of (t) with the post-tests. Its scale of impact was (Big) in all studied its tabular value. The value of t was greater than the hormones, which indicates that the results of the proposed tabular value at the level of significance (0.05) and rehabilitation program (training and diet) have a positive freedom degree (4) for the benefit of posttests in this effect on raising the level of the hormone testosterone and group. Its scale of impact was (Big) in all studied the decrease in the level of estrogen and progesterone in hormones, which indicates that the results of the proposed favor of the posttest so f the experimental group. By that, rehabilitation program (training and diet) have a positive the purpose of the study is achieved.
Table 3. Shows the mean, the standard deviations, and the calculated value (t) of the pre- and posttests of the (experimental) group of the research variables (hormones)
Pretest Posttest Calculated Indication of Scale of Impact Hormones Units Mean SD Mean SD value of(t) variation impact indication Ng / ml Testosterone 2.240 0.439 2.800 0.316 4.346 Sig. 0.908 Big men Pg / ml Estradiol 13.80 0.836 11.40 0.547 9.798 Sig. 0.979 Big men Ng / ml Progesterone 0.520 0.083 0.320 0.084 2.333 Sig. 0.759 Big men * Table (t) value at the level of significance (0.05) and degree of freedom (4) = (2.132)
Table 4. Shows the mean, the standard deviations, and the calculated value (t) between the pre and posttests of the two (control) groups in the research variables (hormones)
Pretest Posttest Calculated Indication of Scale of Impact Hormones Units Mean SD Mean SD value of(t) variation impact indication Ng / ml Testosterone 2.311 0.519 2.544 0.385 2.186 Sig. 0.737 Big men Pg / ml Estradiol 13.95 0.938 12.892 0.597 2.005 No sig. 0.707 Big men Ng / ml Progesterone 0.530 0.121 0.379 0.105 2.208 Sig. 0.741 Big men * Table (t) value at the level of significance (0.05) and degree of freedom (4) = (2.132)
Table 5. Shows the mean, the standard deviations, and the calculated value (t) of the post measurements between the two groups (experimental and control) in the research variables (hormones) Experimental Control group Calculated Indication of Scale of Impact Hormones Units group value of(t) variation impact indication Mean SD Mean SD Ng / ml Testosterone men 2.800 0.316 2.544 0.385 4.047 Sig. 0.819 Big Pg / ml Estradiol men 11.40 0.547 12.892 0.597 3.559 Sig. 0.782 Big Ng / ml Progesterone men 0.320 0.084 0.379 0.105 1.944 Sig. 0.566 Big * Table (T) value at the level of significance (0.05) and degree of freedom (8) = 1.860
International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences 9(1): 34-40, 2021 39
Table 6. Shows the mean, the standard deviations, and the calculated value of (t) between the pre and post-tests of the two groups (experimental and control) in (the percentage of fats) Scale Pretest Posttest Calculated Indication Impact Variable Units Group of value of(t) of variation indication Mean SD Mean SD impact Experimental 2.800 0.324 2.300 0.308 9.129 Sig. 0.976 Big Fat ratio Mm Control 2.839 0.469 2.658 0.399 2.107 No sig. 0.725 Big
The value of (t) at the significance level (0.05) and the degree of freedom (4) = 2.132
Table 7. Shows the mean, the standard deviations, and the calculated value (t) of the post measurements between the two groups (experimental and control) in a variable (percentage of fat)
Experimental group Control group Calculated Indication of Scale of Impact Variable Mean SD Mean SD value of(t) variation impact indication
Fat ratio 2.300 0.308 2.658 0.399 4.088 Sig. 0.822 Big. * The value of (T) at the level of significance (0.05) and degree of freedom (8) = 1.860
In Table (6), the results showed the significance of the progesterone and estrogen hormone levels .The level of differences between the pre- and posttests of the two testosterone is inversely proportional to the level of groups (experimental and control). After comparing the progesterone and estrogen hormones i.e. the higher the calculated value of (t) between them with its tabular value, level of testosterone in the body is, the lower the the calculated value of (t) was greater than the tabular percentage of estrogen and progesterone becomes .These value of (2.132) at the level of significance (0.05) and levels are responsible for the enlargement and swelling of degree of freedom (4) in favor of the experimental group the mammary glands and the accumulation of fat in the in the post-tests. Its scale of impact was (Big) in the chest area. This increase in testosterone levels is due to variable (fat ratio). This indicates that the results of the the proposed rehabilitation program (training and diet) for proposed rehabilitation program (training and diet) have a the experimental group. It stimulated the increase in the positive impact on the decrease of this variable. The level of testosterone and the decrease in the levels of differences were insignificant for the control group, but progesterone and estrogen hormones and accumulated fats there is a decrease in favor of the post-tests, yet, it did not as well.11 appear statistically, but appeared through the size of the “The use of exercises, of a nature that issimilar to the effect (large), which indicates that the activities of a general form of the specialized exercises, leads to practical nature reduce the percentage of body fat, but not better results in gaining strength”.12 like the experimental group that showed an effect on the "Systematic training leads to an increase in the decrease of level of accumulated Fat in the chest area, and efficiency of the muscular system, and this is directly this fulfills the purpose of the study. reflected through muscular endurance-whether In Table (7), the results showed the significance of the kinetic or stationary".13 variations for the post measurements between the two groups (experimental and control). After comparing the This indicates that the proposed rehabilitation program calculated value of (t) between them with its tabular value, (training and diet) has a positive impact on increasing the the calculated value of (t) was greater than the tabular level of testosterone and decreasing the levels of value of (1.860) at the level of significance(0.05) and the progesterone and estrogen along with a decrease in the degree of freedom (8) in favor of the experimental group. level of accumulated fat in the chest area. The diet Its scale of impact was (Big) in the variable (fat ratio). training program led to an increase in the size of muscle This indicates that the results of the proposed fibers and elimination of sagging in targeted areas, in rehabilitation program (training and diet) have a positive addition to tightening chest muscles giving it the perfect impact on the decrease of this variable, and on the fit look. decrease of level of accumulated Fat in the chest area, and The results of the post measurements of hormones and this fulfills the purpose of the study. fats for the research sample in the two groups in tables (5,7) showed the differences between the groups in favor of the experimental group in all the variables, in addition 4. Discussing the Results to the big scale of impact between these two groups. The researchers attribute this to the nature of the exercises and Based on the results obtained from the pre and posttests, the energy and food used to burn calories. All of that the post measurements of all hormones of both groups reduced the percentage of fats through warming-ups and (experimental, and control) showed progress in the the exercises used, regularly eating healthy food, as well increase in testosterone level and the decrease in both as physical exercises that are based on scientific
40 The Effect of a Training and Nutritional Program to Address the Male Gynecomastia Phenomenon
foundations according to intensity, repetition, etc. Physiology of Athletic Training, Cairo, Dar Al-Fikr The food consisted of a lot of fruits that have a great Al-Arabi, 1985. role in maintaining the regulation of fat burning and helps [2] Abu El-Ella Ahmed Abdel-Fattah and Ahmed Nasr El-Din: oxidize food in the body. The devices used helped in Physiology of Fitness, Cairo, Dar Al-Fikr Al-Arabi, 1993. monitoring food and the calories loss, which consequently [3] Abu El-Ella Ahmed Abdel-Fattah: Athletic Training helped in figuring out the type of food and the exercises Physiological Foundations, Dar Al-Fikr Al-Arabi, Nasr City, used to balance the number of calories intake and burn, 1997. without any problems that may arise after the deficit in these calories. "Metabolism after physical activity [4] Abu El-Ella Abdel-Fattah: Physiology and Training in depends on the nature of the exercise (intensity) and the Sports, Arab House of Thought, Cairo, Ed. 1, 2003. 14 period of the performance (size)" . "Experts stress that it [5] Saad Al-Din Muhammad Al-Makkawi: Endocrine is much easier to reduce the amount of calories when Physiology and Hormones, Al-Maaref Establishment, 1st eating compared to burning them by exercise" .15 edition, 2000. As for the control group, there was a slight increase in [6] Jamil Qasim Muhammad Al-Badri, Ahmad Khamis Radi testosterone, a decrease in the hormone (progesterone, and Al-Sudani: The International Handball Encyclopedia, 1st estrogen), and a decrease in the percentage of fats, but not edition, Al-Safa Foundation, Publications, Beirut, 2011. as significant as the variations in the experimental group. [7] Abdullah Mahmoud Al-Zuhairi Al-Noun: Nutrition of Man, This may be a result of them being students and their Dar Al-Kutub for Printing and Publishing, University of ways of burning calories are somewhat different in terms Mosul, 1992. of how they perform walking exercises and other sports, especially practical games taught in college, and their [8] Abdul Majeed Ibrahim Marwan: Examination and participation in games such as football and others whether Measurement in Physical Education, Amman, Dar Al-Fikr Al-Arabi for Printing and Publishing, 1999. inside or outside of the university and any other type of work. These practices have a positive impact on the result [9] Abdullah Al-Qaqaa: Therapeutic Nutrition, Amman, Down of these variables, i.e. "After completing the physical Town, Al-Fuhais Commercial Complex, 2000 activity, the rate of metabolism increases for several hours [10] Adel Turki: Principles of Athletic Training and Strength and calories continue to be burnt quickly " and" The used Training, Najaf, Dar Al-Diaa for Printing and Design, 2011. training method impacts the percentage of fats in the body ".16 [11] Muhammad Jasim Al-Yasiri and Akheran: The Analytical Statistics between Theory and Practice, 1st edition, Dar Al-Diaa for Printing, Najaf Al-Ashraf, 2011. 5. Conclusions [12] Wadih Yassin and Hassan Muhammad Abdul-Ubaidi: Statistical Applications and Computer Uses in Physical Through the presentation, analysis, and discussion of Education Research, Mosul, Dar Al-Kutub for Printing and data, researchers reached the following conclusions: Publishing, 1999 AD. 1. The proposed rehabilitation program (training and [13] Alsayigh, H. A., & Athab, N. A. (2016). The Study of Rectus diet) increased the level of testosterone, decreased the Femoris Activity after Knee Joint Rehabilitation. levels of progesterone and estrogen hormones, and International Journal of Pharm Tech Research, 9(9), significantly reduced the percentage of body and 360-365. chest fats. 2. The physical changes to the shape of the chest were [14] Athab, N. A., Hussein, W. R., & Ali, A. A. M. (2019). A Comparative Study for Movement of Sword, Fencing, positively reflected in the fit appearance and raised Stabbed, according to the Technical Programming in the the self-confidence of the participants. Game of Fencing Wheelchairs Class B. Indian Journal of 3. The proposed rehabilitation program (training and Public Health Research & Development, 10(5), 1344-1347. diet) resulted in a better chest form, getting rid of [15] Athab, N. A. (2019). An Analytical Study of Cervical Spine gynecomastia, and gaining a muscular appearance in Pain According to the Mechanical Indicators of the the chest. Administrative Work Staff. Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development, 10(5), 1348-1354.
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International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences 9(1): 41-47, 2021 http://www.hrpub.org DOI: 10.13189/saj.2021.090106
Students’ Difficulties in the Practice of Volleyball in School Physical Education: An Analysis Based on Tactical Principles
Chanh Thuc Dao1,*, Van Tang Nguyen2
1Department of Physical Education, An Giang University, Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam 2Department of Athletics, Ho Chi Minh University of Sport, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
Received November 28, 2020; Revised December 28, 2020; Accepted January 28, 2021
Cite This Paper in the following Citation Styles (a): [1] Chanh Thuc Dao, Van Tang Nguyen , "Students’ Difficulties in the Practice of Volleyball in School Physical Education: An Analysis Based on Tactical Principles," International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 41-47, 2021. DOI: 10.13189/saj.2021.090106. (b): Chanh Thuc Dao, Van Tang Nguyen (2021). Students’ Difficulties in the Practice of Volleyball in School Physical Education: An Analysis Based on Tactical Principles. International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences, 9(1), 41-47. DOI: 10.13189/saj.2021.090106. Copyright©2021 by authors, all rights reserved. Authors agree that this article remains permanently open access under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 International License
Abstract In Vietnam, physical education is mostly still Keywords Volleyball, Sports Exploration, Internal taught in a traditional model. Volleyball is one of the most Logic, Sport Pedagogy, Students’ Difficulties practiced sports in Physical Education classes. The study of this article was to explore students’ difficulties in the practice of volleyball in school Physical Education (PE) classes, according to the tactical principles of the sport, and to compare them with teachers’ understanding of the 1. Introduction discipline. This qualitative study was developed in two Volleyball is one of the most practiced sports by the stages: a) observation of 14 hours/class PE volleyball Vietnamese population in several spaces, including classes in two different schools and field diary records of schools, through Physical Education classes (Thuc D.C et students’ difficulties during the game according to the al., 2018). tactical principles of the sport, and b) application of a Regarding volleyball in Vietnamese PE, the sport is one Linkert scale with active PE teachers to classify such of the most discussed contents in classes, from the sports problems (Thomás A.P, et al 2020). In the first stage, the model to the most recent perspectives in the area, such as following situations were identified as difficulties, in Corporal Culture (Thuc D.C et al., 2018). However, it is decreasing order of occurrence in the observations: observed that the traditional teaching model is the building the attack, occupying spaces on the court, looking predominating one since the emphasis is on teaching the for empty spaces, intending to contact the ball, and fundamentals of volleyball, such as overhead and forearm directing serves. In the teachers’ view, however, pass, and spike (Barroso & Darido, 2010), as confirmed difficulties in serves were indicated as students’ main by recent studies about volleyball, which present analyses problem and, on the other hand, occupying court spaces as of the practice based on these fundamentals and their the action they performed more easily. On this basis, it is effectiveness (Alnedral et al., 2020). Knowing how to concluded that there are differences between the perform the technical gestures of volleyball is extremely researcher’s and the teachers’ views, possibly related to important, however, it is understood that limiting teaching teachers' initial coaching and previous experiences based in PE to only this dimension of practice is not indicated on the traditional model, whose focus is not on the teaching (Sgrò et al., 2020). Moreover, according to Borges, Gaya, of tactical principles. González, and Galatti (2017), students’ main difficulty is 42 Students’ Difficulties in the Practice of Volleyball in School Physical Education: An Analysis Based on Tactical Principles
marked by understanding what actions need to be carried practices, with the predominance of one of these methods out during the game, which points to the internal logic and (Thomas et al., 2012; Thomás A.P, et al 2020), in this tactical principles of the sport, the focus of this study and case, the qualitative aspect, despite the use of quantitative which completely escapes the traditional teaching instruments in some stages, as described below. proposal for sports in general. Qualitative study in Physical Education is organized To work with tactical principles and overcome the from the interaction between researcher’s and researched traditional model of volleyball teaching, considered by to assign meanings to the studied theme, to produce the many as an excluding practice (Lima et al., 2012), data required for study, within a context in focus (Smith & decontextualized from the game (Hirama et al., 2015), it is Caddick, 2012). In this case, focused on PE, qualitative understood that, in the quest to solve students' difficulties, study seeks the interaction between researcher, students, current approaches of Sport Pedagogy are more and teachers, with a pedagogical approach to practices appropriate (Parente, 2020). (Silva et al., 2008). What places sports modalities within the same logic are Accordingly, two steps were taken: (1) observation of the main objectives of the practice (Belli et al., 2017) – in volleyball lessons in PE; and (2) application of a the case of volleyball, sending the ball over the net to the questionnaire with PE teachers who worked with other side to hinder the opponents’ actions so that they do volleyball in the final years of elementary and high not manage or difficulty to complete the action (González school. & Bracht, 2012). This goal is common for modalities that This type of descriptive study involves the use of fall into the category of net wall sports (Siedentop, 1994). observations about a reality and questionnaire However, teachers do not work with the tactical administrations to identify elements of the researched component in classes, although they recognize the context (Thomas et al., 2012). importance of how games work (Fensterseifer et al., Both stages are part of the proposal to systematize the 2015). contents of sports modalities pointed out by González and To promote teaching through the internal logic of the Bracht (2012), who indicate making a diagnosis of the sport in PE classes, first, we need to identify the tactical problems – stage (Class observation) – and later, a problems faced by students as difficulties in the game, in a classification of them – Stage (Classification of tactical diagnostic process. The knowledge is fundamental for problems). selecting contents to be worked on in class, as they are Characterizing the schools where the observation was directly related to the main teaching agent – the student realized, both have a tradition in the city of this study, one (Borges, Gaya, et al., 2017). Sport explorations, according private and the other public. Given the difficulty in to Borges, Gaya, et al. (2017), are divided into three main receiving authorization from schools to observe classes moments: identification of problems, prioritization, and and the difficulty in reconciling the hours of the selection, of which two will be used in this study in researcher with the teachers, we opted for these two diagnosing students' difficulties: identification and schools to understand those different realities. The prioritization. Thus, the objective of this study was to intention was not to compare both realities and either to explore students’ difficulties in volleyball practice in PE generalize the results. The frequency of appearance of the classes, according to the tactical principles of the sport, behaviors analyzed in the classes is one of the factors that and to compare findings with teachers’ understanding of determine the number of observations to be made the discipline. (Thomas et al., 2012), which justifies the number of 14 Such approaches use games (Aquino et al., 2017) hours/class observed, since, without a pre-determination, prepared following the tactical principles of each modality we got to that amount from the repetition of the actions (Harvey et al., 2020) so that students can understand that occurred during the volleyball games. “what” should be done throughout the game and “when” to take actions (Daólio, 2002), and approaches that use Participants these tools can contribute to the development of volleyball skills (Backman & Barker, 2020). This stage of the study was carried out in two schools – one private (school 1) and the other public (school 2) – in the Long Xuyen city, of An Giang province, Vietnam. To 2. Organize the Materials and Methods choose the schools, the researchers tried to cover two different educational perspectives to portray in this study. Study Design There were 14 hours/class PE classes whose theme was volleyball were observed. Of these classes, eight To achieve the study objective, a “mixed” hours/class of 45-minute (school 1) and the others were qualitative-quantitative methodology combining the two doubles - two 50-minute classes, that is, 6 hours/class study methods was selected. Mixed study methods hardly (school 2). Both observations (“in loco”) were carried out take on an equal share of qualitative and quantitative in high school because it is expected that students in the
International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences 9(1): 41-47, 2021 43
final school years have already gained some experience considered difficult to access, and also because teachers with the modality in the previous teaching cycles. are very time-pressured, busy professionals, with plenty of About groups, 1st and 2nd-grade high school students activities and assignments (Thuc D.C, 2017). As for the were observed. In school 1, the students chose which sport level of education of the 12 PE teachers participating in they want to do in PE classes, bringing together students the study, five work in the final years of elementary from both years mentioned, the different situation from school, five in high school, and two at both levels. As for most Vietnamese schools, so, those who chose to take the education network, seven work in public schools and volleyball classes were observed. In school 2, with regular three in private schools. Physical Education classes, classes of a 1st-grade group For this stage, a questionnaire was answered by PE were observed. The groups observed were composed of teachers, in which the first step was to contact public and adolescents, boys and girls, aged between 14 and 16 years private educational institutions in the same municipality in old. the An Giang province, in search of available teachers to Regarding the teaching methodology used in volleyball answer the survey instrument. Among the institutions classes, there was a difference between the two schools contacted, 12 PE teachers were working in the final years observed. In school 1, there was a more traditional of elementary school and in high school, who were invited concept of teaching sports. In contrast, school 2 followed to participate in the study. a more current concept for teaching volleyball, marked by The questionnaire applied to the teachers was the use of mini courts and games. developed and validated by Sarruge (2018). The study The behaviors identified as students' difficulties in the tool had closed questions, on a four-point Lickert scale, first stage were listed and quantified, initially according to ranging from never (1) to always (4), and an open the schools and then, by the total number of times they question, both to identify students’ difficulties during the appeared along the 14 hours/class observed. Such volleyball game. The Linkert scale was adopted because problems gave rise to the questions featuring in the of its usefulness in classifying behaviors, in the search for questionnaire subsequently responded to by PE teachers, their frequency regarding the study problem (Thomas et including both teachers that participated in this first stage, al., 2012), seeking to classify them (González & Bracht, which comprises the second stage of the study. 2012). For the production of data, field diaries were used, in According to the indication of the study that developed which students' behaviors were recorded throughout the it (Sarruge, 2018), the data were analyzed. First, the game, with emphasis on their difficulties. Observations number of teachers (12) was multiplied by four, the (“in loco”) and records in field diaries are justified by the highest score on the scale, to reach the maximum point possibilities of the researcher’s performing directly in the value (40). Thus, for each problem, teachers' responses study, identifying the problem to be investigated to get to were added up to obtain the score for each tactical the results (Thomas et al., 2012). problem. The greater the distance from the maximum value, the greater the students' difficulty in such a situation.
3. Results Table 1. Students' difficulties in PE volleyball classes.
The results will be presented according to the study Tactical problems School 1 School 2 Total stages, to establish a connection between the data found. Setting up the attack 15 8 23 The tactical problems identified in the observations can be Occupying spaces 10 7 17 seen in Table 1, together with their frequency of on the court appearance in the field diaries, first presented by schools Looking for empty 9 9 18 and then by the total. There is a similarity between the spaces Intending to contact difficulties presented by students from school 1 and 8 3 11 school 2, despite the differences presented, mainly about the ball teaching methodology used in the observer classes, Directing serves 6 2 8 therefore, the data will be presented and discussed The tactical problem identified as the most difficult for according to the total. students was setting up the attack (23). The action of setting up the attack is related to making three contacts Classification of tactical problems with the ball characteristic of volleyball. In the classes How the intention of this study was not to compare or observed and reported in the field diaries, such action generalize the results, but show different realities, in appeared as problematic mainly as students' difficulty to addition to the two teachers from the schools observed, keep the ball in play. In these situations, the students sent others were invited to participate in the study. There was the ball to the other side anyhow, that is, there was no no predetermined number of participants since the exchange of passes to choose the best attack option and, investigation takes place with teachers and this audience is therefore, there was no construction of moves. The second
44 Students’ Difficulties in the Practice of Volleyball in School Physical Education: An Analysis Based on Tactical Principles
major difficulty identified was occupying court spaces Tactical principles were classified by adding up PE (17). In defensive actions, it is characterized in field teachers' responses (teacher 1 = P1) about each principle diaries mainly by students’ little movement towards the (Table 2). It is important to note that the principle of ball when it returned to their side. Another situation that “searching for empty spaces on the court” was divided hindered students' defensive actions was their poor into two: observing the empty spaces and throwing the organization, gathering in the same space as the court or ball into these spaces, because, according to Borges and close to the line, thus leaving the middle of the court clear. Diniz (2017) one needs to spot uncovered spaces in the Searching for empty spaces on the court (18) was the opponent's side to then throw the ball in those spaces, third most frequent tactical principle. For this action, we characterizing the division. considered students’ actions related to only passing the In the teachers’ opinion, students' greatest difficulties ball to the other side, often on their backs, without looking (highlighted in Table 2) are to direct the service and throw at the target (opponent's side) or over an opponent. These the ball into empty spaces. Both tactical problems have to actions were due to students' greatest concern to make the do with how to score in volleyball. In a second level are ball reach the other side, which often did not result in the problems of setting up the attack, intending to contact scoring, the main goal of the game. the ball and spot empty spaces, and, lastly, occupying The tactical problem intending to contact the ball was court spaces, a problem considered by teachers like the also identified (11). For this, there were the actions of one that students are better able to develop during class. In exchanging passes marked mainly by students' situations addition to the classification of tactical principles, PE to get rid of the ball, that is, they did not look for a teachers were asked about what other difficulties they better-positioned player to send the ball and do the next considered to be important for teaching. Five teachers action when the attack was being built, tactical principles that are closely connected. Finally, directing serves (8), a considered that the technical aspects of volleyball are a situation similar to the tactical problem searching for problem, evidenced by the fundamentals of the sport, as empty spaces on the court, in which the students just can be seen in the responses of teacher 3 – “receiving any passed the ball to the other side, without aiming to score type of serve”; teacher 1 – “deficient motor gesture of the or at least make it difficult for the opponent to receive the basics”; teacher 10 – “students do not have an adequate ball in the first action of the volleyball game. Also, in the body posture”; teacher 9 – “learning to spike because of search to identify students' difficulties in learning its motor complexity”; and teacher 7 – “knowing how to volleyball, in a second step, PE teachers answered a position the body in relation to the ball”. Other difficulties questionnaire about which tactical principles they were highlighted, such as students’ lack of interest considered most problematic in their classes. The data (teachers 2 and 5) and struggling with volleyball rules were used to classify these problems – stage II. (teacher 4). Teacher 8, and 11, 12 did not make any notes.
Table 2. Classification of volleyball tactical problems
Tactical problem T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T11 T12 Total
Direct the serve 1 2 1 2 3 2 1 1 3 2 1 1 20 Throw the ball in empty 2 2 1 3 2 2 1 1 3 2 1 1 21 spaces Setting up the attack 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 24 Intend to contact with the 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 24 ball Spot empty spaces 3 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 3 1 1 1 21
Occupying court spaces 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 30
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4. Discussion The teachers' focused view of this element of the game can be explained by its relationship with the other actions Another principle indicated by teachers – secondly – as of the game when thinking about coaching teams or the difficulty is part of those named “ways to score”. professionals. There is evidence in women's base Sarruge (2018) indicates that teaching collective ways to volleyball that a good serve favors the continuation of the score points is fundamental to volleyball lessons, game for the team itself (Cruz et al., 2018), that is, it is the precisely because it highlights the possibilities of reaching first way to get closer to scoring, making the opponent's the goal of the game. The appreciation of the principles actions difficult, therefore, its importance. that lead to scoring a point (the main goal of volleyball) in Students’ difficulties in learning sports at PE are still a collective way, would bring the classes closer to the strongly related to the technical gestures of the modalities, reality of the practice (Gonçalves & Mourão, 2008). as observed in teachers' responses about what they Occupying court spaces, which came second among consider to be problems. Of the 12 study participants, five the greatest difficulties in the observations and as the cited technical gestures as class difficulties. Borges, smallest in teachers' perception are the defensive actions González, et. al. (2017) found similar information about that guarantee the resumption of ball possession during the situations that favor the maintenance of traditional the game (Gonçalves & Mourão, 2008), that is, they are teaching models, in teachers’ opinion, such as ways to prevent the opponent from reaching the goal of practitioners’ interest and proficient knowledge of the the game. Regarding defensive issues, Borges, González, specific motor skills required for the game to happen in Gaya, and Galatti (2017) pointed out that in an initial the best way. This is a common situation in initial sports diagnosis made with teachers about students' difficulties, explorations, as teachers analyze their practices according those related to defense were second to attack issues. to their experiences (Borges, Gaya, et al., 2017). This view towards attack principles is also seen in This scenario is also influenced by the few collective sports coaching (Dallegrave et al., 2018), which opportunities that teachers have to modify their can influence PE teachers' view of this tactical behavior, pedagogical practice (Santos & Nista-Piccolo, 2011) and still based on the traditional model, in which actions with rethink the ways of teaching in PE, just adapting to the the ball are given priority, leaving actions without it in the prevailing traditional method rather than looking for background. Setting up the attack and intending to contact “novel” ways of teaching sports (Wright et al., 2005). For the ball, which scored the same in teachers' perception of Santos and Nista-Piccolo (2011), this reality occurs students' difficulties, happen at all times in the game. Such because the reductionist way sport is seen within the tactical behaviors are characterized by the realization of school environment by teaching sports gestures. the three contacts with the ball after the opponent's serve Teachers' view on the tactical aspects of volleyball still (side out) or in counterattacks, after the opposing team’s seems to be limited, as evidenced mainly by the belief that attack. These actions are highly related to the realization volleyball is a very technical sport and that this is why of the technical fundamentals of volleyball in the best way. students’ difficulties with it (Hirama et al., 2015), as well Fagundes and Ribas (2017) point out that all actions as by the small number of literature publications on the performed throughout the game are connected with the tactical problems of the sport (Fernanda et al, 2016). next action, influencing it. So, the practicing student Borges, Gaya, et. al. (2017) report similar results of a should know the “why” of performing an overhead pass or change in perspective on the teaching of sports after a forearm pass in a particular position in the court, not carrying out an intervention that aimed to expand teachers’ only reproduce such moves. views, with an emphasis on understanding the game. These tactical principles identified as problems in the PE volleyball classes are similar to the notes in the literature on the main actions carried out during the game, 5. Conclusions namely: setting up the attack (Borges & Diniz, 2017), ways to score the point (Hirama et al., 2015) and Regarding tactical principles, it was observed that those occupying court spaces (Pritchard et al.,2008). The identified by the researcher as students' difficulties tactical problems identified in the observations as partially differed from teachers' perceptions. This students' difficulties are, mainly, setting up the attack and difference can be explained by the way volleyball occupying court spaces, which differed from the main teaching takes place in PE classes, influenced by these problem pointed out by teachers in their answers, which is professionals’ initial coaching and previous knowledge directing serves. However, when one thinks about about the sport in Vietnam, which points to a wide gap volleyball teaching in PE, it is understood that the between academic study and the teaching practice of PE importance given to serves (way of starting the games that teachers. result in scoring) by teachers as a priority in teaching can With the main objective of diagnosing the tactical put other tactical elements in the background, which also problems of volleyball in PE classes, it is clear that even creates problems in this process. with the study focus on these elements, the results showed
46 Students’ Difficulties in the Practice of Volleyball in School Physical Education: An Analysis Based on Tactical Principles
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International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences 9(1): 48-55, 2021 http://www.hrpub.org DOI: 10.13189/saj.2021.090107
The Effect of Visualization, Relaxation, and Self-efficacy on the Performance of Men Speed World Record Athletes Category
Ilham*, Dimyati
Faculty of Sport Sciences, Yogyakarta State University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Received November 25, 2020; Revised December 31, 2020; Accepted January 28, 2021
Cite This Paper in the following Citation Styles (a): [1] Ilham, Dimyati , "The Effect of Visualization, Relaxation, and Self-efficacy on the Performance of Men Speed World Record Athletes Category," International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 48-55, 2021. DOI: 10.13189/saj.2021.090107. (b): Ilham, Dimyati (2021). The Effect of Visualization, Relaxation, and Self-efficacy on the Performance of Men Speed World Record Athletes Category. International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences, 9(1), 48-55. DOI: 10.13189/saj.2021.090107. Copyright©2021 by authors, all rights reserved. Authors agree that this article remains permanently open access under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 International License
Abstract Background: The speed world record (WR) (visualization and relaxation) and self-efficacy (high and performance is an achievement made by athletes in the low) on the performance of rock climbing athletes in the competitive rock-climbing category, where the athlete WR speed category. Conclusion: The highest performance must complete the climbing route on a standard artificial is obtained with visualization exercises with high climbing wall with a height of 15 m in the shortest possible self-efficacy; followed by relaxation with high time. Purpose: This study aims to determine: (1) the effect self-efficacy; and visualization exercises with low of visualization and relaxation training on athlete's self-efficacy. performance; (2) the effect of self-efficacy on athlete's performance, and (3) the interaction between exercise Keywords Performance, Speed World Record, Rock (visualization, relaxation) and self-efficacy on the Climbing, Visualization, Relaxation, Self-efficacy performance of rock-climbing athletes in the speed world record category. Design/methodology/approach: This research is experimental research with a true experimental design modified with a factorial design (2x2). The 1. Introduction population in this study was all junior and youth WR speed rock climbing athletes, aged between 15-20 years in Climbing is a sport that has been popular around the Yogyakarta and Central Java. A sample of 20 men athletes world, namely, as a competitive and recreational sport was taken with the Slovin Formula and ordinal pairing [1]–[4]. The popularity of rock climbing is going together technique. The data were collected using the General with many researchers from various countries who have Self-efficacy Scale (GSE) to measure self-efficacy and also developed the sport of rock climbing [5]. The motion climb to measure the performance of rock-climbing popularity of rock climbing has led to increasingly athletes with WR speed. A Two-Way ANOVA test was professional competitions. used with the following analysis prerequisites: normality The World Cup competition is organized regularly by test and homogeneity test. The results of this study showed the International Federation of Sport Climbing (IFSC) that: (1) Visualization is better than relaxation; (2) Athletes (IFSC, 2019). The climbing competition that has taken who have high self-efficacy have better performance than place regularly, of course, demands high climbing athletes who have low self-efficacy; and (3) There is a performance. This has boosted the performance of significant interaction (p<0.05) between exercise researchers, academics, and rock climbing practitioners to International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences 9(1): 48-55, 2021 49
increase climbing professionalism and success in each Mental training is necessary in addition to the physical climbing category through various studies on improving training aspect to achieve consistent performance [9]. climbing performance. Psychophysiological orientation is considered a way of Rock climbing-based research has become much more studying actions during exercise to examine physiological prevalent over the past three decades as a growing global processes in the brain and their effects on physical activity. sport. A major trigger that has caught the author's attention Thus, physical and psychological aspects influence each is the shift from competitive and recreational sports to the other fundamentally, ie psychological conditions also potential inclusion of rock climbing in the calendar of the affect climbing performance [26]. This reinforces the view Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games [6]. Also, the International that mental training will not be effective without practicing Rock Climbing Research Association (IRCRA) was what is trained during mental training [27], [28]. created as an institution that brings together coaches and The mental aspects of climbing, especially the speed researchers to disseminate their climbing knowledge and category, require a more dominant psychological aspect collaborate to develop climbing in each discipline or than the lead and bouldering categories. The speed category [7]. category climbing route has been standardized worldwide, Three categories of climbing sports are contested, so that each official speed category climbing route for valid namely bouldering, lead, and speed (speed climbing: world matches is the same in terms of point layout, width and speed record) [8]. In short, bouldering refers to climbing climbing length. Compared to other sports, for example with a climbing wall height of up to six meters, usually athletics with race numbers, the risk of making mistakes is achieved by climbing a predetermined route without using always high during performance. any safety other than a mattress, with a climbing time of 4 Unlike the sport of speed WR climbing, tolerance for minutes． course errors when climbing can be considered The speed category (speed world record) takes place on non-existent. Climbers really need to take the climbing climbing walls as high as 15m walls with a standard point route perfectly without mistakes. Therefore, the need for along the climbing route (IFSC, 2019). The speed category psychological aspects is very important in the speed is part of a competitive climbing sport, requiring category of climbing sport, for example, confidence, competitors to complete the climbing route as quickly as self-efficacy, risk-taking and the ability to overcome fear possible on a standard 15m high artificial climbing wall. In of falling while climbing are very important for its development, the speed category does not use the conditioning. One of the most effective mental exercises insurer, but the automatic insurer (IFSC, 2019). for improving climbing performance is a visualization Also, several studies on the sport of rock climbing have exercise called dissociated visualization. been carried out to improve climbing performance, for The disassociated visualization exercise is a form of example, analyzed study related to anthropometry [9]–[11]. visualization exercise that can be performed by speed WR In addition, several studies related to biomechanics [12]– climbing athletes, by visualizing the climbing that has been [17], physiological [6], [18]–[21], and psychological [18], done before. Disassociated visualization is the best [22]–[25], visualization model to improve previously poor climbing Indonesia is one of the countries which has the potential performance could be better [20]. Because by doing for performing rock climbing sports shaded by the Disassociated Visualization, climbers can replay what was Indonesian Climbing Federation (FPTI) and has never been done on the climb that is the cause of the failure in absent from organizing or participating in competitions at completing the climbing course, without making any regional, national, and international levels. Indonesian significant disappointments or feelings of discontent [20]. climbing has also been successful in an Asian and even Besides, disassociated visualization is useful for global level. Of course, these achievements must be well improving techniques in the speed category of climbing maintained, in particular by carrying out a continuous sport. With programmed dissociated visualization development program (FPTI, 2019). exercises, the climber can correct time-consuming Climbing requires special physical aspects and mental movements, so that effective movements can be obtained skills to improve climbing performance [15]. This means to shorten the climb time, i.e. shorter climb times. that if you can synergize both physically and mentally, it Apart from frequent speed training to improve climbing will improve your climbing performance. The link between performance, psychological training is also necessary, physical and psychological through mental visualization namely relaxation training. Relaxation training is exercises can significantly improve climbing performance, necessary, as the stress level will increase both before and that is, it can make climbers more focused and increase during the climb where the target speed to stop the training capacity [25]. Therefore, the aspects of physical climbing time is as short as possible. To avoid possible training and mental training cannot be separated, they must stress, relaxation training in anticipation of stress is both be trained to achieve the best climbing performance. necessary for speed training. In addition, aspects of physical training and physical In this case, considering the need for climbing in the WR capacity are not sufficient for success in athletic success. speed category, progressive relaxation is a solution to
50 The Effect of Visualization, Relaxation, and Self-efficacy on the Performance of Men Speed World Record Athletes Category
improve the performance of the athlete. Indeed, visualization and progressive relaxation training. The progressive relaxation can reduce internal anxiety which training took 8 weeks with three times per week(60 generally worsens performance during competition [29]. In minutes for each meeting). After the training duration the rock climbing, the gradual relaxation process can help researcher made a posttest to assess if there is any sharpen awareness of the level of tension in various parts of significant improvement about the performance before the climber's body, reduce tension in the body, and relieve and after. tension before climbing performance declines [30]. Nevertheless, a questionnaire has been addressed to the Therefore, to achieve the perfect movement and achieve subjects to assess the high and low self-efficacyand, after the best performance, dissociated visualization and getting the result, The content validity, external validity, progressive relaxation exercises are needed to involve all and reliability analysis quistionaire were conducted. five senses. This is an effective psychological training However the instrument used was valided by seven strategy to improve the speed performance of climbing experts: 2 psychology expert lecturers, 2 sports and athletes in the speed category. Coupled with training in psychology expert lecturers, and 3 rock climbing national stressful and competitive situations as a means of coaches, product moment correlation, and reliability with anticipating the psychological aspects of competition. Cronbach Alpha. Microsft excel and SPSS 25 software Because of the various issues described above, the were used to obtain the previous result. authors have been motivated to examine the effect of Below is Experimental Research Design of Factorial 2 visualization and relaxation exercises based on confidence x 2. level on climbing performance in the world speed record category. This research is related to the psychology of sport and exercise, namely a scientific study of man and his attitudes in exercise and sport and practical applications based on professional principles and guidelines, which can help athletes and bring benefits to sports performance [27], [28], [31]. Thus, the object of this study is visualization and relaxation exercises based on the level of confidence in the performance of climbing athletes in the world speed record category.
Figure 1. Experimental Research Design of Factorial 2 x 2 2. Materials and Methods Legends: This research is an experimental study with a true modified design with a factorial design (2x2), by A1 : Dissassociated visualization including control variable [32]–[34]. The study population A2: Progressive relaxation were all juniors and youth WR speed rock climbing B1: High Self-efficacy athletes, aged between 15-20 years from Yogyakarta and B2: Low Self-efficacy Central Java. The research sampling were 20 speed A1B1: The group of high self-efficacy athletes trained climbing athletes taken by slovin formula [35]. Data with Dissassociated visualization exercises collection using the General Self-efficacy Scale (GSE) to A1B2: The group of low self-efficacy athletes trained assess self-efficacy and motion climbing, the speed with disassociated visualization exercises. performance of rock-climbing athletes was evaluated with A2B1: Athlete’s group with high self-efficacy, and WR speed. Data were analyzed using Two-way ANOVA trained with progressive relaxation training. after normality test and homogeneity test. Therefore for A2B2: Group of athletes with low self-efficacy trained the purposes of analyzing data, the difference between the with progressive relaxation training. pretest and posttest performance of WR speed athletes obtained was converted into a standard score, namely the T-Score. With a higher T-Score, and a short time the 3. Result better is the performance according to the athlete speed. The results of this study showed that: There is a The good performance was related to the short time made significant difference (0.003 <0.05) between visualization during the exercise. and relaxation training on athletes’ performance; visualization is better than relaxation; thus, it is proved Procedure that p is less than the specified significance level, namely During the research athletes were classified according 5% (p <0.05); then the F-statistic was significant from the to the high self-efficacy and low self-efficacy. The mean (Post-test, T-Score); Visualization exercise was subjects have been given pre-test associated with higher than relaxation exercise (52.61> 47.39. As seen
International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences 9(1): 48-55, 2021 51
from average performance (post-test); exercise with athletes in the WR speed category. The highest visualization (7.86 ") was faster than exercise with performance is obtained with visualization exercises with relaxation (8.83 "). This proves that visualization training high self-efficacy; followed by relaxation with high is better than relaxation training in improving the self-efficacy; and visualization exercises with low performance of climbing athletes in the world record self-efficacy. speed category. This indicates that the F count between AB (two-way There is a significant (p <0.5) effect of self-efficacy on interaction) is 9.782 with a p-value of 0.0006 which is rock climbing performance in the WR speed category; lower than the cut-off of 0.05. Visual interaction can be athletes who have high self-efficacy have better described as follows. performance than athletes who have low self-efficacy; 1. Bar Chart Comparison of Pre-Test, Post-Test Results, There is a significant difference in the performance and Improvement (%) of the Performance of athlete’s (post-test) of climbing athletes in the world speed record Speed World Record Athletes. in terms of self-efficacy, which is indicated by the F-count A1B1=The treatment group of disassociated between B of 128.138 with a p-value of 0.000; proven p Visualization Exercise with high Self Efficacy <0.05 by the average t score; high self-efficacy, an A1B=The treatment group of Disassociated average of 58.57 was obtained; whereas at a low Visualization Exercise with low Self Efficacy self-efficacy, an average of 41.43 has been obtained. A2B1=The treatment group of Progressive Relaxation There is a significant interaction (p <0.05) between exercise with high Self Efficacy exercise (visualization and relaxation) and self-efficacy A2B=The treatment group of Progressive Relaxation (high and low) on the performance of rock climbing exrcise with low Self Efficacy
Table 1. The Conclusion Analysis Two-Way Anova of T-Score Performance Post- Test Data
Experimental Method Source Sig. Sum of Squares df Mean Squares F (p) (Combined) 1604,782 2 802,391 70,020 0,000 Main Effects Between A 136,399 1 136,399 11,903 0,003 Between B 1468,384 1 1468,384 128,138 0,000 2-Way Interactions Inter AB 112,101 1 112,101 9,782 0,006 Model 1716,884 3 572,295 49,941 0,000 Residual 183,350 16 11,459 -- -- Total 1900,234 19 100,012 -- --
52 The Effect of Visualization, Relaxation, and Self-efficacy on the Performance of Men Speed World Record Athletes Category
Figure 2. Interaction of Exercise and Self-Efficacy on Performance (Post-Test) of Climbing Athletes in the Speed World Record category
The results of this study showed that: There is a the result showed that there was an increasing of rock significant difference (0.003 <0.05) between visualization climbing athletes performance in the hand of WR speed. and relaxation training on athletes’ performance; Previous researches explained that the physical and visualization is better than relaxation; thus, it is proved mental combination can be improved through that p is less than the specified significance level, namely visualization exercises [25]. In addition, the presence of 5% (p <0.05); then the F-number was significantly from systematic visualization exercises increasing athlete's the mean (Post-test T-Score); Visualization exercise was performance, self-efficacy, although this study did not higher than relaxation exercise (52.61> 47.39. As seen re-test the athlete's self-eficacy after a visualization from average performance (post-test); exercise with training program. Visualization exercises, if carried out visualization (7.86 ") was faster than exercise with frequently, can also enhance the athlete’s self-efficacy and relaxation (8.83 ") This proves that visualization training performance [38]. is better than relaxation training in improving the On the other hand, relaxation exercises help enhance performance of climbing athletes in the world record climbing performance (Eklund & Tenenbaum, 2012). speed category. The results of this study contradict previous studies, namely that there used to be no significant effect on enhancing the performance of climbing athletes (Eklund 4. Discussion & Tenenbaum, 2012). The study found significant The increasing popularity of rock climbing has changes after the introduction of progressive relaxation prompted many researchers to investigate the performance training, especially for athletes with high self-eficacy. of rock climbing. Sport climbing activities dealing with Therefore, this research finds out about additionally the height and placement of the right body limb [36], if confirmed previous studies related to progressive the foot or handrail is placed in the wrong position, it will relaxation, which can improve athletic performance. disperse the mental state [30]. Therefore, visualization Indeed, relaxation can decrease internal anxiety which aims to improve the movement of thinking earlier than will generally worsen performance during a competition making actual movements. Visualization is also known as (Lagrange & Ortiz, 2006). Additionally, relaxation is imagery, mental rehearsal, meditation. Visualization is the also mentioned to decrease stress when unexpected process of creating a mental image of something you occasions happen during competition [27]. Additionally, choose to do or feel the actual situation. relaxation can reduce levels of somatic anxiety, even The form of visualization can be explained in imagining though it was not studied in this study [27], [29], [39], objects, bodies, substances, products, behaviors, actions or [40]. other activities that are not visible [37]. Athletes who Disassociated visualization exercises have a greater visualize can relieve anxiety during the competition [27]. effect on enhancing the performance of WR speed When athletes use visualization techniques, not only can climbing athletes. Indeed, this visualization workout can they see performance being done, but they can feel the enhance the athlete's capability to improve the movement activity going on in their mind [25]. of climbing techniques. One study conducted and explained that the benefits of Compared to relaxation exercises, in this study, psychological aspects in the form of visualization progressive relaxation exercises were used and considered exercises can improve athlete performance, in this case to be the most effective relaxation exercise for enhancing
International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences 9(1): 48-55, 2021 53
performance, as they have a direct influence on physical self-efficacy; and finally in the group of progressive work. In rock climbing, progressive relaxation exercise relaxation with low self-efficacy. In this study, can help sharpen the awareness of the body part, which is self-efficacy was proven to determine the performance of very necessary for climbers to gain a fast response to climbing athletes with the speed world record. This is speed climbing in the WR speed category. related to the dimensions described above, namely that if Research shows that self-confidence affects an athlete's athletes meet the criteria of these dimensions, they will performance. Those who have high self-confidence will further accelerate their improved performance, especially perform better, especially in the sport of rock climbing in combination with mental training, and will not leave [38]. This is due to the fact athletes who have high routine training in other aspects. Based on the results of self-efficacy agree within themselves and do their the data analysis and the research findings, it shows that performance if there is something in their route [41]. the interactions in each paired group have quite varied This is consistent with the dimensions of interactions. self-confidence in the form of greatness, strength, generality [38], [41]. Athletes who do whatever to obtain a purpose are based on these three dimensions (Jones et al., 5. Conclusions 2002). Self-efficacy has a significant effect on improving the The conclusions that can be drawn in this study can be performance of WR speed climbing athletes with a described in several points as follows: There is a significant value of less than 5% (p <0.05). The increased significant difference (p <0.05) between dissociated performance of world record speed climbing athletes with visualization and progressive relaxation exercises on high self-efficacy is on average 10.42% higher than that of climbing performance in the category of world speed athletes with low self-efficacy with an average increase of records. Dissociated visualization exercises are better for 4.59%. self-efficacy was influenced by its dimensions improving the performance of climbing athletes in the [38], [42]. This study is also consistent with previous speed world record category compared to progressive studies related to self-efficacy with high-risk exercise [43]. relaxation training. There is a significant effect (p <0.5) of Additionally, previous research has examined the self-efficacy on climbing performance in the world record relationship between self-efficacy and habit in indoor and speed category. Athletes who have high self-efficacy outdoor climbing athletes. This study shows that confident perform better than athletes who have low self-efficacy. athletes are used to participating in climbing activities There is a significant interaction (p <0.05) between which moderate to very difficult trails on both indoor and exercise (dissociated visualization and progressive outdoor venues [44]. The specific area of measuring the relaxation) and self-efficacy (high and low) on the specific self-efficacy of speed WR climbing athletes also performance of climbing athletes in the world speed confirms the validation and reliability of the GSE record category. instrument [45], [46]. This study proved that there is a significant interaction (p <0.05) between exercise (dissociated visualization and progressive relaxation) and Acknowledgments self-efficacy (high and low) on the performance of We warmly thank the participants in this research who climbing athletes in the speed WR category. This result have given written consent. Also our deeply felt gratitude was proven by two-way interactions between exercise and are addressed to the coaches, and athletes from Daerah self-efficacy on the performance of climbing athletes in Istimewa Yogyakarta and Central Java for the information the speed world record category which is significant in provided. In addition, The researchers would like to achieving a p (sig) value of less than 5% ( p <0.05). It express our gratitude to the Indonesian Ministry of turns out that the results also show that visualization and Research and Technology for funding this research relaxation exercises are best given to athletes who have high self-efficacy. The group of athletes who were trained using visualization exercises with high and low self-efficacy would experience a more significant effect compared to the group of athletes who were trained using REFERENCES progressive relaxation training with both high and low self-efficacy. [1] K. Y. 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International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences 9(1): 56-61, 2021 http://www.hrpub.org DOI: 10.13189/saj.2021.090108
Sports Management of Indonesian Sports Athletics Preparations in Asian Games 2018
Ria Lumintuarso1,*, Suharjana1, Widiyanto1, Japhet Ndayisenga2
1Faculty of Sport Sciences, Yogyakarta State University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia 2Institute of Physical Education and Sports, University of Burundi, Boulevard Mwezi Gisabo, Bujumbura, Burundi
Received September 20, 2020; Revised January 12, 2021; Accepted January 20, 2021
Cite This Paper in the following Citation Styles (a): [1] Ria Lumintuarso, Suharjana, Widiyanto, Japhet Ndayisenga, "Sports Management of Indonesian Sports Athletics Preparations in Asian Games 2018," International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 56-61, 2021. DOI: 10.13189/saj.2021.090108. (b): Ria Lumintuarso, Suharjana, Widiyanto, Japhet Ndayisenga (2021). Sports Management of Indonesian Sports Athletics Preparations in Asian Games 2018. International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences, 9(1), 56-61. DOI: 10.13189/saj.2021.090108. Copyright©2021 by authors, all rights reserved. Authors agree that this article remains permanently open access under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 International License
Abstract Background: Sport management plays an athletes and non-athletes. important role in the athletes’ achievement and championship. Sports Management helps us to learn how Keywords Management, Preparation, Athletic, 2018 to overview the business side of sports organization with Asian Games the use of the latest trends and technologies. Sport management is applied in various fields. The benefit of sport management is to increase the quality of business whether in sport industry, physical education, but it is also 1. Introduction used in coaching athletes during the pre-competition, the competition process, and post competition. Purpose: The Coaching is one of the important activities to improve purpose of this research was to evaluate the principals of performance in various sports [1]. Coaching is an attempt sport management like: (1) planning, (2) organizing, (3) to provide direction and guidance in order to achieve a staffing, (4) leading and (5) controlling in Asian Games particular purpose. Sport coaching has therefore to be 2018. Design/methodology/approach: This was a consciously planned, directed, and organized [2]. In order qualitative descriptive study. The research sample was to provide knowledge and directions which allow to made of all Indonesia sports professionals in 2018’ games. 1achieving high performance. Sports experts around the To collect data, the researcher conducted an assessment of world agree on the need of stages of development to service quality from planning, organizing, staff, leading produce high sports achievements [3]. and control during the Asian championship using One of the factors leading to sports achievement is the questionnaire, interview, and observation. The Results rigorous development of the sport itself. To achieve showed that the achievement of the Indonesian athletic maximum performance in sports, there must be regular team was more programmed and planned, which is evident competitions both national and international [4]. Sports from the early age athletes were selected and coached by achievements at national and international level are no senior athletes. Indonesia’s role in the development process longer a private property, but already are seen as a dignity was more apparent in the government support, the support and honor of nations. To this end, a wide range of of stakeholders, and academics from universities. attempts were made by local clubs, teams at the provincial, Conclusion: Sport management is a strong tool that helps and national levels to send the athletes, both at the physical education teachers, sport medicine managers, and regional, national, or event Asean Games, and the coaching training managers to decide how to improve the Olympic Games. peak of performance and to maintain a good quality of For sport achievement, to be responsable is required in International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences 9(1): 56-61, 2021 57
order to achieve an effective sports coaching through in Indonesia. sports organizations. Of the many sports that exist in Athletics can be defined as a sport event that consists of Indonesia, athletics is one sport that is nurtured and a number of running, jumping, and throwing competitions. developed [5]. The running competition includes sprinting, middle A study done in Greek about management has been distance running, long distance running, and marathon assessed from the perceptions Greek professional football [12]. The jumping competition includes triple jump, high on service quality, satisfaction, repurchase intention and jump, pole vault, and long jump. Nevertheless, the word-of-mouth. The sample of this study were 925 throwing competition includes shot put, javelin, hammer, subjects. The results revealed that service quality and and ejection. The events are unusual raced in various satisfaction predict together a significant proportion of championships at local, provincial, national or spectators repurchase intention (the total percentage of international levels [13]. prediction was 51%, R2=.511, p< 0.001) and Athletics is a sport compulsory in the championship word-of-mouth communication (the total percentage of multievent in Asia. The competition was organized with prediction was 53.8% R2=.538, p< 0.001) [6]. The last the aim to find and parenting talents of athletes especially result showed that the more a sport event is well managed, athletic flair. The preparations for the championship were the more proceed benefits. The functions of organizations held through management, namely sports management. in building and developing the national sporting activities Sports management is a combination of management and from the scope of the clubs the bottom layer to the sports. Management is the process of planning, executive board level as the top layer is a " sine qua none organization, bringing leadership and control of efforts condition" or an absolute necessity of its existence. Now and of organization's members to use all other resources to than ever, sport organizations as a structure don’t need to achieve the stated goals of the organization [14]. be handled amateurs, but must be managed by Management plays an important role in the professional [7]. achievement of athletes in the championship. Not only at Taken from a variety of management investigated the committee level, but also in the management of theory like: Planning, Organizing, Coordinating, activities undertaken by participants, namely management Motivating, Controlling, Directing, Staffing, Innovation, of the during the pre-competition, the competition process, Representation, Supervising, Communicating, Actuating, and post competition. It can be concluded that appraising, Commanding, Reporting, Executing, and management is very important for the achievement of a Budgeting, functions like inserting, coordinating, common goal, namely the achievement of athletes at the communicating, and motivating are essential parts sports championship [15]. The field of sports management organizations [8]. One study has shown the importance of equips professionals with the skills and knowledge parents and siblings in achieving expert performance necessary to support sport marketing agencies, operating within three kinds of constraints, namely intercollegiate athletic departments, professional sports motivational, effort, and resource [9]. organizations, sports equipment manufacturers, and many The success of an organization of sports is always more operations throughout the vast sports industry [16]. associated with how far the achievement sportsman Sports management is a fast-paced field. One of them is produced by the organization are [10]. A study done in dealing with teams of athletes, there are always issues that Florida State University about sport management will need attention. One has not able to focus on what they evaluated the relationships between service quality, core are doing in the moment, but also be able to pivot quickly product quality, game and service satisfaction, and to something else. One will need to juggle lots of behavioural intentions is proposed and tested. Data were responsibilities and be able to move from task to task with collected from spectators at a professional baseball game flexibility [17]. in Japan (n = 283) and at two college football games in Sport has become a big business with many the United States (n = 343). The results in both Japan and stakeholders involved including fans, players, clubs, the United States indicate that game atmosphere was a leagues, governing bodies, players' associations and strong predictor of game satisfaction whereas stadium agents, gamblers, rights owners, sports equipment employees and facility access were the major antecedents manufacturers, broadcasters, sponsors of players, clubs, of service satisfaction. Game satisfaction had a significant leagues, events, etc. In the last twenty years, most major impact on behavioural intentions across the two sports have reached the professional stage in their settings[11]. development and have been going through a fierce Theoretically, it can be assumed that the achievements commercialization process since external sponsors and of sports organizations that can perform management broadcasters have been investing large sums of money in functions well can be expected to produce a good them. performance. The main achievement benchmarks Sports Given the importance of sport management in in Indonesia in 2018 was the athletic achievement in the championships and the lack of studies addressing how arena of Multi Event 2018 Asian Games that was hosted preparations of athletic branch were managed in the Asian
58 Sports Management of Indonesian Sports Athletics Preparations in Asian Games 2018
Games, this research was intended at closing this gap by 3.1. Performance Management System investigating the management of preparations of the athletic sport in the Asian Games 2018 in Indonesia. Performance Management System was carried out in Indonesia is a large country with various games, there is a nine items like: (1) The right system: this system aims to strong need of assessment about the current situation of prepare the various layers to ensure the achievement of the games in order to predict the future athletes’ sustainable and long-term. This system has been performance. This study will help Indonesian coach and elaborated in all various areas of Indonesia, (2) Clear physical trainers to know the strong and wick points in goals and priorities: The aim is to set up a their game preparation. The outcome from this research multi-international events such as the Asian Games and will help others owner business to make strong their Olympic Games, The current priority is to improve enterprise. performance in the SEA Games and Asian Games to increase the medals gained. This objective is quite clear and measured as an index of the medals as it is a measurable outcome. Another goal is to improve 2. Materials and Methods achievement, (3) Measurable and realistic targets: the This study was a qualitative descriptive study. The aims were to improve performance in the SEA Games. research sample was made of all Indonesia sports There was a lack of medals from 2014 where Indonesia professionals in 2018 games. To collect data the got one gold medal, one silver, and one Bronze, raison researcher conducted an assessment of service quality why the goals had to be enhanced, (4) Managing from planning, organizing, staff, leading and control organizational culture of achievement: coaching during the Asian championship using questionnaire, achievements such as: Development Commission, medical interview, and observation. A descriptive research method Commission, Coach Commission , and Commission is designed to collect information and find a picture of the nurseries. Field coordination meeting in a clear time frame actual situations using interviews. This descriptive study (5) Right skills: Every field and the commission must be with aims to identify and find as much as possible held by personnel who has expertise in accordance with information as well as to provide an overview of the their duties. Medical commission for example was management of the preparations of the athletic teams from occupied by the sports doctors, physiotherapist, and Indonesia in the 2018 Asian Games in Jakarta and masseurs. In the Asian Games, each commission works Palembang. In general, descriptive study was not to test with more intense in dealing with athletes. (6) Internal specific hypotheses, but only describe how the aspects and stakeholder: All rank of officials involved management was held. Data collection with depth simultaneously with the Group WhatsApp (Social Media) interviews were used with the head of the field coaching management, so that each party can carry out its work of the Indonesian Athletic Teams. with the direct control of the management in this regard held by the General Secretary. External aspects such as Procedure sponsorship and support from the government through the Ministry of Youth and Sports are to support the dominant The researcher submitted a questionnaire to the coaches, factor, especially in terms of funding and infrastructure athletes, and staff to gathering information. A deeply utilization system exercise (7) Innovation: The preparation interviews were addressed to the same subjects after for the Asian Games in particular by conducting complete the questionnaire in order to know more about engineering practice in a variety of situations, conditions the preparation of games. Not only the questionnaire and such as exercise at high altitude for long-distance runners, interview conducted but also a deep observational about and practice abroad for athletes such as sprinting and preparation games by the researcher. After gathering jumping. The use of technology has always promoted information from the survey, the researcher classified sports for detecting and evaluating the training process them in three categories: 1) Performance Management results, such as the application of physiology and System; (2) Performance Development Process; (3) biomechanics in general to provide more modern training Competition Performance Analysis. The researcher wants methods. (8) Financial Support: the supporting from the to find out if the preparation done predict or expect the public was to host the Asian Games, and to give optimal future good performance. support. Besides, it was also a sponsor in conducting its support mainly in apparel and outfit used for training and competition, (9) SDM: that has the best human resources 3. Result with good administrative system. The results were presented in the following three factors: (1) Performance Management System; (2) 3.2. Performance Development Performance Development Process; (3) Competition Performance Analysis. The performance development was based on the identification of the determinants of achievement in the
International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences 9(1): 56-61, 2021 59
training process. The coaches who were recruited in Asian weak in supporting the achievements were: (1) physical Games had international certificates. Every coach had a support (endurance, core stabilization, general strength), powerful ability to identify the determining factors of (2) techniques also remained a constraint to Indonesian achievement of a high performance in athletics. The coach athletes in competing with Asian level athletes, (3) the also did not hesitate to carry out discussions and equipment used, some athletes were acquainted but others consultations with mentors who were considered to have a were still experiencing problems and the quality of the broader insight in coaching. The research showed that tools used varied. The organizers had provided standard there were three types of performance development: (1) equipment so that there is no reason for athletes to feel The development process of physical, technical, tactical, inferior. and mental aspects. In periodization trainings arranged by the trainer and weekly exercise (micro cycles), it seems that the coach incorporated elements of engineering, 4. Discussion physical, and mental training process. Programming is done in general by taking into account the data and the The findings of this study have shown that the ability of individual athletes and numbers that followed in preparations of the Indonesia Athletic teams had a good a following match. (2) Process intensification and control management. On the management performance system, exercise program: To revitalize the core exercises in the almost the whole management conducted by the training process, athlete’s dormitory concentration to Indonesian athletic teams showed a good performance. monitor the activity of athletes in training. The presence Many studies have showed that management is the key of of athletes and coaches’ practice was not a problem in the success or to achieve high performance [18]. activation of the exercise. But control training was still a Organizational culture, internal conditions, stakeholders, problem because the system control program was innovations made, financial and human resources implemented in general. Individual exercise program was management are likely to provide excellence in Indonesia. still not done optimally because of a shortage of However, in the guidance system, setting goals, and supervisors and mentors. (3) Test and evaluation process prioritiesand targeting, countries like Thailand are slightly of the implementation of the exercise: the development of ahead of Indonesia. Thailand has programs and plans test and evaluation of each meso cycle in accordance with talented athletes from early childhood through senior the needs of the exercise component. Meso cycles are coaching athletes. Sport management involves any arranged six-weekly which has a dominant component combination of skills related to planning, organizing, such as endurance exercises common in the general directing, controlling, budgeting, leading, and evaluating preparation phase and maximum strength at the end of the within the context of an organization or department whose common preparation and power in a special preparation. primary product or service is related to sport or physical The test and evaluation were also performed by following activity [19]. a championship or try out both domestically and abroad. The process of developing the achievements also shows The results of tests and competitions were evaluated by a some of the patterns in the identification, development meeting between the coaches national trainings to discuss process of physical, technical, tactical and mental, as well the follow-up exercise. The meetings could conclude the as the activation and control of the exercise program. athletes’ readiness to face the next phase or the eligibility Many countries also make the process of testing and of athletes to follow the Asian Games. But on the other evaluating the training process. Various analyses were hand, since Indonesia was the host, the selection of a also conducted to develop the training process. However, certain number of athletes was easier and some were there are advantages and benefits of Thailand in the selected despite not having the capacity required by the engagement and support from the government as well as standard Asian Games. stakeholders and academics from universities. In many ways, in Thailand, the role of government, stakeholders, and the involvement of academics and practitioners are 3.3. Competition Performance Analysis quite large when compared to Indonesia. Management in Athletics is a multi-sport event where there are sport organizations provides sports development with determining conditions such the muscles involved, the general planning activities in the field of sports, organizes system of energy used, and the varying movement all relevant resources, processes and functions, a policy of (running, jumping, glue). Test results indicated that the human resources development, organized sports and general parameters of athletes Indonesia has increased business functions, and provide communication and quite significantly, although some athletes were not able coordination [20]. to demonstrate competitive standards at the level of Asia. In terms of analytical performance of the competition, Viewed from these conditions, it is possible that the teams of Indonesia has various advantages over Indonesian athletes are still not able to compete at the Thailand teams. Indonesia in the 2018 Asian Games as Asian level in a such big number. Factors that were still host provided enough access for Indonesian teams to
60 Sports Management of Indonesian Sports Athletics Preparations in Asian Games 2018
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International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences 9(1): 62-70, 2021 http://www.hrpub.org DOI: 10.13189/saj.2021.090109
Influence of Different Training Activities on Development of Junior Athletes' Logical Thinking
Mykhailo Khoroshukha1, Grygoriy Griban2,*, Nataliia Terentieva3, Pavlo Tkachenko4, Oleksandr Petrachkov5, Bogdan Semeniv6, Olena Otravenko7, Zoia Dikhtiarenko8, Eduard Yeromenko8, Oksana Khurtenko9, Andrii Lytvynenko10
1Department of Rehabilitation and Biokinesiology, Boris Grinchenko University of Kyiv, Kyiv, 04053, Ukraine 2Department of Physical Education and Sport Improvement, Zhytomyr Ivan Franko State University, Zhytomyr, 10002, Ukraine 3Department of Pedagogy, Psychology and Methods of Physical Education, T.H. Shevchenko National University "Chernihiv Colehium", Chernihiv, 14000, Ukraine 4Department of Physical Education, Polissia National University, Zhytomyr, 10002, Ukraine 5Educational Scientific Institute of Physical Culture and Sports and Health Technologies, National Defence University named after Ivan Chernyakhovsky, Kyiv, 03049, Ukraine 6Department of Physical Education, Sports and Health, Stepan Gzhytskyi National University of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies Lviv, Lviv, 79010, Ukraine 7Department of Theory and Methods of Physical Education, Luhansk Taras Shevchenko National University, Luhansk, 91000, Ukraine 8Department of Horting and Rehabilitation, University of State Fiscal Service of Ukraine, Irpin, 08200, Ukraine 9Department of Theory and Methods of Physical Education, Vinnytsia Mykhailo Kotsiubynskyi State Pedagogical University, Vinnytsia, 21000, Ukraine 10Department of Physical Education, Kharkiv National University of Radio Electronics, Kharkiv, 61000, Ukraine
Received November 16, 2020; Revised January 16, 2021; Accepted January 28, 2021
Cite This Paper in the following Citation Styles (a): [1] Mykhailo Khoroshukha, Grygoriy Griban, NataliiaTerentieva, Pavlo Tkachenko, Oleksandr Petrachkov, Bogdan Semeniv, Olena Otravenko, Zoia Dikhtiarenko, Eduard Yeromenko, Oksana Khurtenko, Andrii Lytvynenko, "Influence of Different Training Activities on Development of Junior Athletes' Logical Thinking," International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 62-70, 2021. DOI: 10.13189/saj.2021.090109. (b): Mykhailo Khoroshukha, Grygoriy Griban, NataliiaTerentieva, Pavlo Tkachenko, Oleksandr Petrachkov, Bogdan Semeniv, Olena Otravenko, Zoia Dikhtiarenko, Eduard Yeromenko, Oksana Khurtenko, Andrii Lytvynenko (2021). Influence of Different Training Activities on Development of Junior Athletes' Logical Thinking. International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences, 9(1), 62-70. DOI: 10.13189/saj.2021.090109. Copyright©2021 by authors, all rights reserved. Authors agree that this article remains permanently open access under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 International License
Abstract The aim of this study is to investigate the endurance sports (group B) were registered to have influence of different training activities on the significantly better (р<0.05-0.001) values of all three development of the logical thinking of junior athletes who indicators of logical thinking (number of errors, speed of specialize in various sports. 131 students-athletes and 77 thinking and general assessment of the state of logical students-non-athletes aged 17-20 took part in the study. thinking) in comparison with the student-athletes who They were divided into two experimental groups (group A were engaged in speed and power sports (group A) and and group B) and one control group (group C). Group A students-non-athletes (group C). Moreover, it was included 69 students-athletes who were engaged in speed established that the students-non-athletes had a significant and power sports (boxing, freestyle wrestling, sprinting, improvement in the indicators of logical thinking in hurdling, jumping, throwing). Group B included 62 comparison with the students-athletes who were engaged students-athletes who were engaged in endurance sports in speed and power sports (р<0.05-0.001). (skiing, cycling, swimming). Group C included 77 students of higher education institutions who did not do sports. The Keywords Physical Activity, Logical Thinking, study of the athletes’ logical thinking was carried out Junior Athletes according to the methodology of "Numerical series". It was found that the student-athletes who were engaged in International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences 9(1): 62-70, 2021 63
1. Introduction of sports talent as a natural human gift. In this aspect of scientific problems, a great role is given to the study of It is known that the effectiveness of sports activities is psychological factors that would guarantee the significantly influenced not only by the properties of the identification of the most gifted children for classes in main nervous processes (strength and functional mobility elite sports schools [14, 15]. J. Broun [16] conducted of nervous processes) but also the psychodynamic testing to identify individuals’ predisposition to develop indicators of the athletes’ organisms [1, 2, 3]. We also certain motor skills and found that athletic talent in early know that for the effective performance of the athletes of childhood is registered among a small number of children all ages, long-lasting and intense physical and, in some (20-40 % of boys and 40-60 % of girls), while the study of cases, mental activities (the latter require athletes to assess the other criteria of sports talent (psychomotor and mental situations quickly and accurately, be able to concentrate, properties of a person) is carried out at later stages of think and make decisions in conditions of physical fatigue ontogenesis (in adolescence or adulthood). and emotional stress), it is necessary not only to be The recent literature sources show that the main physically prepared but also to have an appropriate level processes of cognitive and intellectual activity of athletes of sports skills, competencies, and such mental properties in most sports are the abilities of attention, memory, and as attention, memory, thinking [4, 5, 6, 7, 8]. However, thinking. It can be assumed that the logical thinking, as despite the crucial importance of the mentioned mental the functions of attention and memory (memorizing, properties in sports, the question of the impact of training information storage, and reproduction) is an active process loads of different orientations on the dynamics of [17, 18, 19], and therefore it can be changed under the formation and development of the logical thinking as a influence of the training of different nature and direction. mental process of an independent search and discovery of The studies by R. Ghildiyal [20] indicate the positive something new on the basis of practical activity and effect of sports on the body of athletes, which is observed experience of junior athletes is still unknown. not only on the physical level but also on the mental. The In our opinion, the study of this problem will expand latter indicates the possibility of forming athletes’ the theoretical knowledge to solve some practical issues, character, leadership qualities, as well as the development such as issues related to the impact of physical exercises of thinking skills. of various kinds on the mental abilities of students in The previous works by M. Khoroshukha [21, 22] terms of optimizing training to ensure effective mental present the results of a study of the quality of logical and physical activity, sports selection of children and thinking of young athletes between the ages of 13 and 16, adolescents to engage them in certain sports, etc. There is who were engaged in various sports, in one of the evidence that physical activity and sports mostly specialized sports institutions in Ukraine. The contribute to the development of the mental function of generalizing conclusion of this work is the established thinking, which is positively reflected in the development specificity of the influence of the training activities of of mental and creative abilities of young people different orientations on the logical thinking of junior respectively. Thus, on the basis of many years of research, athletes. However, the question of studying the impact of D. R. Kirkendall [9] concludes that there is a positive various sports on the dynamics of the formation and relationship between physical fitness and the mental development of logical thinking of junior athletes remains abilities of young athletes. The other authors supported unknown. Therefore, it encouraged us to conduct similar this opinion [10]. R. J. Shephard [11] studied the daily research on the study of the impact of the training impact of physical activity on the students’ performance activities of different orientations on the development of and concluded that regular sports games have a positive the logical thinking of students of a specialized sports effect on children’s cognitive processes. According to the institution (college of physical culture) between the ages author, the latter is due to an increase in the cerebral of 17 and 20. circulation, positive hormonal changes in the body, improved physique, etc. Other researchers also point to 1.1. The Aim the positive impact of physical activity on the creative abilities of young students. In particular, J. S. Hinkle, B. The aim of the study is to investigate the influence of W. Tuckman, J. P. Sampson [12] believe that running in the different training activities on the development of the aerobic conditions of saving energy stimulates visual logical thinking of junior athletes who specialize in sensations, which, in turn, are due to the stimulation of the various sports. activity of the right hemisphere of the brain, responsible for human creativity. Increasing the level of creative abilities of children with the growth of their physical 2. Materials and Methods fitness is found in the research by B. W. Tuckman and J. S. Hinkle [13]. It is also known that one of the most Participants. The study involved athletes (male) aged important problems of sports selection is the identification 17-20 years (n=131) of Brovary College of Physical
64 Influence of Different Training Activities on Development of Junior Athletes' Logical Thinking
Culture (Kyiv region, Ukraine), who were divided into presented numbers. This task took 10 minutes to complete. two experimental groups, according to the classification of In the case of finishing tasks earlier, the time of the actual sports by A.H. Dembo [23]: group A (n=69) – speed and performance was recorded. Four variants of estimating the power sports (boxing, freestyle wrestling, track-and-field logical thinking by the methodology "Numerical series" athletics: sprinting, hurdling, jumping, shot put and discus were used. One of them is given in Table 1 as an example throwing), group B (n=62) – endurance sports (skiing, [24]. cycling, swimming: 200, 400, and 1500 m). The control Table 1. A typical variant of assessing of the individual features of group consisted of the students of the Faculty of Physical logical thinking by the methodology "Numerical series" Education and Sports of National Dragomanov Pedagogical University (n=42) and the Faculty of Health, 9 1 13 15 18 19 … … Physical Education, and Sports of the Borys Grinchenko 1 4 9 16 25 … … 64 81 100 University of Kyiv (n=35) between the ages of 17 and 20, 17 18 16 19 15 20 … … who did not do sports (group C). 1 2 4 8 10 20 22 … … Methods. The research methods included the theoretical analysis and generalization of scientific and methodical 8 11 3 … … 8 9 7 literature, pedagogical observation, testing, and the 9 26 17 … … 64 81 49 methods of mathematical statistics. 7 … 5 … … 48 … 35 Theoretical analysis and generalization of scientific and methodical literature made it possible to systematize The quantitative indicators for assessing the athletes’ and generalize information on the topic of the article, logical thinking included the following ones: the number analyze and present the results of research by other of correct answers; the number of errors during the work; scientists who have dealt with the impact of physical the speed of thinking; the general assessment of the state exercises of different orientations and different sports on of logical thinking (in points). The speed of thinking was the dynamics of mental abilities and psychological determined by the ratio of the number of correct answers characteristics of the school and university students, as to the performance time. The general assessment of the well as athletes of different ages in the Introduction athletes’ logical thinking was carried out according to the section. To effectively implement this method, 46 following Table 2 [24]. scientific sources, which are presented in the References Table 2. The general assessment of the athletes’ logical thinking section, have been analyzed. In addition, the application of this method allowed conducting a comparative analysis Assessment, points 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Correct answers, of the results of this article with the findings of many 10 9 8 7 6 4-5 1-3 scientists who have conducted similar studies and quantity describing it in the Discussion section. The results evaluation was based on a comparative Pedagogical observation, as a method of scientific analysis of the first and second (in a year) stages of the research, was used to assess the effectiveness of the study taking into account the following scheme: 1) each educational and training processes in various sports, as sport separately, 2) the groups of athletes separately and 3) well as the educational process of physical education of the implementation of a comparative analysis of the students who were involved in the study; during the study experimental group representatives (student-athletes) with of the impact of exercises and various sports on the the control group ones (student-non-athletes). indicators of logical thinking of students and athletes; to Testing was performed in the psychophysiological verify the correctness of applying the methodology for monitoring room in the first part of the day (from 9 to 12 assessing logical thinking and compliance with a.m., not earlier than 2 hours after a meal). One or two organizational and methodical requirements during testing days before the examination, the respondents were asked of students and athletes. to reduce physical activity by 50 %, not to use tonics and Testing is the main method used to achieve the goal of sedatives, and on the day of testing – strong tea or coffee. the study – to investigate the impact of training loads of Each respondent participated in the study voluntarily. different orientations on the development of the logical During the examination, all individuals were healthy. thinking of junior athletes who specialize in various The methods of mathematical statistics were applied to sports. correctly process the data and identify the difference The study of the individual features of logical thinking between the studied indicators. The results were reported was carried out according to the methodology of as Mean±SD. The significance of the difference between "Numerical series", which was proposed with assistance the indicators was determined with the help of the from M.V. Makarenko [24]. The respondents were offered Student’s t-test. The statistical significance for all the forms with missing numbers in lines (total number of statistical tests was set at p<0.05. All statistical analyses spaces – 10). One must have chosen the right numbers were performed with the SPSS software, version 21, that should have complemented a line of previously adapted to medical and biological researches.
International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences 9(1): 62-70, 2021 65
Ethical approval. This study complies with the ethical 3. Results standards of the Act of Ukraine "On Higher Education" No. 1556-VII dated 01.07.2014 and the Letter from the The conducted analysis of the indicators of the logical Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine "On the thinking of student-athletes, who mainly developed speed and power qualities (boxers, wrestlers, track-and-field Academic Plagiarism Prevention" No. 1/11-8681 dated athletes), indicated the insignificant changes in the 15.08.2018. The study was previously approved by a number of errors and the speed of thinking according to Research Ethics Committee of the Boris Grinchenko repeated (in a year) surveys (р>0.05) (Table 3). As a University of Kyiv. The research was performed in result, no significant differences were found in the nature accordance with the requirements and provisions of the of changes in the integrated indicator – the general University Community Code of Ethics, which was assessment (in points) of the logical thinking (р>0.05). developed on the basis of Ukrainian and world experience The changes in the above-mentioned indicators of the of ethical rulemaking and expert recommendations. The athletes engaged in endurance sports (Table 4) (cyclists, informed consent was obtained from all the participants. skiers) were also not significant (р>0.05), but the uptrend Throughout the research, we were guided by the principle was clearly observed in dynamics. Whereas, the of academic honesty – advocating honesty, justice, respect, swimmers, who also represented this group, were responsibility, ethical principles and statutory rules for recorded to have a statistically significant improvement in affirming confidence in the results of creative all three indicators of the logical thinking, in contrast to achievements. other sports (р<0.01 in all cases).
Table 3. The indicators of the logical thinking of the student-athletes engaged in speed and power sports (group A), according to the first (I) and second (II) stages of the study (n=69), Mean±SD
Indicators I II t p Boxers The number of athletes (n=24) (n=22) The number of errors, units 6.1±0.48 5.9±0.37 0.33 >0.05 The speed of thinking, c. u. 0.4±0.03 0.4±0.02 0.00 >0.05 The state of logical thinking, points 0.9±0.42 1.0±0.34 0.19 >0.05 Wrestlers The number of athletes (n=22) (n=20) The number of errors, units 6.2±0.49 6.0±0.41 0.31 >0.05 The speed of thinking, c. u. 0.4±0.03 0.4±0.02 0.00 >0.05 The state of logical thinking, points 0.9±0.53 1.0±0.37 0.15 >0.05 Track-and-field athletes The number of athletes (n=23) (n=22) The number of errors, units 5.9±0.48 5.7±0.45 0.30 >0.05 The speed of thinking, c. u. 0.4±0.02 0.4±0.02 0.00 >0.05 The state of logical thinking, points 1.0±0.43 1.2±0.41 0.34 >0.05
Table 4. The indicators of the logical thinking of the student-athletes engaged in endurance sports (group B), according to the first (I) and second (II) stages of the study (n=62), Mean±SD
Indicators I II t p Cyclists The number of athletes (n=21) (n=21) The number of errors, units 4.1±0.33 3.4±0.28 1.62 >0.05 The speed of thinking, c. u. 0.6±0.05 0.7±0.06 1.28 >0.05 The state of logical thinking, points 2.0±0.28 2.2±0.23 0.55 >0.05 Skiers The number of athletes (n=18) (n=17) The number of errors, units 4.0±0.31 3.2±0.27 1.95 >0.05 The speed of thinking, c. u. 0.6±0.05 0.7±0.06 1.31 >0.05 The state of logical thinking, points 2.0±0.26 2.3±0.21 0.90 >0.05 Swimmers The number of athletes (n=23) (n=21) The number of errors, units 2.8±0.30 1.4±0.23 3.70 <0.01 The speed of thinking, c. u. 0.7±0.04 0.9±0.05 3.12 <0.01 The state of logical thinking, points 3.1±0.25 4.3±0.20 3.75 <0.01
66 Influence of Different Training Activities on Development of Junior Athletes' Logical Thinking
Table 5. The indicators of the logical thinking of the students-non-athletes (group C), according to the first (I) and second (II) stages of the study (n=77), Mean±SD
Indicators I II t p Control group C The number of athletes (n=77) (n=72) The number of errors, units 4.1±0.37 3.8±0.32 0.61 >0.05 The speed of thinking, c. u. 0.6±0.05 0.6±0.05 0.00 >0.05 The state of logical thinking, points 2.0±0.33 2.1±0.27 0.23 >0.05
Table 6. The indicators of the logical thinking of the student-athletes engaged in speed and power sports (group A) and endurance sports (group B), according to the first (I) and second (II) stages of the study (n=131), Mean±SD
Indicators I II t p Experimental group A The number of athletes (n=69) (n=64) The number of errors, units 6.1±0.43 5.9±0.37 0.35 >0.05 The speed of thinking, c. u. 0.4±0.03 0.4±0.02 0.00 >0.05 The state of logical thinking, points 0.9±0.42 1.1±0.33 0.37 >0.05 Experimental group B The number of athletes (n=62) (n=59) The number of errors, units 3.6±0.28 2.7±0.22 2.53 <0.05 The speed of thinking, c. u. 0.6±0.05 0.8±0.06 2.56 <0.05 The state of logical thinking, points 2.4±0.20 3.0±0.18 2.23 <0.05
As expected, the representatives of the control group – engaged in endurance sports (group B) showed a the students who did not play sports (Table 5), were statistically significant decrease in the number of errors defined to have no significant (р>0.05) changes in the during the work, in comparison with their peers – the number of errors, the speed of thinking, and general athletes of group A (both according to the first and second assessment of the logical thinking, according to the first stages of the study; р<0.001 in all cases) and and second stages of the study. student-non-athletes (group C) (only according to the Table 6 shows the analysis of longitudinal changes in second stage of the study; р<0.01). Paradoxically, the the indicators of the logical thinking separately in two students who did not do sports had significantly fewer groups of athletes: group A – the athletes of speed and errors than the athletes who represented speed and power power sports, and group B – the athletes of endurance sports (р<0.001 according to the first and second stages of sports. The representatives of group A were registered to the study). have insignificant differences in the number of errors, A comparative analysis of the changes in the speed of speed of thinking, and the general assessment of the thinking of the respondents of three groups is presented in logical thinking (р>0.05). While the athletes of group B Table 8. This table shows that the representatives of were defined to have a statistically significant endurance sports had better average values of the improvement in all three indicators of logical thinking, mentioned indicator than the athletes engaged in speed namely: the reduction of the errors number or, accordingly, and power sports both according to the first (р<0.01) and an increase in the number of correct answers, and increase second stages of the study (р<0.001) and in the average values of the speed of thinking and general student-non-athletes (respectively, if no significant assessment of the logical thinking (р<0.05 in both cases). differences were found according to the data of the first The following three tables (Tables 7, 8, 9) provide a stage, then the differences were significant according to comparative analysis of longitudinal changes in the the second stage; р<0.05). The statistically significant logical thinking of the respondents of three groups: two improvement in the speed of thinking (according to both groups of the student-athletes and a group of the stages of the study; at р<0.01-0.001) is paradoxically students-non-athlets. Table 7 shows that the athletes observed in the group C rather than in group A.
International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences 9(1): 62-70, 2021 67
Table 7. The comparative analysis of the changes in the number of errors made by the student-athletes engaged in speed and power sports (group A), endurance sports (group B), and the students-non-athletes (group C), according to the first (I) and second (II) stages of the study (n=210), units
Stages Group A [1] Group B [2] Group C [3] t; [р1–р2] t; [р1–р3] t; [р2–р3] I (n=69) 6.1±0.43 (n=62) 3.6±0.28 (n=77) 4.1±0.37 4.87; <0.001 3.53; <0.001 1.08; >0.05 II (n=64) 5.9±0.37 (n=59) 2.7±0.22 (n=72) 3.8±0.32 7.43; <0.001 4.29; <0.001 2.83; <0.01
Table 8. The comparative analysis of the changes in the speed of thinking of the student-athletes engaged in speed and power sports (group A), endurance sports (group B), and students-non-athletes (group C), according to the first (I) and the second (II) stages of the study (n=210), units
Stages Group A [1] Group B [2] Group C [3] t; [р1–р2] t; [р1–р3] t; [р2–р3] I (n=69) 0.4±0.03 (n=62) 0.6±0.05 (n=77) 0.6±0.05 3.43; <0.01 3.43; <0.01 0.00; >0.05 II (n=64) 0.4±0.02 (n=59) 0.8±0.06 (n=72) 0.6±0.05 6.33; <0.001 3.71; <0.001 2.56; <0.05
Table 9. The comparative analysis of the changes in the assessment of the state of logical thinking of the student-athletes engaged in speed and power sports (group A), endurance sports (group B), and the students-non-athletes, according to the first (I) and second (II) stages of the study (n=210), points
Stages Group A [1] Group B [2] Group C [3] t; [р1–р2] t; [р1–р3] t; [р2–р3] I (n=69) 0.9±0.42 (n=62) 2.4±0.20 (n=77) 2.0±0.33 3.23; <0.01 2.06;<0.05 0.86; >0.05 II (n=64) 1.1±0.33 (n=59) 3.0±0.18 (n=72) 2.1±0.27 5.06; <0.001 2.35;<0.05 2.77; <0.01
Finally, the average values of the evaluation of the state sports (cycling, skiing) were also defined to have no of logical thinking of the experimental and control groups significant differences in the average values of the are presented in Table 9. Summarizing the results of the above-mentioned indicators, although there was the study presented in this table, we can note the following: uptrend determined in dynamics, while the swimmers the assessment of the state of logical thinking of the (distance: 200, 400 and 1500 m) were registered to have a athletes of group B was significantly better (according to statistically significant decrease in the number of errors both stages of the survey) than the one of the athletes of (р<0.01) and, accordingly, an increase in the speed of group A (р<0.01-0.001) and the students who did not do thinking (р<0.01) and the state of logical thinking sports (р<0.01, according to the second stage); the (р<0.01). In our previous work, which was aimed at assessment of the state of logical thinking of identifying the possibility of the specific effects of the students-non-athlete was significantly better (according to training activities of different orientations on the both the first and second stages of the study) in development of logical thinking of young athletes aged comparison with their peers – athletes, who mainly 13-16 years, also revealed the highest development level developed speed and power (р<0.05 in both cases). of the logical thinking in young swimmers [21, 22, 25]. Based on the above, we suppose that swimming has a positive effect on the development of logical thinking to a 4. Discussion greater extent than other sports. The following facts may provide an explanation. During swimming, a person is in a Analyzing changes in the state of logical thinking of the horizontal position, which stimulates blood flow to the student-athletes of a specialized sports institution between head and thus activates the activity of both hemispheres of the ages of 17 and 20, some of who were engaged in the brain. It is no coincidence that chess athletes, who are speed and power sports (group A), and others – in a priori characterized by a high level of logical thinking endurance sports (group B), we come to the conclusion development, make a great accent on swimming in the that despite the fact that the logical thinking is training process [26, 27]. I. G. Partas and V. O. Partas [28] characterized by pronounced genetic heredity and is conducted psychophysiological research in the laboratory poorly corrected by physical education, like other mental among four groups of student-athletes engaged in indicators (memory, attention, perception), we believe that swimming, wrestling, athletics, and sports games. the direction of the training process specializes in the Analyzing the above studies, the authors concluded that development of the logical thinking. It may be proved by the specificity of different sports requires athletes to the following: 1) the athletes engaged in speed and power develop special psychophysiological functions that are sports (boxing, wrestling, track-and-field athletics: necessary to achieve high sports results. In particular, it sprinting, hurdling, jumping, shot put, and discus was determined that the speed of simple and complex throwing) were determined to have no significant reflex motor reactions was significantly higher for differences (р>0.05) in terms of the number of errors, the swimmers than for other athletes. The students who did speed of thinking and the general assessment of the state not do sports were determined to have no significant of logical thinking; 2) the athletes engaged in endurance differences in the changes in all three indicators of the
68 Influence of Different Training Activities on Development of Junior Athletes' Logical Thinking
logical thinking (р>0.05). A similar type of changes in the development of the logical thinking of the student-athletes indicators of logical thinking was also found in a of specialized sports institutions between the ages of 17 comparative analysis of two groups of athletes who had and 20 years. Thus, there were insignificant changes in the different orientations of the training process. Thus, the average values of the logical thinking under the influence athletes engaged in speed and power sports (group A) had of physical activities of speed and power nature, while statistically insignificant changes in the indicators of there was a statistically significant improvement in the logical thinking (according to the first and second stages indicators of logical thinking under the influence of of research) (р>0.05), while the athletes engaged in endurance activities, on the contrary. No significant endurance sports (group B), on the contrary, had a improvement was found under the influence of training significant (р<0.05) improvement of the indicators of activities, mainly aimed at the development of speed and logical thinking. The fact that the athletes with different power qualities. Moreover, the students of higher orientation of the training process had the same nature of education institutions who did not do sports showed a changes in terms of most indicators is indisputable significant improvement in the development of the logical evidence of the specific impact of the training activities of thinking in comparison with the student-athletes who were different orientation on the body of people of different engaged in speed and power sports. ages and occupational employment [29-37]. The results of the research on the impact of training loads of different orientations on the development of the Disclosure Statement logical thinking of students are not only theoretical but also practical. The practical significance is reduced to No author has any financial interest or received any solving the problem of optimizing educational and financial benefit from this research. training classes in the educational process in order to ensure effective mental and physical activity. In our opinion, when planning physical education classes, it is Conflict of Interest necessary to take into account the specificity of the impact of training loads of different nature on the development of The authors state no conflict of interest. logical thinking in order to increase the cognitive activity of students. 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International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences 9(1): 71-80, 2021 http://www.hrpub.org DOI: 10.13189/saj.2021.090110
Learning Model of Fundamental Movement Skills (FMS) for Children with Mild Intellectual Disability
Selvi Atesya Kesumawati1,*, Fakhruddin2, Husni Fahritsani3
1Faculty of Teacher, Education Science and Language, Universitas Bina Darma, Palembang, Indonesia 2Faculty of Education, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Semarang, Indonesia 3Faculty of Teacher, Education Science, Universitas PGRI, Palembang, Indonesia
Received September 22, 2020; Revised December 14, 2020; Accepted December 22, 2020
Cite This Paper in the following Citation Styles (a): [1] Selvi Atesya Kesumawati, Fakhruddin, Husni Fahritsani , "Learning Model of Fundamental Movement Skills (FMS) for Children with Mild Intellectual Disability," International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 71-80, 2021. DOI: 10.13189/saj.2021.090110. (b): Selvi Atesya Kesumawati, Fakhruddin, Husni Fahritsani (2021). Learning Model of Fundamental Movement Skills (FMS) for Children with Mild Intellectual Disability. International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences, 9(1), 71-80. DOI: 10.13189/saj.2021.090110. Copyright©2021 by authors, all rights reserved. Authors agree that this article remains permanently open access under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 International License
Abstract The backgrounds of this study are (1) the Fundamental Movement Skills (FMS) of children with mild Intellectual Disability (ID) experience barriers caused by mental disorders, (2) the limitations of teachers in 1. Introduction developing play activities models to improve FMS of children with ID, (3) facilities and equipment in schools Individuals with intellectual disability (ID) are using for standard normal child. This study aims to produce individuals who have intelligence below the average of a learning model to improve FMS for children with mild ID. normal children (IQ <70). Mental Retardation is classified The learning model is packaged in game activities, and into 3, namely mild ID, moderate ID and severe ID. takes one of the themes in the 2013 curriculum. This Children with ID in their daily lives need help from others learning model is named activities in the morning. The to live their daily lives (not yet independent). Research on research method used is research and development (R&D) facilitating the learning of students with intellectual proposed by Borg and Gall. The R&D procedure basically disabilities has increased considerably in the past few consists of two main objectives, namely: (1) developing decades. Intellectual disability is defined as the disability products and; (2) testing the effectiveness of the product to which is characterized by limitation in learning as well as achieve the goal. The subject of small group trial used 10 problem solving. The disability covers a wide range of students (6 boys, 4 girls 8-10 years old) and 4 teachers, and behaviours and starts before the age of 18. It includes the large group trial used 23 students (13 boys and 10 girls wide range of disabilities like poor problem-solving 8-10 years old) and 4 teachers in the 3 SLB in Palembang abilities, behavioural issues, delay in development of city. The results of the effectiveness test of the different motor skills (walking, running, sitting) and difficulty is learning model activities in the morning in small and large following society rules and norms[1]. If we want mental group trials for aspects of movement skills, cognitive skill disabled people to live a more active and healthy life, we and fun are analyzed, and focus of attention in trials small should encourage them to do sports and provide support. and large group obtained an average value of trial 2 greater The disabled people's active participation in the sport by than trial 1. Also, the calculated z-test is greater than the getting out of their home life will make them more active z-table value, so the difference is significant. individuals within the society[2]. Sharing of same environment together with the individuals with Down's Keywords Movement, Play, ID syndrome and healthy individuals will provide them to live a more active and creative life in their daily lives. Zikl, 72 Learning Model of Fundamental Movement Skills (FMS) for Children with Mild Intellectual Disability
et.al (2013) Improving motor skills is thus one of the areas learning model specifically designed for children with that can help to better the inclusion of people with mild mild ID, especially those related to FMS, because FMS intellectual disabilities and is one of the prerequisites for are an asset for everyone without exception children with having a normal life[3]. ID as a provision for carrying out daily activities without One of the formal institutions that serve children with significant obstacles[7]. ID in Indonesia is a special school (SLB). SLB type C in Educators often face difficulties in securing the Indonesia serves formal education for children with ID resources they need in order to teach effectively. This is ranging from elementary to high school levels. In SLB C, especially true of physical educators, who rely on children with ID are given PE Adapted learning. equipment to help young people develop and practice Nowadays, inclusive schools or SLB should be physical skills. And it’s all the more so in adapted characterized by a high level of commitment in teacher physical education, where modified and specialized training. To achieve this goal, teachers should be trained equipment can be costly but is essential in order for in teaching competences in contexts of a great diversity. educators to serve the developmental needs (and IEP goals) Their task will be to teach intellectually disabled students of students with disabilities. Unfortunately, the cost of by adapting the educational contents through the use of physical education equipment continues to rise as funding educational resources[4], but based on the results of continues to be reduced or even eliminated, and modified observations [2017] conducted by researchers in the three equipment costs are even more than general equipment[7]. special schools education serving children with ID at the The model development carried out in this study is the elementary school level, it obtained data that are the FMS, development of Fundamental Movement learning model the data obtained are as follows; through playing activities to increase FMS for children (1) Children with ID experience disturbances and with mild ID by modifying equipment, game rules and obstacles in carrying out movements, experience movement activities that are tailored to the characteristics difficulties in adapting and social interaction, and needs of children with mild ID. especially those related to moving movement. Teachers need to reduce verbalization of instructions (2) FMS and physical fitness level of children with mild and emphasize tactile, kinesthetic, visual, and other more and moderate ID at primary school special education concrete forms of instruction. Children who cannot readily Palembang City are still low. transfer learning or apply past experiences to new (3) Physical education learning materials provided by situations need more gradual task progressions in smaller teachers are still less varied because the teacher's sequential steps and need to learn and practice skills in the ability to develop models is still inadequate. environments in which they are used. It is also important (4) Implementation of physical education has not become to consider level of cognitive development in teaching an optimal means of addressing problems or rules and game strategies. As cognition develops, more movement barriers for children with ID in primary complex rules and strategies can be introduced [5]. school special education Palembang City. Children with ID have differences in cognitive behavior (5) There is no collaboration between physical education with normal children of his age, the higher the level of teachers, class teachers, and teachers of other subjects disability, the lower the cognitive level. Other to collaborate in making learning material as outlined characteristics affecting learning are a limited ability to in the physical activities of children with ID. generalize information, short attention span, and inability The process of education for children is an important to understand abstract concepts. thing that needs to get attention from various parties. Based on the background of the problem and the Education in schools has an important role and has researchers' preliminary studies, the researchers developed covered two important aspects of social aspects and a fundamental movement learning model for children with individual aspects. Education also serves to influence and ID. create a condition that allows it to help the child's development optimally[5]. To reduce physical inactivity in children with ID that will have an impact on their 2. Learning Model Activities in the health as revealed by WHO (2009) identified physical Morning activity as a preventative health measure that is critically important for the health and well-being of people of all The fundamental movement learning model through ages. Evidence from the past 10 years has suggested that play activities was developed according to the theme of physical activity levels in people with intellectual the 2013 curriculum. The theme of the game in this study disabilities (IDs) are low and sedentary[6], learning PE is “Activities in the Morning”. This model consists of 3 Adapted must be adjusted to the characteristics and game posts, and each post has a task of movement and barriers of children with ID. different media and equipment. The objectives to be Based on the results of the preliminary study, the achieved in this game are: (1) to increase backward researcher and team developed a Physical Education walking movement skills, (2) to increase hooping and
International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences 9(1): 71-80, 2021 73
jumping movement skills, (3) to increase throwing skills, score 3, if students can do it with a little help from (4) to increase cognitive skills, focus attention and others. pleasure[8]. score 2, if students can do it with the full help of others. score 1, if students need special guidance to be able to 2.1. Learning Model Activities in the Morning Post 1 make movements. (2) Cognitive Aspect’s Rubric Assessment Playing activities in post 1, using the following equipment: (1) 8 pieces of evamat 30 x 30 cm, each score 4, if students can take the flashcard the right modified with a different textures (fine synthetic grass, number according to the picture. gravel, coarse grass, mat, bottles cap, dacron, grain, score 3, if the participant tries to take a numeric fondant), (2) flashcards with food and drink picture, (3) flashcard even though it doesn't match the picture. numeric flashcards, (4) tape, (5) flags (cones), (6) score 2, if students can take flashcards with a little whistles. number of teacher guidance. The implementation of playing activities in post 1 by score 1, if students can take flashcards with full way of students doing back right then taking one of the assistance. food flashcards and counting the number, after instruction (3) Fun Aspect’s Rubric Assessment from the teacher made the movement to walk backward score 4, if the student shows a cheerful facial over the evamat various textures to the finish line to pick expression and is sometimes accompanied by cheerful up a flashcard with a number matches the amount of food laughter. on the flashcard, after finishing the child leaves the score 3, if the student shows a cheerful facial playing field and prepares for the next post. expression and sometimes smiles broadly while enjoying the game. score 2, if students do not show feelings of pleasure (do movements at will and carelessly). score 1, if the student does not feel happy (sullen facial expression and as if forced to make a movement). (4) Focus Attention Aspect’s Rubric score 4, if students are very focused on doing the movement (from start to finish, and are not disturbed by the surroundings)
score 3, if the focus of the students' attention is slightly Figure 1. Game Model Activities in the Morning Post 1 distracted, sometimes they still look left and right. score 2, if students do not focus and often stop when 2.1.1. Assessment Rubric Learning Model Activities Post 1 doing movement tasks (1) Movement Skill Aspect’s Rubric Assessment score 1, if the student is very unfocused and cannot score 4, if students can do without the help of others. complete the task.
Table 1. Assessment Rubric of Learning Model Activities Post 1 Movement Skills Fun Activity Focus Attention No Student Name Cognitive Aspect Score Total Aspect Aspect Aspect 1. 2. 3. 4. eg
74 Learning Model of Fundamental Movement Skills (FMS) for Children with Mild Intellectual Disability
2.2. Learning Model Activities in the Morning Post 2 score 1, if students need special guidance to be able to make movements. Playing activities in post 2, using the following equipment: (1) 5 pieces of hoops made with hoses of 30 (2) Cognitive Aspect’s Rubric Assessment cm diameter, (2) 3 pieces of fabric balls with a diameter of score 4, if students can count the number of circles 15 cm, (3) footprint, (4) tape, (5) cones, and (6) whistle. correctly. The procedure for implementing the game in post 2 is by score 3, if students try to count the number of circles the child standing ready to wait for the whistle from the even though it is not correct. teacher and immediately taking the ball, hugging it to the score 2, if students can count the number of circles with chest then making hoping or jumping movements a little direction from the teacher. according to the footprint instructions and inserting the score 1, if students can count the number of circles with fabric ball into the basket provided , and return to the full help from the teacher. starting line by walking and repeating 3 times (according (3) Fun Aspect’s Rubric Assessment to the number of balls provided), after finishing, the child score 4, if the student shows a cheerful facial leaves the playing field and prepares for the next post. expression and is sometimes accompanied by cheerful laughter. score 3, if the student shows a cheerful facial expression and sometimes smiles broadly while enjoying the game. score 2, if students do not show feelings of pleasure (do movements at will and carelessly). score 1, if the student does not feel happy (sullen facial expression and as if forced to make a movement). (4) Focus Attention Aspect’s Rubric
score 4, if students are very focused on doing the Figure 2. Game Model Activities in the Morning Post 2 movement (from start to finish, and are not disturbed by 2.2.1. Assessment Rubric Learning Model Activities Post 2 the surroundings) score 3, if the focus of the students' attention is slightly (1) Movement Skill Aspect’s Rubric Assessment distracted, sometimes they still look left and right. score 4, if students can do without the help of others. score 2, if students do not focus and often stop when score 3, if students can do it with a little help from doing movement tasks. others. score 1, if the student is very unfocused and cannot score 2, if students can do it with the full help of others. complete the task.
Table 2. Assessment Rubric of Learning Model Activities Post 2 Movement Skills Fun Activity Focus Attention No Student Name Cognitive Aspect Score Total Aspect Aspect Aspect 1. 2. 3. 4. eg
International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences 9(1): 71-80, 2021 75
2.3. Learning Model Activities in the Morning Post 3 score 4, if students can count the number of glasses that have fallen correctly. Playing activities in post 3, using the following score 3, if students try to count the number of glasses equipment: (1) 3 pieces bean bag colors (1 pieces red that have fallen even though it is not correct. color, 1 pieces blue color, and 1 pieces yellow color), (2) score 2, if students can count the number of glasses that 15 plastic glasses color, (3) tape and (4) whistle. The have fallen under the direction of the teacher. procedure for implementing post 3 playing activities is by score 1, if students can count the number of glasses that way of students throwing (underhand throw) bean bags have fallen with the full help of the teacher. towards the target. After finishing, game is completed. (3) Fun Aspect’s Rubric Assessment score 4, if the student shows a cheerful facial expression and sometimes accompanied by cheerful laughter. score 3, if the student shows a cheerful facial expression and sometimes smiles broadly while enjoying the game. score 2, if students do not show feelings of pleasure (do movements at will and carelessly). score 1, if the student does not feel happy (sullen facial Figure 3. Game Model Activities in the Morning Post 3 expression and as if forced to make a movement). (4) Focus Attention Aspect’s Rubric 2.3.1. Assessment Rubric Learning Model Activities Post 3 score 4, if students are very focused on doing the (1) Movement Skill Aspect’s Rubric Assessment movement (from start to finish, and are not disturbed by score 4, if students can do without the help of others. the surroundings) score 3, if students can do it with a little help from score 3, if the focus of the students' attention is slightly others. distracted, sometimes they still look left and right. score 2, if students can do it with the full help of others. score 2, if students do not focus and often stop when score 1, if students need special guidance to be able to doing movement tasks. make movements. score 1, if the student is very unfocused and cannot (2) Cognitive Aspect’s Rubric Assessment complete the task.
Table 3. Assessment Rubric of Learning Model Activities Post 3 Movement Skills Focus Attention No Student Name Cognitive Aspect Fun Activity Aspect Score Total Aspect Aspect 1. 2. 3. 4. Eg
76 Learning Model of Fundamental Movement Skills (FMS) for Children with Mild Intellectual Disability
2.4. Method field trials consist of 2 stages, namely (1) small group trials and (2) large group trials. The small group trial Borg and Gall, development research researcher involved 10 students aged 8-10 years consisting of 6 boys oriented to develop and validate[9] products used in and 4 girls, and 4 teachers of SDLB C Karya Ibu education based on the procedural model proposed by Palembang. The large group trial involved 23 students Borg and Gall, and the research and development aged 8-10 years consisting of 13 boys and 10 girls, and 4 procedure basically consists of two main objectives, teachers of SDLB C Karya Ibu, SDLB C YPAC, SDLB B namely: (1) developing products and; (2) testing the Pembina Palembang. effectiveness of the product to achieve the goal. The first objective is referred to as the validation function while the Table 5. Instrument of Assessment Expert Validation second objective is called the effectiveness test function. Rating The main procedure in research and development consists No Aspect of Assess Scale of five steps, namely: (1) Analyzing the product to be 1 2 3 4 developed, (2) Developing the initial product, (3) Expert The suitability of the game model developed validation, (4) Empirical validation (field trials), (5) 1. with competency standards and basic competencies and indicators. Product revision. The suitability between indicators and subject 2. The product trial design in research and development matter and assessment. uses a pre-experimental method with a single one shot The accuracy of the contents of the FMS case study design. The subjects of the trial were PE 3. learning model developed for SLB students Teachers and student with mild ID 1st class in SLB with intellectual disabilities. Palembang. The types of data in this study are qualitative The accuracy of the contents of the FMS learning model developed with the 4. and quantitative. Instrument for teacher opinion used is a characteristics of the SLB students with questionnaire. The instrument for collecting data on intellectual disabilities. The safety of the FMS learning model learning outcomes using non-test techniques is 5. observation (rubric assessment). The data analysis developed. technique used the t test and the Wilcoxon test. 6. Ease of the developed FMS learning model. Practicality of the developed FMS learning 7. 2.4.1. The Data Collection Technique model. The FMS learning model developed can The learning model activities in the morning that had 8. increase the activeness of children with ID in been designed by the researcher were evaluated by 4 SLB. experts, consisting of;1 Expert material PE adaptive, 1 The FMS learning model developed can psychologist education, 1 Expert planning learning 9. optimize the (cognitive) knowledge of children with ID in SLB. children with special needs, and 1 Teacher PE special ID, The FMS learning model developed can 10 The activities at this stage evaluate and revise the product optimize the FMS of children with ID in SLB. if necessary. Data collection techniques assessment by Testing the validity of the learning model activity in the experts uses a rating scale. The value scale used is guided morning was carried out by correlating the scores of the by a predetermined grid by adjusting to the research items observed with the total scores. A trial was objectives. conducted to find the value of the relationship and the Table 4. Instructional Rating Scale direction of the relationship. Values range from 0 to 1 or 0 to -1. The positive and negative signs indicate the Scale Assessment Description direction of the relationship[10]. The trial was conducted very inappropriate / very imprecise / very by means of an inter-rater test, using Thorndike's 1 unsafe / very not easy / very impractical / very Anova-General Multifacet Model data analysis namely unsafe inappropriate / inappropriate / unsafe / not easy testing two variables of the type ordinal and scale with 2 / impractical / unable to optimize normal / parametric distribution using SPSS[11]. appropriate / precise / safe / easy / practical / The next step is the reliability test. There are two types 3 can optimize of inter-rater reliability tests, if the number of raters is 2 very suitable / very precise / very safe / very 4 people, the reliability test uses the inter-rater agreement easy / very practical / highly optimizing correlation coefficient test, and if the number of raters is After getting an assessment from the four experts, the more than 2 people, the reliability test uses the correlation next step is to analyzed the data that have been obtained to coefficient test between classes Intra class Correlation determine the level of validity of the model “activities in Coefficients (ICC). How does one know whether the the morning” using the Content Validation Index (CVI) sample sizes are large enough to discriminate and Content Validity Ratio (CVR), table 5. organizations reliably from the grand mean? One way to The next stage is empirical validation or field trials; assess this is to compute the reliability of the sample
International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences 9(1): 71-80, 2021 77
means, which can be computed from the intra class 2.5. Result correlation and the sample sizes. We will call this This study used a rating scale instrument to assess the reliability the intra class reliability to avoid confusion with feasibility of the draft FMS development model through other forms of reliability and intra class playing activities children with mild ID. Sumaryanti, et al correlations.{Formatting Citation} [2013] in research entitled Improving Basic Movements This study used 3 raters so that it used the correlation and Health of Mentally Disabled Students. Through coefficient test between classes or ICC. The instrument Adaptive Physical Activities used to rating scale to assess reliability test was tested on 10 students for grade 1 model was developed for expert validation. Before small SDLBC Karya Ibu Palembang. group trials, assess the feasibility of the developed model. The test of the effectiveness of the learning model The assessment was carried out by experts (4 experts) and activities in the morning uses a performance assessment practitioners (teachers who implement). The results of the instrument (rubric assessment) which consists of 4 aspects, expert validation test were to determine the validity level namely; aspects of movement skills, cognitive aspects, of the learning model activities in the morning by 4 pleasure aspects and attention focus aspects (Table 1, experts, and the results of the expert's assessment and the Table 2, and Table 3). results of data analysis using CVR were as follows:
Table 6. CVR Test Results for Learning Model “Activities in the Morning”
No. E1 E1 E1 E1 ne N N/2 Ne (N/2) CVR Criteria 1 4 4 4 3 3 4 2 1 0.5 v 2 4 4 4 3 3 4 2 1 0.5 v 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 2 1 v 4 4 4 3 4 3 4 2 1 0.5 v 5 4 3 4 4 3 4 2 1 0,5 v 6 4 3 3 4 2 4 2 0 0 v 7 4 4 3 4 3 4 2 1 0,5 v 8 3 4 4 4 3 4 2 1 0,5 v 9 3 4 4 4 3 4 2 1 0,5 v 10 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 2 1 v Total 38 38 37 38 Total 5.5 Average 3.8 3.8 3.7 3.8 Average 0.55 v Average 3.78 CVR scores on each item ranged 1 to -1 Information; ne : Total Essential Subject Matter Expert (SME) N : Total of Subject Matter Expert v : Valid
78 Learning Model of Fundamental Movement Skills (FMS) for Children with Mild Intellectual Disability
The results of the CVR analysis of the activity model in relationship between rater score 2 and rater total score has the morning (table 6) show a value of 0.55, which means a high degree of positive relationship, and also the that the contents of the FMS learning model activities in relationship between rater score 3 and total score between the morning are appropriate or relevant or good, and also raters has a high degree of positive relationship have high content validity, so that it can be continued to The next activity carried out by the researcher was to be tested for empirical validation. test the reliability of the learning model activities in the The results of the analysis of the validity test of the morning using the Intra class Correlation Coefficient (ICC) activities in the morning learning model instrument can be test with 3 rater, while the result data can be seen in table seen in table 7 below: 8 below:
Table 7. Instrument Validity Test Results for Learning Model “Activities Table 8. Instrument Reliable Test Results for Learning Model in The Morning” “Activities in The Morning” Coefficient Coefficient Aspect Score Rater P Status Aspect Coefficient Status Correlation Inter Rater Rater 1 - score Movement 0,918 0,05 Valid 0,905 0,826 Reliable total rater skill Movement Rater 2 - score Cognitive 0,910 0,05 Valid 0,894 0,809 Reliable Skill total rater skill Rater 3 - score 0,690 0,05 Valid fun 0,770 0,627 Reliable total rater Focus Rater 1 - score 0,838 0,772 Reliable 0,729 0,05 Valid attention total rater Cognitive Rater 2 - score 0,753 0,05 Valid Based on the results of the ICC test 3 rater, it can be Skill total rater concluded that the reliability value of the four aspects is Rater 3 - score 0,656 0,05 Valid estimated using the Alpha coefficient, with data analysis total rater Rater 1 - score using the Anova General Multifacet Model, showing the 0,747 0,05 Valid total rater coefficient value and coefficient value between rater is Rater 2 - score high. After the results of the data analysis of the activities Fun 0,644 0,05 Valid total rater in the morning instrument learning model were declared Rater 3 - score 0,696 0,05 Valid valid and reliable, the researchers proceeded to the total rater empiric test (field trials) on the products developed, Rater 1 - score 0,849 0,05 Valid total rater namely by conducting small group trials and large group Focus Rater 2 - score trials to determine the effectiveness of the product being 0,721 0,05 Valid Attention total rater developed. The results of the field trials are as follows; Rater 3 - score 0,703 0,05 Valid total rater (1) Test the effectiveness of small group trial products Based on the results of the calculation of the correlation The results of the analysis of the different learning coefficient between rater test data of the instrument model activities in the morning in small group trials for learning model activities in the morning on aspects of aspects of movement skills, cognitive skill, fun, and focus movement skills, cognitive aspects, fun aspects and of attention in small group trials obtained an average attention focus aspects, it is known that there is a value of trial 2 greater than trial 1. So Also, the calculated relationship between rater 1 scores and total rater scores z-test is greater than the z-table value, so the difference is which have a high degree of positive relationship, and the significant. It can be seen in the table 9 below;
Table 9. The Effectiveness Test of Learning Model “Activities in The Morning” in Small Group Trial
ASPECT Trial Movement Skill Cognitive Skill Fun Focus Attention M Z test M Z test M Z test M Z test Trial 1 7.3 7.9 7.9 7.9 2.92 2.91 2.84 2.72 Trial 2 10 9.3 9.7 9.3 Z score 1.96 1.96 1.96 1.96
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Table 10. The Effectiveness Test of Learning Model “Activities in The Morning” in Large Group Trial
ASPECT Trial Movement Skill Cognitive Skill Fun Focus Attention M Z test M Z test M Z test M Z test Trial 1 7.4 8.1 8.3 7.5 4.25 3.66 2.77 3.78 Trial 2 9.6 9.1 9.1 9.2 Z score 1.96 1.96 1.96 1.96
(2) Test the effectiveness of large group trial products cognitive development, and their mental operations might The results of the analysis of the different learning be confined to concrete objects and events. Verbal model activities in the morning in small group trials for instructions with examples of the correct movements will aspects of movement skills, cognitive skill, fun, and focus be easier to imitate by children with ID, therefore the of attention in large group trials obtained an average value teacher places more emphasis on practicing the of trial 2 greater than trial 1. So Also, the calculated z-test movements that the child must do. is greater than the z-table value, so the difference is Research was conducted by Sumaryanti, et al[13]. The significant. It can be seen in the table 10. results showed that the Adaptive Physical Activity model From the data that have been presented, it can be could optimize the brain of mentally children with ID. concluded that learning model activities in the morning is Hayakawa and Kobayashi[14], The researched results effective for improving fundamental movement skill, show that the physical ability training program and cognitive skill, fun, and focus of attention of children with movement are designed to improve speed and balance, mild ID 8-10 years old male and female in SDLB C. physical performance, and the results of the questionnaire show that the program has benefits for the sample studied and increases excitement for them in participating in each 2.5. Discussion training session. Dandashi, et al[15] was resulted show is The researcher gives suggestions when implementing to promote learning, memorization, and physical the game; (1) it is better if after the teacher provides movements while having fun. The game can be easily instructions regarding the procedure for implementing the adapted to the specific needs of each level of the mental game, the teacher immediately gives the opportunity to retardation category. The results collected showed a students to try it, (2) the teacher gives the first opportunity positive impact on children's cognitive abilities in terms of to students who are enthusiastic about playing the game, grades, understanding of guidelines, coordination, (3) the teacher uses easy language that children concentration, communication and memorization skills. understand in delivering this game activity material, (4) FMS learning model for activities in the morning is the teacher gives special attention by giving praise to designed based on the needs of children with mild ID. children's activities, (5) the teacher should first save the After being validated, analyzed and got relevant results by equipment or game media that will not be used in an effort experts, this model will be tested in the small and large to focus children's attention, (6) there was no significant scale trial stages on teachers and students in primary difference between the skills possessed by boys and girls school special education in Palembang City. students, so the process of implementing learning material for fundamental movement skills should not differentiate 2.6. Conclusion between male and female students. How information is presented to students with (1) The results of the CVR analysis of the activity model intellectual disabilities often makes the difference between in the morning show a value of 0.55 (is between 1 and success and failure. In general, learning enhanced if it is -1) which means that the contents of the FMS learning fun, ensures success, and keeps the student active. model activities in the morning are appropriate or Because students with intellectual disabilities need more relevant or good, and also have high content validity. time and opportunities to learn new skills, and good (2) The results of the calculation of the correlation teachers plan an active class and provide many coefficient between rater test data of the instrument opportunities for students to practice targeted skills. They learning model activities in the morning on aspects of also carefully select teaching methods to match the movement skills, cognitive aspects, fun aspects and students’ level of cognitive development[12]. attention focus aspects, it is known that there is a Learning children with mild ID must be carried out relationship between rater 1 scores and total rater with simple instructions and accompanied by direct and scores which have a high degree of positive concrete demonstrations to make it easier for children relationship, and the relationship between rater score with ID to accept because children with ID are slower in 2 and rater total score has a high degree of positive
80 Learning Model of Fundamental Movement Skills (FMS) for Children with Mild Intellectual Disability
relationship, and also the relationship between rater Univers. J. Educ. Res., vol. 5, no. 11, pp. 1863–1868, 2017, score 3 and total score between raters has a high doi: 10.13189/ujer.2017.051102. degree of positive relationship (> 0,05). [5] S. A. Kesumawati, T. Rahayu, H. A. R, and S. Rahayu, (3) The results of the effectiveness test analysis of the “Game Model To Increase Fundamental Movement Skills in different learning model activities in the morning in Children With Mild Intellectual Disability,” vol. 247, no. small and large group trials for aspects of movement Iset, pp. 431–436, 2018. skills, cognitive skill, fun, and focus of attention in [6] M. McKeon, E. Slevin, and L. Taggart, “A pilot survey of trials small and large group obtained an average value physical activity in men with an intellectual disability,” J. of trial 2 greater than trial 1. (z-test > z-table) so the Intellect. Disabil., vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 157–167, 2013, doi: difference is significant. 10.1177/1744629513484666. This research produces a product in the form of a [7] T. Sullivan, C. Slagle, T. J. Hapshie, D. Brevard, and V. Brevard, Build It So They Can Play Affordable Equipment learning model activities that can improve fundamental Education. 2012. movement skills, cognitive skill, fun and focus of attention for children within mild ID aged 8-10 years old [8] Atesya, Selvi, Rahayu, T. Activity model of playing: my boys or girls, using safe, inexpensive, educational and fun hero is my mother to improve basic oovement skills of mild mental retarded children. Journal Physical Education, Helath media for children. This game learning model is and Recreation Vol. 4 No1 (2019), 52-61. 2019 recommended not only for teachers in special schools but for parents who have children with special needs, [9] J. L. Ellis, “Probability interpretations of intraclass especially children with mild ID and children who have reliabilities,” Stat. Med., vol. 32, no. 26, pp. 4596–4608, 2013, doi: 10.1002/sim.5853. problems / obstacles in learning movement. [10] Trihendardi, Cornelius. “Step Easily Solve Statistical Cases : Descriptive, Parametric And Non Parametric With SPSS 12” Yogyakarta: Andi Offset, 2013.
[11] E. Susanto, “Pengembangan tes keterampilan dasar olahraga REFERENCES bola tangan bagi mahasiswa,” J. Penelit. dan Eval. Pendidik., vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 116–125, 2017, doi: 10.21831/pep.v21i1. [1] K. H. Alshamri, “Challenges and experiences of high school 15784. teachers with students having intellectual disabilities in inclusive classrooms in Saudi Arabia,” Univers. J. Educ. [12] Winnick, J. P. (2005). Adapted physical education sport. Res., vol. 8, no. 5, pp. 2191–2196, 2020, doi: Champaign, IL, Human Kinetics. 10.13189/ujer.2020.080559. [13] Sumaryanti, T Rahayu, H Amirullah, S Rahayu. Improving [2] B. Akyol and M. Ilkim, “Effect of table tennis training on basic movements and health of mentally disabled students reaction times of down-syndrome children,” Univers. J. through adaptive physical activities. The Journal of Educ. Res., vol. 6, no. 11, pp. 2399–2403, 2018, doi: Educational Development, 2013. 10.13189/ujer.2018.061101. [14] Hayakawa, K., & Kobayashi, K. Physical and Motor Skill [3] P. Zikl, N. Holoubková, H. Karásková, and T. B. Veselíková, Training for Children with Intellectual Disabilities. “Gross Motor Skills of Children with Mild Intellectual Perceptual and Motor Skills, 112(2), 573–580. 2011. Disabilities,” Int. J. Soc. Behav. Educ. Econ. Bus. Ind. Eng., vol. 7, no. 10, pp. 2789–2795, 2013. [15] Dandashi, A., Karkar, A. G., Saad, S., Barhoumi, Z., Al-Jaam, J., & El Saddik, A. Enhancing the cognitive and [4] S. Carrascal and Y. G. Rodríguez, “The Influence of Teacher learning skills of children with intellectual disability through Training for the Attention of Students with Intellectual physical activity and edutainment games. International Disabilities in the Transitional Period to Adulthood,” Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks, 2015.
International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences 9(1): 81-88, 2021 http://www.hrpub.org DOI: 10.13189/saj.2021.090111
The Basic Learning Model of Traditional Motion Based Games for Early Childhood (5-6) Years
Nofi Marlina Siregar, Eka Fitri Novita Sari*, Marlinda Budiningsih, Zulham
Department of Physical Education, Universitas Negeri Jakarta, Jln Pemuda 10 Rawamangun Jakarta Timur, Indonesia
Received September 22, 2020; Revised December 10, 2020; Accepted December 20, 2020
Cite This Paper in the following Citation Styles (a): [1] Nofi Marlina Siregar, Eka Fitri Novita Sari, MarlindaBudiningsih, Zulham , "The Basic Learning Model of Traditional Motion Based Games for Early Childhood (5-6) Years," International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 81-88, 2021. DOI: 10.13189/saj.2021.090111. (b): Nofi Marlina Siregar, Eka Fitri Novita Sari, MarlindaBudiningsih, Zulham (2021). The Basic Learning Model of Traditional Motion Based Games for Early Childhood (5-6) Years. International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences, 9(1), 81-88. DOI: 10.13189/saj.2021.090111. Copyright©2021 by authors, all rights reserved. Authors agree that this article remains permanently open access under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 International License
Abstract This study aims to create a basic motion 1. Introduction model of traditional games based on early childhood games (5-6) years. The aim of research is to create models and Children are unique individuals. Many experts have improve basic movements of early childhood education, observed that the abilities of infants and toddlers are especially those related to locomotor, non-locomotor and extraordinary in various aspects of their development. manipulative movements in early childhood (5-6) years. From the point of view of language development, children This research used a research and development (R&D) are fast learners in absorbing vocabulary, grasping method which was carried out in DKI Jakarta with small meaning and mastering language, even multiple languages experiment on 10 children and large experiment on 30 at once. In the physical aspect, children experience rapid children by applying 20 basic movements based on growth of functional abilities, from lying down, prone, traditional games. Based on the results of the effectiveness crawling, sitting, standing, walking, walking and so on. test on 30 research subjects, the initial test results of From a social point of view, children are innocent children's activities in motion were 12.8 and in the final test imitators of the social behavior of those around them. 20, there was an increase in children's activities in motion. From an emotional point of view, children are forming The results of the initial test of children's activeness in non- partnerships themselves through reflection from the motorized motion were 13.66 and in the final test 16.8 environment, likewise from various other development there was an increase in children's activeness in angles. non-motorized movement. The initial test of children’s A child experiences very rapid development in various activeness in manipulative movements was 19.7 and the aspects of his personality, both physically and mentally. final test 22, there was an increase in children's activeness Children have a lot of pleasure in receiving various in manipulative movements. Based on the results of the stimuli that will affect their brain function. The above research, basic motion models based on traditional development of children's cognition greatly determines games for early childhood (5-6) years old can be applied as the functioning of other aspects of development. The brain well as effective basic motion models to increase activities, as the control center controls all functions and abilities in abilities and skills through movement, especially those the activities of the body, both psychologically and related to basic locomotor motion techniques, non physically. locomotor and manipulative. Children get intelligence or knowledge from the environment by moving. Moving is the most dominant Keywords Basic Movement, Early Childhood, way to know the environment. For children at an early, Traditional Games playing is the main behavior and activity, while moving is one of the basic needs and basic means of expressing 82 The Basic Learning Model of Traditional Motion Based Games for Early Childhood (5-6) Years
themselves. problems, the researcher will create a physical activity Movement development takes place from birth to model based on basic movement intelligence based on elementary school age, where at an early age physical traditional games for early childhood (5-6) years, based on motor development is in its infancy. Along with that, the preliminary studies conducted by researchers in the field basic movements need to be considered by an educator at by conducting observation and interview techniques school so that they can grow optimally. Next, the researcher made a game design based on the Actually, children do not need to be told or stimulated indicators to be aimed at, namely the basic movements of to move, because automatically the children will be happy the The researcher makes preparations for the subject and to make movements. That's when we as educators pay place of research, makes the media to be used, coordinates attention to how basic locomotor, non-locomotor and the subject and the place of research as well as the manipulative movements develop optimally. teachers and facilitators who will assist in carrying out the Games that require running and catching something (for research.. example: catching a person or a ball) not only improve motor skills, reaction speed and defense ability, but can Develop Preliminary Form of Product also improve children's basic movement skills. Research can be started from potential problems as The form of play should include all basic movements, needed in the environment. The step is taken to find any such as: stepping, walking, jumping, jumping, crawling, information that is important for the product to be climbing, rolling, pulling, swinging, throwing and developed. This stage includes steps in the form of catching. These movements can be developed from analysis, analysis and small-scale research to support the traditional games, where children can get to know the perfection of this initial stage. These steps are (1) needs games from each region, so it is hoped that children can analysis and literature study of research problems, (2) like and apply traditional games. Therefore, the above identification of literature studies, carried out to researchers have an interest in making a study on "Basic temporarily realize the product to be developed, and (3) Motion Learning Model Based on Traditional Games for small- scale research. Early Childhood (5-6) years. In this stage, the initial product is made in the form of a basic motion model based on traditional games for early childhood. 2. Material and Methods Preliminary Field Testing This research and development uses quantitative and This stage is to conduct field trials in the early stages qualitative approaches and uses the Research & using the subject to see the level of the product being Development (R & D) development model from Borg and made and to provide the model expert sheet with the Gall1 which consists of ten steps. The research begins by models. Each expert is asked to assess the design of the collecting data in the form of a needs analysis. Where the model, so that further weaknesses and strengths can be needs analysis will describe the needs of the research found to analyze them. The researcher coordinates with subject problem. the early childhood expert, Dr. lilis Suryani and early The Basic Learning Model of Traditional Motion childhood physical activity expert, Eka Fitri Novitasari, Games for Early Childhood (5-6) Years is part of M.Pd development research which aims to create a basic motion learning model based on traditional games in early Main Product Revision childhood. Carried out in DKI Jakarta with as many as 10 The revision of the design at this stage was carried out children in the small trial and 30 children in the large trial based on input from the results of the experts; the results by applying 20 basic movements based on traditional of the early stage field tests were made improvements to games, basic locomotor, non-locomotor and manipulative these models. Researchers made improvements according based motion test instruments traditional game. to the results during the initial trials and input from Research and Information experts. Determination of potential problems in early childhood Main Field Testing education, when researchers make initial observations in At this stage, the main field trial stage is carried out the field, during the observation, the researcher found with two stages of small product trials and large product various problems such as in providing learning that was trials. not in accordance with the characteristics of the child, This test can compare effectiveness and efficiency. namely playing and moving. Was still adult, teacher-centered, so that in overcoming the above Operational Product Revision This stage is the stage of revising operational products based on input from expert suggestions as well as the 1 Borg W. R, & Gall M. D, Educational Research: An Introduction. Fourth results of the main field tests. Edition (New York: Longman, 1983), h.775
International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences 9(1): 81-88, 2021 83
Operational field Testing trials. In this operational field trial stage, data collected Dissemination and Implementation through interviews and observations. Implementing and disseminating products through Final Product Revision international seminars. Cooperate with publishers for Make revisions to the final product based on product and commercial socialization and monitor suggestions from experts and based on previous field distribution control.
Table 1. Basic motion (locomotor)
Score No Ability Poor Average Good (1) (2) (3) Children can walk forward in a straight The child can move forward in a The child can walk forward in a line as far as 3-4 m with a straight gaze, Walk forward in a straight line as far as 3-4 m without a straight line as far as 3-4 m with a 1 swing legs and arms are not in sync or straight line. straight view, swinging the legs and straight gaze, swinging the legs gaze is not straight, arms out of sync. and arms in sync. swing legs and arms in harmony. Children can walk with a Walk on the The child cannot walk with a Children can walk with an unbalanced 2 balanced body position and do footbridge. balanced body position and may fall. body position and do not fall. not fall. Children can walk on tiptoe in a straight Children can walk on tiptoe in a Walk on tiptoe in a Children cannot walk on tiptoe in a 3 line with an unbalanced body straight line with a balanced straight line. straight line. position. body position. The child cannot walk backwards in a The child can walk backwards in a The child can walk backwards in Walk backwards in a 4 straight line 2 meters away by straight line for 2 meters by making a straight line up to 2 meters with straight line. making one or more glances. one or more glances. a forward gaze. The child can step to the right side in a The child can step to the right Step to the right side The child cannot step to the right side 5 straight line 2-3 meters away with one side in a straight line for 2-3 in a straight line. in a straight line 2-3 meters away. or more loss of direction. meters without losing direction. The child may step to the left side in a The child can step to the left in a Step left in a straight The child cannot step to the left side 6 straight line 2-3 meters away with one straight line for 2-3 meters line. in a straight line 2-3 meters away. or more loss of direction. without losing direction. The child cannot run straight ahead The child can run straight ahead with The child can run straight ahead 7 Run straight ahead. with irregular swinging of his legs swinging legs and arms out of tune, with swinging legs and arms in and arms, not looking forward. looking forward. sync, looking forward.
Table 2. Basic motion (non-locomotor)
Score No Ability Poor Average Good (1) (2) (3) Sitting position with The child cannot touch the toes with The child can touch the toes with The child can touch the toes with both 1 straight legs, hands the hands. both hands, knees bent. hands, knees straight. touching toes. The child can lean to the right, right The child can lean to the right, right The child can lean over to the right, 2 Lean to the right side. hand on the leg, fingertips touching hand on the leg, fingertips touching right hand on the leg, fingertip up above the knee. up to the knee. touching below the knee. The child can lean to the right, left The child can lean to the left, right The child can lean to the left hand, the 3 Learn to the left side. hand on the leg, fingertips touching hand on the leg, fingertip touching left hand resting on the leg, the up above the knee. up to the knee. fingertip touching below the knee. The child can rotate the body to the The child can turn to the right side The child can turn to the right side Turn the body to the 4 right side with both hands holding with both hands holding from 45 with both hands holding more than right. less than 45 degrees. s.d. 90 degrees. 90 degrees. The child can rotate the body to the The child can turn to the left side The child can rotate the body to the Turn the body to the 5 left side with both hands holding less with both hands holding from 45 left side with both hands holding left. than 45 degrees. s.d. 90 degrees more than 90 degrees.
84 The Basic Learning Model of Traditional Motion Based Games for Early Childhood (5-6) Years
Table 3. Basic motion (manipulative)
Score No Ability Poor (1) Average (2) Good (3) The child can throw the big ball, the Children can throw a big ball, Children can throw a big ball, position of one foot is in front, the position one foot in front, look position one foot in front, look Throwing the big ball view is forward, the body is not forward, body bouncy, the ball is 1 forward, body bouncy, the ball is with both hands up. bouncy, the ball is released above the released in front of the face with released above the head without head without further hand continued movements of the further hand movements. movements. hands to the front of the chest. The child can throw the big ball with The child can throw a big ball with The child can throw the big ball with Throwing the big ball feet shoulder width apart, look feet shoulder width apart, looking feet shoulder width apart, looking 2 with both hands forward, hands bent forward forward, straight hands swinging forward, straight hands swinging the down. throwing the ball, not followed by forward throwing the ball, not ball forward, followed by body body movements. followed by body movements. movements. Children can throw a small ball, The child can throw a small ball, the Children can throw a small ball, position one foot in front, look position of one foot is in front, the position one foot in front, look forward, body bouncy, the ball is Toss the small ball view is forward, the body is not 3 forward, body bouncy, the ball is released in front of the face with with one hand up. bouncy, the ball is released above the released above the head without continued movements of the hands to head without further hand further hand movements. the front of movements. the chest. The child can throw a small ball, look The child can throw a small ball, The child can throw a small ball, Throwing a small straight, one leg in front of it is looking straight, one foot in front looking straight, one foot in front of it 4 ball with one hand opposite the hand that throws the ball of it against the hand that throws against the hand that throws the ball from below. from below which is bent and not the ball from below, not followed from below followed by body followed by body movements. by body movements. movements. The child can catch the big ball with Catch the big ball The child cannot catch the big ball The child can catch the big ball in 5 their hands in front with both hands. properly. the hug position. of their chest. Children can catch a small ball with Catch the small ball The child cannot catch the small ball The child can catch a small ball in a 6 their hands in front of the with both hands. properly. hug position. chest. The child can kick the ball using Children can kick the ball using the Children can kick the ball using the Kick the big ball the inner foot, by swinging the leg inner foot, by swinging the leg from 7 inner leg, in a way that is not swung, forward. from back to front, with an upright back to front, body position following with an upright body position. body position. the leg movements. The child can hit the balloon with The child can hit the balloon with one Hit the balloon The child hits the balloon but doesn't one hand opposite the foot in front, hand opposite the leg in front, gaze 8 hanging. hit the target. looking forward, body bouncy, forward, body bouncy, with without further movement. continued movements.
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3. Results and Discussion based on traditional games for early childhood (5-6) years old did a pre-test or test Initially using the existing Test results data in the study are presented in three parts, locomotor observation sheet, the pre-test results obtained the average score on each item of locomotor, non- the number of results for the basic locomotor motion of locomotor and manipulative basic motion. The result data children obtained by 386 with an average of 12.8. After presented with the aim of seeing the child's improvement that the basic motion model based on traditional games for in each test item and also the overall variable of early childhood (5-6) years using the basic motion model movement in the child. based on traditional games that have been developed. The following shows the data on the results of basic motion tests on 30 children in the DKI Jakarta area that After the treatment is given, the subject is tested again are reached in the study sample. For data on each basic with the same locomotor basic motion observation sheet, motion item, following are the data obtained. and this is called the post-test which is used to determine Based on the information in the table 4, there is a whether there is an increase in basic locomotor motion difference between the Pre-test and Post-test results based on traditional children's games. Based on the results obtained that have previously been carried out in DKI of the post-test, the results were 621 with an average of Jakarta, before the application of the basic motion model 20.7.
Table 4. Results of locomotor pre-test and post-test data
Subject Pre-Test Post-Test Information 1 12 21 Increase 2 13 21 Increase 3 11 21 Increase 4 13 20 Increase 5 12 21 Increase 6 12 19 Increase 7 12 21 Increase 8 12 20 Increase 9 13 21 Increase 10 14 21 Increase 11 12 21 Increase 12 14 21 Increase 13 15 21 Increase 14 13 21 Increase 15 11 19 Increase 16 12 21 Increase 17 14 21 Increase 18 13 21 Increase 19 14 21 Increase 20 12 20 Increase 21 14 21 Increase 22 12 20 Increase 23 13 21 Increase 24 12 20 Increase 25 14 21 Increase 26 15 21 Increase 27 14 21 Increase 28 12 21 Increase 29 12 21 Increase 30 14 21 Increase Total 386 621 Increase Average Value 12.8 20.7 Increase
86 The Basic Learning Model of Traditional Motion Based Games for Early Childhood (5-6) Years
The final result of the basic motion model product traditional games for early childhood (5-6) years using the based on traditional games for early childhood (5-6) years basic motion model based on traditional games that have after the research was carried out. It can be concluded that been developed. After the treatment is given, the subject is the basic motion model based on traditional games that is tested again with the same non-locomotor basic motion applied is feasible and suitable for use for early childhood observation sheet, and this is called the post-test which is (5-6) years and is effective for early childhood (5-6) years. used to determine whether there is an increase in Based on the information in the table 5, there is a non-locomotor basic motion based on traditional difference between the Pre-test and Post- test results children's games. Based on the results of the post-test, the obtained which have previously been carried out in DKI results obtained were 505 with an average of 16.83. Jakarta, before the application of the basic motion model The final result of the basic motion model product based on traditional games for early childhood (5-6) years based on traditional games for early childhood (5-6) years old did a pre-test or test Initially using the existing after the research was carried out. It can be concluded that non-locomotor observation sheet, the pre-test results the basic motion model based on traditional games that is showed that the number of results for children's applied is feasible and suitable for use for early childhood non-locomotor basic motion was 410 with an average of (5-6) years and is effective for early childhood (5-6) 13.66. After that the basic motion model based on years.
Table 5. Results of nonlocomotor pre-test and post-test data
Subject Pre-Test Post-Test Information 1 15 17 Increase 2 13 17 Increase 3 11 16 Increase 4 15 16 Increase 5 14 16 Increase 6 14 15 Increase 7 12 16 Increase 8 12 17 Increase 9 14 16 Increase 10 14 17 Increase 11 13 17 Increase 12 17 18 Increase 13 15 17 Increase 14 13 18 Increase 15 11 15 Increase 16 12 18 Increase 17 14 16 Increase 18 14 17 Increase 19 14 18 Increase 20 12 17 Increase 21 15 16 Increase 22 13 17 Increase 23 13 16 Increase 24 16 18 Increase 25 15 17 Increase 26 16 18 Increase 27 14 17 Increase 28 12 17 Increase 29 15 18 Increase 30 12 17 Increase Total 410 505 Increase Average Value 13.66 16.83 Increase
International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences 9(1): 81-88, 2021 87
Table 6. Results of manipulative pre- test and post-test data
Subject Pre-Test Post-Test Information 1 20 24 Increase 2 21 24 Increase 3 20 23 Increase 4 16 20 Increase 5 17 22 Increase 6 16 19 Increase 7 19 22 Increase 8 19 23 Increase 9 23 24 Increase 10 22 23 Increase 11 22 23 Increase 12 19 22 Increase 13 20 23 Increase 14 19 22 Increase 15 20 23 Increase 16 20 23 Increase 17 18 20 Increase 18 19 23 Increase 19 21 22 Increase 20 18 20 Increase 21 17 23 Increase 22 18 23 Increase 23 19 22 Increase 24 23 24 Increase 25 22 23 Increase 26 19 22 Increase 27 22 23 Increase 28 21 22 Increase 29 21 23 Increase 30 20 22 Increase Total 591 672 Increase Average Value 19.7 22.4 Increase
Based on the information in the table 6, there is a games. Based on the results of the post- test, the results difference between the Pre-test and Post- test results were 672 with an average of 22.4. obtained that have previously been carried out in DKI The final result of the basic motion model product Jakarta, before the application of the basic motion model based on traditional games for early childhood (5-6) years based on traditional games for early childhood (5-6) years after the research was carried out. It can be concluded that old did a pre-test or test Initially using the existing the basic motion model based on traditional games that is manipulative observation sheet, the pre-test results applied is feasible and suitable for use for early childhood obtained the number of results for the basic manipulative (5-6) years and is effective for early childhood (5-6) years. movements of children obtained by 591 with an average John N. Drowtzky (1975)2 states as follows: "Learning of 19.7. After that the basic motion model based on movement is learning that is realized through muscular traditional games for early childhood (5-6) years using the responses that are expressed in body movements or body basic motion model based on traditional games that have parts." The main purpose of moving is to improve been developed. After the treatment is given, the subject is movement skills. Understanding movements is only a goal tested again with the same manipulative basic motion that must be followed in order to master skill movements, observation sheet, and this is called the post-test which is used to find out whether there is an increase in manipulative basic motion based on traditional children's 2 Drowatzky, John, N. (1975). Motor Learning Princples And Practice. Minneapolis: Burger Publishing Company.
88 The Basic Learning Model of Traditional Motion Based Games for Early Childhood (5-6) Years
both imitating and self- created. increase the activity of basic movements for early The results of research by experts show that an early childhood (5-6) years. age is a period that is truly very valuable for children, and is right to instill a personality foundation, therefore early childhood is called the golden age, which is a very decisive period for the success of educators at school age, adolescence, adulthood and so on. REFERENCES In connection with basic movements based on [1] Borg W. R, & Gall M. D. (1983). Educational Research: An traditional games from 30 DKI Jakarta children, it Introduction. Fourth Edition (New York: Longman,), h.775 describes how to improve basic locomotor, non-locomotor and manipulative movement skills. Children who are [2] Drowatzky, John, N. (1975). Motor Learning Princples and actively moving with good basic movement results give a Practice. Minneapolis: Burger Publishing Company. temporary picture that they are healthy because they are [3] Australian preschool children. Journal of Science and able to move actively by displaying their abilities through Medicine in Sport, 13(5), 503–508. https://doi.org/10.1016/j traditional games. To measure more deeply the level of .jsams.2009.05.010 basic movement whether it is proven that it shows good [4] Hayati, H. S., Myrnawati, C., & Asmawi, M. (2017). Effect results, it is also necessary to do more in-depth study and of traditional games, learning motivation and learning style collaborate with researchers who have the capacity to be on childhoods gross motor skills. International Journal of able to diagnose and measure their health level in depth. Education and Research, 5(7), 53–66. [5] Hyde, K. L., Lerch, J., Norton, A., Forgeard, M., Winner, E., Evans, A. C., & Schlaug, G. (2009). The effects of musical 4. Conclusions training on structural brain development: A longitudinal study. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1169, Based on the research results obtained 20 basic motion 182–186. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04852.x models based on traditional early childhood games (5-6) [6] Kokštejn, J., Musálek, M., Šťastný, P., & Golas, A. (2017). years which in the small trial involved 10 research Fundamental motor skills of Czech children at the end of the subjects and in the large trial 30 research subjects. Based preschool period. Acta Gymnica, 47(4), 193–200. on the results of the effectiveness test on 30 research https://doi.org/10.5507/ag.2017.024 subjects, the initial test results of the basic locomotor [7] Lemos, A. G., Avigo, E. L., & Barela, J. A. (2012). Physical motion of the children obtained an average of 12.85 and Education in Kindergarten Promotes Fundamental Motor the final test obtained 20.71, there was an increase in Skill Development. Advances in Physical Education, 02(01), locomotor. The results of the non- locomotor preliminary 17– 21. https://doi.org/10.4236/ape.2012.21003 test for children obtained an average of 13.66 and the final [8] Lykesas, G., Tsapakidou, A., & Tsompanaki, E. (2014). test obtained 16.83, then there was an increase in Creative Dance as a Means of Growth and Development of non-locomotor. The results of the initial manipulative test Fundamental Motor Skills for Children in First Grades of of children obtained an average of 19.71 and the final test Primary Schools in Greece. Asian Journal of Humanities obtained 22.42, so there was an increase in manipulatives. and Social Studies, 02(01), 211–218. Retrieved from Based on the results of the research above, the researcher [9] Zulfahmi, M. N. (2019). Basic movement dancing skills of can draw the conclusion that the basic motion model 5-6 years old children through dance and sing theme based based on traditional games can be applied and can learning with demonstration method. 8(1), 30–36.
International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences 9(1): 89-96, 2021 http://www.hrpub.org DOI: 10.13189/saj.2021.090112
Quality Physical Education Learning through Process Modeling Based on Kinesthetic Perception
Eva Julianti P1,*, Yusmawati1, Heni Widyaningsih1, Abd. Halim2
1Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Sport Science, Universitas Negeri Jakarta, Indonesia 2Department of Primary Teacher Education, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Universitas Esa Unggul, Indonesia
Received September 22, 2020; Revised January 12, 2021; Accepted January 22, 2021
Cite This Paper in the following Citation Styles (a): [1] Eva Julianti P, Yusmawati, Heni Widyaningsih, Abd. Halim , "Quality Physical Education Learning through Process Modeling Based on Kinesthetic Perception," International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 89-96, 2021. DOI: 10.13189/saj.2021.090112. (b): Eva Julianti P, Yusmawati, Heni Widyaningsih, Abd. Halim (2021). Quality Physical Education Learning through Process Modeling Based on Kinesthetic Perception. International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences, 9(1), 89-96. DOI: 10.13189/saj.2021.090112. Copyright©2021 by authors, all rights reserved. Authors agree that this article remains permanently open access under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 International License
Abstract The aim of this study is to propose a practical, Organization (UNESCO, 2017) stated that the benefits of theory-based framework that can be applied in analyzing quality physical education can be achieved by qualified the modeling of quality physical education based on teachers; inclusive, flexible and interactive classes that kinesthetic perception as a socio-technical entity, and in motivate all children to push their boundaries regardless identifying potential improvements. Physical education of their physical capacity, background, religion or gender. learning in elementary schools is one of the important Meanwhile, according to the National Association for stages for optimizing the development of a child's Sport and Physical Education (NASPE), quality physical fundamental movement, stimulating motor abilities and education is built on four foundations, namely: 1) physical activities that stimulate intelligence optimization. Opportunities for learning, where students must receive However, kinesthetic perception is the feeling of muscle physical education (based on a curriculum of 100-135 that directs the movement correctly, without using the eyes. minutes each week), get a position that is equal to other Method of this research used Modeling Process and subjects, and use the environment, and safe equipment for Mingers’ sequential type multi- method research design. students; 2) Meaningful Content. Following the national Since there is no single model, this study consolidated a curriculum; Instruction in a variety of motor skills are hybrid model (motor learning Model, sport education designed to enhance the physical, mental, and model, Tactical Games Approach model and VARK social/emotional development of each child; education learning model). Research process (Constructing thematic and fitness assessments to help children understand, questionnaires, web-based data collecting and analyzing improve and/or maintain physical well-being; data) and this article presents the results of the first stage i.e. Development of cognitive concepts about motor skills and theory adaptation as resilient arguments about the need to fitness; opportunities to improve social and cooperative develop a quality physical education learning model based skills, and motivate physical activity sufficient for the on kinesthetic perceptions for elementary school students. present and throughout life; 3)Appropriate instructions, Keywords Learning Model, Physical Activity, namely: Inclusion for all students; Maximum opportunity Kinesthetic Perception, Cognition, Intelligence to practice for classroom activities; Well-designed lessons that facilitate student learning; Out-of-school assignments that support learning and practice; Physical activity is not designated as or held as punishment; Regular assessments to monitor and reinforce student learning; 4)Student and 1. Introduction program assessment. Assessment is an important, The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural continuing part of the physical education program 90 Quality Physical Education Learning through Process Modeling Based on Kinesthetic Perception
containing formative and summative assessment of a physical education learning model based on kinesthetic students’ progress. Student assessment aligned with intelligence, mainly kinesthetic perception. The body's state/national physical education standards physical kinesthetic intelligence is the ability to manipulate objects education curriculum, assessment of program elements and use various physical skills. This intelligence also that support quality physical education and stakeholders involves a sense of timing and the perfection of skill regularly evaluate the total effectiveness of the physical through the association of thought (body and mind). education program. Athletes, dancers, surgeons, and craftsmen demonstrate a Quality physical education provides learning well-developed kinesthetic intelligence of the body. opportunities, appropriate teaching, meaningful and However, Kinesthetic Perception, also referred to as challenging content, and student assessment, curriculum kinesthesia, is the perception of body movements. This and learning. In addition, quality physical education involves the ability to detect changes in body position and increases mental alertness, academic achievement, and movement without relying on information from the five readiness, increases students' self-confidence, senses. concentration and communication skills so as to make them active, healthy, responsible and knowledgeable and 1.1. The Aim enthusiasm for learning. However, UNESCO has not mentioned what quality physical education teachers are The aim of the research is to develop a quality physical and how to create quality physical education teachers. education learning model based on kinesthetic perception. Javier Vernandez [1] then answers this absence, since there is no perfect model to prove quality physical 1.2. Tasks education and no single model that fits all contexts of physical education, with a combination of model-based 1. To find out physical activities that can improve practices. In this article, we highlight interactive classes kinesthetic intelligence; that motivate all children to push their boundaries 2. To integrate physical activities based on kinesthetic regardless of their physical capacity, background, religion perception into physical education learning; or gender. 3. To develop a physical education learning model based Physical education classes that are interactive through on kinesthetic perception that can improve pedagogical methods and the special interactive nature of Body-kinesthetic (and Visual-spatial) intelligences. the relationship between teachers and students (in an educational setting in a sports gym) should aim to strengthen individual character (moral values, beliefs, 2. Methods motivation and interests such as motor skills or sports Research and Development (R&D) Method is a process skills) to develop an active lifestyle not only at school, but of developing a new product or an existing product. throughout his life. If processes are presented According to Borg & Gall [3], research and development appropriately, based on pedagogical principles, then basic method is a method used to produce a certain product, and motor skills (i.e. running, jumping, jumping, or catching) test the effectiveness of the product. Educational R&D is a can be a means of achieving social and moral process of developing and validating educational products, development. The variety of activities, forms and methods an effective product and not to test theory [4]. of delivery, and the breadth of context should only This research is part of the research and development enhance the educational process and help students have an phase conducted by researchers. The first stage is active lifestyle throughout their lives. literature studied to synthesize existing kinesthetic Interactive learning to motivate students can be based perception-based learning theories and principles. The on the theory of multiple intelligences by Howard Gardner next stage is a survey to collect information on kinesthetic [2], which has helped in the field of education to improve perception-based physical education learning in primary students’ vision while theory supports the emergence of schools. Respondents of this study were primary school new ways to optimize their learning. The nine compound physical education teachers in DKI Jakarta. intelligences are: 1) Verbal-Linguistic Intelligence; 2) Literature study data were analyzed using a normative Mathematical-Logical Intelligence; 3) Music Intelligence; approach, while survey data were analyzed using 4) Visual-Spatial Intelligence; 5) Body Kinesthetic descriptive analysis. Through these stages we have a Intelligence; 6) Interpersonal Intelligence; 7) Intrapersonal theoretical and empirical basis in developing a kinesthetic Intelligence; 8)Naturalist Intelligence; and 9) Existential perception-based physical education learning model. Intelligence. The instrument used for the survey was a questionnaire Based on its characteristics, physical education has developed by researchers. Since there is no single quality advantage in the development of multiple intelligences, physical education model that can represent all the particularly in Visual-Spatial Intelligence and Body components needed, the researchers conducted an Kinesthetic Intelligence. This paper then aims to develop evaluation of the physical education learning process
International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences 9(1): 89-96, 2021 91
using consolidate models method and process modeling can be developed. Using students’ interests, knowledge, method as a first stage to obtain adequate information for and stages of development to create appropriate versions later use in developing a physical education learning of the game and practical assignments generate is an based on Kinesthetic Perception model. Process modeling explanation of the game. The game can be divided into: was one of the main research lines of this research. invasion games, net / wall games, field / run score games Consolidate models is a process of combining single and target games. The Teaching Game for Understanding models into one fulfilled model. The individual items from (TGfU) Model of 9 Games Kirk & MacPhail [7] focuses each model are retained in the consolidated model. on tactical awareness, which is believed to be necessary However, process modeling is commonly used for these for making critical decisions in the complexity of the purposes. It is an important supportive activity to increase game being played. The course content should be understanding of the target domain by producing models designed in a way that gives students the opportunity to that aim to describe, prescribe or explain the develop confidence and competence in skills and socio-technical system. strategies. First, teachers must focus on increasing strength. Then the teacher can begin to provide 2.1. Consolidated Models instructions (limited to the instructions needed - for example, specific movement instructions or tactical 2.1.1. The Motor Learning Model solutions). The next stage in the Tactical Gaming This model is in accordance with the motor learning Approach involves modification of the equipment or theory by Schmidt [4]. Motor learning theory (1988) educational context, followed by an appropriately assumes that the brain constructs a forward model that designed developmental step. Finally, if there is no predicts the sensory consequences of motor commands, progress or continuous errors, the teacher provides and an inverted model that produces a successful feedback (Michal Bronikowski[8]). command of movement goals that emphasizes the 2.1.4. VARK Learning Style interactive role of three elements: 1) the goal and task conditions; 2) environmental situation, and 3) capability There are many different ways of categorizing learning and intention. The previous theory states that motor styles, but Neil Fleming's Visual Aural/Auditory, learning will be successful if there is differentiation in the Read/Write, Kinesthetic Learners (VARK) model is one complexity of the task and on changes to obtain it, both of of the most popular. The acronym “VARK” is used to which must always be increased and modified gradually. describe four modalities of student learning that were For educators, it becomes a challenge to develop and described in a 1992 study by Neil D. Fleming and Coleen E. Mills [9]. They introduced an inventory that was intervene through an interactive learning approach. Better designed to help students and others learn more about intellectual and emotional development in high school their individual learning preferences. According to the students requires an interactive learning process. VARK model, learners are identified by whether they 2.1.2. A Sport Education Model have a preference for: Visual learning (pictures, movies, diagrams); Auditory learning (music, discussion, lectures); According to Daryl Siedentop [6], sport education is a Reading and writing (making lists, reading textbooks, curriculum and instruction model designed to provide taking notes); Kinesthetic learning (movement, authentic, educationally rich sport experiences for girls experiments, hands-on activities) and boys in the context of school physical education. School sport providing a wide range of sporting activities, 2.2. Process Modeling Steps where emphasis is on participation, competition and the score may also contribute to learning in a social context. There are numerous studies published that focus on Characteristic features of this model include: lots of different elements that are related to process modeling. formal competition aimed at winning (winning “at all cost” This Research follows on the Activity Theory and Process syndrome); record-oriented contents; extended (longer Modeling literature as well as Activity Theory and than usual) teaching units; combination of teaching and Activity-Driven (AD) approaches to ISD to give readers a training methods, styles (with an emphasis on training and glimpse of the philosophy and practical principles of the instruction rather than on pedagogical aims); sport skills AD approach, and justify choosing a framework. Activity practicing over health and physical activity education; the Theory (AT) was originally a socio-cultural theory to most talented in the scope of interests, weaker individuals understand cooperative human activities that have goals often left aside; contents of the lessons change with the and socio-technical systems (activities and information sport seasons; usually classes are well-organized (routine). systems). (Hedegaard, et al.[10]) Process Modeling Work Activity (PMWA) is considered appropriate to explain kinesthetic perceptions 2.1.3. The Tactical Games Approach Model in learning as an information system process and activities Tactical awareness in a game first before other skills as a result of the process of information received.
92 Quality Physical Education Learning through Process Modeling Based on Kinesthetic Perception
2.3. Research Objective and Research Design process modeling. The first stage is theory adaptation; construct the thematic questionnaires that were derived The aim of this study is to propose a practical, from Process Modeling Work Activity (PMWA). This theory-based framework that can be applied in analyzing work activity (Engestrom [10]) must start investigation the modeling of quality physical education-based on when the information system is developed. The Act AD kinesthetic perception as a socio-technical entity, and in (Activity Driven) framework where the Work Activity identifying potential improvements. (WA) as a systemic entity, includes: actor; object; To improve the modeling process in the idea of quality outcome; means of work; means of cooperation, physical education, we must first understand modeling communication and coordination; collective actor; process, work and its elements, identify the problem, and seek to input and output. Table 1 summarizes some major understand the reasons behind the problem. elements of PMWA (adapted from Luukkonen and The research design follows an approach consistent Mykkanen [11]). with the sequential type multimethod research design Thematic questionnaires collected are based on process (Mingers [11], Mingers and Brocklesby [12]). The modeling (motor learning, sports education, TGFU and research design includes three main research activities i.e.: VAK Learning Style). All questions and sub questions are Constructing thematic questionnaires, web-based data in a structured (closed) form using Likert scale. The theme collecting and analyzing data. in the questionnaire related to motor learning is about With the limitations of research, the thematic three stages in motor learning: a cognitive phase, an questionnaire uses a digital form, and then data collection associative phase, and an autonomous phase. Where the and analysis are carried out to produce a need analysis movement changes from the previous are slow, study of quality physical education models based on inconsistent, and inefficient, and large parts of the kinesthetic perception. movement are controlled consciously.
Table 1. The major elements of PMWA
Element Elements in WA Process Modeling Participants in modeling; students, physical Actor educators Object Target processes (PE classroom) Products that represent the increased knowledge and facts of the target processes Outcome (Learning environment, classroom management, PE learning outcomes) Means by which the modeling is conducted, Means of work both artifacts and mental means Means of cooperation, The communication and coordination of all communication and participants in the modeling coordination Individual actors whose cooperative efforts Collective actor are needed The inputs which have been formulated in Input the preceding activities and used in the process modeling WA Process Process of modeling The deliverables of the process modeling, Output reused by others TGFU is an inquiry approach to teaching games where the games are taught before skill refinement. There are four basic types of play: invasion / territory, net / wall, strike / fielding and target. What can be formulated from the sports education model is that it intends to provide children and adolescents with a more authentic and enjoyable sports Figure 1. Research Design experience than is usually seen in previous physical education classes; Students participate in as team members; taking an active role in their own sporting 3. Results and Discussion experience by living out the varied and realistic roles we see in authentic sports settings; develops friendships The results of this study are based on three stages of
International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences 9(1): 89-96, 2021 93
through team uniforms, names, and cheers as they work replicated, and that the learning focus will instead be on together to learn and develop tactical skills and play. The topics and lessons that students have yet to explore and three main goals that guide program development in Sport learn. In this stage, we differentiate between what the Education Model (SEM) are for students to become students known and what they should know after finishing competent, mobile, and enthusiastic individuals. the lesson. While VAK learning styles use three main sensory The analysis stage results answered the following issues receivers: Visual, Auditory, and Kinesthetic (movement) and questions: to determine the dominant learning style. VAK is also The background of the students/participants i.e. known as VAKT (Visual, Auditory, Kinesthetic, & personal and educational information such as age, Tactile). It is based on modality - the channel in which the previous experiences and interests; The students need to individual expresses and consists of a combination of accomplish learning, learner’s needs, learning target, perception and memory. educational goals, past knowledge levels, experiences, Since there is no single model that can provide a picture ages, interests, learning style of the learners, the of quality physical education, there are opportunities for Requirements of skills, intelligence, attitude and researchers, observers of physical education, teachers and physical/psychological action-reaction; the desired policy makers to create a model that combines the various learning outcomes in terms of knowledge, skills, attitudes, goodness of physical education learning models, a hybrid behavior; popular methods being used around the subject model of physical education based. The kinesthetic and taking a look at what needs to be developed and perspective benefits students by further increasing improved; review of existing instructional strategies self-confidence, because without depending on the five employed; target objectives of the project; instructional senses, especially the eyes, they can perform motoric skill. goals of the project; various options available with respect In addition, students will have balanced and precise to learning environment.; the most conducive learning movements, as they use their perceptions more than five environment; a combination offline/live or online learning; eye senses. Students will get used to and have restrictive factors to the overall goal. extraordinary motoric skills and are useful in their daily activities throughout their lifespan. Of the three stages in Table 2. Stage 2 of Process Modeling Result this research design (Constructing thematic questionnaires, Actor Physical Education Teachers and Students web-based data collecting and analyzing data), we discuss the result of the first stage i.e. Constructing thematic Object Physical Education Lesson Quality Physical Education learning based questionnaires as resilient arguments about the need to Outcome on kinesthetic perception develop a quality physical education learning model based Physical Education Facilities, props and on kinesthetic perceptions for elementary school students. Means of work equipment needed in the learning model Main concepts of the modeling process are then based on kinesthetic perception organized into open and closed questions. The predefined Means of The Teacher-Students and answer choices for multiple choice questions identified in cooperation, Student-Student communication and communication and coordination during Physical Education the process modeling literature correspond to the major coordination Lesson elements in PWMA. Other Physical Education teacher or Collective actor The questions were deeply tested by experts in proficient students psychology, motor learning, physical education, teachers, Physical education activities based on kinesthetic perception formulated in the and linguists and modified according to expert input. Input first stages from experts in the process Using Indonesian language is adjusted to understanding. modeling The original language of the questionnaire is Indonesian, Process modeling activities based Process which can improve the accuracy and understanding of the kinesthetic perception respondents. This article does not present a whole The result of process modeling, a physical education learning model based questionnaire and theme, and will be shown in another Output attachment. kinesthetic perception that is easy to reuse by other teachers Stage 2: analyze can be considered as the goal setting for the learning model. We focus on the target audience Finally, at the third stage, we interpreted the analysis i.e., students. It is also here that the model matches the results by outlining a quality physical education learning level of skill and intelligence of student/participant. This based on kinesthetic perception, which can be seen in the aims to ensure that what they already learned won’t be diagram below:
94 Quality Physical Education Learning through Process Modeling Based on Kinesthetic Perception
The main elements of Motor Learning Model are three stages of learning motor skills: a cognitive phase, an associative phase, and an autonomous phase. Earlier, movements are slow, inconsistent, and inefficient, and large parts of the movement are controlled consciously. Motor learning is a complex process occurring in the brain in response to practice or experience of a certain skill resulting in changes in the central nervous system. It allows for the production of a new motor skill. Kinesthetic perception focusing for this element on physical activities that need kinesthetic perception and visual-spatial movement.
The main elements of Sports Education is sports program that enhance students to become competent, literate, and enthusiastic players by designed learning experiences that facilitate students learning in realistic settings. Kinesthetic perception focusing for this element on experiencing sports game that needs kinesthetic perception and visual-spatial movement. Elements
The main element of TGfU is the teacher conveying why to do, and how to do a game before students make decisions and play games. The result of a combination of knowing the objectives and how to play will result in performance and understanding of learning objectives through play. Furthermore, the task of the physical education teacher is to increase student skills to next level. Kinesthetic perception focusing for this element on experiencing games in learning that needs kinesthetic perception and visual-spatial movement.
The main elements of VAR K Learner model are identifying students as visual, auditory, reading/writing, kinesthetic, learners, and aligning overall curriculum with these learning styles. Kinesthetic perception focusing for this element on blending learning activities that need kinesthetic perception and visual-spatial movement.
Figure 2. Quality Physical Education Learning Process Modeling based on Kinesthetic Perception
Thematic questionnaires are collected based on process obtained with a total of 115 questions related to them modeling. Based on the information and characteristics (motor learning, sports education, TGFU and VAK summarized in this hybridization model, 15 themes were Learning Style).
International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences 9(1): 89-96, 2021 95
Motor Learning determine the application of existing TGfU model in physical education activities based on kinesthetic The questionnaire given to the teacher was designed to perception. This is none other than to give students fun in determine the application of motor learning in physical learning that we believe will give them more education activities based on kinesthetic perception. This understanding about the Physical education lesson. is none other than to develop fundamental motor skill in any appropriate stages. Table 5. Respondents respond of thematic questionaire related to TGfU model Table 3. Respondents respond of thematic questionaire related to motor learning model Sample Answer Percentage Themes n SA A N DA Sample Answer Percentage (%) Themes D Game 25 60 40 n SA A NA A Game Appreciation 25 36 64 Motor Learning Stages 25 20 72 8 Tactical Awareness 25 20 72 4 4 Skill acquisition: Appropriate 25 40 56 4 consistency, flexibility 25 20 80 Performance and efficiency Skill Execution 25 32 68 Measurement of learning 25 28 68 4 Performance 25 40 52 8 The results of the questionnaire for the motor learning show that learning should be designed to enhance motor The results of the questionnaire for the TGfU show that learning activities, since in primary school, all lessons use physical education learning should design more fun a thematic approach. Most respondents agree that motor activities, and students will appreciate the lesson. Most learning stages, skill acquisition (consistency, flexibility respondents agree that physical education activities should and efficiency in movement) and also measurement of have any activities that include Game, Game Appreciation, motor learning should be focused on learning. Tactical Awareness, Appropriate Performance, Skill Execution and more chance to show their Performance. Sports Education Visual, Audio, Read and Kinesthetic (VARK) learner The questionnaire given to the teacher was designed to determine the application of existing sports education The questionnaire given to the teacher was designed to model in physical education activities based on kinesthetic determine the application of existing VARK model in perception. This is none other than to give student real physical education activities based on kinesthetic experience and fun in sports game. perception. This is none other than to give students with learning experience that pairs to their learning style. Table 4. Respondents respond of thematic questionaire related to sports education model Table 6. Respondents respond of thematic questionaire related to VARK Sample Answer Percentage learning model Themes n SA A NA DA Sample Answer Percentage Themes Promote Skill 25 60 32 4 4 n SA A NA TS Sports team player 25 40 60 Visual 25 72 28 Competition 25 52 40 8 Audio 25 60 40 Fun 25 72 28 Reading 25 40 52 8 Involvement 25 40 52 4 4 Kinesthetic 25 84 16
The results of the questionnaire for the sports education The results of the questionnaire for the VARK show show that physical education learning should be designed that physical education learning should design with to enhance sport game activities, and students will have personal approach, using understanding of student’s Total Sport Experiences (TSE). Most respondents strongly different learning style. agree that physical education activities should have any activities to promote skill, give student experience as a player in a sports team, and create real competition in 4. Conclusions miniature situation. All activities give student fun and involve all students in a game. The framework presented in this article gives a framework to analyze process modeling to produce a quality physical education model based on kinesthetic Teaching Game for Understanding (TGfU) perception. This framework is not ready to be used as The questionnaire given to the teacher was designed to such in physical education, but must go through the next
96 Quality Physical Education Learning through Process Modeling Based on Kinesthetic Perception
stage, gathering as much data as possible, refining the Edition: From Principles to Application 6th Edition. model, testing and finding problems, fixing it and then Philadelphia: Human Kinetics Publishers. 2019. interpreting it according to the conditions. [5] Daryl Siedentop. What is Sport Education and How Does it Conclusively using this model, students will learn Work? Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance. movement from Physical Education through real intuition 1998. 69:4, 18-20. DOI: 10.1080/07303084.1998.10605528 when they start the learning, and not through the verbal [6] Kirk D, MacPhail A. Teaching games for understanding and description of things (J.A. Comenius [14]). situated learning: Rethinking the Bunker-Thorpe model. Based on the existing model, the researcher offers Journal of teaching in Physical Education. 2002 Jan 1; physical education learning based on kinesthetic 21(2):177-92. perception model including 1) Element model of four [7] Michał Bronikowski. Physical education teaching and existing models (motor learning, sports education, TGfU learning. Academia Wychowania Fizycznego im. and VARK); 2) process activities based on Kinesthetic Eugeniusza Piaseckiego. 2010. perception; 3) facilities; 4) communication and [8] Neil D. Fleming and Colleen Mills. Not Another Inventory, collaboration; 5) collaborate and peer evaluation. This Rather a Catalyst for Reflection From To Improve the finding certainly needs to be investigated further through a Academy, Vol. 11. NZ: Lincoln University. 1992: 137. series of subsequent research and development. [9] Hedegaard M, Chaiklin S, Jensen UJ. Activity theory and social practice: An introduction. Activity theory and social practice. 1999:12-30. Acknowledgments [10] John Mingers. Combining IS Research Methods: Towards a We are very grateful to experts for their appropriate and Pluralist Methodology. Information Systems Research, Vol. 12, No. 3. 2001: 240–259 constructive suggestions to improve this article. [11] Mingers, J. and Brocklesby, J. Multimethodology: towards a framework for mixing methodologies', Omega. 25(5). 1997:489-509 [12] Yrjo Engestrom. Activity theory as a framework for analyzing and redesigning work, Ergonomics, 43:7, 2000: REFERENCES 960-974. DOI: 10.1080/001401300409143 [1] Javier Fernandez-Rio. Quality Physical Education through [13] Luukkonen, Irmeli and Juha Mykkanen. Analyzing Process Models-Based Practice, Conference: 8th International Modelling as Work Activity, Conference Paper, Research Scientific Conference on Kinesiology At: Opatija (Croatia). Gate.2012. 2017. [14] Björn Norlin. Comenius, moral and pious education, and the [2] Gardner, Howard. Frames of mind: The theory of multiple why, when and how of school discipline, History of intelligences. UK: Hachette. 2011 Education, 49:3, 2000:287-312, DOI: 10.1080/0046760X.2 020.1739759 [3] M.D. Borg & Gall, Joyce P. Educational Research: An Introduction, 7th Edition. Utah: Pearson. 2003. [15] Kostiantyn Prontenko, et al. Formation of Readiness of Future Physical Culture Teachers for Professional Activity, [4] Richard A. Schmidt and Tim Lee. Motor Learning and Universal Journal of Educational Research 7(9): 1860-1868, Performance 6th Edition with Web Study Guide-Loose-Leaf 2019, DOI: 10.13189/ujer.2019.070903
International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences 9(1): 97-102, 2021 http://www.hrpub.org DOI: 10.13189/saj.2021.090113
A Variation of Push Up for Overhead Pass on Volleyball Games
Fauziah Nuraini Kurdi*, Hartati, Yeni Risnawati, Destriana
Department of Physical Education and Health, Universitas Sriwijaya, Palembang, Indonesia
Received September 22, 2020; Revised December 15, 2020; Accepted December 23, 2020
Cite This Paper in the following Citation Styles (a): [1] Fauziah Nuraini Kurdi, Hartati, Yeni Risnawati, Destriana , "A Variation of Push Up for Overhead Pass on Volleyball Games," International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 97-102, 2021. DOI: 10.13189/saj.2021.090113. (b): Fauziah Nuraini Kurdi, Hartati, Yeni Risnawati, Destriana (2021). A Variation of Push Up for Overhead Pass on Volleyball Games. International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences, 9(1), 97-102. DOI: 10.13189/saj.2021.090113. Copyright©2021 by authors, all rights reserved. Authors agree that this article remains permanently open access under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 International License
Abstract This study aims to determine the effect of various push up exercises on the results of passing over in extracurricular volleyball activities for male students of class VIII Muhammadiyah Junior High School Megang 1. Introduction Sakti, Musi Rawas. This type of research is a quasy experiment with a pretest-posttest one group design. The Students play volleyball optimally. A player must know sample in this study amounted to 30 people. The instrument and practice the basic techniques in this game. Some of used was a passing test on the wall. The treatment in this the basic techniques include passing the ball, smashing the study was in the form of various push-up training methods, ball, blocking the ball, and servicing the ball. These four after being given exercise for 6 weeks with a frequency of basic techniques must be mastered well; there are two training 3 times a week. Based on the results of research basic techniques of passing the ball in volleyball, namely and data analysis with statistical t test with a significant upper passing and lower passing. Good passing mastery level of α = 0.05, it was obtained tcount (0.10) while ttable will help a feeder provide good ball feed according to (1.70), then tcount> ttable, then Ha was accepted and Ho certain agreed codes [1] was rejected. Thus Ha can be submitted it can be accepted, Students can produce good and correct over passes in that the push up exercise varies with the results overhead addition to routine training must be supported by good pass in the volleyball extracurricular activities of male physical training to support the muscle strength needed in students class VIII Junior High School Muhammadiyah passing volleyball according to [2] volleyball is closely Megang Sakti Musi Rawas. The findings in this study are related to an-aeroob movements, and volleyball athletes the results of training methods of variation push up that can that you should look for are athletes who have the fast be used to improve the ability overhead pass volleyball. tuwis muscle type. Movement characters in volleyball The implication of this research is that various push up require physical conditions, including speed, strength, exercises can be used as a type of exercise to improve of explosive power, flexibility, agility and endurance. The the volleyball overhead pass ability. This research was tests that trigger movement in volleyball include various conducted in junior high schools and the samples were push- ups which aim to determine the strength and students who took volleyball extracurricular activities, so endurance of the hand muscles. this study was aimed at novice athletes or new to volleyball, One of the most difficult basic techniques for students so this research is suitable for beginners. to do is passing over, and over passing in the opinion of [3] passing over is a pass that is carried out when the ball is at Keywords Variety of Pushup Exercises, Volleyball shoulder level or higher. Overhead Pass Based on observations and observations that have been 98 A Variation of Push Up for Overhead Pass on Volleyball Games
made on extracurricular activities at Muhammadiyah which is then continued with re-measurement (posttest) to Junior High School, Megang Sakti District, Musi Rawas see whether or not there is a difference before and after District, there are still many students who have not giving treatment. The instrument used was a passing test mastered the basic techniques of good volleyball. This can on the wall. The treatment in this study was in the form of be seen due to the lack of achievements. In fact, if it is various push-up training methods, after being given viewed from the facilities and infrastructure, it is good exercise for 6 weeks with a frequency of training 3 times a enough for students to achieve better performance in week. The experimental method is a method that provides volleyball games. or uses a symptom called exercise. With the training given, In addition, one of the obstacles faced by students in it will be seen a cause and effect relationship as a result of developing volleyball games is poor physical ability when the exercise. In this study, the authors wanted to find out students do the results of passing over to teammates who whether there was an effect of varied push-up training on do not reach the target or do not have maximum passing the results of passing on volleyball extracurricular over them. Whereas in the game of volleyball, good activities for male students of Class VIII Junior High physicality is needed so that it supports volleyball game school Muhammadiyah Megang Sakti District, Musi skills. One of them is the basic technique of passing on Rawas Regency. The population in this study was 30 male volleyball, therefore there must be an appropriate training extracurricular students. After the initial test or pretest method to improve the physical abilities of these students. was carried out, then a sample of 30 was given an exercise In accordance with the problems faced, especially when program for six weeks. After going through eight weeks passing over, suitable physical training methods are varied of practice, then the final test or posttest is carried out. push- ups because this exercise aims to increase the This implementation was carried out on 14 October - 10 strength and endurance of the hand muscles in increasing November 2019. The sample used is not given the name, the results of passing over repulsion in volleyball. only to showed the basic training ground so that it is clear From the results of observations made from 30 male where and when this research was conducted, because the students who took part in volleyball extracurricular sampling method is purposive sampling, the sample must activities, only 10 students could pass the top well. This is be in accordance with the objectives of the study. influenced by the lack of variation in physical exercise Push-ups and its variations have examined muscle and poor hand muscle strength so that the results of activation of push-ups typically examining variations in passing over do not reach the target. Previous research by hand placement, or a specific variation in exercise [4] passing exercise on double contact in pairs can technique, many variations of push-ups such as conditions improve the results of playing volleyball, in addition, [5] that include elevated feet or hands. These different types development of overhand serves learning techniques in of push-ups can be readily prescribed in fitness settings volleyball game can improve service results for volleyball potentially offering variation to the program and a range games, in addition, [6] the implementation of underpass of low to higher intensity options. learning techniques volleyball for junior high school from Subjects were instructed in and received demonstration this study there are several ways that can improve the of each push-up variation including a regular push-up, and results of the game under volleyball. It stands to reason those performed with flexed knee, feet elevated on a that varied push-ups are a form of physical exercise that 30.48-cm box, feet elevated on a 61 cm box, hands aims to increase hand muscle strength and produce elevated on a 31 box, and hands elevated on a 61 cm box. maximum passing repulsion. Based on the description For all warm-up, practice, and test push-ups, subjects' above, the researcher conducted a study entitled "The hand placement was defined as the width equal to the Effect of Varied Push Up Exercises on Upper Passing distance of contralateral acromion processes measured Results in Volleyball Extracurricular Activities for Boys from the inside border of each hand with hands placed Class VIII Junior High School Muhammadiyah Megang under the shoulders in the beginning position, which was Sakti District Musi Rawas District". This study is useful characterized by full elbow extension. to see the effect of variation push up training on passing Subjects warmed up by performing 3 repetitions of each volleyball by knowing its effect, and the results of this push-up variation in a randomized order. After 1,5 study will greatly benefit the development in the field of minutes of rest, subjects performed 2 repetitions of each training, especially volleyball. push-up variation in randomized order. Subjects rested for, 5 minute in between each push-up variation. A metronome was used to control the cadence of the 2. Materials and Methods push-up repetitions with each repetition performed for a count of 2 seconds in each of the eccentric and concentric The research is a quasy experiment using the research phase. A relatively fast pace was desired because previous design / design "pretest and posttest one group" [7] The research demonstrated higher levels of power and work first step taken is measurement (pretest), then the for fast compared to slower cadences and the 2-second treatment is carried out within a certain period of time, cadence has been demonstrated to be effective at
International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences 9(1): 97-102, 2021 99
increasing upper body strength table as follows: Figure 1. The research was conducted for 8 weeks with 18 meetings every Monday, Thursday and Saturday. When doing the initial test or pretest, each student is given 1 chance to do a pass over the wall and the highest score is used as the student's pretest ability. After doing the pretest, being given the treatment in the form of varied push up exercises for 18 meetings. Furthermore, a final or posttest assessment was held to determine how significant the effect of varied push-up exercises was on the results of passing over on volleyball extracurricular activities for male students of class VIII Junior High School
Muhammadiyah Megang Sakti District Musi Rawas. Figure 1. Prettest histogram
2.1. Result Based on Figure 1, the data were obtained on the pre-test passing over on the wall, the middle value (test At the beginning of the study, the initial test or pretest results 27-29) is 3 people, the middle value (test results was first carried out in the experimental group and after 30-32) is 8 people, the middle value (test results 33 - 35) being given treatment in the form of varied push-ups for 6 are 6 people, the middle value (test results 36 - 38) there weeks with a frequency of training 3 times a week after are 9 people, the middle value (test results 39 - 41) there that the final or posttest test was carried out to see whether are 4 people, the middle value (test results 42 - 44) there or not there was a change after being given treatment, as are 0 people. follows, this is the pretest result of the experimental group. Based on the above analysis, it is found the Km value The results of the pretest conducted on October 14, 2019 for the experimental group pretest data. Because Km is for the experimental group, were obtained as follow. -0.02 and this price is between (-1) and (+1), the pretest Based on table 1, it can be seen that the highest value is data for the experimental group are normally distributed. 39, the lowest score is 27, the range is 12, the mean The results of research are from 30 samples taken at obtained from the pretest is 33.9 and the standard Junior High School Muhammadiyah Megang Sakti deviation obtained from the pretest results is 84.5752. District, Musi Rawas District. From the pretest data, the Based on the results of table 2, the distribution list of highest datum is 44, the lowest datum is 27, the mean 33.9 the results of the passing over test on the wall (pretest) can standard deviation is 84.5752 and the slope of the curve is be seen that the frequency is 30, the number of middle -0.02. Posttest data obtained the highest data 49 lowest values (x) 211, the number x2 7587, the number fi.xi 1017, data 32 mean 39.4 standard deviation 22.728 and the slope and the number of fi.xi2 is 241913 based on the list of the curve -0.17. pretest distribution, which can be described in a histogram
Table 1. Data Distribution of passing over instruments on the wall (pretest)
Variable N Highest Amount Lower Amount Range Mean Sd Overheadpass 30 39 27 12 33,9 84,5752
Table 2. Table of Test Instruments Passing over on the wall (pretest)
Class interval frequency (f) Middle value (x) X2 fi.xi fi.xi2 27 – 29 3 28 784 84 7056 30 – 32 8 31 961 248 61504 33 – 35 6 32 1024 192 36864 36 – 38 9 37 1369 333 110889 39 – 41 4 40 1600 160 25600 42 – 44 0 43 1849 0 0 Total 30 211 7587 1017 241913
Table 3. Tableof test instrument passing over on the wall (posttest)
Variable N Highest Amount Lowest Amount Range Mean Standard deviation Overheadpass 30 44 32 12 39,4 22,728
100 A Variation of Push Up for Overhead Pass on Volleyball Games
Table 3. shows that the highest value is 44, the lowest Based on Figure 2, the data obtained on the posttest score is 32, the range is 12, the average obtained from the passing over on the wall, the middle value (test results 32 posttest is 39.4 and the standard deviation obtained from - 34) are 4 people, the middle value (test results 35-37) are the posttest results is 22.728. 4 people, the middle value (test results 38-40) are 9 people, the middle value (test results 41 - 43) were 10 people, the Table 4. Table of Test Instruments Passing over on the wall (posttest) middle value (test results 44 - 46) were 3 people, the Class frequency Middle X2 fi.xi fi.xi2 middle value (test results 47 - 49) were 0 people. interval (f) value (x) Data on table 5, the comparison of the pretest and 32 – 34 4 33 1098 132 17424 posttest results with a total N of 30can be seen in the table 35 – 37 4 36 1296 144 20736 above the pretest results with the highest number of 44 38 – 40 9 39 1521 351 123201 and the lowest number of 27 with a mean of 33.9 mode 41 – 43 10 42 1764 420 16800 36.24 and deviation deviation of 84.5752. The data from the posttest results with the highest number of 49 and the 44 – 46 3 45 2025 135 18225 lowest number with 32 mean 39.4 mode 40.75 and 47 – 49 0 48 2304 0 0 deviation deviation is 22.728 so that the mean pretest and Jumlah 30 243 10008 1182 196386 posttest can increase by 5.5. Testing in data normality, the formula used is the slope Based on the results of table 4 the distribution list of the of the curve or Km person test. Based on the above results of the passing over the wall (posttest) test, it can be calculations, it is known that the slope value for the seen that the frequency is 30, the number of middle values experimental group pretest data is (-0.02) then the slope (x) 243, the number x2 10008, the number fi.xi 1182, and value for the experimental group posttest data is (-0.17). the number of fi.xi2 is 196386. Based on the distribution Based on these values, both the data at the pretest and list posttest, it can be described in a histogram table as posttest were normally distributed, namely between (-1) follows: and (+1). Data from the statistical calculation "t test" obtained results while the T table is 1.70 which is obtained from the T distribution table with dk (30-2) = 28 and the confidence level of 95% (α = 0.05), listed in the table. The criteria for testing the hypothesis accept H1 if Tcount> Ttable (1-α), and reject H0 if Tcount
Table 5. List of Improved Pretest and Posttest Results Increase in Mean Result N Max Value Min Value Mean Modus SD Pretest and Posttest Pretest 30 44 27 33,9 36,24 84, 5752 5,5 Posttest 30 49 32 39,4 40,75 22,728
International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences 9(1): 97-102, 2021 101
2.2. Discussion findings reseach that multimedia macroflash is effectively used to improve the learning outcomes of pasing skills on According to Soerjono Soekanto [8], Research is a the game of volleyball, next research [19] the circuit scientific activity based on analysis and construction weight training can be used to improve strength in which is carried out systematically, methodologically and volleyball player, beside that in aother research. This consistently and aims to reveal the truth. According to study is useful to see the effect of push-up training on the Ismaryati [9] (2008: 123-124), push- ups have become a results of playing volleyball, by knowing the effect of the routine exercise to do, if they are done regularly, you will results of this exercise, it can be used as a reference in not feel heavy, and will get great benefits. The treatment volleyball game training, especially overhead pass. in this study was in the form of various push-up training methods, after being given exercise for 6 weeks with a frequency of training 3 times a week. The purpose of 3. Conclusions training as well as the main goal of training or training is to help athletes improve their skills and performance as There is an effect of various push-up exercises on the much as possible. To achieve this, there are four aspects results of overhead pass in volleyball extracurricular of training that need to be considered and trained carefully activities for male students of class VIII Muhammadiyah by athletes, namely physical training, technical training, Junior High School, Megang Sakti Musi Rawas Regency. tactical training, and mental training [10] The process of The implementation of this research is for the players physical conditioning exercises that are carried out (coaches and players) of variation pushup to be a choice carefully, repeatedly with increasing training load allows a of exercises that can be used to improve the playing field person's physical fitness to be more skilled, strong and of volleyball, beside that practitioners in fitness settings efficient in his movements. According to [11] 12] said that: should use the body weight coefficient data presented in "the increase in training occurs within 2-6 weeks but this study to understand the progression of push-up usually 4 weeks (1 month). This thing that needs to be intensity from lower to higher intensity push-up variations. considered is the increase in training if the exercise is These data can also be used to quantify the approximate done at least 3 times a week. The more often and the more load as a percentage of body mass for the purpose of exercises, the faster the improvement, but you must pay quantifying load and volume in a resistance training attention to the principles of training so as not to program to enhance upper body fitness. This research was overtraining. For this reason, the development of the best conducted in junior high schools and the samples were physical condition components also helps an athlete to be students who took volleyball extracurricular activities, so able to follow the next training in an effort to achieve the this study was aimed at novice athletes or new to highest achievement. volleyball, so this research is suitable for beginners. Based on the results of research and data analysis with statistical t test with a significant level of α = 0.05, it was obtained tcount (0.10) while ttable (1.70), then tcount> Acknowledgments ttable, then Ha was accepted and Ho was rejected. Thus Ha can be submitted it can be accepted, that the push up Thanks to everyone who was involved in the research exercise varies with the results of passing over in the process so that it can be used. volleyball extracurricular activities of male students class VIII Junior High School Muhammadiyah kec. Megang Sakti Kab. Musi Rawas.[13] push- up training has given more significant results to the results of fying shoots in REFERENCES students of the Bekasi Unisma Handball community, [14]. Normal push-up exercises have a better effect on the [1] Faruq, M. M. (2009). Mningk Kbugarn Mll... Bola Voli. Grasindo. results of throws in players Puslat Garuda, [15] that push-up training can improve smash accuracy in [2] Sukirno, Waluyo.2012. Cabang Olahraga Bola Voli. volleyball players at Club Sigma Palu, besides that [16] Palembang : Unsri Press push up training has a significant effect on student arm [3] Beutelstahi.2007. Belajar Bermain Bola Voli.Bandung : muscle strength in. Surabaya, another research by [17], Pionir Jaya there is an effect of Crocodile Push training -Up and [4] Destriana, D. (2018). Latihan Pasing Atas Double Contact Burpee on arm muscle strength and the results of Flying Terhadap Keterampilan Bola Voli. Altius: Jurnal Ilmu Shoot Shooting Handball Students of STKIP PGRI Olahraga dan Kesehatan, 7(1). Sumenep. The results of the above research indicate that push-ups contribute to the arm muscles where pasing on [5] Switri, E., & Yusfi, H. (2020, February). Development of Overhand Serves Learning Techniques in Volleyball Game. the ball game in the implementation of motion is In 1st South Borneo International Conference on Sport dominated by arm muscle strength., beside that [18] the Science and Education (SBICSSE 2019) (pp. 53-56).
102 A Variation of Push Up for Overhead Pass on Volleyball Games
Atlantis Press. Dan Sit-Up Statis Terhadap Hasil Lemparan Kedalam Pada Pemain Puslat Garuda Semarang Tahun 2014 (Doctoral [6] Yusfi, H. (2020, March). The Implementation of Underpass dissertation, UNIVERSITAS NEGERI SEMARANG). Learning Techniques Volleyball for Junior High School. In International Conference on Progressive Education (ICOPE [15] Suarsana, I. M. S. I. M., & Baan, A. B. B. A. B. (2013). 2019) (pp. 95-99). Atlantis Press. Pengaruh Latihan Kekuatan Otot Lengan Terhadap Ketepatan Smash Dalam Permainan Bola Voli Club Sigma [7] Arikunto, Suharsimi. 2013. Prosedur Penelitian Suatu Palu. Tadulako Journal Sport Sciences and Physical Pendekatan Praktik. Jakarta: Renika cipta. Education, 1(3). [8] Soekanto, S. (2016). Pengantar Ilmu Ekonomi. [16] Qutoriki Rohmah, M. I. F. T. A. H., & Purnomo, M. (2018). [9] Ismaryati.2008. Tes dan Pengukuran Olahraga. Cetakan 2 Pengaruh latihan chest press resistance band dan push up Surakarta: LPP UNS dan UNS Press terhadap kekuatan otot lengan mahasiswa Universitas Negeri Surabaya. Jurnal Prestasi Olahraga, 1(4). [10] Sutarto, S., Pd, M., Syarifuddin, S. P., & Pd, M. (2013). Desain Pembelajaran Matematika. Yogyakarta: Samudra [17] Segara, B., Sudijandoko, A., & Kartiko, D. C. (2020). Biru. Pengaruh Latihan Crocodile Push Up Dan Burpee Terhadap Kekuatan Otot Lengan Dan Hasil Shooting Handball [11] Bompa,Tudor O. 1999. Theory and Methodology of Mahasiswa Stkip Pgri Sumenep. Jurnal Ilmiah Mandala Training. Bandung: Program Pasca Sarjana Universitas Education, 6(1). Padjadjaran. [18] Hartati, H., Destriana, D., Aryanti, S., & Destriani, D. (2018, [12] Apta Mylsidayu, dan Febi Kurniawan. 2015.Ilmu September). Macro Flash-based Multimedia for Kepelatihan dasar. Bandung. Alfa Beta Improvement the Learning Result of Volleyball Game. In International Conference on Teacher Training and [13] Mustaqim, E. A. (2018). Pengaruh Latihan Push Up Dan Education 2018 (ICTTE 2018). Atlantis Press. Pull Up Terhadap Hasil Flying Shoot Dalam Permainan Bola Tangan Pada Mahasiswa Komunitas Bola Tangan [19] Hartati, H., Bayu, W. I., & Aryanti, S. (2020, February). Unisma Bekasi. Genta Mulia: Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan, Effect of 8-Week Circuit Weight Training on Strength. In 9(1). 4th International Conference on Sport Science, Health, and Physical Education (ICSSHPE 2019) (pp. 27-29). Atlantis [14] Hanafi, R. K. (2015). Pengaruh Latihan Push-Up Normal Press.
International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences 9(1): 103-109, 2021 http://www.hrpub.org DOI: 10.13189/saj.2021.090114
The Effect of Gamma Wave Optimization and Attention on Hitting Skills in Softball
Jajat Darajat Kusumah Negara1,*, Sufyar Mudjianto1, Astri Budikayanti2, Adhitya Nugraha PP1
1Department of Sport Education, Faculty of Sport Education and Health, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Bandung, 40154, West Java, Indonesia 2Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, 10440, DKI Jakarta, Indonesia
Received September 22, 2020; Revised December 2, 2020; Accepted December 15, 2020
Cite This Paper in the following Citation Styles (a): [1] Jajat Darajat Kusumah Negara, Sufyar Mudjianto, Astri Budikayanti, Adhitya Nugraha PP , "The Effect of Gamma Wave Optimization and Attention on Hitting Skills in Softball," International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 103-109, 2021. DOI: 10.13189/saj.2021.090114. (b): Jajat Darajat Kusumah Negara, Sufyar Mudjianto, Astri Budikayanti, Adhitya Nugraha PP (2021). The Effect of Gamma Wave Optimization and Attention on Hitting Skills in Softball. International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences, 9(1), 103-109. DOI: 10.13189/saj.2021.090114. Copyright©2021 by authors, all rights reserved. Authors agree that this article remains permanently open access under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 International License
Abstract Hitting the ball is a complicated ability in Keywords Attention, Gamma Brain Waves, Hitting softball academicie, because in appreciation to prioritizing Skills, Softball Games movement skills, cognitive appearances additionally need to be investigated, one of which is attention. Meanwhile, going to hit the ball requires excellent attention for an individual student. Exhibiting gamma waves further influence arrangements of hitting performance. The 1. Introduction objectives of this study were first, to determine the negative The optimized state of performance reached by sport functional correlation between gamma brain waves and elites offers a privileged domain for studying the different hitting skills, then second to know the positive functional neuronal oscillations linked to sensorimotor and cognitive correlation between attention and hitting skills and third to control getting to final success or failure[1]. The human determine the effect of attention on increasing hitting skills. brain is the various vital glands for all life perspectives, The method used in this research is an experimental including regulating all body functions, responding to all method with a one-group pretest-posttest design research physical activities, and in the thought process in design. The sampling technique in this study was using a determining decisions. The human brain adapts to saturated sampling technique. This investigation amounted changing demands by altering its functional and structural to 20 subjects, in the calculation of the Pearson properties neuroplasticity, which results in learning and product-moment correlation test using SPSS v.23. The first acquiring skills[2]. Brain development, or learning, is the results collected were p-value 0.026 with an r square value process of creating, strengthening, and discarding of 0.25, so there is a significant negative functional connections among the neurons; these connections are correlation between gamma brain waves and hitting skills called synapses. Synapses organize the brain by forming in softball learning of 25%. The second issue obtained pathways that connect the parts of the brain governing p-value 0.017 with an r square value of 0.28, so there is a everything we do — from breathing and sleeping to significant positive functional correlation between thinking and feeling[3]. Brain is an organ that is easily attention and hitting skills in softball learning by 28%. affected by the physical changes, especially in modern Furthermore, thirdly, the results obtained p-value 0.0001 times, when the increasing pollution quickly poisons between pre-test and post-test, with a significant increase people. When the poisonous substances enter the body, in skills of 70.17%, so there is a significant influence every organ, including the brain, will be endangered. between attention and hitting skills. Abnormalities will occur to the brain in terms of attention, 104 The Effect of Gamma Wave Optimization and Attention on Hitting Skills in Softball
memory, eyesight, intellect, and balance[3,4]. Attention is children or adolescents have difficulty playing softball a complex cognitive process of selecting essential issues because softball is relatively more difficult. After all, it is and ignoring those which are less critical. Attention and associated with a high degree of accuracy, so they concentration both are equally important for physiological experience stress or anxiety[10,11]. The key to successful and behavioral responses.[5] When an individual is batting is practice. Batting drills allow the batter to conscious, she/he possesses two types of attention, active perform many swings quickly, which is essential because and passive. Active attention is a voluntary process of muscle memory depends on repetition, and each drill increased alertness, concentration, interest, and needs. helps the batter focus on one particular aspect of the swing, Curiosity and hunger are the stimulants for active accelerating the learning. Good practice will enhance attention. Passive attention can be an involuntary performance, and each swing must be executed to cognitive process that quickly gets distracted by any perfection. Remember, only perfect practice makes perfect. external stimuli[6]. The drills included in this section are some examples. Use The aim of study is how the brain oscillating attention imagination and compile others[12]. and hitting performance. Learning to perform well in Sherwin's research has shown that many players sports is difficult and time-consuming. Sports often experience difficulty in hitting movements because the involve physical tasks that require specific choreography hitter must predict and decide quickly and accurately in in order to be most effective. For example, golf swings, order to produce the right motor response[13].Other tennis serves, basketball free throws, and martial arts studies have shown that quick and precise decision kicks all involve a series of movements that must be making plays a vital role in hitting motion—the functional appropriately timed and executed. Acquiring the physical result of the brain in the form of gamma waves[14]. Other skills necessary to perform such movements well requires evidence by Castaneda found that a skilled hitter pays three steps: (1) task definition, (2) practice, and (3) attention to external factors (pitcher and ball direction) performance assessment. The process is iterative and while a less skilled hitter gives more attention to internal continues indefinitely, with feedback from performance factors (hitting motion)[15]. assessment at each step revising the task definition[7]. The brain's functional appearance is influenced by fluctuating brain waves, depending on a person's 2. Materials and Methods psychological state[8]. Brain waves are generated from activities between neurons in the brain that are Neurosky Mindwave Mobile's is an interconnected with each other to deliver information electroencephalograph (EEG) research instrument that which eventually causes vibrations and produces a type of detects gamma brain waves in the frequency range 32 - wave that is divided into several types of brain waves 100 Hz range and WujiBrain software for mac v.127. based on their frequency, namely gamma, beta, alpha, Attention measurement using grid exercise concentration theta, and delta[8]. As research found by Cheron et al., it test and the O'Donnel fungo batting test to measure is necessary to pay attention to achieving the brain's best performance hitting skills. performance because it determines motor and The research subjects involved were Indonesia psychological controls such as motivation, attention, goal University of Education students with 20 male students setting, memory, self-control, and decision making[1]. applying simple random sampling and met the inclusion Another fact shows that gamma brain waves occur when a criteria. The subject’s inclusion criteria were having person is fully conscious or very alert. Gamma waves are exercised>1 year; male, and had no chronic disease useful in increasing attention, perception, and memory. background, had a BMI in the Normal category, agreed, Excessive stress or anxiety, such as public appearances, and was willing to volunteer by filling in the consent panic, and fear, will cause a relatively high increase in information and ethical research. The duration of the gamma waves[9]. study was three months, according to the research Softball games can provide benefits and stimulator, procedure. (See the figure 1). both psychomotor, cognitive, and productive[10]. Many
International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences 9(1): 103-109, 2021 105
Figure 1. Research procedure. Research subjects must meet the inclusion criteria. In the first week, the initial measurements were carried out in gamma waves, softball hitting, and attention. Test protocol: the subject's head is installed with 3. Result Mindwave Mobile and ensured that it is safe and firmly attached to the head, then connect to a computer device Table 1. Demography of subjects and make sure that the device connected via Bluetooth Variable Mean ± SD Min Max N with the Wujibrain v.127 software. The subject did a grid ± exercise test to measure attention for one minute, then Aged 19,65 1,26 17 22 immediately performed an O'Donnel test to measure 10x Height (m) 1,70 ± 0,05 1,58 1,80 20 hitting skills. Treatment consists of regular softball Weight (Kg) 63,40 ± 10,05 50 63 training for beginners three times a week for eight weeks. BMI 21,98 ± 3,68 17,30 34,16 The last week took the final measurement (same as the initial measurement). Data were collected and analyzed Table 2. Description of all variables data using XLSTAT v.2020.3.1 for mac software. To analyze the correlation between variables, the Pearson Correlation Variables Min Max Mean ± SD test was performed at p <0.05. Demography of subject Gamma Pre 86,64 95,83 90,96 ± 2,26 consist of aged, height, weight and body mass index (see waves Post 78,92 86,07 82,69 ± 1,88 table 1). Percentage of mody mass index category (see fig Pre 4,00 11,00 7,20 ± 2,02 Attentions 2). Gain-score of all variables with the parameters Post 9,00 18,00 12,65 ± 2,79 minimum value, maximum value, mean and standard Pre 23,67 32,67 27,45 ± 2,03 deviation (see fig 3). Summary of gamma wave, attention, Hitting skills Post 30,67 43,33 39,12 ± 3,16 hitting performance (see table 2).
106 The Effect of Gamma Wave Optimization and Attention on Hitting Skills in Softball
Figure 2. Percentage of body mass index category
Figure 3. Gain score of gamma-wave, attention and hitting. Mean ± SD: (-8,26 ± 2,00); (5,45 ± 2,82); (11,67 ± 3,39).
International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences 9(1): 103-109, 2021 107
Figure 4. The scatter plot of significant pearson correlation between variables of gamma-wave with hitting performance. R= -0,495; p-value = 0,026.
This study also proved that there is a negative correlation between decrease gamma wave and increase hitting performance. That indicates the contribution of gamma-wave to hitting has R2=0,245 or 24,55%. (So, it is possible that if the gamma wave is too high, it will interfere with the performance of the hitting skill, evidenced by the Pearson correlation test results at p-value 0.05. (See Fig. 4). In figure 5, proved of significant correlation between variables of gamma-wave with attention. The coefficients of determination R2=0,207 or 20,7% (contribution of gamma-wave to attention).
Figure 5. The Scatter plot of pearson correlation between variables of gamma wave with attention. R= -0,455; p-value = 0,044.
108 The Effect of Gamma Wave Optimization and Attention on Hitting Skills in Softball
Figure 6. The Pearson correlation test was results of the correlation between attention and the performance of hitting skills resulted in a positive functional correlation r = 0.528, a coefficient of determination of 0.279, or a 27.9% contribution. The results of the statistical significance test resulted in a p-value of 0.0127 *. This analysis means that attention ability will affect the improvement of hitting performance. 4. Conclusions conducted by Chu et al., found that a decrease in gamma waves during competition is identical to an increase in Electroencephalography (EEG) is an electrical activity movement and a better response to a motion, on the other in the brain, the amount of which depends on the situation hand, an increase in gamma waves is identical to a and condition of a person[16] EEG will fluctuate decrease in movement and response to motion because an depending on the psychological condition and cognitive increase in gamma waves is associated with a decreased abilities in dealing with and solving a problem[17], [18] response. motion due to one's anxiety or hesitation in The brain is an essential part of humans, which consists of performing a movement, on the other hand, a decrease in neurons. These neurons will carry electrical signals from gamma waves is associated with the emergence of better neurons to other neurons.[9], [19], [20] One of them is movements due to belief and less anxiety[22]. cognitive activity. Brain performance is influenced by The result of another analysis test through Pearson mental conditions, lifestyle, and age.[21] correlation between attention and hitting skills has a This study aims to determine and analyze the EEG positive functional correlation, with a value of r = 0.528 signal biofeedback in the form of gamma waves that with a coefficient of determination of 0.279, this is interact with physical activity in the form of softball evidence that attention can affect hitting performance by hitting skills and attention. The activity of γ-wave reflects 27.9% with a statistical value of p-0.0127. Accordance the association of selective attention between auditory and with the prediction of the researchers that increased visual cortical areas.[22] If it looks at the results of the attention affects hitting ability. Same with Castaneda and Pearson analysis test, all research variables' correlation Gray's research that the effect of attention is a crucial has a significant correlation. According to this research, aspect because when someone is about to hit, the stimulus an effect was found from regular hitting training added by received is in the form of a ball which is then received by laying focus training and surprising results. The eye stimulation which is then transmitted to the brain to correlation between gamma wave and hitting skills found be immediately processed and responded to in the form of a negative correlation of -0.495 with a p-value of 0.026. motion. because when it becomes a hitter, no one can help, Decreasing gamma waves could affect performance by with the interference from the audience and the high and 24.5%. If the gamma wave is too high, it will lose varied speed of throwing the ball, which makes a hitter concentration and attention when hitting. The evidenced has to be able to focus his attention on the arrival of the correlation between gamma wave variable and attention ball, regardless of other disturbances[15]. The movement has a negative correlation of -0.455 with a p-value of of hitting a softball ball is complex and unpredictable. 0.044; This also contributed to a 20.7% decrease in refers to be a stimulus to increase anxiety[18], [23]–[27]. gamma on attention ability. Furthermore, this research Excessive anxiety will affect the decrease in final
International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences 9(1): 103-109, 2021 109
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International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences 9(1): 110-116, 2021 http://www.hrpub.org DOI: 10.13189/saj.2021.090115
The Effect of Shuttle Drill Training on the Ability of Dribbling Ball in Soccer Games in Extracuricular Students of Sma Negeri 1 Lembak
Maya Kurnia*, Putri Cicilia Kristina, Husni Fahritsani, Perabu Nita, Hengki Kumbara, Daryono
Department of Sports Educatioan, Faculty of Teaching and Education Science, Universitas PGRI Palembang, Palembang, Indonesia
Received September 22, 2020; Revised December 24, 2020; Accepted January 6, 2021
Cite This Paper in the following Citation Styles (a): [1] Maya Kurnia, Putri Cicilia Kristina, Husni Fahritsani, Perabu Nita, Hengki Kumbara, Daryono , "The Effect of Shuttle Drill Training on the Ability of Dribbling Ball in Soccer Games in Extracuricular Students of Sma Negeri 1 Lembak," International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 110-116, 2021. DOI: 10.13189/saj.2021.090115. (b): Maya Kurnia, Putri Cicilia Kristina, Husni Fahritsani, Perabu Nita, Hengki Kumbara, Daryono (2021). The Effect of Shuttle Drill Training on the Ability of Dribbling Ball in Soccer Games in Extracuricular Students of Sma Negeri 1 Lembak. International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences, 9(1), 110-116. DOI: 10.13189/saj.2021.090115. Copyright©2021 by authors, all rights reserved. Authors agree that this article remains permanently open access under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 International License
Abstract The problem in this study is that there is an Lembak. effect of shuttle drill training on the ability to dribble in extracurricular students at SMA Negeri 1 Lembak. This Keywords Shuttle Drill, Dribbling, Football Games study aims to determine the effect of shuttle drill running on the ability to dribble in soccer games for extracurricular students at SMA Negeri 1 Lembak. This type of research is experimental research, using the one group pretest-posttest 1. Introduction design method. The population in this study was 30 SMA Negeri 1 Lembak soccer players, while the sample in this Football is something common among people of study amounted to 20 people. The sampling technique used different backgrounds, a bridge that connects economic, in this study was purposive sampling technique. The data political, cultural and religious levels. Known as collection technique used the dribbling or dribbling test "football" almost all over the world, football is a national method. The data analysis technique used the t-test formula. sport in almost all countries in Asia, Africa, Europe and Based on the results of research conducted on football South America. This sport is the only type of football extracurricular students at SMA Negeri 1 Lembak, the game played at the Olympics. Millions more people average pretest result was 26.45 seconds and the posttest choose to watch the Super Bowl and World Series. average was 19.55. This shows that shuttle drill practice Without a doubt, football is the most famous game can improve students' dribble skills in playing soccer (Luxbacher, 2011: 1). Exercise is the process of preparing football extracurricular activity at SMA Negeri 1 Lembak. physically and mentally train children systematically to Because there is an increase after being given treatment achieve the optimal performance quality with given the compared to before being given treatment. In testing the burden of regular practice, directed, increased, and hypothesis, the value of t-count> t-table or 16.33> 1.73 is repeatedly the time (Samsudin, 2017). obtained, so it can be concluded that there is an effect of Sports began in the 2nd and 3rd century BC in China, shuttle drill training on the ability to dribble in soccer during the Han Dynasty. Similar games in Japan and Italy games for extracurricular students of SMA Negeri 1 Modern football began to develop in England and were International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences 9(1): 110-116, 2021 111
very popular. The development made soccer more and techniques of playing soccer well. According to Mirman more famous in the university and school environment. (Samsudin, 2017: 3) basic techniques are no less During the 1800s the sport was brought by British sailors, important, because mastery of basic techniques will show merchants and soldiers to various parts of the world. In the ability and beauty of a soccer player when playing the 1904, the highest association of world football (FIFA) was ball. Without mastering the basic techniques well, the formed in the 1900s. (Saraswati dan Juanda, 2013:8) game will not be created well, because basic techniques Football is the most famous sport in the world. More are important in soccer in addition to physicality. than 200 million people around the world play more than 20 million football games each year. To give an idea of 1.1. Basic Technique of Dribbling the popularity of football, more than 2 billion television viewers watched the Brazilian team beat Italy in the 1994 Dribbling is a technique of carrying the ball using your world final. The development of soccer in Indonesia is feet while moving. According to Mielke (Aprianova, 2016: also growing rapidly. This was marked by the 64) the technique of dribbling is a basic skill in football establishment of the Indonesian Football Association because the player must be able to control the ball while (PSSI) in 1930 in Yogyakarta known to Soeratin moving, standing, or acting in passing or shooting. The Sosrosoegondo. To appreciate his services, starting in dribbling technique is basically dribbled foot. Many 1996 a Soeratin Cup soccer championship was held, soccer players have the ability to dribble above average, which is a soccer championship for youth cadets. At that even with their excellent dribbling ability becomes easier time the game of football was favored by almost all levels to get past the opponent when the ball is over (Wahyu of society in Indonesia (Kurniawan, 2012: 76). Jayadi, et al. 2015). In the game of football, techniques and skills are needed to be mastered in playing soccer. Techniques in 1.2. The Basic Technique of Kicking a Ball soccer games include passing, shooting, heading, control, goal geeping and dribbling. One of them is dribbling, Primarily, the participant's soccer game must be able to dribbling (dribbling) must be done with good and correct kick the ball. The skill of kicking or kicking the ball is technique. Dribbling is like taking a short kick, but the very important for performing various other techniques in ball is near the feet. Usually this technique is done to the game. According to Mielke (Aprianova, 2016: 64) approach a target or target with past several opponents technique is the mastery of the basic skills of kicking a who are ready to block (Rahmani, 2014: 101). ball. One of the SMA Negeri 1 Lembak coaching programs which have carried out extracurricular activities has been 1.3. Technique to Control the Ball well implemented, including in the field of soccer which is fostered by sports teachers PJOK (Physical Education, The trapping technique is a method of controlling the Sports and Health). This football extracurricular activity ball that is most often used by players while playing on has not been maximal because it was seen that there were the field and receiving balls from other players according students who did not master the techniques in the soccer to Mielke (Aprianova, 2016: 64). This technique is a basic game in the form of dribbling techniques. Training technique that every player must master because methods to improve dribbling skills in soccer require controlling the ball must be done properly if you want the proper dribbling techniques to get maximum results. game to be good. Soccer is a game played by two teams of 11 people each. This sport is very well known and is played in 200 1.4. Technique Heading the Ball countries. The game of football aims to score as many goals as possible using leather balls measuring 27-28 Players can do headings while shooting, jumping, inches (Atmasubrata, 2012: 78). forward, dropping (diving), or staying still by pointing the The game of football is one of the most popular sports ball sharply at a goal or a teammate according to Mielke in the world. The number played by 11 people with the (in Aprianova, 2016: 64). The technique of heading the aim of scoring goals against opponents. Every player has ball is often used by the players when the ball is high so the same duty and role, which must be able to attack and that players can head the ball in the direction it is aimed. defend well, according to Martha (Ngolo & Ohoirot, 2018: 31). 1.5. The Essence of Dribbling From the theory above, the researchers concluded that soccer is a sport played by 11 people. This game aims to In soccer games players should master the basic create as many goals as possible against your opponents. techniques of playing soccer well. According to Mirman In addition, football is a game that is very popular with (Samsudin, 2017: 3) basic techniques are no less people from young to old. important, because mastery of basic techniques will show In soccer games, players should master the basic the ability and beauty of a soccer player when playing the
112 The Effect of Shuttle Drill Training on the Ability of Dribbling Ball in Soccer Games in Extracuricular Students of Sma Negeri 1 Lembak ball. Without mastering the basic techniques properly, the extensive and intensive training, h) principle of overall game will not be created well, because basic techniques improvement. are important in soccer in addition to physicality. Dribbling is a method of moving the ball from one 1.6.2. Training Goals point to another on the court using your feet. Dribbling is The main goals and objectives of training are to help a basic skill in soccer because all players must be able to athletes to improve their skills and achievements as much control the ball while moving, standing or preparing to as possible (Harsono, 2015: 39). To increase one's make passes or shots. When players have mastered their potential and ability development, so that someone who dribbling skills effectively, their contribution to the match does the exercise systematically or regularly can achieve will be very large (Samsudin, 2017: 3). the highest biomotor ability level. Not everyone can dribble well. the basic technique of Shuttle Drill is a form of training that combines speed good dribbling must do the way in which the foot with the and agility to develop a player's or student's agility. This ball must be close to match the dribbling technique, exercise requires people to make movements quickly and according to Luxbacher (in Aprianova, 2017: 64) change direction quickly. This activity or this exercise dribbling in football has the same function as basketball, should not lose progress and one should know the position which is allowing to defend the ball while running across of the body when doing the exercise. an opponent or advancing into an open space can use different parts of the leg. The ability to dribble in soccer games is a basic skill 2. Material and Method that must be mastered by soccer players. With the ability to dribble well. A player can pass the opponent easily and 2.1. Material then provide bait or shoot at the opponent's goal (Lukman, 2019: 2). From some of the above theories, the researcher concludes that dribbling is a technique in soccer games that must be mastered by all soccer players. If a player does the dribbling technique well, the player's contribution is very large in this soccer game.
1.6. The Nature of Shuttle Drill Exercise or training is a systematic practice process that is carried out repeatedly. And every day the number of training loads increases (Samsudin, 2017: 2). According to (Harsono, 2017: 50) training or training is a systematic process of practicing or working. Which is N done repeatedly with the day increasing the load of training or work. Exercise is an exercise material designed and developed by a trainer for one practice session or one-on-one in the exercise. It is therefore important that the trainer understands and applies the Individualization Figure 1. Shuttle Drill (Widiastuti, 2016) principle to the implementation of the exercise program activity (Radita Dwi Candra, 2015). The landing used: 1.6.1. Practice Principles a). Stopwatch What athletes bring out is a reflection of what the coach b). Meter has given in training (Harsono, 2015: 37). There are c). A flat, non-slip floor several principles that need to be considered in the d). 3 cones / cones training process. According to Suharno (Samsudin, 2017: 2) said that to accelerate the achievement of training goals, Implementation: there are several things that need to be considered, namely: The athlete or student stands behind the line while a) exercise must be as long as diligent,b) increase training running towards cone two. Then the athlete or student load regularly, c) the principle of stress (pressure/over runs a curve towards the cone with one hand touching the load), d) individual principle, e) interval (repetition) cone, then runs a curve through cone three and then principle, f) principle (food nutrition), g) principle of returns to the finish line. (Widiastuti, 2015: 154-155).
International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences 9(1): 110-116, 2021 113
2.2. Methods extracurricular soccer game students of SMA Negeri 1 Lembak. The research method is defined as a scientific way to The description of the results of the pretest data obtain data with specific purposes and uses (Sugiyono, assessment of the dribble skills of the extracurricular 2010: 3). This research method uses experimental method. soccer game students of SMA Negeri 1 Lembak can be This method is used to find out whether or not the effect described as follows: of the treatment variable, namely shuttle drills training, on the ability to dribble in extracurricular students at SMA 1. Range = Largest value - Smallest value Negeri 1 Lembak. = 31,8 – 22,5 The method in this research is the Pre-experimental = 9,3 Group Design, namely the One-Group Pretest-posttest Design (pretest-posttest) one group. The data collection 1. Banyak kelas = 1 + 3,3 log technique in this study was to do a dribble test on football = 1 + 3,3 log 20 extracurricular students at SMA Negeri 1 Lembak. 푛 The sample of the study was extracurricular football = 1 + 3,3 (1,30) players at SMA Negeri 1 Lembak. In this study, from a = 1 + 4,29 population of 30 players, 20 players were selected by = 5,29 5 means of purposive sampling. 2. Panjang kelas = ≈ 푟푒푛푡푎푛푔 , 3. Results = 푏푎푛푦푎푘 푘푒푙푎푠 9 3 Table 1. Data on Results of the Pretest and Posttest of Dribble in = 1,86 =5 1,9 Soccer Games Table 2. List of Distribution of Preliminary Test Results (Pretest) Students' Test Results No Increment Name Class Prettest Posttest No Fi Xi FiXi Xi2 Fi ∙ Xi2 Interval 1 Resp. 1 28.4 18.8 9.6 1 22,5 - 24,4 4 23,45 93,8 549,90 2199,61 2 Resp. 2 29.1 21.5 7.6 2 24,5 - 26,4 7 25,45 178,15 647,70 4533,92 3 Resp. 3 28.3 17.1 11.2 3 26,5 - 28,4 5 27,45 137,25 753,50 3767,51 4 Resp. 4 23.7 20.4 3.3 4 28,5 - 30,4 3 29,45 88,35 867,30 2601,91 5 Resp. 5 24.6 19.8 4.8 5 30,5 - 32,4 1 31,45 31,45 989,10 989,10 6 Resp. 6 25.9 17.6 8.3 Total 20 529 3807,51 14092,05 7 Resp. 7 26.2 18.9 7.3 Rata-rata (x ̅ ) 26,45 8 Resp. 8 29.9 21.9 8 Table 3. Frequency Distribution of Soccer Game Dribble Pretest Data 9 Resp. 9 30.4 22.2 8.2 10 Resp. 10 26.6 20.7 5.9 Pretest 11 Resp. 11 24.7 20.1 4.6 No Class Interval Frequency Percentage 12 Resp. 12 23.6 17.2 6.4 1 22,5 - 24,4 4 20% 13 Resp. 13 26.2 19.6 6.6 2 24,5 - 26,4 7 35% 14 Resp. 14 26.2 20.7 5.5 3 26,5 - 28,4 5 25% 15 Resp. 15 25.1 19.5 5.6 4 28,5 - 30,4 3 15% 16 Resp. 16 26.7 20.1 6.6 5 30,5 - 32,4 1 5% 17 Resp. 17 31.8 22.4 9.4 Total 20 100% 18 Resp. 18 22.8 17.4 5.4 Based on the table above, of the 20 samples, it was 19 Resp. 19 22.5 16.1 6.4 found that at the interval 22.5 - 24.4 there were 4 students (20%), while at the interval 24.5 - 26.4 there were 7 20 Resp. 20 26.7 20.2 6.5 students (35%). In the 26.5 - 28.4 interval there were 5 Based on the table above, it can be concluded that the students (25%), while at the 28.5 - 30.4 interval there results of the posttest data assessment of the were 3 students (15%) and at the 30.5 - 32.4 interval there extracurricular ability of the students' soccer game were 1 student (5%). For more details, see the image dribbling at SMA Negeri 1 Lembak are better than the below. results of the pretest data assessment. This can be seen Description of the results of the assessment of the from the results of the increase in the dribble ability of the pretest data on the ability to play soccer dribbles
114 The Effect of Shuttle Drill Training on the Ability of Dribbling Ball in Soccer Games in Extracuricular Students of Sma Negeri 1 Lembak extracurricular students of SMA Negeri 1 Lembak can be Table 5. Frequency Distribution of Dribble Posttest Data for Soccer Games described as follows: Posttest 1. Range = Largest value - Smallest value No Class Interval Frequency Percentage = 22,4 – 16,1 1 16,1 – 17,4 4 20% = 6, 2 17,5 – 18,8 2 10% 1. Banyak kelas = 1 + 3,3 log 3 18,9 – 20,2 7 35% = 1 + 3,3 log 20 푛 4 20,3 – 21,6 4 20% = 1 + 3,3 (1,30) 5 21,7 - 23 3 15% = 1 + 4,29 Total 20 100% = 5,29 5 Based on the table above of the 20 samples, it was found that at the interval 16.1 - 17.4 there were 4 students 2. Panjang kelas = ≈ 푟푒푛푡푎푛푔 (20%), while at the interval 17.5 - 18.8 there were 2 , students (10%). In the 18.9 - 20.2 interval there were 7 = 푏푎푛푦푎푘 푘푒푙푎푠 6 3 students (35%), while at the 20.3 - 21.6 interval there = 1,265 1,3 were 4 students (20%) and at the 21.7 - 23 interval there were 3 students (15 %). For more details, see the image Table 4. Distribution List of Final Test Results (Posttest) ≈ below. Class No Fi Xi FiXi Xi2 Fi ∙ Xi2 Interval The data obtained from the results of the pretest and 1 16,1 – 17,4 4 16,75 67 280,56 1122,25 posttest dribble of football games for extracurricular students of SMA Negeri 1 Lembak will be used to test the 2 17,5 – 18,8 2 18,15 36,3 329,42 658,85 hypothesis or significant research to determine the effect 3 18,9 – 20,2 7 19,55 136,85 382,20 2675,42 of shuttle drill running on the ability to dribble in soccer 4 20,3 – 21,6 4 20,95 83,8 438,90 1755,61 games for students, extracurricular activities at SMA 5 21,7 - 23 3 22,35 67,05 499,52 1498,57 Negeri 1 Lembak. Hypothesis testing or significant test in this study used statistical t-test. Jumlah 20 391 1930,61 7710,69 Rata-rata (x ̅ ) 19,55
Table 1. Pretest and Posttest Results
Time Xd No Students' Name d d2 Xd2 Pretest Posttest (d-Md) 1 Resp. 1 28.4 18.8 9.6 92.16 2.74 7.51 2 Resp. 2 29.1 21.5 7.6 57.76 0.74 0.55 3 Resp. 3 28.3 17.1 11.2 125.44 4.34 18.84 4 Resp. 4 23.7 20.4 3.3 10.89 -3.56 12.67 5 Resp. 5 24.6 19.8 4.8 23.04 -2.06 4.24 6 Resp. 6 25.9 17.6 8.3 68.89 1.44 2.07 7 Resp. 7 26.2 18.9 7.3 53.29 0.44 0.19 8 Resp. 8 29.9 21.9 8 64 1.14 1.30 9 Resp. 9 30.4 22.2 8.2 67.24 1.34 1.80 10 Resp. 10 26.6 20.7 5.9 34.81 -0.96 0.92 11 Resp. 11 24.7 20.1 4.6 21.16 -2.26 5.11 12 Resp. 12 23.6 17.2 6.4 40.96 -0.46 0.21 13 Resp. 13 26.2 19.6 6.6 43.56 -0.26 0.07 14 Resp. 14 26.2 20.7 5.5 30.25 -1.36 1.85 15 Resp. 15 25.1 19.5 5.6 31.36 -1.26 1.59 16 Resp. 16 26.7 20.1 6.6 43.56 -0.26 0.07 17 Resp. 17 31.8 22.4 9.4 88.36 2.54 6.45 18 Resp. 18 22.8 17.4 5.4 29.16 -1.46 2.13 19 Resp. 19 22.5 16.1 6.4 40.96 -0.46 0.21 20 Resp. 20 26.7 20.2 6.5 42.25 -0.36 0.13 Total 529.4 392.2 137.2 1009.1 67.91
International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences 9(1): 110-116, 2021 115
Based on the table above, the hypothesis testing data samples, it was found that at the interval 16.1 - 17.4 there analysis was carried out using the formula: were 4 students (20%), while at the interval 17.5 - 18.8 there were 2 students (10%). In the 18.9 - 20.2 interval = there were 7 students (35%), while at the 20.3 - 21.6 interval there were 4 students (20%) and at the 21.7 - 23 푀푑( 1) 푡 푀푑 2 interval there were 3 students (15 %). After Initial test ∑ 푥 푑 푆� , Nilai = =푁 푁 −= 6,86 data (pretest) and final test (posttest) are obtained, then the ∑ 푑 137 2 normality test is carried out, and it can be stated that the 푀푑 푁 20 ( ) data is normally distributed. Furthermore, the t-test results = 2 obtained with a value of 16.33. 2 2 ∑ 푑 ( , ) Judging from the results of calculations and data � 푥= 1009푑 �,1 푑 − 2푁 137 2 analysis that have been stated above, there is a significant , = 1009,1 −– 20 effect after students are given shuttle drill exercises. At 18823 84 the initial or pretest test results an average of 26.45 = 1009,1 – 941,19220 = 67,91 seconds and at the posttest the average obtained 19.55 seconds. After calculating using the t-test, there is a result = tcount = 16.33, it can be concluded that tcount> ttable or 16.33> 1.73, then Ha is accepted and Ho is rejected. Thus (푀푑 1) 푡 2 it can be concluded that there is an effect of Shuttle Drill ∑ 푥 푑 � 6,86 running on the ability to dribble in soccer games for = 푁 푁 − 67,91 extracurricular students of SMA Negeri 1 Lembak. 푡 20(20 1) � 6,86 = − 0,179 5. Conclusions 푡6,86 Based on the results of research conducted on football = √ = 16,33 0,42 extracurricular students at SMA Negeri 1 Lembak, the average pretest result was 26.45 seconds and the posttest Trust is taken α =푡 5% with t (1- α) = t (0.95) or 95% so average was 19.55. This shows that the Shuttle Drill that the significant test of t table price at α = 0.05 with dk exercise can improve the dribble skills of playing soccer = 20 - 2 = 18 obtained t table price = 1.73. in football extracurricular students at SMA Negeri 1 The calculation above can be concluded that tcount> Lembak. Because there is an increase after being given ttable or 16.33> 1.73, then Ho reject and accept Ha. Thus treatment compared to before being given treatment. In it can be concluded that there is an effect of Shuttle Drill testing the hypothesis, the value of tcount> ttable or 16.33> running on the ability to dribble in soccer games for 1.73 is obtained, so it can be concluded that there is an extracurricular students of SMA Negeri 1 Lembak. effect of shuttle drill running on the ability to dribble in soccer games in extracurricular students of SMA Negeri 1 Lembak. 4. Discussion
Based on the results of research that has been carried out on extracurricular students at SMA Negeri 1 Lembak, the average pretest or pretest results are 26.45 seconds REFERENCES with the best time for obtaining the dribble test is 22.5 seconds and the worst time is 31.8 seconds. Based on the [1] Luxbacher, Joseph A. 2011. Sepak bola. Jakarta: PT Raja Grafindo Persada. results of the initial test or pretest of 20 samples, it was found that at the interval 22.5 - 24.4 there were 4 students [2] Kurniawan, Feri. 2012. Buku pintar pengetahuan olahraga. (20%), while at the interval 24.5 - 26.4 there were 7 Jakarta Timur: Laskar Aksara. students (35%). At the 26.5 - 28.4 interval there were 5 [3] Ngolo, Hamid. Ohoirot, Mukhlis. 2018. Pengembangan students (25%), while at the 28.5 - 30.4 interval there model pembelajaran Passing permainan sepak bola di SMP were 3 students (15%) and at the 30.5 - 32.4 interval there Negeri 7 Wasilei Halmahera Timur. was 1 student (5%). Meanwhile, at the posttest the [4] Atmasubrata, Ginanjar. 2012. Serba tahu dunia olahraga. average obtained was 19.55 after the students were given Surabaya: Dafa Publishing. shuttle drill training, the best time for obtaining the dribble test was 16.1 seconds and the worst time was 22.4 [5] Rahmani, Mikanda. 2014. Buku super lengkap olahraga. Jakarta Timur: Dunia Cerdas. seconds. Based on the results of the final test or posttest from 20 [6] Saraswati, Desi. Juanda, Jho. 2013. Fakta sepak bola dunia.
116 The Effect of Shuttle Drill Training on the Ability of Dribbling Ball in Soccer Games in Extracuricular Students of Sma Negeri 1 Lembak
Jakarta: Be Champion (Penebar Swadaya Grup). [12] Sugiyono. 2010. Metode Penelitian Pendidikan. Bandung: Ikapi [7] Widiastuti. 2015. Tes dan Pengukuran olahraga. Jakarta: PT Raja Grafindo Persada. [13] Jayadi, W., Sukamto, & Hasbunallah. (2015). Latihan Kelincahan dan Latihan Menggiring Bola pada Permainan [8] Harsono. 2015. Kepelatihan olahraga. Bandung: PT Remaja Sepakbola. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan INSANI, 18(2), Rosdakarya. 137-142. Retrieved from http://ojs.unm.ac.id/Insani/article/ view/3642 [9] Samsudin. Furkan. 2017. Pengaruh Latihan kelincahan terhadap keterampilan menggiring bola dalam permainan [14] Samsudin, & Furkan. (2017). Pengaruh Latihan Kelincahan sepak bola. Jurnal pendidikan olahraga. Vol 7. No (1).2-3. terhadap Keterampilan Menggiring Bola dalam Permainan Sepakbola. Jurnal Pendidikan Olahraga,7(1). Retrieved [10] Lukman RA. Dkk. 2019. Tingkat keterampilan dribbling from sepak bola pada SMP Al-Irsyad Surakarta. Bulletin literasi http://jurnal.lppmstkiptsb.ac.id/index.php/jpo/article/view/5 budaya sekolah. Vol 1, no(1): 2. 7 [11] Aprianova, Farid. 2016. Metode drill untuk meningkatkan [15] Candra, R. D., Sulaiman, &Hidayah, T. (2015). Pengaruh teknik dasar menggiring bola (dribbling) dalam permanan Metode Latihan dan Kemampuan Motor Educability sepak bola pada siswa sekolah sepak bola putra zodiac terhadap Hasil Latihan Teknik Dasar Sepakbola. Journal of kabupaten bojonegoro usia 13-15 tahun. Jurnal kepelatihan Physical Education and Sports, 4(2). Retrieved from olahraga. Vol 1. No (1): 64. https://journal.unnes.ac.id/artikel_sju/jpes/9888
International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences 9(1): 117-123, 2021 http://www.hrpub.org DOI: 10.13189/saj.2021.090116
Futsal Sports Coaching Achievements of Banggai Regency (A Case Study in Banggai Regency)
Muhammad Salahuddin, Armin Haluti*, Nurhikmah
Sport and Education Study Program, University of Muhammdiyah Luwuk Banggai, Banggai, 94711, Sulawesi Tengah, Indonesia
Received September 22, 2020; Revised December 11, 2020; Accepted December 20, 2020
Cite This Paper in the following Citation Styles (a): [1] Muhammad Salahuddin, Armin Haluti, Nurhikmah , "Futsal Sports Coaching Achievements of Banggai Regency (A Case Study in Banggai Regency)," International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 117-123, 2021. DOI: 10.13189/saj.2021.090116. (b): Muhammad Salahuddin, Armin Haluti, Nurhikmah (2021). Futsal Sports Coaching Achievements of Banggai Regency (A Case Study in Banggai Regency). International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences, 9(1), 117-123. DOI: 10.13189/saj.2021.090116. Copyright©2021 by authors, all rights reserved. Authors agree that this article remains permanently open access under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 International License
Abstract Banggai regency futsal sport is quite well good criteria, seen from the spirit of training and athletes' known among the people, but no futsal athletes have been efforts in achieving optimal performance. The conclusion able to compete at the provincial or national level such as in of this study: the quality of athletes, administrators and the provincial sports championship (Porprov) held in funding is good while the quality of trainers, training Moutong in 2019. Even though seeing many futsal athletes programs, facilities and infrastructure is still not good in who have talent, skill, and good ability in playing futsal fostering futsal achievement in Banggai Regency. So the when participating in the championships that held in the development of futsal sporting in Banggai Regency needs district, this futsal development especially the futsal district to get special attention for the trainers, facilities and association (AFKAB) has not shown achievements. The infrastructure of the KONI management and the purpose of this research is to find out: the quality of athletes, Government. coaches, training programs, organizations, facilities and infrastructure, funding for the Banggai Regency Futsal Keywords Coaching, Achievement, Sport, Futsal Association. This research was conducted in Banggai Regency, Central Sulawesi. The method used in this research is a qualitative method using questionnaire or questionnaire. The results of this research in the 1. Introduction classification of the quality of futsal athletes in Banggai Regency the frequency of futsal athletes in Banggai The Regency Futsal Association (AFKAB) of Banggai Regency are classified as Good with criteria of 17 people is an organization under the auspices of the PSSI and has or 51.5% of 33 athletes. The quality of the trainers is quite only been formed by the board since 2016 to date, but poor with a frequency of 2 people or 66.7% of the 3 trainers. increasing achievements at the regional, provincial, The quality of the training program is quite poor with a national and international levels have yet to produce frequency of 2 people or 66.7%. The quality of the results. In fact, Banggai Regency, as one of the districts organization is good with a frequency of 3 people or 60% that has the potential to develop futsal, sees athletes who of 5 management. The quality of facilities and have potential above the average of every championship infrastructure is classified as poor in terms of athletes, event made in the district. trainers and administrators. The quality of funding is Sport is a form of physical activity carried out in classified as good with a frequency of 3 people or 60% of 5 accordance with the program and measured by involving management. The quality of athletes in fostering Futsal members of the body to form personality, discipline and sporting achievements in Banggai Regency is included in spirit of sportsmanship to improve physical fitness. Futsal 118 Futsal Sports Coaching Achievements of Banggai Regency (A Case Study in Banggai Regency)
sports in Banggai Regency can be said to be very rapidly achievements scintillating for the area. Seeing these developing. Sports achievements are achieved through conditions, the researchers tried to explore the problems various efforts in all its aspects. Banggai Regency futsal is experienced by AFKAB Banggai, so that in the future, quite well known in the community, but no futsal athletes they could be better and ahead in the sport of playing have been able to compete at the provincial or national futsal. level as in the provincial sports championship (Porprov) Futsal is a game played on a synthetic field with the held in Moutong in 2019. Even though seeing futsal aim of scoring goals against your opponent to win the athletes when participating in the championships held in game.Futsal sport is a game that is played on a synthetic the district, many athletes have very good talents, skills, field with the aim of scoring goals to your opponent to get and playing abilities, but this fusal development especially a win. Futsal is a team game that ignores how many goals the futsal district association (AFKAB) has not shown are scored, but plays creates goals to lift achievements achievements between regions, provinces and even (Justinus Lhaksana, 2011: 7-8) [3]. Fostering achievement international achievements. Seeing the lack of attention both regional and national must become a system that can and coaching in improving achievement, so that futsal be controlled so that young people can monitor the talent athletes are only able to play with individual abilities and of athletes in the region so that fostering achievement can lack of support from the government, athletes can play develop properly. Coaching is a major factor in sports futsal with the initiative of futsal fans who always which is very important in achieving increased sports participate every time a match made in Banggai Regency. achievement, (Nugroho, 2017: 162) [2].In fact, it is Even though Banggai Regency can be said that the coaches’ behavior that potentially impacts on what athlete's potential can be formed with the existence of coming after the sport practices (Hagan Jnr, et.al,2017) good coaching, it is proven that the athlete follows the [4].Sports coaching starts from an early age to reach local championship. So with this, it is necessary to study adulthood and reaches a level of success (Nugroho, 2017: the extent of the steps for the development and fostering 165) [2]. Optimal achievements can be achieved and must of futsal district sports achievements. Banggai regency be supported by various stages of sports coaching. States sports achievements began difficult to improve the that the process of increasing athlete achievement development of his achievement, because it began to coaching, talented athletes will not be able to achieve approach the point of saturation. without serious coaching, including: assassination, Achievement is a result of what has been achieved or a nursing, talent scouting, trainers, training program, result of something achieved before (Kurniawan, 2020) facilities and infrastructure, organization, and funding. [1]. Whereas Sports Achievement is a sports activity The main problem related to these components is carried out by coaching and developing athletes in a related to the absence of standard requirements for structured, tiered and sustainable manner to achieve an professional sports coaches that are built systemically, achievement with the support of sports science and (Nugroho,2017:163) [2]. Supposialization is modeling the technology. Thus the futsal achievement of Banggai skills and physical fitness in multilateral and Regency can be developed by creating a structured and specialization. Athlete breeding is looking for talented transparent program so that the training of these athletes athletes in accordance with the sport in which they are can make a good contribution for improving the progress interested, and then provides coaching on a scheduled of achievement in the field of sports. basis and an innovative system so that it can produce Nugroho (2017:164) [2] like have been cited from athletes who excel in. Talent scouting is a coaching that is republic of Indonesia number 3 of 2005, regarding the carried out starting from predicting the athlete's own talent development and development of sports in Chapter VII by providing a structured training program so as to get an general section one of article 21 paragraph (1) the athlete's success. According to Rohman (2017: 101) [5], government and regional governments are required to the competence of a trainer is someone whose capabilities conduct sports development and guidance in accordance to transfer knowledge to athletes and to show the with their authority and responsibilities. Paragraph (2) techniques to the athletes so they can make movements development and development as referred to in paragraph properly and correctly. Provide knowledge and experience (1) cover sports, personnel, organization, funding, that has been obtained. Trains who have high capability, methods, infrastructure and facilities, as well as sports sportsmanship, honest and full of responsibility, then in awards as well as talent development and performance fostering experts will be done with all his heart for the improvement. success of an athlete. The training program is a program The problem in this study is that the Futsal Association that is carried out to be fun for athletes, effective, efficient of Banggai Regency has not been able to compete with and able to measure the goals achieved (Susanto & outside regions in Central Sulawesi province even though Lismadiana, 2016: 100) [6]. In training, both athletes and the potential of the existing athletes is quite good in the trainers must not be separated from a program, because game of futsal, so that in several matches made in Central the program is part of a benchmark for the success rate of Sulawesi, Banggai Regency Futsal has never given such training given to athletes. Organizations are associations
International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences 9(1): 117-123, 2021 119
of people or groups that have been formed and have the 2.3. Population and Sample duties and responsibilities that have been given that there are institutions involved in it to achieve common goals Population is a conclusion that can be used as an object and objectives. However, business management of or sample that has been tested for its existence which has organization with vertical structures has some issues in a predetermined quality, (Sugiyono, 2012: 61) [10]. The departments and unnecessary competition (Samur, 2018) sample is a portion of the population used as the sample. [7].It should not be like this since the organization has to The sample in this study included 33 athletes, 3 coaches, coordinate everything so that the process of carrying out five active Banggai District futsal administrators. So the activities runs smoothly and mutual expectations are number of samples was 41 people. If the population is less realized (Wicaksono, 2015: 1911) [8].With the existence than 100 people, it will be the whole sample, Suharsimi of an organization, it can be used as a forum for the Arikunto (2012: 130) [11] The total sample used was 41 development and fostering of more efficient achievements, people. because the organization already has a program for improving achievement. 2.4. Data Collection Technique Facilities and infrastructure is a supporting and determining factor for organizing an event and other According to Nurlia (2020: 99) [12], the sampling activities. Sports facilities and infrastructure are used to technique is proportional random sampling. The number support both mobile and immovable sports activities that of samples was determined by calculating the total sample can be used as activity organizers directly or indirectly size using the Taro Yamne formula. The data collection (Firdausdkk., 2015: 87) [9]. Funds are everything that instrument used was a questionnaire with a research must support every activity carried out. Funds are the sample of 41 people, and the rest was additional data such most urgent issue in the activities to be carried out. as documents and others. The documentation method is Without funds to support athletes' achievements, all will used to extract data from written sources, photos and be in vain, because athletes need funds to increase their statistical data. The distribution of questionnaires was intake of gears both in training and in matches. carried out face-to-face and was limited to the number of The research objectives in improving Futsal samples used due to the covid pandemic conditions 19. performance in Banggai Regency are to determine: 1) the The questionnaire was divided into several sections. The quality of AFKAB athletes, 2) the quality of AFKAB athlete had 21 questions, the coach had 29 questions and trainers, 3) the quality of the AFKAB training program, 4) the administrators had 21 questions. The distribution of the quality of AFKAB organization, 5 the quality of the questionnaire was carried out in stages. AFKAB facilities and infrastructure, and 6) the quality of AFKAB funding in Banggai Regency. 2.5. Research Data Analysis 2.5.1. The Frequency of Athletes’ Quality 2. Materials and Method The athlete's quality frequency, the results obtained from 33 athletes included unfavorable criteria of 4 people or 12.1%, unfavorable criteria of 10 people or 30.3%, 2.1. Time and Place of the Research good criteria of 17 people or 51.5%, while those who said This research was conducted from April – July 2020 in athlete's quality criteria is very good are 2 people or 6.1%. Banggai Regency. So the frequency distribution of Banggai Regency futsal athletes is classified as Good with a criterion of 17 people or 51.5%. 2.2. Types and Research Variables The type of research used in this study is to use qualitative methods on the grounds that qualitative research is able to provide a complete and in-depth picture of fostering soccer sports achievement (Nugroho, 2017: 165) [2]. The research variables used are independent and dependent variables as follows: 1. Independent variables are athletes, coaches, training program, organisation, facilities, and funding. 2. Dependent variable is the futsal achievement development the Development of Banggai Regency Futsal Achievement. Figure 1. Athletes’ Quality
120 Futsal Sports Coaching Achievements of Banggai Regency (A Case Study in Banggai Regency)
2.5.2. The Frequency of Trainers’ Quality The frequency of trainers who said it was not good was 0 people; the frequency of trainers who said it was not good was 2 people or 66.7%. The number of trainers who said either was 1 person or 33.3%. The frequency of athletes who say very well is 0 people. So the quality of futsal trainers in Banggai Regency is generally poor with a frequency of 2 people or 66.7%.
Figure 4. Organization 2.5.5. The Frequency of Facilities and Infrastructure The results obtained from 33 athletes whose frequency of facilities and infrastructure that said it was not good were 2 people 6.1%; the frequency of facilities and infrastructure said it was not as good as 20 people or 60.6%. The frequency of facilities and infrastructure that said either is as many as 10 people or 30.3%. The
frequency of facilities and infrastructure that says very Figure 2. Trainers’ Quality well is as many as 1 person or 3.0%. So, the frequency of 2.5.3. The Frequency of Training Program’s Quality AFKAB futsal facilities in Banggai Regency on average is not good with a frequency of 20 people or 60.6%. The frequency of trainers who said it was not good was 0 people; the frequency of trainers who said it was not good was 2 people or 66.7%. The number of trainers who said either was 1 person or 33.3%. The frequency of athletes who say very well is 0 people. So the quality of the Banggai Regency futsal athlete training program on average is not good with a frequency of 2 people or 66.7%.
Figure 5. Facilities and Infrastructure 2.5.6. The Frequency of Funding
Figure 3. Training Program’s Quality 2.5.4. The Frequency of Organization The frequency of organizations that said it was not good was 0 people; the frequency of organizations that said it was not good was 2 people or 40%. The frequency of organizations that say either is as many as 3 people or 60%. The frequency of organizations that say very well is Figure 6. Funding as many as 0 people. So the frequency of the AFKAB The frequency of funding which said not good is as futsal Banggai Regency management organization on many as 0 people; the frequency of facilities and average is good with a frequency of 3 people or 60%. infrastructure said it was not as good as 2 people or 40%. The frequency of facilities and infrastructure that says
International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences 9(1): 117-123, 2021 121
either is 3 people or 60%. The frequency of facilities and not good. From the coaches certified data, there are still 2 infrastructure that said very good is as many as 0 people. coaches who are lacking in knowledge and guidance. So So the frequency of funding in terms of the management there must be an increase in training development. So the of Banggai Regency AFKAB futsal on average is good quality of coaches to improve futsal performance in with a frequency of 3 people or 60%. Banggai Regency is classified as poor or significantly less. 2.6. Discussion of Research Results 2.6.3. Quality of the Exercise Program Table 1. Research Results data Recapitulation The results of the descriptive analysis in the research Criteria data recapitulation of the exercise program variables show Variable Notes that from 3 coaches, 2 of them were categorized as not SB B KB TB good and 1 was categorized as good. This can be seen Athlete Quality 2 17 10 4 Good from the training program provided in Futsal development Coach Quality 0 1 2 0 Not Good in Banggai District which is categorized as unfavorable. Quality of the Not only the training program planning is still in the not 0 1 2 0 Not Good Exercise Program good category, but the evaluation of the training program Organisation 0 3 2 0 Good implementation is still in the not good category too. So the Facilities and quality of the training program to improve futsal Infrastructure 1 10 20 2 Not Good performance in Banggai Regency is classified as poor or according to significantly less Athletes Facilities and 2.6.4. Organization Quality Infrastructure 1 0 2 0 Not Good according to Organization is important for coordinating everything Coaches so that the process of carrying out activities runs smoothly Facilities and and the realization of common hopes (Wicaksono, 2015: Infrastructure 0 1 3 1 Not Good 1911) [8]. Descriptive data analysis in the recapitulation according to the Administrators of the research data shows that the 5 administrators included in the Futsal management organization variable Funding 0 3 2 0 Good in Banggai District are categorized in good criteria, with 2.6.1. Athlete Quality the classification, saying good was 3 people and those who say not good were 2 people. This can be viewed in The results of data analysis that have been carried out in terms of management where the board pays attention to the classification recapitulation show that the quality the origin and management of the Futsal management in frequency of Banggai District futsal athletes is in good Banggai Regency. So the quality of the organization criteria, because of the 33 athletes studied, 2 were towards improving the futsal performance in Banggai categorized as very good, 17 were categorized as good, 10 Regency is good or significant were categorized as not good, and 4 were categorized as bad. An athlete will be able to provide achievements if 2.6.5. Facilities and Infrastructure Quality supported by coaching, existing facilities, transparent Based on the results of descriptive analysis in the data funding, effort, and a spirit of practice. The spirit of recapitulation of the research results on the variables of training and the efforts of athletes in achieving an facilities and infrastructure owned by Banggai District, achievement are included in the Good category. So the athletes say that the facilities and infrastructure owned are quality of athletes to improve futsal performance in still in the criteria not good, because out of 33 athletes, Banggai Regency is classified as good or significant only 1 athlete said they were very good, 10 athletes said they were good, no one said they were not good, and 2 2.6.2. Coach Quality athletes said they were bad. According to the coaches, the Trainers are the backbone and role models for athletes facilities and infrastructure owned by Banggai District are in the sports they coach (Suwirman, 2019: 3) [13]. A in not good criteria because out of 3 coaches, 1 coach said trainer is someone who is able to foster and provide the it was very good, and 2 coaches said it was not good. This knowledge and experience that has been obtained can be seen from the completeness and quality, as well as (Rohman, 2017: 93) [5]. The results of the recapitulation the procurement model for the facilities and infrastructure data analysis show that the Banggai District futsal coach itself. According to the management, the facilities and has been certified coach. Based on the results of infrastructure owned by Banggai District were included in descriptive analysis in the recapitulation of research data the not good criteria, because out of 5 administrators, 1 on the quality variable of Futsal coaches in Banggai administrator said it was not good, 3 administrators said it Regency, it is in the poor category, because from the 3 was good, 1 administrator said it was not good. This can coaches studied, 1 coach stated good and 2 coaches stated be seen from the completeness and quality of the facilities
122 Futsal Sports Coaching Achievements of Banggai Regency (A Case Study in Banggai Regency)
and infrastructure in terms of the procurement model of training program that is still lacking, as well as the the facilities and infrastructure. So the quality of facilities evaluation of the implementation of the training and infrastructure for improving futsal performance in program is also still lacking. Banggai Regency is classified as poor or insignificant 4. The organization of Futsal management in Banggai Regency is included in the criteria both seen from the 2.6.6. Funding Quality attention of the management to the athlete, and the According to Muslimin (2017: 60)[14], funds are one of management of Futsal Banggai Regency itself. the factors that support the results of coaching because 5. Facilities and infrastructure owned by Banggai without funds, coaching will be difficult to progress Regency according to athletes are included in the towards maximum achievement. The results of descriptive criteria both in terms of the completeness and quality analysis in the recapitulation of research data on funding of existing facilities and infrastructure. According to variables owned by AFKAB Banggai Regency indicate the trainers, the facilities and infrastructure owned by that the implementation of futsal sports performance Banggai Regency are included in the criteria that are coaching is included in good criteria, because of the 5 not good from the completeness and quality, as well administrators, 3 of them said good and 2 administrators as the model of the procurement of facilities and said they were not good. This can be seen from the source infrastructure itself, while according to the of funding and how to allocate funds for the coaching management of facilities and infrastructure owned by process.So the quality of funding for improving futsal Banggai Regency are included in the criteria both in performance in Banggai Regency is good or significant terms of both the completeness and quality of the facilities and the infrastructure is good, the model of 2.7. Research Findings procurement of facilities and infrastructure. 6. Funding owned by AFKAB Banggai Regency for the The findings from research on the achievements of implementation of Futsal sports achievement Futsal in Banggai District include: coaching is included in the criteria both in terms of 1. For athletes, looking at the findings obtained in funding sources and how to allocate funds for the improving performance for athletes, especially in coaching process. Banggai District, that the willingness and effort of athletes are in accordance with existing abilities in good criteria. However, they still lack of support or Acknowledgments are not too serious in terms of the coaching carried out by the management and local government. Thanks to Mr. Rector, who has given permission to 2. For coaches, having an increase in the quality of participate in the implementation of this study certification and training programs is important in Thank you also the Dean of the Teaching and order to improve the quality of its legality. So that the Education Faculty of Muhammadiyah University of coaching carried out is not just based on experience. Luwuk for the time permission that has been given 3. In an effort to improve futsal performance in Banggai Thank you to the Head of LP3M University of District, if we want to get athletes who excel, we must Muhammadiyah Luwuk for your cooperation in this be in line between athletes, coaches, and research so that they can carry out this research. administrators so that an athlete development can run Thank you to all the committee for their cooperation well. However, in this study, the three elements were so that research can be carried out. still not in line with each other. Thank you to all athletes, trainers and administrators of Banggai district Futsal for the time and opportunity for their permission so that this research can run smoothly. Panitia atas bantuan kerjasamanya 3. Conclusions sehingga penelitian bisa terlaksana. 1. The quality of athletes in fostering Futsal sporting
achievements in Banggai Regency is included in good criteria, seen from the spirit of training and athletes' efforts in achieving optimal performance. 2. The quality of Futsal trainers in Banggai Regency is REFERENCES not good, because only some of the trainers have [1] Kurniawan A. Definition of Achievement - Kinds, Meanings, trainer certification, and their knowledge in fostering Attitudes, Factors, Giving, Methods, Experts Online tersedia Futsal guidance is still lacking. dari Diposting pada 23/03/2020 https://www.gurupendidika 3. Training programs provided in the development of n.co.id/pengertian-prestasi/ Futsal sports in Banggai Regency are included in the [2] Nugroho, Wahyu A. Development of Football Sports unfavorable criteria. Judging from the planning of the Achievement at the Putra Batang Education and Training
International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences 9(1): 117-123, 2021 123
Center, Juara: Jurnal Olahraga, Vol.2, No.2, 161-173.. City 2012/2013, Journal of Physical Education, Sport, Health and Recreations, Vol.4, No.7. 1911-1914. [3] Lhaksana, Justinus. Modern Futsal Tactics & Strategy. Jakarta: Penebar Swadaya Group. 2011 [9] Firdaus, M; Mardiyanto, A; & Purnomo, I. 2015 Utilization of Selomanggeng Recreational Park (Klotok) as Sports [4] Hagan Jnr, John Elvis; Ansah, Edward Wilson; Pollmann, Facilities and Infrastructure for the Community of Kediri Dietmar; &Schack, Thomas. 2017. Elite Student-Athletes' City, Juornal Sportif , Vol. 1, No.1, 81-99. Perceptions of Coaches’ Behavior during the 23rd World Universiade Games in Kazan, Russia. International Journal [10] Sugiyono. Understanding Qualitative Research, of Human Movement and Sports Sciences 5(4): 68-76, 2017. ALFABETA, Bandung, 2012.
[5] U. Rohman.2017. Improving the Quality of PencakSilat [11] Arikunto, Suharsimi. Research Procedure A Practice Coaches in Dharmasraya District Evaluation of the Approach. rev.ed. Jakarta : PT. RinekaCipta. 2012. Competence of Early Age Football Coaches in Football Schools, Jurnal Pendidikan Jasmani dan Olahraga. Vol. 2, [12] Nurlia. The Relationship between Naturalistic Intelligence No.2, 92-104. and Learning Interest with Biology Learning Outcomes of High School Students in Luwuk City. Luwuk, Jurnal [6] Susanto, Nugroho & Lismadiana. 2016. Management of the Pendidikan Glasser, Vol.4 No 2, 97-106. Yogyakarta Gama Football Training Program (SSB), Jurnal Keolahragaan, Vol.4, No.1, 98-110. [13] Suwirman. Improving the Quality of Pencak Silat Trainers in Dharmasraya District, Jurnal berkarya pengabdian [7] Samur, Serdar. 2018. Organization Design in Football masyarakat Vol.1 No.1.2019 Management Process. International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences 6(2): 38-46, 2018. [14] Muslimin, A. Hidayat. Evaluation of the 2016 South Sumatra Sriwijaya State Sports School Football Team [8] Wicaksono, B.A. 2015. Development of Football Development Program. Journal Sport Area, Vol.2, No 2, Achievement in Football School (ssb) TuguMuda Semarang 53-62.
International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences 9(1): 124-129, 2021 http://www.hrpub.org DOI: 10.13189/saj.2021.090117
Development of Information and Technology-based Learning Media in Athletic Materials for Short Distance Running Numbers for Quality Junior N 2 Students in Lubuk Linggau City, South Sumatra Province
Nurul Ihsan*, Khodijah Reza Amum, Willadi Rasyid, Hendri Neldi
Faculty of Sport Science, Padang State University, Padang, 25131, West Sumatra, Indonesia
Received September 22, 2020; Revised January 18, 2021; Accepted January 26, 2021
Cite This Paper in the following Citation Styles (a): [1] Nurul Ihsan, Khodijah Reza Amum, Willadi Rasyid, Hendri Neldi , "Development of Information and Technology-based Learning Media in Athletic Materials for Short Distance Running Numbers for Quality Junior N 2 Students in Lubuk Linggau City, South Sumatra Province," International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 124-129, 2021. DOI: 10.13189/saj.2021.090117. (b): Nurul Ihsan, Khodijah Reza Amum, Willadi Rasyid, Hendri Neldi (2021). Development of Information and Technology-based Learning Media in Athletic Materials for Short Distance Running Numbers for Quality Junior N 2 Students in Lubuk Linggau City, South Sumatra Province. International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences, 9(1), 124-129. DOI: 10.13189/saj.2021.090117. Copyright©2021 by authors, all rights reserved. Authors agree that this article remains permanently open access under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 International License
Abstract The athletic learning process in short distance provided by the first material expert, the results are 86.42% running numbers at SMP Negeri 2 Quality in Lubuklinggau in the Very Appropriate category and the second material City, South Sumatra Province, has low learning outcomes expert's assessment results in the amount of 97.15% are in in the aspect of knowledge, because it has not utilized the Very Appropriate category to use and will attract information technology-based learning media and the students and make it easier for students to imitate the learning needs of Physical Education in schools have not movements they have seen and indirectly shorten the time been fulfilled completely. The purpose of this study is to in learning the movements. In addition, there is an increase develop information technology-based learning media on in learning outcomes before and after the use of athletic material for short distance running numbers for instructional media that has been given. This study uses a students and to determine the increase in learning outcomes development method with a model design adapted from before and after using the media. This study uses a Borg & Gall. development method with a model design adapted from Borg & Gall. The subjects of this study were students of Keywords Media Development, Information SMP Negeri 2 Lubuklinggau City, South Sumatra Province, Technology, Short Distance Running totaling 15 people from each class level, and three experts, namely one media or teaching materials expert and two athletic material experts. The learning media development process is carried out through a modular test stage which is 1. Introduction packaged in an application that contains a description of the material accompanied by pictures and video tutorials. Sports in Indonesia already has a legal umbrella, Then the validation test was carried out with the help of namely RI Law no. 3 of 2005 concerning the National instructional media experts and inget a percentage of Sports System, Sports are all systematic activities to 88.89% in the Very Appropriate category from the media encourage, foster and develop physical, spiritual and expert's assessment, while in terms of the learning material social potential. Athletics is the oldest sport that has been International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences 9(1): 124-129, 2021 125
carried out by humans since ancient times until now. stored in digital form, not in printed or visual form. Athletics is a physical activity or physical exercise that Basically, technology is based on information technology contains natural and natural movements according to what in presenting material to students using a glass screen. is done in our daily lives, like walking, running, jumping, Various types of media for computer-based technology in throwing and jumping. learning are generally known as computer-assisted Learning media in the teaching and learning process learning. can arouse desire and interest in learning, generate Based on the results of observations found in the field motivation and stimulation of learning activities, and even that the physical education learning process at SMP bring psychological influences on students. [1] "Learning Negeri 2 Quality in Lubuklinggau City, South Sumatra Media is a set of tools or supplements used by teachers in Province, the learning outcomes of students are still low order to communicate with students". Learning media due to the lack of use of existing learning media and includes a very strategic means for teachers to transfer facilities, such as multimedia rooms that can be used for knowledge to students, so that the existence of learning teaching and learning using learning media based on media can spur students to use more of their senses than if information technology so that students do not feel bored the teacher only provides verbal information as is usually with learning activities carried out continuously in the done which will ultimately arouse desire and interest in field, students only know practical movements and do not learning, generate motivation and stimulation of learning know the theory in athletic learning materials for distance activities. running numbers, and physical education teachers are also Learning activities are a series of activities in which still less creative in modifying learning and do not pay there is a process of interaction between students and attention to the movements made by students and do not learning resources, but the learning process that takes re-evaluate what students have done in the teaching and place is in fact mostly still centered on educators, not on learning process movement. visual learning media such as video learning for the To overcome the boredom experienced by students, athletic branch of short distance running numbers which teachers can use information technology-based learning are able to provide stimulus to students. to respond to fun methods so that students can stimulate the brain and and more innovative Physical Education learning. With generate interest in running short distances because the the existence of a fun and innovative learning atmosphere, learning methods used have required students to be more it is hoped that it can increase the motivation of students active, and seek information using information to complete Physical Education learning. Ideally quality technology-based media. In this information learning can help and facilitate students to develop their technology-based learning model, the teacher provides potential optimally, and be able to achieve the set goals material in the form of videos and photos of short-distance effectively, which are oriented towards their interests, running movements as a simulation of movements that needs, and students' abilities which in the process are will be practiced in the field. identified with the process of delivering information or Based on the above problems, the authors are interested communication, in this case the learning media. Learning in developing information technology-based learning media is an inseparable part, so it is necessary to develop media on athletic material for short distance running media so that the learning process that occurs is in numbers so that students can observe athletic movements accordance with the needs and learning objectives that can be repeated using visualizations that contain a expected. series of material in the form of images accompanied by The availability of learning media for physical athletic video tutorials. at SMP Negeri 2 Quality in education lessons is widely available on the internet, Lubuklinggau City, South Sumatra Province, because of either in printed or visual form. However, sometimes in the findings it is known that the athletic learning process the form of material that is balanced with pictures and at SMP Negeri 2 Quality in Lubuklinggau City, South video tutorials that explain in detail and according to the Sumatra Province is still not utilizing information needs of physical education lessons in schools, they have technology-based learning media as evidenced by the not been completely fulfilled. Some of them already exist, absence of the media used in the implementation plan such as those contained in the 2013 curriculum teacher learning owned by the teacher. learning book, which contains several examples in the The author only takes the athletic material for the short form of pictures. The advantages of this book are that it distance running number, because the short distance can be downloaded for free and minimizes paper usage, running number is found in the student worksheet (LKS) One of the ways to develop learning media is to use and the field used does not require using the actual information technology-based media or Information running field, but can be modified the facilities and Technology (IT). Information technology-based learning pre-facilities such as using an empty field at school media is learning by producing or delivering material because At SMPN 2 Quality, Lubuklinggau City, South using micro-processor-based sources. The difference Sumatra Province has an adequate field or can be used in between other media is that information or material is the physical education teaching and learning process. And
126 Development of Information and Technology-based Learning Media in Athletic Materials for Short Distance Running Numbers for Quality Junior N 2 Students in Lubuk Linggau City, South Sumatra Province also most importantly this short distance running number reference books and preparing learning media for athletic is in the curriculum of physical education subjects in objects in the form of images and videos, and in this study junior high schools. data collection uses open and closed questionnaires to The purpose of this study was to develop information collect data used in the trial phase. An open questionnaire technology-based learning media and to determine the will be used to collect data about criticism and increase in student learning outcomes before and after suggestions from expert experts, while a closed using information and technology-based learning media questionnaire is used for the evaluation of IT-based on athletic material for short-distance running numbers of learning media and uses a Likert scale that will involve students at SMP Negeri 2 Qualified, Lubuk Linggau City, students from three class levels. South Sumatra Province. The data analysis in this study used the media feasibility percentage from the questionnaire data that had been obtained. The percentage of eligibility of the media 2. Materials and Methods can use a systematic calculation formula as follows:
(%) = × 100% This research method is research and development (Research and Development). Research and Development 푆푘표푟 푦푎푛푔 푑푖푝표푟푒ℎ 푃푒푟푠푒푛푡푎푠푒 푘푒푙푎푦푎푘푎푛 research methods are methods used to produce certain The results of these calculations푆푘표푟 푦푎푛푔 푑푖areℎ푎푟푎푝푘푎푛 then used to products or improve existing products, and test the determine the feasibility of the media or products effectiveness of the product (Sugiyono, 2012). This study produced using the category ranges contained in table 1. aims to develop information technology-based learning Table 1. Eligibility Categories media. In addition, this study aims to produce efficient learning media by utilizing the Macromedia Flash Interval Score Professional 8 application which is packaged in the form 81 % - 100 % Very Eligible of video [3]. This research was conducted at SMP Negeri 61 % - 80 % Eligible 2 Quality Lubuklinggau City, South Sumatra Province, 41% - 60 % Fairly feasible which is located on Jalan Letkol Sukirno, Lubuklinggau 21% - 40 % Not Eligible Timur 1 District, Lubuklinggau City, South Sumatra Province through the WhatsApp group. When the research < 21 % Very Unfeasible was conducted in August 2020, the subjects of the (Source: Sugiyono, 2012) research were 15 students of SMP Negeri 2 Quality in The analysis of the improvement in learning outcomes Lubuklinggau City, South Sumatra Province, consisting of for the development of learning media was carried out by five class VII students, five class VIII students, and five exercising the questions given to the pretest-posttest class IX students as small group test students, three students who were analyzed using the t-test using the experts as product test experts, namely one media expert SPSS version 25 program. or teaching materials expert and two athletic material experts in sprinting numbers. At the product testing stage, it was carried out with lecturers who were teaching media 3. Results and Discussion courses and athletic material experts. Three experts are product testing experts, namely one media or teaching From the research that has been conducted by material expert and two athletic material experts for short researchers and the feasibility test of the learning media distance running numbers. At the product testing stage, it developed in this study, it is compiled through the stages was carried out with lecturers who were teaching media of the modular test process by researchers and courses and athletic material experts, three experts as examination by experts, validation by media experts product testing experts, namely one media or teaching shows the feasibility percentage of learning media is at the material expert and two athletic material experts for short level of 88.89% which means learning media is very distance running. At the product testing stage, it was feasible to use. The first material expert shows the carried out with lecturers who were teaching media feasibility of learning media at the level of 86.42% which courses and athletic material experts. means that the learning media is very feasible to use and In this study, researchers used a research and needs to be revised. Meanwhile, the second material development model from Borg and Gall which suggests expert shows the feasibility percentage of learning media research and development steps consisting of ten steps, is at the level of 97.15% which means that the learning namely problems, data collection, product design, design media is very feasible to use and does not need to be validation, design revision, product testing, product revised. revision, testing. Try usage, product revision, and mass The product of the development of this learning media production. is in the form of information technology-based learning Data collection uses learning materials which include media made using Macromedia Flash Professional 8 with
International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences 9(1): 124-129, 2021 127
several considerations, namely that this program is very Based on the results pre-test and post-test evaluation of effective in using online learning conditions as it is today, athletic learning with short distance running numbers this program is easier to use, can display multimedia through the use of information technology-based learning programs, and is an interactive learning media that is media products that have been developed, it is found that easier if it will be developed again by teachers to be there are differences in student learning outcomes before modified into other materials. and after using the development of information Information technology-based learning media used in technology-based learning media that the authors have this study contain related menus with athletic lessons in developed. sprint numbers. This learning media has done and So it can be concluded that by using based learning practiced in each class at the Quality Middle School 2 in media information technology, then the learning process Lubuklinggau City, South Sumatra Province. Each from home due to the COVID-19 pandemic is very validation test results development of based learning effective for use in the learning process. Judging from the media information Technology on the athletic material of results of research conducted that there is an increase in the sprint number this has been validated by media and the results of learning evaluation of students before and materials experts. after using based learning media, information technology The results of the validation of the media and material that has been developed. experts provide advice and provide an assessment of the The analysis of the improvement of student learning resulting learning media so that the resulting learning outcomes using the development of learning media was media can be used in the field or not. The results of the carried out using the t test using the SPSS 25.0 program. media expert's validation test assessed the content of the The following are the results of the pre-test and post-test material which consisted of technical aspects consisting of evaluation of athletic learning for the short distance readability, ease, quality of appearance and impressions, running numbers listed in the following table: then the display aspects consisted of visibility, natural and logical, control, consistency, easy to recognize, and Table 2. Students' Responses to Athletic Learning Media Development Products on Short Distance Running Numbers quality of documentation. Whereas material experts assess the content of the media which consists of aspects of No Respondent Class Pre-test Post-test material quality which include determination, importance, 1 Student 1 VII 9 10 completeness, material adequacy with the situation of 2 Student 2 VII 5 10 students, then aspects of learning quality which consist of 3 Student 3 VII 2 5 learning opportunities, providing learning assistance, learning flexibility, relationships with other teaching 4 Student 4 VII 3 10 programs, impact on students, and the impact on teachers 5 Student 5 VII 7 10 and learning. Based on the results of data analysis, it was 6 Student 6 VIII 10 10 found that the media expert's assessment was in the Very 7 Student 7 VIII 3 9 Appropriate category. Meanwhile, from the results of the expert's assessment, the material is in the Very 8 Student 8 VIII 8 9 Appropriate category. Referring to the category of the 9 Student 9 VIII 4 10 results of the assessment of the three experts, thenbased 10 Student 10 VIII 4 10 learning media information Technology on the athletic 11 Student 11 IX 3 8 material of the sprint number This is declared valid and 12 Student 12 IX 7 10 very feasible to be used as an information technology-based learning media in the Athletic Material 13 Student 13 IX 6 10 of the Short Distance Running Number for Junior High 14 Student 14 IX 6 10 School level, especially in SMP Negeri 2 Quality, 15 Student 15 IX 5 10 Lubuklinggau City, South Sumatra Province. Based on the product of the results development of Information: information technology-based learning media on athletic (1) In the Paired Sampels table, it can be seen that the material for short distance running numbers, it can be seen average results of the evaluation of the use of that the characteristic of the teaching media used in the information technology-based learning media in learning process is the combination of pictures and video students before being given learning media are 5.47 tutorials athletics sprint number which is arranged in and a standard deviation of 2.386 and after being accordance with the 2013 curriculum. This teaching media given learning media the results are 9.40 and a also contains material core competencies athletics sprint standard deviation of 1.352. This means that number which is accompanied by an explanation of the descriptively there are differences in the average material by integrating various types of media such as learning outcomes using information music, pictures, videos, and animated text. technology-based learning media before and after
128 Development of Information and Technology-based Learning Media in Athletic Materials for Short Distance Running Numbers for Quality Junior N 2 Students in Lubuk Linggau City, South Sumatra Province
being given information technology-based learning using Information Technology-based learning media on media on athletic material for short distance running athletic material for short distance running for quality numbers. SMP N 2 students in Lubuklinggau City, South Sumatra (2) In the Paired Samples Correlations table, it is found Province can be seen from the statistical test in the table that the correlation coefficient of learning outcomes below: using information technology-based media between before and after being given learning media is 0.491 Table 2. SPSS Output Results for Average Media Usage with the number sig. or p-value = 0.063 ≥ 0.05, it Paired Samples Statistics means that it is significant. Std. Mean Mean N Std. Deviation (3) In the Paired Samples Test table, the difference in Error Mean = 3,933 is obtained, which means the difference Before 5.47 15 2,386 .616 Pair 1 in learning outcomes using information After 9.40 15 1,352 .349 technology-based learning media between after and before being given learning media. And the most Table 3. SPSS Output Score Correlation Coefficient important result from this table is the statistical price t Paired Samples Correlations = 7,302, with db = 14 and the number sig. or p-value = 0.000 ˂ 0.05 or Ho is rejected. N Correlation Sig. Pair 1 Before after 15 .491 .063 The improvement of learning outcomes before and after
Table 4. Results of Differences Before and After Media Use
Paired Samples Test Paired Differences 95% Confidence Interval of the Sig. Std. Std. Error t df Mean Difference (2-tailed) Deviation Mean Lower Upper Sesudah - Pair 1 3.933 2.086 .539 2.778 5.089 7.302 14 .000 Sebelum
International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences 9(1): 124-129, 2021 129
From the tables, it can be seen that there is a significant (3) The implication of this learning media is the results of increase in learning outcomes using information this study can have positive implications for various technology-based learning media before and after being parties involved in this research, especially for given information technology-based learning media on education providers. The use of information athletic material for short distance running numbers. technology-based learning media for Physical Based on the results of data processing and analysis of Education subjects at SMPN 2 Quality in the research data that has been done, regarding Lubuklinggau City, South Sumatra Province as a development of learning media based on information means of teachers in physical education learning technology in the material athletics sprint number This which can be one way to motivate and improve student of SMP Negeri 2 Quality Lubuklinggau City, student learning outcomes. South Sumatra Province obtained the following (4) The learning materials and activities presented in this conclusions: media make it easier for teachers to deliver learning (1) With the state of the Covid-19 pandemic like at this materials that will be implemented to students, time the process of developing information increase students' knowledge, so that they can have a technology-based learning media really helps positive influence on students’ learning outcomes. teachers in the teaching and learning process, because schools do not allow face-to-face so that teachers are required to be more creative in providing materials effectively through information technology-based learning media. Researchers make learning media on REFERENCES the material athletics sprint number. The students of [1] Alnedral, (2015), Strategi Pembelajaran PJOK. Yogyakarta: Quality Middle School 2 in the City of Lubuklinggau CV. ANDI OFFSET (penerbit ANDI Anggota IKAPI) were carried out through the stages of a needs analysis in the Physical Education subject at SMP Negeri 2 [2] Damin, S. (2013). Media Komunikasi Pendidikan. Jakarta: Bumi Aksara. Quality in Lubuklinggau City. Learning media development products based on information [3] Kurniawan, F. (2012). Buku Pintar Pengetahuan Olahraga. technology in the materialathletics sprint number Jakarta: Laskar Aksara. packaged in a folder containing a description of the [4] Munir, (2010), Kurikulum Berbasis Teknologi Informasi material accompanied by pictures and video tutorials. Dan Komunikasi. Bandung: Alfabeta. After going through the modular test stage, the researcher carried out the validation test stage with [5] Priyanto, D. (2009). Pengembangan Multimedia Pembelajaran Berbasis Komputer. Jurnal Pemikiran the help of an expert, namely a media expert by Ms. alternative Kependidikan. Vol. 14. No. 1. 92-110. Novrianti, M. Pd., as a lecturer at Padang State University who served as a Lecturer at the [6] Rusman, Kurniawan, D, dan Riana, C. (2011). Pembelajaran Educational Technology Study Program, Faculty of Berbasis Teknologi Dan Komunikasi. Jakarta: Raja Grafindo Persada Education, Padang State University with a percentage of 88.89%. Mr. Dr. material expert Ardo Okilanda, [7] Sanjaya, W. (2011), Perancanaan dan Desain Sistem M.Pd. as a Lecturer at the PGRI Palembang Pembelajaran. Jakarta: kencana. University who served as a Lecturer in the Physical [8] Sidik, D.Z. (2011). Mengajar dan Melatih Atletik. Bandung: Education Study Program of the FKIP PGRI PT. Remaja Rosdakarya. Palembang with a percentage of 86.42%. As well as the second material expert, Ms. Vollyanti Reza Amum [9] Suartama, I.K. (2010). Pengembangan Mutimedia Untuk S. Pd, as a physical education teacher at the Quality Meningkatkan Kualitas Pembelajaran Pada Mata Kuliah Media Pembelajaran. Jurnal Pendidikan dan Pengajaran, Middle School 2 in Lubuklinggau City, South Jilid 43, Nomor 3, Oktober 2010.253-262 Sumatra Province, with a percentage of 97.15%. Then after making some revisions to the experts, the [10] Sugiyono, (2017). Metode Penelitian Pendidikan products that are made are ready to be tested on Pendekatan Kuantitatif, Kualitatif, dan R&D. Bandung: Alfabeta. students. (2) After a small group trial test was carried out on [11] Sugiyono, (2012). Metode Penelitian Pendidikan students, there was an increase in learning outcomes Pendekatan Kuantitatif, Kualitatif, dan R&D. Bandung: after students were given material in the form of Alfabeta. video-based learning information technology. So the [12] Suryani, N (2015) Pengembangan Media Pembelajaran learning process carried out through learning media is Sejarah Berbasis IT. Jurnal Sejarah dan Budaya. Vol. 10. No. said to be effective because the information messages 2. 186-195. contained in the media reach students.
International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences 9(1): 130-134, 2021 http://www.hrpub.org DOI: 10.13189/saj.2021.090118
Effect of Tempe Drinks on Muscle Recovery (Malondialdehyde) and Sub-Maximum Activity on Sparta DK Percut Sei Tuan Football Players in Deli Serdang Regency, North Sumatra Province
Winara1, Oktia Woro Kasmini Handayani2,*, Sulaiman2, Rumini2
1Sports Education Study Program (S3), Postgraduate Semarang State University, Semarang, Indonesia 2Public Healthy Program, Sports Education Study Program, Postgraduate Semarang State University, Semarang, Indonesia
Received September 22, 2020; Revised December 24, 2020; Accepted January 6, 2021
Cite This Paper in the following Citation Styles (a): [1] Winara, Oktia Woro Kasmini Handayani, Sulaiman, Rumini , "Effect of Tempe Drinks on Muscle Recovery (Malondialdehyde) and Sub-Maximum Activity on Sparta DK Percut Sei Tuan Football Players in Deli Serdang Regency, North Sumatra Province," International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 130-134, 2021. DOI: 10.13189/saj.2021.090118. (b): Winara, Oktia Woro Kasmini Handayani, Sulaiman, Rumini (2021). Effect of Tempe Drinks on Muscle Recovery (Malondialdehyde) and Sub-Maximum Activity on Sparta DK Percut Sei Tuan Football Players in Deli Serdang Regency, North Sumatra Province. International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences, 9(1), 130-134. DOI: 10.13189/saj.2021.090118. Copyright©2021 by authors, all rights reserved. Authors agree that this article remains permanently open access under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 International License
Abstract The purpose of this study was to see: The Keywords Provision of Tempe Drinks, Muscle effect of submaximal physical activity to increase MDA Recovery, Sub-Maximum Activity levels in the blood of soccer players given submaximal physical activity. The effect of giving tempe drinks for 2 weeks on changes in MDA (malondialdehyde) levels after getting submaximal physical activity in the sample. Providing tempe drinks with MDA levels in the players' 1 . Introduction blood, the sample consists of 15 players who get high Health is the basic capital for preserving the quality of sub-maximum physical activity (pulse) and 15 players who human resources. Health is meant to be healthy physically, get sub-maximum physical activity (pulses). The mentally and socially, which is expected to result in the instruments used to collect data are: physical activity quality of human resources as a whole (KDI Keolahragaan, running 2400 meter pulse measurement and MDA test 2000). One way to achieve health is by exercising, so that (malondealdehyde). There was a significant effect on exercise is necessary for all levels of society. muscle recovery that was given tempe drinks, namely Physical activity is a life activity that must be offering tempe drinks. The MDA (malondialdehyde) developed in the hope that it can provide added value in muscle recovery rate was very fast compared to samples the form of increasing quality, welfare and human dignity. that were not given tempe drinks (the average value of the Physical activity can influence various aspects of life such players who were given tempe drinks was around F = 42). as psychological, social, economic, cultural, political and It can be seen from the MDA blood while without offering biological functions. Regarding biological functions, the tempe drink F = 47. The data will show that muscle physical activity is a modulator with a broad spectrum of recovery is faster if you are given tempe drinks defeatingly effects and can occur at the level of function. The effect of because in the tempe content there is a lot of protein so that physical activity on biological functions can be in the muscle recovery is faster. form of positive effects, namely repair, while negative International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences 9(1): 130-134, 2021 131
effects are inhibiting or damaging. category of 19 years. Due to the tight match schedule This is supported by previous research. Participants making it difficult for players to recover their specific were 74 football players of all the first division clubs in muscles, in addition, if the player's protein consumption is Karbala, Iraq, aged between 18-22 years old. Depression, insufficient, this can cause symptoms of damage to the anxiety and stress were measured at three different time muscles that are continuously used but the nutritional points (resting time, before the training, before the content is insufficient. competition), while salivary IgA, pulse rate, and oxygen The researcher made some special observations on the saturation measurement were measured through five football team in Deli Serdang, namely the Sparta Dk and different time points (resting time, before the training, Garbin FC teams, this team is included in the Deli after the training, before the competition, after the Serdang football first division, the first division is the 3rd competition). It can be concluded that the combination of caste competition organized by PSSI. The observations by psychological distress and physiological markers can researchers on this team were in the form of: 1. Training provide accurate measurements of stress. Research by Program 2. Competition 3. Nutrition intake of players. In Farah Layth Naji (2020) Psychological Distress and the training program, the researchers did not find many Physiological Markers: Differences Comparisonin First significant problems, maybe because the standard first Division Football Players division trainers must be licensed so that the training Training is an important thing that must be done by an program is quite good. But on the other hand, the athlete before participating in a competition. One of them competition is too close to the pause period for the game is strength training such as lifting weights, and this to result in players having to recover to face the next strength training will trigger muscle damage which is match. This results in the physicality of the players in the characterized by an increase in serum creatine kinase category not fully recovered because the gap is only 1 day. levels, muscle pain and decreased muscle strength. The In the nutritional intake of players in a special interview results of research conducted by Udani and Singh (2009) with the team coach and several players, there was no revealed that there was an increase in muscle damage and menu given to the players to face the competition, either pain after doing strength training with squats. Research by in training. Cooke (2010) shows a significant increase in damage. Games that are too dense plus insufficient nutritional In previous studies increased physical exercise can have intake for players can cause muscle damage to players due a very significant effect on the body. The graded to lack of protein and vitamin intake in athletes, so players incremental test was executed on a treadmill adjusted with need high protein intake that is also natural for their a gradient of 1.5%. All tests started with an initial bodies. workload of 6 km/h for 3 minutes and incremental 2 km/h In red guava, there is a very large vitamin C content in increases every 3 minutes until subjective exhaustion was 100 grams of red guava, there are 889 mg (Djoko 2010). reached with a minimum of five steps. Between steps, a Vitamin C is a very strong antioxidant and can prevent the 30 second break took place for capillary blood extraction. oxidation process in food and in the human body system Subsequent to the last incremental step, another step of 3 (Tejasari, 2005). Vitamin C has many functions in the minutes with the previous initial workload of 6 km/h took body, as a coenzyme or cofactor. Ascorbic acid is a place Research by Stefan Endler et al (2017) The PerPot material that has strong radiation ability and acts as an Simulated Anaerobic Threshold – A Comparison to antioxidant in hydroxyl reactions (Almatsier, S. 2009). Typical Lactate-based Thresholds. In addition to red guava which can reduce free radicals One of the causes of changes in muscle condition in so that it can accelerate the muscle recovery period in sports is the intensity of physical activity or the intensity athletes. Besides that, the content in tempe can also of exercise. There are many ways to determine the accelerate recovery because the content of tempeh is high intensity of physical activity, for example from the in protein, the protein in tempeh is greater than that in percentage of maximum speed, percentage of maximum beef and soybeans. strength, percentage of maximum heart rate or based on The purpose of this study was to see the effect of tempe the predominant energy used during physical activity. A drinks on muscle recovery in a soccer team that was lot of at least the body's use of oxygen is closely related to previously given 2400meter submaximal exercise so that the formation of free radicals which result in poor muscle the muscles in the sample body experienced fatigue and condition after physical activity. then given tempeh drinks as muscle recovery. A case study conducted by a researcher who has been a former first division coach for 3 years in a soccer team in North Sumatra, precisely in Deli Serdang Regency, found 2. Materials and Methods things that hinder the player's performance and health. This is in the form of a very busy match schedule between This study used an experimental method in a 2x2 only 2 days after the match, plus the official competition factorial design. The sampling technique was perpousive for the Indonesian Football Association (PSSI) which is sampling and obtained a sample of 30 people from a total held regularly throughout Indonesia with a maximum age population of 50 people. The data analysis technique used
132 Effect of Tempe Drinks on Muscle Recovery (Malondialdehyde) and Sub-Maximum Activity on Sparta DK Percut Sei Tuan Football Players in Deli Serdang Regency, North Sumatra Province a two-way ANOVA test with SPSS 20.0 program and a Table 2. Analysis of Influence Variance between Giving Tempe Drinks on Levels of MDA (Malondialdehyde) in Sparta Dk Players significance level of 5%, followed by Tukey's test. 19991493This study used an experimental method with Source of Variation Add Red Guava Juice Total a 2x2 factorial design, two variables were manipulated dk 1 12 simultaneously to investigate the effect of each level on JK 25.5 7.6 the dependent variable and the effects caused by the JKT 25.5 0.6 interaction between several variables. Fc 42 MDA measurement in blood plasma is because most of Ft 47 the MDA in blood is found in plasma, apart from serum Sig 0.00 and tissue (Konig & Berg, 2002). The blood plasma obtained is then used to check MDA levels. Method of Exp Significance Measuring Levels of MDA Based on the results of the analysis of the difference in The MDA measurement method used is the TBA the effect of giving tempeh drinks on muscle recovery (Thiobarbituric Acid) method. According to Yagi (1994), (Malondialdehyde) in DK Sparta players, the calculated F the TBA method has a high sensitivity value to free value is 42 and the F table is 4.747 with a p value or a radicals and is easily applied to samples in various significance level of 0.000, because the value of f count oxidation stages. TBA will react with carboxylate groups (42)> F table (47) and a significance level of 0.000 <0.05, from MDA through the addition of nucleophilics to form which means that Ha which says "there is an effect of MDA-TBA complexes in an acidic atmosphere and muscle recovery on the provision of tempeh drinks produce colored products so that they can be quantified by The results of the average MDA (Malondialdehyde) spectrophotometry (Yagi, 1994). levels in Sparta DK athletes with the provision of teme drink can be seen in the following table: Table 3 : The Table 1. 2 x 2 Factorial design results of the average levels of MDA (Malondialdehyde) Tempe Drink on athlete Sparta DK by administering not give tempe The pulse drink and give tempe drink GiveTempe sub-maximum (B) No Give (A1) Drink(A1) Table 3. MDA measurement results given tempeh drink A B A B 1 1 2 1 Dependent Variable : Result of MDA Test A B A B 1 2 2 2 Administering Tempe Drink No Give GiveTempe Drink Information: Mean 47 42 A1 = Without Giving Tempe Drink Std.Error .281 .281 A2 = Giving Tempe Drink B1 = High pulse Based on the table above, it is known that the average B2 = Low pulse result of muscle recovery which can be seen from the A1B1 = The group that was not given tempeh drinks in MDA (Malondialdehyde) levels in Sparta DK players by the sample who received sub-maximal physical exercise giving Tempe Drinks an average result of 42 while the with high pulse results. average MDA (Malondialdehyde) levels in Sparta DK A2B1 = The group that was given Tempe Drinks was the players are not given drinks. tempe, the average yield is sample who received sub-maximal physical exercise with 47, so the difference in the average MDA high pulse results. (Malondialdehyde) muscle healing rate between giving tempeh drinks and without giving tempeh drinks is 5. there is a decrease of 5 out of 47 muscle conditions that 3. Results and Discussion are given submaximal training without giving tempe give the tempeh drink to 42 The results of giving 2400meter training to Sparta dk 3.1. Comparison of the effect of giving Tempe Drinks on players have 47 for the level of muscle fatigue as seen Muscle Recovery (Malondialdehyde) in DK Sparta from the MDA results on the players' blood. Players
To test the hypothesis which states that the difference in the effect of Tempeh Drinks on Muscle Recovery (malondialdehyde) in Sparta DK Players, two Way analysis of variance was used. The following results were obtained:
Figure 1. Graph of decrease after giving tempeh drink
International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences 9(1): 130-134, 2021 133
The data on the results of giving tempeh drinks to The picture above is the initial process of providing Sparta dk players who were given 2400 meters of physical submaximal physical activity in the form of running 2400 activity decreased 42 of the 47 this had a significant meters, then giving tempeh drinks and then taking the impact on the content of tempeh drinks on muscle players' blood (MDA) to see a decrease in high oxidative recovery during high activity. stress which makes young players tired because the muscles in the players are not enough for muscle intake for recovery This study is to look at muscle recovery in the dk Sparta team soccer player. Given quite tiring training, namely submaximal in the form of running 2400 meters which produces high and low pulse, each sample will be divided into 2 groups, in which the first group is given tempeh drink and the second group is not given tempe drink, which aims to see how fast the player's muscle recovery is. There is high protein in tempeh so it can Figure 2. Giving tempeh drinks to physical activity speed up muscle recovery. The ingredients for making tempe used are tempe pollen that have been produced by The figure above shows a very significant comparison the company so that the nutritional value of the tempe between giving tempeh drinks and without giving tempe content can be measured. drinks. The figure shows a 5 point ratio for the reduction This research method uses experimental measurements when given tempeh drinks during high activity through the blood of the Sparta dk soccer player. The pre-test and post-test of the players perform submaximal 4. Conclusions physical activity to run 2400 meters after that, the players will take blood to see how fast the recovery is through the content of MDA (malondehyaldehide) in the players blood. From this conclusion, there is a very significant effect on the provision of tempeh drinks given by the Sparta dk football players who are given submaximal training in the form of running 2400 meters with high and low pulses there is an acceleration of recovery with a value of 42 to players who are given tempeh drinks compared by not giving tempeh drinks with a value of 47. This is because the protein content in tempeh drinks makes muscles work better when doing high activities so that this tempeh drink is very well used for athletes to meet nutritional standards for themselves. This shows a change in conditions when players experience muscle Figure 3. Provision of 2400 m submaximum activity to the player fatigue. Intake of tempeh drinks really helps to care for muscles that do high activity.
REFERENCES [1] Arief P.S, “Agribisnsis Guava (Jambu Batu)”, CV. Pustaka Grafika, Bandung, 2010 [2] Almatsier. S, “Prinsip Dasar Ilmu Gizi”, edition 6, Gramedia Pustaka Utama, Jakarta, 2006 [3] Arsana, I Nyoman, “Ekstrak Kulit Buah Manggis dan Pelatihan Fisik Menurunkan Stress Oksidatif Pada Tikus Wistar Selama Aktivitas Fisik Maksimal”, Udayana University, Bali, 2014 [4] Bagchi K., & Puri S, “Free Radicals and Antioxidants in Health and Disease”, Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal, vol 4, no. 2, pp 60-350, 1998 Figure 4. Blood sampling (MDA) of players who have been given submaximal physical activity and tempe drinks [5] Bagiada, N.A, “Proses Penuaan dan Penanggulangannya”,
134 Effect of Tempe Drinks on Muscle Recovery (Malondialdehyde) and Sub-Maximum Activity on Sparta DK Percut Sei Tuan Football Players in Deli Serdang Regency, North Sumatra Province
Medical School, Udayana University, Denpasar, 2001, Sports Sciences, Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 43 - 49, 2020. DOI: 10.13189/saj.2020.080106. [6] Catala A, “Lipid Peroxidation”, Int. J Biochem Cell Bio l., vol 38, no 1482-95, 2006 [12] Griwijoyo., “Ilmu Kesehatan Olahraga”, Indonesia Education University, Bandung, 2007 [7] Chevion S, Moran DS, Heled Y, Shani Y, Regev G, Abbou B, Berenshtein E, Stadtman E R, Epstein Y, “Plasma [13] Komisi Disiplin Ilmu Keolahragaan, “Ilmu Keolahragaan Antioxidant Status and Cell Injury After Severe Physical dan Rencana Pengembangannya”, Depdiknas, Jakarta, 2002 Exercise”, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 100, 5119-23. 2003 [14] Konig D & Berg A, “Exercise and Oxidative Stress: Is there [8] Clarkson PM, Thompson HS, “Antioxidants:What Role do a Need for Additional Antioxidant” Osterreichisches J Fur They Play in Physical Activity and Health?, Am J Clin Nutr, Sport medizin, vol 3, pp 6-15, 2002 vol 72, pp 637S-46S, 2000 [15] Tejasari.. Nilai-Nilai Gizi Pangan. Graha ilmu. Jakarta, 2005 [9] Davies K, "Oxidative Stress: The Paradox of Aerobic Life". Bioche Soc Symp. vol 61, pp 1–31. PIMD 8660387. 1995 [16] Stefan Endler , Sabine Hoffmann , Björn Sterzing , Perikles Simon , Mark Pfeiffer , "The PerPot Simulated Anaerobic [10] Djoko P I, “Panduan Gizi Lengkap Keluarga dan Threshold - A Comparison to Typical Lactate-based Olahragawan”, CV. Andi Offset, Yogyakarta, 2007 Thresholds," International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences, Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 9 - 15, 2017. DOI: [11] Farah Layth Naji, Tengku Fadilah Tengku Kamalden, 10.13189/saj.2017.050102. Saidon Amri, "Psychological Distress and Physiological Markers: Differences Comparison in First Division Football [17] Yagi, K. “Free Radical in Diagnostic Medicine”, Plenum Pr, Players," International Journal of Human Movement and New York, 1994
International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences 9(1): 135-139, 2021 http://www.hrpub.org DOI: 10.13189/saj.2021.090119
The Effect of Smash Training Using Hanging Balls on the Accuracy of Open Smash
Siti Ayu Risma Putri1,*, Firmansyah Dlis2, Samsudin2, Mutiara Fajar3, Sugar Wanto3, Puput Sekar Sari3
1Graduate Program, State University of Jakarta, Rawamangun, 13220, Jakarta, Indonesia 2Faculty of Sport Science, State University of Jakarta, Rawamangun, 13220, Jakarta, Indonesia 3Department of Physical Education, State University of PGRI, Palembang, 30116, Palembang, Indonesia
Received September 22, 2020; Revised December 31, 2020; Accepted January 10, 2021
Cite This Paper in the following Citation Styles (a): [1] Siti Ayu Risma Putri, Firmansyah Dlis, Samsudin, Mutiara Fajar, Sugar Wanto, Puput Sekar Sari , "The Effect of Smash Training Using Hanging Balls on the Accuracy of Open Smash," International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 135-139, 2021. DOI: 10.13189/saj.2021.090119. (b): Siti Ayu Risma Putri, Firmansyah Dlis, Samsudin, Mutiara Fajar, Sugar Wanto, Puput Sekar Sari (2021). The Effect of Smash Training Using Hanging Balls on the Accuracy of Open Smash. International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences, 9(1), 135-139. DOI: 10.13189/saj.2021.090119. Copyright©2021 by authors, all rights reserved. Authors agree that this article remains permanently open access under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 International License
Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine Precision the effect of smash practice using a hanging ball on the accuracy of open volleyball smash games. This research method is to use an experimental research design. The research sample consisted of 60 male volleyball players. The sample was divided into two groups, namely the 1 . Introduction experimental group and the control group with the Physical education learning in Indonesia includes matching ordinary pairing technique. The research learning material for big balls and small balls. One of the instrument was the APHEER test smash skills. The data big ball sports that are often conveyed in physical analysis technique used the t-test to see the effectiveness of education learning at elementary, junior high, and high increasing the training given to the sample, processing data school levels is volleyball. Volleyball is a sport that is analysis with the SPSS version 23 software program. The popular with many people, not only in Indonesia but also results showed that the average accuracy of the smash of in demand in various regions. Volleyball is a fun sport and male volleyball players who participated in extracurricular can be played anywhere with any number of players, activities was the pretest group results, control of 6.83 and players can give great individual performances, but these posttest control group of 5.65 which means there is no players are part of a team, which requires cooperation and significant increase. Then for the results of the research mutual trust in friends on the pitch. As Streit points out group that was given exercise, the pretest score of 6.77 and that the modern game of volleyball has come to occupy an posttest the experimental group was 10.63. Based on the important place in physical education programs, not only research data, there was a significant increase in the smash in high schools but in primary schools and colleges as results in the experimental group. The conclusion of this well. Volleyball is a very popular sport, and its research is that there is an effect of smash practice using a development is full of constant innovation and maturity of hanging ball on the accuracy of open volleyball smashes. techniques and tactics [1] The results of this study provide a contribution for coaches Volleyball is a sport that is popular in society as a and volleyball players to improve smash skills, especially means of education, recreation, and achievement. The increasing the accuracy of open smashes. International Volleyball Federation (FIVB) reports there are more than 900 million volleyball players worldwide Keywords Hanging Ball Smash Practice, Open Smash [2]. Coupled with the number of adults playing the game, 136 The Effect of Smash Training Using Hanging Balls on the Accuracy of Open Smash
both intensively and as a purely recreational activity, it characteristics of the volleyball game. Volleyball exercise can be seen that volleyball is rapidly replacing basketball affects students' physical fitness [12]. as the number one indoor sport in America [3]. Another A hanging ball is a ball that is hung by a rope tied to the opinion also said that Volleyball is a sport that is end of a pivoting pole with the height of the ball classified as a big ball game and is in great demand by according to the player's reach. Hanging volleyball is a students and Indonesians because this sport is indeed an very simple training model, with the concept of the ball alternative sport that is quite easy to master and can be being hung on a pole with a height adjusted to the played anywhere without expensive costs [4 ]. situation and conditions in the field. [13]. Mechanical These functional basics must be mastered: serve, hitting a ball hitting practice can develop the speed and receive and pass, setup, "spike" or attack, block, net accuracy of hitting the ball [14]. The ball is used for recovery, teamwork, knowledge of rules [5]. Mastery of training, tied with a rope, and hung in such a way that if the basic techniques of volleyball game is one of the the ball is touched or hit it will not be thrown far away, elements that can determine the win or loss of a team in a but will return to its original position. volleyball game [6]. One of the most difficult basic Research conducted has not focused on the volleyball techniques in volleyball is the basic smash technique. In smash technique. This study has been directed at the volleyball, smash is one form of attacking blow technique volleyball smash training model. Meanwhile, this study [7]. "Attack is standard technique (standard jump and arm aims to determine the effect of hanging ball training on swing) and other techniques (variations or modifications the accuracy of volleyball smashes so that students can do of the standard technique, either in the jump or in the arm volleyball smashes. This is a novelty that researchers are swing)" explains that the attack is a standard technique going to investigate. The reason for researching volleyball (standard jump and swing arm) and techniques, other hanging ball exercise is because sports learning must (variations or modifications to standard techniques, either provide a strong physical element to improve the health of in the jump or in the arm [8]. students, and the concept of learning volleyball for However, the results of the field data analysis showed students must be adapted to the needs, students and ages. that extracurricular male students had difficulty using the This means that students at that age are still very young basic technique of volleyball smash. They often make and interested in volleyball. mistakes when hitting, hit the hand when hitting the ball incorrectly so that the ball does not cross the net and the ball lands on its field. Therefore, coaches can use different 2. Research Methods types of methods for the basic technique of volleyball The research method used was the experiment, with the smash practice. control and experimental groups. The untreated control Several previous studies have been carried out to group and the experimental group were treated using a develop various training methods in volleyball both related hanging ball. There are also data collection techniques in to hitting techniques in volleyball smashes. Previous this study using tests and measurements consisting of the research, the value of the posttest experimental class and initial test (pretest) then after the pretest is carried out, the control class with a significant value of 0.026 <0.05, so that male students of the extracurricular research are given the alternative hypothesis is accepted, namely that there is treatment through the training process using hanging ball an effect of training using hanging ball media on the basic exercises, after this step is carried out, then it is followed by smash technique [9]. Smash training for volleyball is a the final test (posttest). The final posttest test was carried training model developed which can be a target-based out to determine the student's final result by using the smash training model [10], with a variety of smash hanging ball exercise which was carried out 14 times in the exercises developed by athletes who train more effectively basic technique of volleyball smash. and more efficiently [11]. Before doing the pretest, extracurricular male students The process of implementing a perfect smash is divided were given examples of the basic smash techniques that into four stages, namely: (1) At the start, (2) At the time of they would practice one by one. Then provide direction repulsion, (3) When hitting, and (4) When landing. This regarding the stages in conducting the pretest. The pretest makes it difficult to achieve victory in the match. In was carried out to determine the initial results of the basic addition, the training method used by the trainer still uses volleyball smash technique in students, the pretest was the old training method; there is no novelty in each training given to obtain initial data before being given treatment. pattern, so that students do not experience significant After the initial data were obtained and students have been achievement. So it is important to find solutions to the given treatment regarding the basic smash techniques. difficulties faced by volleyball extracurricular participants Furthermore, the male students did a posttest, namely the at the junior high school level in the city of Palembang. final data collection. Posttest was conducted to measure the Researchers provide an alternative training method that can students' ability in understanding the basic techniques of be used to train smashes using the hanging ball method. volleyball smash after being given training using hanging This training method the researchers took is based on the ball exercises.
International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences 9(1): 135-139, 2021 137
The assessment of smash ability is as follows: students 3. Result are allowed to smash 5 times, while in the assessment, the score to be taken is the ball that crosses the net, which in The research method used was the experimental the field has received numbers. The value is then added up pretest-posttest control group method and the experiment on the opportunity to perform the smash technique. with the exercise using a hanging ball. In table 2, the following are descriptive statistics of the pretest-posttest results of the control group:
Table 2. Descriptive statistics of the pretest-posttest results of the control group The Standard Slope Mode Median Average Deviation of the curve Pretest 4,75 6,17 14,41 0,14 6,77 Posttest 9,27 10,28 25,17 0,54 10,63
In table 1, it can be seen that the results of the volleyball Figure 1. Field for the smash test smash of 60 subjects with a mean of 6.83 were the control The results showed that there was an increase in ability group pretest, while the mean of 5.65 was the control group related to student smash techniques through hanging ball posttest. In table 2, the following are the results of the training. Hanging ball training is related to the form of pretest-posttest test in the Experiment group: training, including reaching for a hanging ball with good Table 3. Pretest and Posttest of the Experiment Group and correct basic movements, and is done repeatedly. Exercises using a hanging ball as a whole can train The Standard slope Average students' basic movements because the ball is in a Mode Median Deviation of the stationary or passive position. So that it makes students curve more focused on improving their basic movements and not Pretest 4,43 6,17 14,58 0,16 6,83 hesitate to make further movements to achieve the ball. To determine the control and experimental groups, through the Posttest 3,56 4,95 9,91 0,21 5,65 Ordinal Peering system, the experimental group and the Seen the mean of the pretest experimental group was control group were determined using ordinal peering which 6.77 and the posttest was 10.63. It can be concluded that was ranked based on the ranking of the test results, as the posttest experimental group had a significant increase follows an example of a grouping table between the in using hanging ball training for 16 treatments. experimental group and the control group. In this study, the After the pretest and posttest data were obtained, the researcher used ordinal peering. normality and homogeneity tests were then carried out as Table 1. Ordinal peering a requirement for data analysis. After being tested, it turns out that the data are normally distributed and KK KE KK KE homogeneous, after the data are declared normal and 1 2 31 32 homogeneous, then a hypothesis is submitted using the 4 3 34 33 statistical "t-test" test criteria for Ho if t-count ≥ t-table 5 6 35 36 (1-a), and Ho reject if t-count ≤ t-table (1-a), where t (1-a) is t contained in the t distribution table with DK = n1 + 8 7 38 37 n2-2 and probability (1-a), the t-count obtained is 15.42 9 10 39 40 while t (0.95) (60) = 1.771 is obtained from the t-table 12 11 42 41 distribution tablet. From the calculations, it can be 13 14 43 44 concluded that there is a significant difference between 16 15 46 45 the experimental group and the control group. So the significant effect of hanging ball training on the accuracy 17 18 47 48 of smash open in volleyball games. 20 19 50 49 21 22 51 52 24 23 54 53 4. Discussion 25 26 55 56 The results showed that the highest volleyball 28 27 58 57 extracurricular participants who were treated using a 29 30 59 60 hanging ball were not given treatment. The results of the
138 The Effect of Smash Training Using Hanging Balls on the Accuracy of Open Smash
experimental group pretest showed that the highest score using a hanging ball on the accuracy of open volleyball for female students was 13 and the lowest score was 2 and smashes. the pretest average for the experimental group was 6.77. After hanging ball training for 6 weeks with a frequency of training 3 times a week, the entire study sample was Acknowledgments subjected to a final or post-test test. It turns out that there is an average increase of 3.86 so that the average posttest We would like to thank the lecturers who gave accuracy of smash open in the experimental group suggestions and input to make this paper better, which volleyball game becomes 10.63. The results of the pretest researchers have implemented to the experimental group control group smash open ability of the students had the subjects including: Prof. Dr. Firmansyah Dlis, M.Pd, highest score 13 and the lowest score was 2, and the Samsudin, M.Pd, Mutiara Fajar, M.Pd. and to all those pretest average of the control group was 6.83. While the who have helped until this paper is finished. results of the posttest control group have the highest score of 12 and the lowest score is 1, and an average of 5.65, so there is an average decrease of -1.18. The research subjects were male students of volleyball extracurricular activities. They need physical activity to REFERENCES build strength, coordination, and confidence which will [1] Y. Laios and P. Kountouris, “The Effectiveness of External consequently lead them to lay the groundwork for a Cues on Learning Setting in Volleyball,” Int. J. Perform. healthy lifestyle through gaining more control over how Anal. Sport, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 90–99, 2009, doi: active they are [15]. Extracurricular activities support the 10.1080/24748668.2009.11868466. process of life skills through the transfer of skills and [2] Y. Wang, Y. Zhao, R. H. M. Chan, and W. J. Li, “Volleyball application outside the place of learning [16] Skill Assessment Using a Single Wearable Micro Inertial Based on the pretest results of the experimental group Measurement Unit at Wrist,” IEEE Access, vol. 6, pp. with an average of 6.77 and 10.63 posttest, there was an 13758–13765, 2018, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2792220. increase of 3.96 while the control group had an average of [3] I. Muttaqin, M. E. Winarno, and A. Kurniawan, 6.83 and posttest of 5.65 and there was a decrease of -1.18, “Pengembangan Model Latihan Smash Bolavoli Pada while the difference between the two groups in the Kegiatan Ekstrakurikuler di SMPN 12 Malang,” Pendidik. posttest occurred the mean difference in criteria was 4.98. Jasm., vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 257–272, 2016. The improvement and progress of this research occur in [4] S. Ayu, R. Putri, and P. Education, “Kinestetik : Jurnal every meeting because every time the researcher makes Ilmiah Pendidikan Jasmani PERSONALITY OF movements, he always provides an example and input to VOLLEYBALL ATHLETES FACULTY STUDENT each student so that it is easier for them and imitating ACTIVITY UNIT ( UKMF ),” vol. 4, no. 2, 2020. good and correct smash movements and correcting [5] H. T. Friermood, “The Journal of Health and Physical movements made by students. The first meeting of many Education,” J. Health Phys. Educ., vol. 16:10, no. February students still experienced difficulties because the height of 2015, pp. 37–41, 2013, doi: 10.1080/23267240.1945.10625 140. the ball hanging could not be smashed by the students and the wrong basic motion made the jump height not optimal, [6] T.F. Stocker, D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S.K. Allen, J. but with practice from time to time, it was easier for Doschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex, and P.M. Midgley, students to find the right time to reach the hanging ball. "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Ed., “Summary for Policymakers,” Climate Change "Eds. Because the basic motion that is good and correct will Cambridge University Press, pp. 3-29, doi:10.1017/CBO97 make the jump more leverage. 81107415324.004. [7] D. P. Parlindungan, “THE EFFECTIVENESS OF VOLLEYBALL SMASH TRAINING,” no. November, pp. 5. Conclusions 1–2, 2017.
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International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences 9(1): 140-148, 2021 http://www.hrpub.org DOI: 10.13189/saj.2021.090120
A Study on the Behavior of Change & Korean Dance Creation by Foreign Visitors
Ji Young Yoo1, Yeon Soo Kim2,*
1Institute of Sport Science, Korea National Sport University, No.1239, Yangjae-daero, Songpa-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea 2Department of Road and Geomatic at Civil Engineering College, National University of Engineering, No Av. Tupac Amaru 210, Lima, Peru
Received September 10, 2020; Revised January 19, 2021; Accepted January 28, 2021
Cite This Paper in the following Citation Styles (a): [1] Ji Young Yoo, Yeon Soo Kim , "A Study on the Behavior of Change & Korean Dance Creation by Foreign Visitors," International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 140 - 148, 2021. DOI: 10.13189/saj.2021.090120. (b): Ji Young Yoo, Yeon Soo Kim (2021). A Study on the Behavior of Change & Korean Dance Creation by Foreign Visitors. International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences, 9(1), 140 - 148. DOI: 10.13189/saj.2021.090120. Copyright©2021 by authors, all rights reserved. Authors agree that this article remains permanently open access under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 International License
Abstract In general, each of the aggregates is favored to the creative development of Korean dance has an as not being a carrier. Foreign visitors were applied, indirect effect where there is a behavior of change by information responsive, and visit experience. The reason foreign visitors. It was found that it had an indirect effect was, the intimacy of behavior change and behavior change on the new of Korean dance creation. of attitude later became an opportunity to create Korean dance. In this study, 268 foreign visitors were examined to Keywords Intimacy, Attitude, Visiting Experience, derive the creation and behavior of Korean dance. We Korean Dance Creation investigated the behavioral change and its impact on the creation of Korean dance. It was supported by factor variables: intimacy, attitude, behavior change, and Korean dance creation. These results are probable as content factors of knowledge as manipulated variables estimated 1 . Introduction to increase. It applied the tools of the methodology to frequency analysis, factor analysis and regression analysis Korean dance is a national art. Korean dance has a in social science with statistical use. Independent variables history, culture, and lifestyle. Korean dance originated are intimacy, attitudes, and behavioral changes. The from ancient times and was protected and worshiped. It is intervening variables are foreigner's visit experience, meant to prevent diseases, disasters, and was thought to information acquisition. The dependent variables are bring abundance into the traditions of long ago. It was behavior of change and Korean dance creation. As a result, understood from having the form of the state, it was there was a significant impact on visitor intimacy, attitude, expressed "dance" and "music". In addition, experts have nationality and behavioral change, which positively been nurtured by state agencies since coming to modern affected 67.8 (%) behavioral change. In addition, the times. During the Joseon Dynasty, it developed into a folk creation of Korean dance was influenced by the result of dance by the royal family. Korean dance was an art. behavioral change, intimacy, attitude, and visit experience Depending on the means, purpose, function, and location, and information acquisition, and 77.9 (%) very high result the degree of completeness has been improved. Along in behavioral change and creation of Korean dance. with this, the Korean dance began to decline, and it was However, there was insufficient impact significant effect the cause of the Japanese invasion, the Korean War, and on performance viewing and time 9.8(%). When the the pain in history. It develops as Western culture enters. results of the study are concluded, the factor contributing Together, new dance and Korean traditional dance. From International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences 9(1): 140-148, 2021 141
this point on, it becomes the basis of re-development in complementation of Korean dance and the the name of Korean dance creation. As modern dance, interdisciplinary relationship. Korean dance develops and promotes. By being refined, Korean culture develops with intimacy in the world. Today's K-Pop status has a Korean dance origin. 2. Theory of Background Therefore, this study comparatively studied behavioural change for foreigners according to the perspective of each 2.1. Description of the Theory country from the empirical aspect of whether it changed according to the familiarity of Korean dance and the Behavior it can be grounded theory since being a intimacy and attitude of viewers. member of the community is a reflection of the process of understanding the object of action. In this process, the 1.1. Necessity subject and object are said to be the same. According to Willock, etc. [3], the life world that appears in this way is The need for this study is that the concept of Korean seen as an objective knowledge to understand social dance is rational objectivity to enhance it. 1) The spirit of phenomena, and the value of the social phenomenon starts the present and future. 2) I see it as a religious special from individual objects. As well as inter-subjectivity in situation, and the reason exists, as funeral dances, the life world includes the meaning of accumulated time Buddhist dances, and shamanic dances. 3) Distinguish [4]. Therefore, mutual subjectivity has a theoretical between good and evil for humans, it sublimates into implication that can explain it [5]. The study has the Korean dance. It is expressed in Korean dance and possibility of the methodology in the process of forming prevents evil. It is expressed in Korean dance. The origin the knowledge system [6]. Therefore, we intend to utilize of happiness. 4) Pursue the spirit of conversion to Korean this study. The methodology of interdependent dance. Sorrow is transformed while pursuing a change in subjectivity in the life world of phenomenology Moreover, the spirit of joy. 5) Korean dance is a unit of it could be utilized as a new variable of the methodology. consciousness. Korean dance is a ritual that transforms Interrogation process, consciousness flow, and experience sadness into joy by happily changing the aesthetic sense. 6) and time to objectify more than mutual subjectivity [7]. Korean dance is interpreted as the joy of life. 7) Korean The researcher's theoretical background was based on dance has a community spirit, it is a village community, a limits to the extent of factual visits and information labor community, and a pursuit of community acquisition by foreigners on behavior change. Researched consciousness rather than individual happiness. 8) Korean for the basics visiting experiences, information acquis ion dance has a spirit of morality and courtesy [1]. Korean about visit opportunities and behavior of change and dance is the spirit of the Korean people, and Korean dance Korean dance creation. On the basis of the search was was created, so that society is transformed. It means the described. Exploration visitor’s experiences, and visitor’s process of change of behavior, which can be explained information pathways behavior of change and Korean extinction, soil, development, and the process of change. dance creation. With sufficient real control over behavior The intimacy and attitude of Korean dance to foreigners of change, foreign visitors' intentions are inferred when increases the likelihood of changes in the behavior of opportunities arise. Therefore, the limitation of the range Korean dance. of recognizing and acting will be able to be inferred, Our aim is to go deeper into this topic, Study analysis predicting behavior of change. In order to adopt this theory, behavior of changes, in intimacy, attitude, and of differences in intimacy, attitudes and behavior of behavior were used as theories. Measurement variables change those who are not, by foreign visitors. In this study, shown in considered for each construct used in this study we analyzed how differences affect behavior of changes were either selected or modified from previous studies. and K-pop production. The ultimate goal is to provide, contribute, and promote foreign visitors' experience paths, also social mediation, and useful information and 2.2. Intimacy encouragement of Korean dance. The global K-pop group Behavior-related research is based on the assumption of is creating change, and through action change, it is being control of cognitive behavior and behavioural intention is driven by the reaction of people around the world through determined behavioural intention [8]. On the other hand, the fusion of Korean traditional dance and K-pop dance there is a study of meta-analysis. It is likely to increase by [2]. This study attempted to find out, if possible, to teach, individual action plan and motivation awareness [9-10]. Korean traditional dance based on preferences and According to Bandura (1977) [11], the decision to experiences of Korean dance for foreign visitors. Based recognize behavioral control, the efficacy structure of on the research results, the curriculum of Korean dance self-confidence as an ability to perform an action. As well has been developed, and theoretical growth and reflection as study, which analyzes the relationship between physical in the sociological dimension. Therefore, the curriculum exercise and behavioral intentions, has two effects on the
142 A Study on the Behavior of Change & Korean Dance Creation by Foreign Visitors
attitude of intention [12]. Similar findings were reported creation to the attitude of travelers and utilized it [13-14]. There is a prior study of tourist intimacy. theoretically. According to them, the speed of acquaintance is perceived by the experience of information exposure and 2.4. Changing Behavior advertisement [15], exposed to advertisements perceived by consumers, and the familiarity is perceived by the Description of the theory with “Behavior of Change and experience of information exposed by advertisement. In Korean Dance Creation” (BCKDC), “BCKDC” is guided addition, experience and information that is said to have by five kinds of considerations: it was supported by the an impact on travelers is important in decision making view of foreign visitors bout the likely consequences and [16]. According to Baloglu (2001) [17], the number of experiences, information, watch behavior of change and information combined with the experience directly affects Korean dance creation and path associated with behavior the intimacy of tourists. In addition, the scope of of change about it was supported by views due to the evaluation of perception is closely related to intimacy [18]. intimacy and attitude. In other to “BCKDC” to Therefore, it is very likely that intimacy will be attempted. expectation and to consider it. Actually, surveyed for from This study attempted to adopt changing behavior as a the experience of foreign visitors to various channels. basis for this. Foreign subjective experiences and attitudes Assumed asked questions, experience of foreign decision as a factor in behavior of change makers, intimacy, attitudes [28], and information acquisition [29]. The family wanted to discover a significant existence. The existence of behaviour of 2.3. Attitude changes and elements of Korean dance creation through The effect of attitude was composed that is a study of proper control. made variables to increase the importance the effects of attitudes. according to Hagger, of research, objectivity of academic knowledge by Chatzisarantis and Biddle (2002) [13], where attitudes, proving the experience of foreign visitors. Also, to get perceived control, and self-efficacy can be seen as results. How change behaviour is created and how can the intentions to change behavior. She described her will as an difference be positive and negative. by studying the explanation of her attitude toward behavioral changes [19], experiences of foreigners. It was the factor that applied is attitudes were included as behavioral changes [20], it is intimacy, attitude, experience, and information acquisition. appropriate to study social science by activating attitudes Helped as an important result of the study, the impact of [21]. Therefore, it was composed of variables on a rational change behaviour and Korean dance creation can be basis, which attempted to utilize attitudes as behavioral expected. It was the need to strengthen behavioural changes in Korean dance. With it, the attitude and visit change, and to mitigate behavioural change. It can be used experience of foreigners' intentions. A key issue in the as important for subsequent studies. To obtain the results intimacy and attitude of behaviour of change is that there has control variables, it was assumed, intimacy, attitude, is far from a perfect correlation between intentions, experience, and information acquisition. It was the attitude and behaviour [22]. One approach that has been behaviour of change and the Korean dance curation. put forward to resolve the inadequacies of the behaviour of changing relationship in the intimacy, attitude, is “implementation intentions” [23]. These are goals and 3. Methodology plans that involve specifying when, how, and where performance of behaviour of change will take place. It is 3.1. Sample Data Collection said that the attitude of travelers develops as a rational behavior of change [24]. It is said to be crazy in cognitive The data was collected using a single self-report psychology. Traveler attitudes directly affect behavioral questionnaire that contained all the items used for changes [25]. In addition, studies have shown that it measuring. Data used in this study were obtained from influences attitude. change as a subjective code of structured questionnaires designed to target those who behavior [24], and perceived behavior of travelers affects were from 20 years to 80 years (under or over) and cultural perception [26]. There is a study of travelers' Interview Schedule. With at least high this is the basis for attitudes [27]. Regarding consumer psychology and the sample material. Interview Schedule. We wanted to human behavior of change by advertisements such as find out about foreigners who visited Korea, and the tourism and rice products. When approaching the Korean objectivity of behavioral change in Korean dance. It was dance on the intimacy, attitude, behavior of change of applied as empirical data. The period of the visit was from these travelers, there is a rather insufficient theoretical October 12, 2014 to November 8. Informing and part. Nevertheless, the purpose of this study is to increase obtaining the research purpose, cooperation of sampling. the objectivity of borrowing research and theory on the It was supported by foreigners staying at L Hotel in Seoul, attitudes of travelers. Therefore, this study corrected and and by "J" travel agents. The target audience is 300 people supplemented behavior of change and Korean dance from China, Japan, the United States, Europe and other
International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences 9(1): 140-148, 2021 143
countries. The language of the question is English, be attitude consistency of the subscale was it. Attitude: Chinese, and Japanese. It consisted of variables, the Korean dance attitude variables were composed. 1) contents of "familiarity", "attitude" and "behavior" of Interest in watching performances on Korean dance. 2) A Korean dance. Data was utilized, it was processed, 300 sense of divinity with the mystique of Korean dance. 3) participants, 268 recalls, and unused, 32, and 268 final Watching Korean dance is fascinating. 4) The usefulness choices were adopted. Here are age-specific participants. of Korean dance is beneficial to you. 5) I am interested in Here are age-specific participants gender is male 146, and Korean dance. behavior of change: was evaluated using 6 Female 122. Here is by age. Age is under the 20years old, items which were answered on a scale of completely 29 peoples, from 20 to 40 years old is 144 peoples. from disagree to 5 points completely agree. according to Willock, 40 to 60 years old is 6are 2 peoples, from 60 to 80years etc. (1999) [6], Barney and Griffin, (1992) [7]. behavior of old is 60 peoples and over 80 years old is 7 peoples. As change was measured suing (Expectation, Active, National, well as Participants by country are shown. There are 84 Acceptability, Relation and variation). in this way is seen as Europeans, there are 45 American, there are 55 Japanese, an objective and inter- subjectivity in the life world there are 55 Japanese, there are 49 Chinse, and Other includes the meaning of accumulated time knowledge to countries are 35 persons. understand [30]. therefore, changing behavior has a theoretical implication that can explain. behavior of 3.2. Operation Variable change: variables were constructed [31]. 1) The behavior of change and Korean dance creation is the expectation of The model’s variables, intimacy based on were the schedule of visits. 2) The behavior of change and measured by the individual action plan and motivation Korean dance creation is active to see again. 3) Continuity awareness [9-10, 16-18] validated in a foreign visitor. It of interest in the behavior of change and Korean dance consists in 6 items answered in a Likert-type 4-point creation. 4) The behavior of change and Korean dance response scale. This questionnaire evaluates the six creation is acceptability. 5) Intimacy by experience of the variables of (Closeness, Information, Characteristic behavior of change and Korean dance creation. 6) The Perception, Path of Diversity, Relevance, Communication behavior of change and Korean dance creation is the and Attention). Intimacy: The familiarity variable is diversity of cultural and artistic understanding [32]. composed of explanations 1) The feeling of intimacy of the Korean dance 2) The information acquisition of the 3.3. Research Model Korean dance makes an effort to hear information from the people around. 3) The characteristic of Korean dance The structure of the proposed framework is shown in is basic recognition. 4) The frequency of contact with the
Figure Research model 1 Figure 1. Independence variables are drawn from constructs of 3 intimacy, attitude and behaver of change as; intervening variables are countries and experience & information acquisition; the dependent variable consists of Korean dance creation
144 A Study on the Behavior of Change & Korean Dance Creation by Foreign Visitors
In probability, both kind of definition are used “T” what sample. For a more detailed review, with frequency, factor is T1, T2, and T3 tossing three, and are used “P” what is analysis regression was used to assess the adequacy of P1, P2 listed all the possible “P” rule definition. In case of measurement for confirming the reliability, convergent ‘T” is product first T1, T2, and T3 independent variable. and divergent validity, followed by using change of Second product of two set is the all of intervening variable behaviour to test the study constructs. secondary analysis enter of another set. Third product of one set is “N” and of data was extracted from “behavior of change and “O” dependent variable enter of the set. It can
International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences 9(1): 140-148, 2021 145
to be different of related ways intimacy, attitude and has a strong connection. It is expressed as a variable behaviour of change and Korean dance creation can standard for attitude. It increases the likelihood. It is influence. this study designed a questionnaire by several displayed. The values of the variables are 0.5 < 0.665, 0.5 measure 3 modes of the behaviour of change and foreign < 0.648, 0.5 < 0.792, 0.5 < 0.852, and 0.5 < 0.763. These visitors experience to contribute factors of these values have statistical significance as explanatory measurement that question administered to the variable variables. Third, increase the variable explanation of the sample. Therefor require factor analysis relation between behavior of change of foreign visitors. Third, it enhances highly abstract and constructs or latent variables. the cohesion of variable explanation. It shows 0.5 < 0.631, 0.5 < 0.729, 0.5 < 0.744, 0.5 < 0.637, 0.5 < 0.669, and 0.5 Table 1. Frequency Analysis < 0.853 by indicators. The details of the variable < Frequency Valid Division Table-2-> are shown. The above explanatory indicators Person Percent were the basis for increasing the cohesiveness of the Europe 84 Persons 31.3(%) factors. In this study, intimacy, attitude, and the behaviour America 45 Persons 16.8(%) of change were factor variables. The results of these Nationality Japan 55 Persons 20.5(%) analyzes generally exceed 0.5, and when the average China 49 Persons 18.3(%) shows the results of the analysis, it can be explained that this study is highly regarded as a factor that can be used as others 35 Persons 13.1(%) the behaviour of change factor for Korean dance creation Total 268 Persons 100(%) products. Male 146 Persons 54.5(%) Sex Table 2. Factor Analysis Female 122 Persons 45.5(%) Indicator Cohesion of variable Factor1 Factor2 Total 268 Persons 100(%) Closeness of the Korean .648 .764 under the age of 20 29 Persons 10.8 (%) dance creation Information of the Korean 20 to under 40 years 144 Persons 53.7(%) .520 .561 dance creation Age 40 to under 60 years 62 Persons 23.1(%) Characteristic Perception of .688 .725 Korean dance creation 60 to under 80 years 26 Persons 9.7(%) Intimacy Path of Diversity of the .844 .871 over 80 years 7 Persons 2.6(%) Korean dance creation Relevance of the Korean Total 268 Persons 100(%) .605 .723 dance creation (*SPSS, Result) Communication of the Korean .596 .713 Factors independent of each other are irrelevant. The dance creation Attention of the Korean dance .557 .665 program was applied with varimax. The information about creation the factor is not accurate, so it is proved in a way to prove Freshness of the Korean dance .557 .648 the existing relationship. It is Principal component creation Attraction of the Korean analysis. component analysis, Rotation method, Varimax Attitude .767 .792 with Kaiser normalization. Factors analysis is an dance creation Interesting of the Korean .860 .852 exploratory data analysis or latent variables from set of dance creation observed variables.it help in date interpretation by Usefulness of the Korean .764 .763 reducing the number of variables. Assuming factors dance creation Expectations of the behavior analysis is applied 1) sample size should be great then the .580 .631 factor 2) should not be perfect multicollinearity 3) should of change Active of the behavior of .746 .729 not be homoscedasticity between the variables. Therefore, change each variable constituted factor redemption. National of the behavior of Changing .744 .744 As a result of agglomeration, the basic factors were change Behavior Acceptability of the behavior aggregated and the variables were aggregated, resulting in .576 .637 a factor of 0.5 or higher, which is expressed. First, it can of change Relation of the behavior of be interpreted as having probability. It was indicated, 0.5 .609 .669 change < 0.764, 0.5 < 0.561, 0.5 < 0.725, 0.5 < 0.871, 0.5 < 0.723, Variation of change behavior .823 .853 and 0.5 < 0.713 respectively. Therefore, it is used as a *Principal Component Analysis. Rotation Method: Varimax with Kaiser variable, and intimacy has statistical validity. Second, it Normalization
146 A Study on the Behavior of Change & Korean Dance Creation by Foreign Visitors
Table 3. Regression Analysis
Standardized Change Statistics R Adjusted Model Coefficients R square Sig F Square R Square F Df1 Df2 Beta Change change T3: Behavior of change 1.083 .315 3.698 0.95- 9.195 3 264 .001 Tl: Intimacy .095 .195 .033 .215 9.195 3 264 .000 T2: Attitude .193 .168 .106 .264 .5.270 17 250 .000 P1: Visiting purpose 0.76 .055 1.379 .064 3.58 6 261 .002 P2: Nationality .047 .043 .943 .047 13.069 1 256 .000 “O”: Korea dnace .686 .681 .544 .684 143.419 4 263 .000 creation
Figure 2. Regression Analysis
Regression analysis supported the degree of impact significant positive effects p < 0.001). thus, was supported. Definition are used first: “T” what is T1, T2, and T3 tossing The impact of perceived the behaviour of change control three, in case of ‘T” is product first T1, T2, and T3 Adjusted R Square total 67.8(%), p < 0.001) had independent variable. Second product of two set is the all of significant positive effects on change behaviour intervening variable enter of another set. and are used “P” supporting. what is P1, P2 listed all the possible “P” rule definition. “P1” “P2” It showed the to explain visiting purpose was Third, product of two set is the all of intervening variable 5.5(%), and Countries was 4.3(%), the impact of deceived enter of another set. Third product of one set is “N” toward of the behaviour of change, R2. 9.8(%), p < 0.002) had changing behaviour and “O” dependent variable enter of significant positive effects on the behaviour of change, the set. and enter of Korean dance create response. Nationality showed significant positive Figure 2. The regression analysis was explained are influences on intimacy and attitude towards the behaviour explained, which were intimacy 19.5(%), attitude 16.8(%), of change, products, which is “Nationality” T1: 19.5(%), and behavior of change 31.5(%), and which were T2: 16.8(%), T3: 31.5(%), toward “N” was 67.8(%). countries 4.4(%), and experience & information However, it had indirect effects through intimacy and acquisition 5.5(%), and Comprehensive variables on the attitude towards the behaviour of change product. Korean dance creation of dependent variables show Assuming Korean Dance creation was support, “T” 77.9(%) impact. intimacy, attitude, and behaviour of change, (T1, T2, T3), It was that the results of the structural model, and the “P” foreign experience, information path (P1, P2), and “N” standardized path coefficient indicated positive effects the behaviour of change, (N) and toward Korean dance among the constructs in the structural model. In total were creation (O) had significant positive responded. supported. The result of regression was p < 0.001) “T” was support. the positive estimate of between indicated that the behaviour of change was supported. nationality and Intimacy, attitude for changing behaviour According to Be the positive estimate of coefficients products had significant positive effects 67.8(%), between. It showed the ability to explain intimacy 19.5(%), (T1+T2+T3). “P” was support. The impact of experience and attitude 16.8 (%), intention for Changing 31.5(%), had and approach path for the behaviour of change, changing
International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences 9(1): 140-148, 2021 147
behaviour products had significant positive effects 9.8(%), and personality traits: The Edinburgh study of decision (P1+P2). Intimacy and attitude concern had significant making on farms. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 54(1), 5-36. https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.1998.1642 positive effect on 68.1(%), the behaviour of change, and towards Korean dance creation effect on and visit purpose [4] Barney, J. B., & Griffin, R. W. (1992). The management of and the behaviour of change, 77.9(%). organizations: Strategy, structure, behavior. Houghton Finally, environmental knowledge showed significant Mifflin CO: Boston, MA. positive influence on intimacy, attitude toward the [5] Kim, Y. S., & Michael May. (2013). A comparative study of behaviour of change, products 67.8(%), and as well as the energy policy making od the South Korea & Germany: experience and approach path effects on 9.8(%), and the With focused on to hermeneutics Methodology. Korea behaviour of change effects on): 68.1(%), thus supporting Comparative Government Review, 17(1), 95-124. “T1”, “T2”, “T3”, and “P1”, “P2” and “N” and “O” [6] Kim, Y. S., & Lee, S.Y. (2013). A study of stakeholder towards Korean dance creation “O”. However, behavioral appearance process for unification of Germany: environment knowledge showed insufficient impact with focused on phenomenological methodology. Korean Comparative Government Review, 17(2), 49-72. significant influence on performance time. Hence it had indirect effects through intimacy, attitude towards the [7] Kim, H. M., & Kim Y. S. (2012). Über die Besonderheiten behaviour of change products, Korean dance creation. des Parsings in verschiedenen linguistischen Theorien. The results of this study include, lack of discourse and Language & Information Society, 18(1), 149-165. academic and theoretical instability [33]. I would like to [8] Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. finish with a suggestion. The necessity of detailed Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, follow-up studies to overcome the theoretical limit 50(2), 179-211. between the sports of traditional dance and the [9] Randall, D. M., & Wolff, J. A. (1994). The time interval in interdisciplinary sociology [34]. the intention ‐ behavior relationship: Meta ‐ analysis. British Journal of Social Psychology, 33(4), 405-418. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8309.1994.tb01037.x Author Contributions [10] Sheppard, B. H., Hartwick, J., & Warshaw, P. R. (1988). The theory of reasoned action: A meta-analysis of past research For research articles with several authors, a short with recommendations for modifications and future research. paragraph specifying their individual contributions must Journal of Consumer Research, 15(3), 325-343. be provided. The following statements should be used https://doi.org/10.1086/209170 “Conceptualization, J.Y, Yoo, and methodology, Y. S, [11] Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory Kim; software, J.Y, Yoo; validation, Y. S, Kim and of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84(2), 191-215. formal analysis, Y. S, Kim; investigation, J. Y, Yoo; https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.84.2.191 resources; data curation, J.Y, Yoo; writing—original draft [12] Hausenblas, H. A., Carron, A.V., & Mack, D. E. (1997). preparation, J.Y, Yoo; writing—review and editing, Y. S, Application of the theories of reasoned action and planned Kim; visualization; supervision, Y. S, Kim; project behavior to physical activity behavior: A metanalysis. administration, Y. S, Kim; funding acquisition, Y. S, Kim. Journal of Sport and Physical Activity Psychology, 19, 35-51. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.”, please turn to the Credit taxonomy [13] Hagger, M. S., Chatzisarantis, N. L. D., & Biddl, S. J. H. for the term explanation. Authorship must be limited to (2002). A meta-analytic review of the theories of reasoned those who have contributed substantially to the work action and planned behavior in physical activity: Predictive validity and the contribution of additional variables. Journal reported. Yeon Soo, Kim of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 24, 3-32.
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International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences 9(1): 149-155, 2021 http://www.hrpub.org DOI: 10.13189/saj.2021.090121
Synchronized Breathing with Pelvic Floor Contractions Expands Maximum Voluntary Ventilation in Young Soccer Players
Vijayamurugan Eswaramoorthi1, Mohamad Razali Abdullah2,*, Naresh Bhaskar Raj1, Rabiu Muazu Musa3, Ahmad Bisyri Husin Musawi Maliki2
1Faculty of Health Science, School of Rehabilitation Science, UniSZA, Gong Badak Campus, Kuala Nerus, Malaysia 2Faculty of Applied Social Science, UniSZA, Gong Badak Campus, Kuala Nerus, Malaysia 3Centre for Fundamental and Continuing Education, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Malaysia
Received November 5, 2020; Revised December 28, 2020; Accepted January 20, 2021
Cite This Paper in the following Citation Styles (a): [1] Vijayamurugan Eswaramoorthi, Mohamad Razali Abdullah, Naresh Bhaskar Raj, Rabiu Muazu Musa, Ahmad Bisyri Husin Musawi Maliki , "Synchronized Breathing with Pelvic Floor Contractions Expands Maximum Voluntary Ventilation in Young Soccer Players," International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 149 - 155, 2021. DOI: 10.13189/saj.2021.090121. (b): Vijayamurugan Eswaramoorthi, Mohamad Razali Abdullah, Naresh Bhaskar Raj, Rabiu Muazu Musa, Ahmad Bisyri Husin Musawi Maliki (2021). Synchronized Breathing with Pelvic Floor Contractions Expands Maximum Voluntary Ventilation in Young Soccer Players. International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences, 9(1), 149 - 155. DOI: 10.13189/saj.2021.090121. Copyright©2021 by authors, all rights reserved. Authors agree that this article remains permanently open access under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 International License
Abstract The intention of this investigation was to of intervention groups except control group however post decide the most significant exercise intervention in hoc analyses implicated that synchronized diaphragmatic enhancing maximum voluntary ventilation in young male breathing with pelvic floor contraction was beneficial in soccer players. Sixty non-smoking young male soccer enhancing maximum voluntary ventilation than the pelvic players with the mean age of 14.18 (0.79) years, were floor exercise, diaphragmatic breathing exercise and randomly assigned to four groups (Group A, B, C, D) of 20 conventional sports training (P<.05). Therefore, players in each group. Maximum voluntary ventilation was synchronized diaphragmatic breathing with pelvic floor measured at baseline using digital pony FX micro contraction training should be considered as a part of sports spirometer. The Group A athletes were instructed to do training to improve maximum voluntary ventilation. diaphragmatic breathing exercise with conventional sports training. Group B athletes received pelvic floor muscle Keywords Maximum Voluntary Ventilation, Soccer, exercise with conventional sports training. Group C Pelvic Floor Exercise, Diaphragmatic Breathing Exercise, Sports Training athletes received synchronized diaphragmatic breathing with pelvic floor contraction with conventional sports training and Group D (Control group) players received conventional sports training alone. The training protocol was designed for 15 minutes duration 5 times per week for 1. Introduction 8 weeks, along with their 60 minutes conventional sports training. Mid and post intervention measurements were Association football (also known as soccer, particularly carried out at the fourth week and the eighth week with in North America) is generally familiar to be the world’s identical baseline assessment protocol. The repeated greatest popular complex sport [1]. Great aerobic measures of ANOVA revealed that, marked improvement longevity is a key factor for success in soccer. Aerobic in maximum voluntary ventilation was evident amongst all durability majorly depends on respiratory functions of a 150 Synchronized Breathing with Pelvic Floor Contractions Expands Maximum Voluntary Ventilation in Young Soccer Players
player [2]. for the trial based on the sample size calculation using G Advanced methods to boost performance had power version (3.1). The players were from soccer team concentrated on keeping well-conditioned lungs [3]. of Majlis Sukan Negeri Terengganu (MSNT), Malaysia. Breathing is a secret weapon in sports used by players The players who got respiratory disturbance, major illness which can make the change among winning and losing at couldn’t learn exercise and could not attend the training game [4]. Wellness in breathing increases athletic session properly were excluded from the study. The efficiency ensures a runner can run longer and a swimmer coaches and the players were educated about the purpose can swim more quickly and a foot baller can play more of the research. All players were requested to sign the easily. This dynamic breathing function wellness is informed consent form earlier to the study. The current identified by maximum voluntary ventilation test. This trial was commenced after the approval of the Universiti maximum breathing capacity or maximum voluntary Sultan Zainal Abdin human research ethical committee ventilation can be measured using spirometer [5]. (UHREC/2018/01) following which the playes were Maximal voluntary ventilation (MVV) is one of the brought to the exercise therapy laboratory, Faculty of breathing parameter utilised to decide respiratory muscle Health Sciences, UniSZA for the baseline assessments. endurance. The usual strategy of quantifying MVV is to let the player breathe as quick and deep as possible for 12 2.2. Anthropometric Measurements seconds, then multiply the entire flow volume by 5 to get the complete volume of ventilation per minute (measured The height, weight and BMI of the players were as L/min) [6]. measured and documented using stadiometer and Diaphragmatic breathing exercise is recommended weighting scale. to enrich breathing capacity and for effective performance in sports.[7]. Similarly, to enrich breathing 2.3. Measurement of Maximum Voluntary Ventilation capacity, recent research recommends pelvic floor muscle exercises [5]. Scientific evidence argues that the pelvic Maximum voluntary ventilation was determined using a floor muscles contract and relax dynamically during every digital Pony FX micro spirometer (Cosmed, Rome). The breath, similar to the diaphragm, they move caudally measurement of Maximum voluntary ventilation was done during inspiration cranially during expiration along with using the protocol presented in Han and Ha (2015); the diaphragm [8]. Eswaramoorthi et al., (2018). [5], [9]. Maximum Even though the breathing capacity and the pulmonary voluntary ventilation test was completed while the players functions are influenced by both the synchronised were sitting on a chair with their extremities and shoulders diaphragmatic breathing with pelvic floor muscle straight and legs spread shoulder-width apart and at right contractions, reviews exist on either diaphragmatic angles to the ground. They were taught to close their nose breathing exercise on breathing function or pelvic floor by the use of a nose clamp and hold the evaluating muscle exercise on breathing function. apparatus with one hand and let it nip the mouth. Then the So which intervention is best to enhance breathing players were led to complete inspiration and expiration for capacity is still unclear. Meanwhile synchronized 12 seconds in the deepest and fastest manner. Parameter diaphragmatic breathing with pelvic floor contraction has measurement was taken 3 times, and the average value been greatly unnoticed or not caught the attention of the was used in the analysis. researchers. So, investigation became essential for this synchronized diaphragmatic breathing with pelvic floor 2.4. Methodology contraction, and its impact on maximum breathing capacity. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the The players were selected from a population based on most significant exercise intervention in enhancing cluster sampling. After the completion of the sampling maximum voluntary ventilation in young male soccer randomization was done via Research Randomizer players. (Version 4.0) [Computer software] [10] to sort the players into four groups 1) Group A – Diaphragmatic exercise training group received diaphragmatic breathing exercise 2. Materials and Methods with conventional sports training (n = 20); 2) Group B – Pelvic floor muscle exercise training group received 2.1. Participants pelvic floor muscle exercise with conventional sports training (n = 20); 3) Group C –training group received With randomized control trial design, a total of 60 synchronized diaphragmatic breathing with pelvic floor non-smoking young male soccer players with age range of contraction with conventional sports training (n = 20) and 13-15 years, in the absence of any musculoskeletal, 4) Group D – control group received conventional sports cardio-respiratory, neurological disorder and resided for a training alone (n = 20). Mid and post intervention minimum of one year duration in Malaysia were enrolled measurements were carried out at the fourth week and the
International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences 9(1): 149-155, 2021 151
eighth week with identical baseline assessment protocol. exercise training. Initially the players were given training to identify the pelvic floor muscles correctly to do the 2.5. Diaphragmatic Breathing Exercise Training exercise, and then a standard yoga mat was provided to Parotocol each of the players during the Synchronized Breathing with pelvic floor contraction training practice session. A standard yoga mat was provided to each of the player Then the players were asked to lie on yoga mat in a during the exercise practice session. Then the players relaxed crook-lying position (Lay supine with both hip were asked to lie on yoga mat in a relaxed crook-lying joints flexed to 45 degrees and foot lying flat on the floor) position (lay supine with both hip joints flexed to 45 with placing their hands on the upper part of the abdomen degrees and foot lying flat on the floor) with placing their (immediately below the frontal costal cartilage), after that hands on the upper part of the abdomen (immediately the athletes were instructed to inhale slowly and deeply below the frontal costal cartilage), after that the players through their nose mean while they were asked to were instructed to inhale slowly and deeply through their voluntarily relax their pelvic floor muscles till the end nose mean while they were asked to concentrate on phase of inhalation. Then they were told to exhale slowly allowing their abdominal wall to raise gently and slowly in the controlled fashion through their mouth mean while with fixed upper chest and relaxed shoulder. Then they again they were asked to contract their pelvic floor were told to exhale slowly in the controlled fashion muscles voluntarily as much as possible till the end phase through their mouth mean while again they were asked to of exhalation [8]. Assigned players were requested to do concentrate on their abdomen wall to sinking slowly back this exercise training for 15 minutes duration 5 times per to rest [11]. Assigned players were requested to do this week for 8 weeks, along with their conventional sports exercise training for 15 minutes duration 5 times per week training. for 8 weeks, along with their conventional sports training [12]. 2.8. Conventional Sports Training Protocol The Conventional sports training followed in this study 2.6. Pelvic Floor Muscle Exercise Training Protocol comprised of exercises in four categories which were Initially the players were given training to identify the commonly used by football coaches. This includes pelvic floor muscles correctly to do the exercise, and then warm-up session, skill exercises, group activities (Mini a standard yoga mat was provided to each of the player football game), and cool-down stretching period. The during the Pelvic floor muscles exercise practice session. sports exercise training was planned and supervised by Then the players were asked to lie on yoga mat in a football coaches using sports specific training protocol of relaxed crook-lying position (Lay supine with both hip Majlis Sukan Negeri Terengganu (MSNT), and the joints flexed to 45 degrees and foot lying flat on the floor athletes also instructed to maintain a dairy about their with resting their arms by the side of the subject) without exercise training. Blind periodical monitoring was done contracting the abdominal, lumbar, gluteal, and by the investigator on the spot. All athletes were lower-limb muscles. Then the player was asked to instructed to follow their coaches for their sports training contract the pelvic floor muscles alone for 5 seconds exercise for 60 minutes duration 5 times per week for 8 slowly, means at the end of fifth second, they should reach weeks. the maximum strength of contraction. Then at the sixth second, they were asked to relax, followed with fast 2.9. Statistical Analysis contraction and relaxation between the seventh and ninth At the end of the 8th week the data of the final players seconds, then they were asked to rest the muscle in the after drop out was taken for analysis to find out the mean tenth second. While doing so the players was asked to differences across groups at various times [17]-[19]. The maintain their normal breath and the breath holding was data were analysed using SPSS version 24.0 replicated prohibited. One set of exercises included performing ten from previous researches [20]-[21]. Descriptive statistics set of the above mentioned exercise. A 40-second break and repeated measures ANOVA, within and between was provided between the sets. This protocol of pelvic interactions was done to compute the results of the study floor exercise intervention was adapted in ref [5]. following analysis. Assigned athletes were requested to do this exercise training for 15 minutes duration 5 times per week for 8 weeks, along with their conventional sports training. 3. Results and Discussion
2.7. Synchronized Breathing with Pelvic Floor The information was picked up from 60 players since Contraction Training Protocol there was drop out of around 20 players from the groups. The anthropometric characteristics of the players is shown Phase-locked synchronized movement of diaphragm in Table 1. 60 young male soccer players took an interest and pelvic floor during breathing was concentrated for this in this investigation with, the mean age of 14 years
152 Synchronized Breathing with Pelvic Floor Contractions Expands Maximum Voluntary Ventilation in Young Soccer Players
[14.18(0.79)]; the mean BMI was 19 kg/m2 [19.70(1.46)] corrections due to the violation of the sphericity. Table 3 with a mean height and weight of 158 cm [158.75(9.52)] shows the comparison of the maximum voluntary and 49 kg [49.87(7.36)] respectively. Table 2 delineates ventilation with each treatment group based on time. the mean difference in maximum voluntary ventilation There was significant improvement on the maximum across different interventions and stages. It could be voluntary ventilation (P<0.05) at 4th week and the end of distinguished that the maximum voluntary ventilation 8th week. A repeated measure ANOVA within group improved across all the intervention groups aside from analysis was applied followed by pairwise comparison control group. The normality of the data was recognized with 95% confidence interval adjustment by Shefe by Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Mauchly’s test of correction. The outcomes show that there were significant Sphericity was done to assess the variances of difference differences in all intervention groups (P<0.05) apart from among the groups followed by Greenhouse Geisser control group.
Table 1. Anthropometrics quality of the players Over all Group A Group B Group C Group D Variables n=60 n=15 n=15 n=15 n=15 Mean (SD) Mean (SD) Mean (SD) Mean (SD) Mean (SD) Age (Years) 14.18 (0.79) 14.33 (0.72) 14.13 (0.83) 14.07 (0.88) 14.20 (0.77) Height (cm) 158.75 (9.52) 162.60 (11.32) 155.93 (9.99) 157.80 (8.47) 158.67 (7.55) Weight (kg) 49.87 (7.36) 50.79 (9.38) 49.56 (6.56) 50.22 (8.05) 48.88 (5.49) BMI (kg/m2 ) 19.70 (1.46) 19.04 (1.37) 20.35 (1.56) 20.06 (1.69) 19.35 (0.81)
SD = Standard deviation
Table 2. Mean difference in maximum voluntary ventilation (liters/min) GROUP A GROUP B GROUP C GROUP D Diaphragmatic Breathing Pelvic Floor Muscle Synchronized Conventional Sports PHASES Exercise Training Exercise Training Breathing Training Mean (SD) Mean (SD) Mean (SD) Mean (SD) PRE 59.9 (18.86) 62.55 (15.59) 69.03 (20.30) 65.82 (20.89) MID 68.77 (20.53) 77.37 (17.16) 87.12 (22.56) 66.24 (20.85) POST 77.56 (21.59) 75.78 (20.42) 104.76 (26.40) 65.36 (18.88)
Table 3. Comparison of Maximum voluntary ventilation within each treatment group based on time (Time effect) Group A Group B Group C Comparison Group D Control Diaphragmatic Pelvic Floor Training Synchronized Breathing MD (95% MD (95% CI) p-value MD (95% CI) p-value MD (95% CI) p-value p-value CI) -8.87 -14.82 -18.09 -0.45 Pre-Mid 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (-13.05, -4.70) (-22.06, -7.58) (-25.82, -10.37) (-2.91, 2.01) -17.66 -24.54 -35.73 0.44 Pre-Post 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (-25.22, -10.10) (-34.57, -14.51) (-48.21, -23.26) (-2.39, 3.27) -8.79 -9.72 -17.64 0.89 Mid-Post 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.70 (-12.69, -4.89) (-14.54, -4.90) (-23.67, -11.61) (-1.01, 2.79) Based on estimated marginal means *. The mean difference (MD) is significant at the .05 level. b. Adjustment for multiple comparisons: Bonferroni.
Table 4. Overall mean differences of Maximum voluntary ventilation among intervention groups (Intervention effect)
Comparison Mean difference (95% CI) p-value Diaphragmatic- Pelvic floor -6.93 (-27.72,13.86) 0.82 Diaphragmatic -Synchronized -18.23 (-39.02,2.56) 0.11 Diaphragmatic - Control 2.94 (-17.85,23.73) 0.98 Pelvic floor- Synchronized -11.3 (-32.09,9.49) 0.49 Pelvic floor- Control 9.87 (-10.92,30.66) 0.6 Synchronized - Control 21.17 (0.39,41.96) 0.04
International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences 9(1): 149-155, 2021 153
Table 5. Comparison of the Maximum voluntary ventilation among four different treatment groups based on time (Time-treatment interaction)
Mean difference Comparison p-value (95% CI) Diaphragmatic- Pelvic floor -2.66 (-21.65,16.34) 1 Diaphragmatic -Synchronized -9.13(-28.13,9.86) 1 Diaphragmatic - Control -5.9(-24.89,13.09) 1 PRE Pelvic floor- Synchronized -6.48(-25.47,12.51) 1 Pelvic floor- Control -3.24(-22.24,15.75) 1 Synchronized - Control 3.23(-15.76,22.23) 1 Diaphragmatic- Pelvic floor -8.6(-28.95,11.75) 1 Diaphragmatic -Synchronized -18.35(-38.7,2) 0.1 Diaphragmatic - Control 2.53(-17.82,22.88) 1 MID Pelvic floor- Synchronized -9.75(-30.1,10.6) 1 Pelvic floor- Control 11.13(-9.22,31.48) 0.84 Synchronized - Control 20.88(0.53,41.23) 0.04 Diaphragmatic- Pelvic floor -9.53(-31.51,12.45) 1 Diaphragmatic -Synchronized -27.21(-49.19,-5.23) 0.08 Diaphragmatic - Control 12.2(-9.78,34.18) 0.81 POST Pelvic floor- Synchronized -17.67(-39.65,4.31) 0.19 Pelvic floor- Control 21.73(-0.25,43.71) 0.05 Synchronized - Control 39.41(17.43,61.39) 0
The results of the intervention effect (Table 4) after B with pelvic floor muscle exercise intervention suggest repeated measures Anova analysis followed by post hoc that, at the end of the fourth week, mean maximum multiple comparisons using Shefe correction show that voluntary ventilation increased from 62.55 (15.59) liters synchronized breathing with pelvic floor contractions to 77.37 (17.16) liters, with an increase of 21.18 per cent. group was significantly better than conventional sports From the fourth week of intervention to the end of the training (P<0.05) whereas there was no significant eighth week, it decreases from 77.37 (17.16) liters to difference amongst other groups. Pairwise comparison of 75.78 (20.42) liters was 2.07%. The overall increase in group analysis based on time (Table 5) highlights the mean maximum voluntary ventilation from baseline to the difference in the maximum voluntary ventilation values end of eighth week with pelvic floor muscle exercise across the intervention groups. It is evident that the intervention was 19.12 per cent. synchronized breathing with pelvic floor contractions Fluctuations in maximum voluntary ventilation of group was superior to conventional sports training at the group C with synchronized diaphragmatic breathing with end of 4th weeks of intervention and at the end of 8th pelvic floor contraction exercise intervention propose that, weeks again synchronized breathing with pelvic floor at the end of the fourth week, mean maximum voluntary contractions group found to be significantly better in ventilation improved from 69.03 (20.30) liters to 87.12 improving the maximum voluntary ventilation compared (22.56) liters, with an increase of 23.17 per cent. From the to that of conventional sports training (P<0.05). fourth week of intervention to the end of the eighth week, Changes in maximum voluntary ventilation of group A it rised from 87.12 (22.56) liters to 104.75 (26.40) liters, with diaphragmatic breathing exercise point out that, at the percentage of increase was 18.38%. The whole the end of the fourth week the mean maximum voluntary increase in maximum voluntary ventilation from baseline ventilation improved from 59.9 (18.86) liters to 68.77 to the end of eighth week with synchronized (20.53) liters and the rise was 13.78 per cent. After the diaphragmatic breathing with pelvic floor contraction fourth week of intervention to the end of the eighth week, exercise intervention was 41.11 percent. it rised from 68.77 (20.53) liters to 77.56 (21.59) liters Variations in maximum voluntary ventilation of group was 12.01 per cent. The total increase in mean maximum D with conventional sports training intervention validate voluntary ventilation from baseline to the end of eighth that, at the end of the fourth week, mean maximum week with diaphragmatic breathing exercise was 25.69 per voluntary ventilation was rises from 65.82 (20.89) liters to cent. 66.24 (20.85) liters, with an increase of 0.63 per cent. Variations in maximum voluntary ventilation of group Commencing from the fourth week of intervention to the
154 Synchronized Breathing with Pelvic Floor Contractions Expands Maximum Voluntary Ventilation in Young Soccer Players
end of the eighth week, it declined from 66.24 (20.85) highest maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV) compared liters to 65.36 (18.88) liters, with fall of 1.33 per cent. The to their counterparts from any other intervention groups, it overall reduction in mean maximum voluntary ventilation could be postulated that this improvement was the since baseline to the end of eighth week with conventional outcome of greater improvement of respiratory and pelvic sports training intervention was 0.70 per cent. floor muscle strength, effective synchronisation The outcomes of the maximum voluntary ventilation diaphragm and pelvic floor contraction, and pulmonary (MVV) evidentially specify that there was an overall capacity of those players who were subjected to improvement in the maximum voluntary ventilation synchronized breathing with pelvic floor contractions (MVV) of the players across various stages of assessment exercise training. Han & Ha (2015) reported an increase in between the different intervention groups aside from the maximum voluntary ventilation from 84.88 L to control group. An in-depth investigation of the 112.62 L in reinforcement of the pelvic floor through comparison amongst the group across the interventions pelvic floor exercise for 4 weeks, similarly the current discovered that, for the period of mid-term intervention study reported that maximum voluntary ventilation raised assessment phases, players of synchronized breathing with from 69.55 L to 104.78 L in the pelvic floor exercise pelvic floor contractions training group (Group C) (M= training of 8 weeks [5]. Likewise, Yong, Lee & Lee (2017) 87.12, SD=22.56) was witnessed to effectively increased concluded diaphragmatic breathing exercise enhance the maximum breathing capacity compared of their respiratory function [15]. In addition, the respiratory counterparts in the conventional sports training group muscles may be anticipated to progress respiratory (M=66.24, SD=20.85) (p < .05), In the post intervention functions through increasing muscular strength and assessment, the maximum breathing capacity achieved by endurance through various forms of exercise [16]. By the players of the synchronized breathing with pelvic floor enhancing ventilation through reinforcing strength and contractions training group (Group C) (M=104.76, SD= endurance of the respiratory muscles, respiratory 26.40) were more compared to that of the players in the imbalance is improved and tissue oxygenation is conventional sports training group (M=65.36, SD=18.88) encouraged to boost daily life activities and quality of life. (p < .01). Here we would like to highlight that, both the previous researches considered pelvic floor exercise or diaphragmatic breathing exercise alone for pulmonary function improvement, whereas in this present study, synchronised intervention of diaphragmatic breathing with pelvic floor contractions was introduced, which has not yet been studied in any of the earlier researches and was suspected be a reason for improvement of maximum voluntary ventilation of players. This study has a certain limitation Such as inclusion of male players alone, players from one state only were included, and measurement of parameters such muscular strength and sports performance changes were not included. Age matched controls also was not included in this study. These deficiencies should be well thought-out for forthcoming researches.
4. Conclusion Figure 1. Profile plot of the mean maximum voluntary ventilation among four different groups based on time Diaphragmatic breathing, pelvic floor muscle exercise, synchronized breathing with pelvic floor contractions was Maximal voluntary ventilation (MVV) is in all the effective in improving the maximum voluntary ventilation pulmonary function parameters accustomed to verify of young male soccer players. But synchronized breathing respiratory muscle endurance [13]. It is recognized that with pelvic floor contractions evidentially is verified to be MVV relies on equally inspiratory and expiratory better in enhancing the maximum voluntary ventilation of breathing effort: inspiratory air flow relies solely on young male soccer players. inspiratory muscle power, but expiratory air flow depends chiefly on lung recoil. Lung recoil is understood to be the most important determinant of expiratory air flow in Acknowledgements performing MVV [14]. Now the question may be raised as to why the players of synchronized breathing with pelvic The authors honor the Research and Development floor contractions group (Group C) were evident as having Management Unit, University of Sultan Zainal Abidin
International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences 9(1): 149-155, 2021 155
(UniSZA), Kuala Terengganu for offering the internal [11] Seo, K., Park, S. H., and Park, K. (2015). Effects of research grant for the research (UniSZA/2016/DPU/17). diaphragm respiration exercise on pulmonary function of male smokers in their twenties. Journal of Physical Therapy The authors also convey their appreciation to Majlis Science, 27(7), 2313-2315. Sukan Negeri Terengganu (MSNT), for their support in this study. [12] Seo, K. C., Lee, H. M., and Kim, H. A. (2013). The effects of combination of inspiratory diaphragm exercise and exspiratory pursed-lip breathing exercise on pulmonary functions of stroke patients. Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 25(3), 241-244. REFERENCES [13] Kor, A. C., Ong, K. C., Earnest, A., and Wang, Y. T. (2004). Prediction of the maximal voluntary ventilation in healthy [1] Giulianotti, R (2012) Football. The Wiley-Blackwell adult Chinese subjects. Respirology, 9(1), 76-80. Encyclopedia of Globalization, New York. [14] Lavietes, M. 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International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences 9(1): 156-162, 2021 http://www.hrpub.org DOI: 10.13189/saj.2021.090122
Testing the Level of Knowledge of Physical Fitness among the Employees of Hashemite University
Mahmoud AL-Haliq1,*, Esam Abu-Shihab2, Manal Al-Kloub3, Ibrahim Harafsheh1
1College of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, The Hashemite University, Jordan 2Department of Physical Education, The Mutah University, Jordan 3Department of Maternal Child and Family Health, The Hashemite University, Jordan
Received December 13, 2020; Revised January 14, 2021; Accepted February 18, 2021
Cite This Paper in the following Citation Styles (a): [1] Mahmoud AL-Haliq, Esam Abu-Shihab, Manal Al-Kloub, Ibrahim Harafsheh , "Testing the Level of Knowledge of Physical Fitness among the Employees of Hashemite University," International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 156 - 162, 2021. DOI: 10.13189/saj.2021.090122. (b): Mahmoud AL-Haliq, Esam Abu-Shihab, Manal Al-Kloub, Ibrahim Harafsheh (2021). Testing the Level of Knowledge of Physical Fitness among the Employees of Hashemite University. International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences, 9(1), 156 - 162. DOI: 10.13189/saj.2021.090122. Copyright©2021 by authors, all rights reserved. Authors agree that this article remains permanently open access under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 International License
Abstract Physical fitness is one of the most important Keywords Knowledge, Physical Fitness, The indicators of adults’ health and low mortality. The mastery Hashemite University of cognitive physical fitness and the methods of its application may help in improving performance. The need to engage this concept in sporting activities for both genders becomes vital for the value and benefits that reap through it. This study aimed at identifying the cognitive 1. Introduction level test of physical fitness for female employees of the Rapid and comprehensive change has become a feature Hashemite University. Using a descriptive design, 135 of the contemporary civilization, in which, a driving force female employees were surveyed by a questionnaire which in its movement and dynamism at the same time is among consisted of (39) items testing the cognitive level of the these features. A man hardly adapts himself to one of the university's faculty and staff. Data were analyzed using discoveries of science until he finds himself facing a SPSS version 21 (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). cultural shock that needs another adaptation [1]. Arithmetic means and standard deviations were also Because of this development, physical knowledge has applied to measure the cognitive level in physical fitness. become a bright and rich cultural and sophisticated face, Three-way ANOVA was used to analyze the effect of the that the contemporary man who is in dire need for health, independent variables (scientific qualification, experience, fitness, and physical culture worthy of being familiar with job title) on the knowledge outcome of female employees. [2]. It is also considered an engine and influencing the The results revealed that there was no statistically natural growth process of the human being and it is significant effect of the independent variables on the directly affecting the increase of productive capacities [3]. cognitive results of female employees, because their true In the recent decades, the development of the concept significance levels were (0.324, 0.76, 0.379) respectively. of fitness and the need to engage in sporting activities for Hence, all of them were greater than the real significance both genders and ages, necessitate its value and the level (α≤0.05), which indicates a lack of significant benefits it reaps [3]. The cognitive outcome is one of the differences in these variables. Accordingly, the researchers most important aspects of the mathematical field. The recommend establishing special ladies’ facilities to greater the mastery of this cognitive outcome and the increase sport activities, and conducting more special methods of its application, the greater the ability to courses to develop the elements of fitness, including wider improve performance [4]. segment of female employees. Physical activity is required to stay alive, including International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences 9(1): 156-162, 2021 157
physical fitness, which is one of the significant indicators qualification) in the favor of the category (Bachelor). Also, of adult health and low mortality [5-6-7]. According to there were no statistically significant differences at the (Granacher, U. et al, 2011 & Antonio, G.et al, 2018), the significance level (0.05 ≤ a) on the level of physical combined exercises for balance and strength in the lower fitness according to other personality variables (number of extremities of the body improve normal walking speed years of experience, job title) [3]. performance after 8 weeks in middle-aged workers. Both (Baker & Ahmed, 2020) studied the knowledge Higher levels of upper and lower body muscle strength are outcome in the field of physical fitness among students of associated with the lower risk of death in the adult the college of sport-sciences at the University of Mu’tah, population, regardless of age and period of follow-up using the descriptive method for a study sample consisting [8-9]. of (189) of both genders randomly selected. The results of A research conducted to study the associations between the study revealed that there were no differences between measures of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and both sexes. But there were statistically significant cardiovascular interaction with stressors in adults revealed differences for both the academic year and grade variables. that, individuals with higher levels of cardiorespiratory It recommended that the physical fitness course shall be fitness (CRF) rated lower values of a heart rate reaction as given the sufficient importance by the college a physiological measure of acute stress [10]. After administration, and fitness courses are to be a prerequisite 24-week resistance training on cognitive performance in and compulsory for all practical subjects [12]. sedentary older adults, it was found that a significant The study of (Al-Sharif, 2019) identified the differences improvement in maximum strength on short- and in the degree to which trainers working in fitness centers long-term memory and attention have occurred. [11]. possess cognitive competence of health-related fitness in Jeddah, according to the variables (academic qualification, Problem Statement number of years of experience). The researcher used the In late decades, there has been a great development in descriptive method, and the cognitive test as a study tool. the concept of sports and the need to perform it for both However, the size of the sample was (142) trainers genders, owing to its numerous benefits to health, randomly selected. The results presented that coaches nevertheless, the scientific and knowledge revolution in have a cognitive competence above the middle in the field the field of health. Technological developments have led of sports training, in the field of physical fitness tests and to the lack of movement and laziness in practicing in the field of nutrition. Plus, coaches have weak cognitive physical activity, which in turn led to the spread of many competence in the field of training physiology [13]. diseases of the time. Despite the advanced sports facilities (Katharina, et al., 2019) studied the effect of at the campus, the researchers have noticed that the female cardiovascular and motor fitness on cognitive employees of the university have less drive and desire for performance in subjects interested to prevention and early practicing sports activities compared to their numbers and detection of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The test was the facilities availability. Notwithstanding, the continuous applied to a sample of (338) participants. Their ages encouragement from the university administration, the ranged between 50-85 years old. Participants were presence of the faculty of physical education and sports grouped into three groups (no cognitive impairment (NCI), sciences on the university campus. From this standpoint, mild cognitive impairment of the amnestic type (MCIa), the problem of this study appeared in an attempt to and mild AD (mAD) through neuropsychological identify the reasons for the lack of momentum in evaluation and third-party history, which is clinical, practicing sports activities by measuring the knowledge laboratory, or imaging investigations. Subjective memory outcome of a sample of female employees at the impairment (SMI) and cognitive syncope (Cognitive university. blackouts) were recorded. Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) was assessed by a two-minute step test and motor fitness (MF) by a pregnancy test Chair for 30 seconds. Those 2. Literature Review suffering from low (Cardiorespiratory fitness CRF) and MF (motor fitness) performed poor in different cognitive The study of (Obeidat & Alzebat, 2014) aimed at domains, and had a higher score in cases of cognitive loss identifying the cognitive level test in physical fitness for of consciousness, often SMI. The study concluded that employees of Irbid University. A questionnaire was decreased CRF and MF they are associated with impaired designed and distributed to the study sample which cognition [14]. consisted of (103) participants. The sample was chosen The study of (Ho T-W et al., 2020) aimed at finding out randomly from the study population. The results showed the level of self-awareness among Taiwanese adults in that, an average level of physical fitness among the physical fitness and exercise prescription. Collecting employees of Irbid University occurred, and the existence demographical data, anonymous cross-sectional survey of statistically significant differences at the level of was performed using research electronic data capture. The significance (0.05 ≤ a) on the variable (academic tests were; physical fitness cognitive investigation and
158 Testing the Level of Knowledge of Physical Fitness among the Employees of Hashemite University
exercise prescription, the physical fitness cognitive test Table 1. Distribution of the sample members according to personal variables and exercise prescription, and the physical examination prompt fitness assessment. The questionnaire was Variables Category Repetition percentage Secondary then answered by 200 respondents. The results showed a 8 6.1 severe absence of awareness of health-related fitness, less exercise prescription, and exercise progress planning. 98% diploma 33 25.3 of people do not know the latest recommended guidelines Qualification Bachelor 36 27.6 for physical activity, although most agree that fitness and Postgraduate 53 40.7 exercise are good for health [15]. Total 130 100.0 (Olaf Prieske et al., 2019) conducted a study that aimed at examining physical fitness and psychological cognitive 5 years or less 24 18.4 6-10 years 45 34.6 functioning associated to youth and middle-aged workers Years of 10 years and in light of physical and mental work activities. The sample Experience 61 46.9 consisted of (73 men and 75 women). They were grouped older into groups that involved mental (MD) or physical (PD) at Total 130 100.0 work. Workers in MD showed better measures of fitness Administrative 78 60.0 (balance, extensor muscle endurance of the trunk), education Job title 52 40.0 performance perception, and lower levels of perceived institution stress compared with workers in PD [16]. Total 130 100.0 The validity of the research evidence: The court Research questions questionnaire was used by the study of (Farhat, 2001) as it What is the cognitive level of physical fitness among was appropriate to the nature of the Jordanian female employees of the Hashemite University? environment [4]. Does the knowledge level differ in the physical fitness Stability of the research tool: Using the method of of the Hashemite University employees? testing and re-testing, the consistency of performing the test was found on an exploratory sample consisting of (30) Research Objectives: The study aimed at identifying female employees from the Hashemite University, and the cognitive level test in physical fitness among female was re-applied to the same sample after an interval of two employees of the Hashemite University. weeks. (Pearson Correlation) and (Cronbach Alpha) measurements were used and showed a high and Limitations of the Research acceptable values for the purposes of the study. Research implementation procedures: In order to The human field: The Hashemite University. achieve the objectives of the research, the following The temporal domain: 6/8/2020 - 1/9/2020. procedures and steps were followed: Spatial domain: The research sample is limited to A questionnaire which is commensurate with the female employees at the Hashemite University. characteristics and environment of the Jordanian society and the research the nature [3]. The research population was determined, and then a 3. Research Methodology and representative sample of the research community was Procedures chosen randomly. For the purposes of data collection, the research tool The used method: due to its suitability for the nature was distributed to the sample members. of this research, descriptive comprehensive survey The statistical analysis using SPSS version 22 of the approach was used. social sciences package was used to analyse the data Research population: The study population consists of collected from the questionnaires, along with the 450 employees of the Hashemite University. following: Research sample: The original research sample Arithmetic mean and standard deviation. 3-Way ANOVA. consisted of (130) female employees of the Hashemite Cronbach's alpha: is coefficient of internal University, chosen randomly from the research population. consistency. It is usually used as an estimate of the Table (1) shows the distribution of the sample members reliability of a researcher’s test for a sample of study. according to personal variables: Frequencies and percentages were extracted.
International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences 9(1): 156-162, 2021 159
Research variables: The knowledge level in physical fitness of the Hashemite University employees. First: the independent variables Academic qualification: consisted of 4 categories (secondary or less, diploma, bachelors, and 4. Presentation and Discussion of postgraduate). Results The number of years of experience: divided into 3 categories (5 years or less, 10 years, 10 years and First: Results related to answering the first question: more). The first question: What is the knowledge level in physical Job title: consisted of 2 categories (administrative and fitness of the Hashemite University employees? education institution). To answer this question, arithmetic averages and standard deviations were calculated for the cognitive level Second: the dependent variable: items in physical fitness of the Hashemite University employees. Table (2) explains:
Table 2. Arithmetic means and standard deviations to measure the cognitive level in physical fitness of the Hashemite University employees lowest highest N Paragraph M SD value value 1 Physical fitness means the competence of an individual in meeting the demands of life 3.97 .956 1 5 2 Fitness aims at developing the elements of physical fitness 4.17 .706 2 5 3 Physical fitness is the ability to perform the chores of daily life without getting tired 4.13 .893 1 5 4 Physical fitness is keeping the body healthy and free from diseases 4.32 .661 2 5 Physical fitness increases a person's ability to perform wide range of movements in all 5 4.32 .705 2 5 joints 6 Fitness increases muscle strength 4.28 .800 1 5 7 Physical fitness strengthens neuromuscular compatibility 4.27 .814 1 5 8 Physical fitness works on coordination in motor performance 4.39 .731 1 5 9 Fitness helps improving performance of the heart muscle 4.32 .809 1 5 10 Physical fitness increases the number of heartbeats 3.48 1.259 1 5 11 Physical fitness increases blood pressure 3.85 1.096 1 5 12 The environment affects fitness 4.23 .742 2 5 13 Warming up is necessary before sporting activity 4.24 .870 1 5 14 Fitness builds strength and endurance 3.25 1.387 1 5 15 Physical fitness means being overloaded 3.52 1.228 1 5 16 The body takes a long time to gain fitness 3.93 1.036 1 5 17 A person's physique develops with a drive to develop this fitness 3.89 1.150 1 5 18 Cultural and health awareness of the role of fitness are conditions to physical fitness 3.82 1.126 1 5 19 Physical diversity helps the body grow faster 3.98 .952 1 5 Physical fitness exercises help to strengthen the physical and vital aspects to create the 20 4.25 .798 1 5 motor characteristics essential for great achievement 21 Fun and interesting exercises help my persistence in performing fitness exercises 4.15 .960 1 5 22 A trainer helps in cognitive development about the importance of fitness 4.07 1.065 1 5 Technical talents and physical abilities help in developing my knowledge and in 23 3.92 1.039 1 5 increasing my self-confident 24 Facilitate awareness and knowledge develops my abilities when practicing fitness 3.75 1.195 1 5 Sport-culture is a driver for the growth of an individual's natural process; mental and 25 3.90 1.033 1 5 emotional 26 Sport-culture is a spiritual and material value that helps individual developing it better 3.85 1.138 1 5 27 Fitness strength factors are essential for good looks and skill performance 3.99 .952 1 5 Muscular endurance helps athlete to perform movement and overcome fatigue for a long 28 3.85 1.028 1 5 period of time
160 Testing the Level of Knowledge of Physical Fitness among the Employees of Hashemite University
Table 2 continued Sport-culture helps individual's ability to rapidly react between the emergence of a 29 4.17 .799 1 5 specific stimulus and the initiation of a motor response 30 Fitness exercises increase the strength and activity of the heart muscle 3.36 1.318 1 5 31 Fitness may build wrong and unhealthy habits 3.85 1.178 1 5 32 It takes a while for a physique to have an effect on the body 4.13 .927 1 5 33 Fitness corrects the wrong postures and gives the individual a healthy appearance 3.92 1.104 1 5 34 Physical fitness develops leadership qualities 4.09 .960 1 5 Fitness increases the individual's productive efficiency, that affects the submitted 35 4.18 .830 2 5 physical and mental work effort 36 Fitness improves the individual's ability to relax, judge and reduce muscle tension 4.02 1.007 1 5 37 Fitness increases the individual's ability to resist diseases, whether infectious or chronic 4.18 .840 2 5 Physical fitness enables the ability to perform movements of a large range without 38 4.24 .766 2 5 tearing ligaments and muscles 39 Physical fitness maintains the shape and stability of the body without negative effects 4.28 .747 2 5 Domain as a whole 4.0128 .38187 3.05 4.72
Table 3. Arithmetic means and standard deviations of the tool as a whole according to the independent variables (academic qualification, number of years of experience, job title).
Variables Level number lowest value highest value M SD Secondary then less 8 3.05 4.59 3.7404 .48562 diploma 33 3.08 4.72 3.9643 .43106 Qualification Bachelor 36 3.10 4.62 4.0192 .39273 Postgraduate 53 3.36 4.56 4.0798 .30714 5 years or less 24 3.05 4.72 4.0373 .44141 Years of Experience 6-10 years 45 3.08 4.59 3.9020 .39520 10 years and older 61 3.10 4.62 4.0803 .34028 Administrative 78 3.05 4.72 3.9609 .42223 Job title education institution 52 3.36 4.56 4.0907 .29896
Table 4. Results of triple covariance analysis of the effect of independent variables on the questionnaire as a whole Degree of Average of SIG Source Sum of squares Value (F) SIG freedom squares level Qualification .484 3 .161 1.171 .324 NO Experience .968 3 .323 2.344 .076 NO Job title .107 1 .107 .781 .379 NO error 16.797 122 .138 Total 2112.166 130
Table (2) shows that the arithmetic averages ranged to the independent variables (academic qualification, between (4.39-3.25), the highest paragraph (8), which experience, administrative title)? states, “Physical fitness works on coordination in motor To answer this question, the arithmetic averages and performance,” and in the last place is paragraph (14) standard deviations of the tool as a whole were calculated which states, "Fitness builds strength and endurance". in light of the independent variables (academic Where, the arithmetic average for the field as a whole is qualification, number of years of experience, job title), (4.0128), which indicates that the level of knowledge and then the triple variance analysis (3-Way ANOVA) outcome among the employees of the Hashemite was applied to measure the effect of the independent University came to a high level. variables on the questionnaire as a whole. tables (3, 4) Results related to the answer to the second question: illustrate. Does the cognitive level of physical fitness among female From the above table 3, it is clear that there was a employees of the Hashemite University differ according strong variation in the arithmetic means of the levels of
International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences 9(1): 156-162, 2021 161
the independent variables, which indicates the existence of sports sciences on the campus of the Hashemite differences between these levels of the tool as a whole. To University, which holds free courses for male and female reveal whether these differences are statistically employees. Which in turn was the reason for the high significant, triple analysis of variance was used. Table (4) level of knowledge of the study sample. This study is in illustrates that. agreement with the study by (Ameera, 2017) [24], which The table 4 shows that there were no statistically indicates a high level of motivation to exercise physical significant in the effect of the independent variables fitness among women in fitness centers in the (scientific qualification, experience, job title) on the governorates of the northern West Bank. While both the ,[knowledge outcome of female employees, as their study of (Lobne 2009), (Saa،a and Diabat, 2014) [3, 26 significance levels are (0.324, 0.76, 0.379) respectively, indicate that there was no statistical significance in the and all of them are greater than the significance level variables (number of years of experience, job title), with (α≤0.05). This indicates that there were no significant an average level of knowledge achievement among the differences among these variables. employees of Irbid National University. In contrast to the study of (Laet, 2014) [25], which revealed a weakness of Discussing the first question: What is the cognitive level cognitive competence in sporting modernity among the of physical fitness among the female employees of the employees (teachers) of sports education in the city of Hashemite University? Mosul. The results of the first question showed that the paragraph that states, "Physical fitness works on coordination in motor performance" has gained the 5. Conclusions highest arithmetic averages, while the paragraph that states " Fitness builds strength and endurance" has 1. The level of the knowledge outcome of the physical occupied the last rank. The researcher attributes this result fitness among the female employees of the Hashemite to the fact that most people have a great belief that the University was significantly high. exercise of sports has a great impact on the human body 2. The independent variables (academic qualification, and motor performance, which avoids the occurrence of experience, scientific qualification) did not show any deformities in general. Where both (Zeyad, 2017), (Zeyad, effect on the level of knowledge outcome of the 2014) study [17-18], (Leonard, 2010), (Hazzaa, 2000) Hashemite University employees. [19-20], indicate that physical fitness is one of the basic components of an individual's health, as it enables individual to perform the daily life activities and functions Recommendations to the max, owing to its direct consequence on health, 1. Conducting more special courses to develop physical personality and body. The study of (Al- Jafar, 2015), fitness components to include the largest number of (Zeyad, 2014), (Murray et al., 2014), (Bret, et.2014) [21, female employees. 18, 22, 23], confirmed that improving physical fitness has 2. Holding sports competitions between female a positive effect on maintaining a healthy human body employees to increase enthusiasm. free from disease and posture deformities, correcting part 3. Establishing special facilities for women to increase of wrong physical and movement behavioral habits, the number of sports activity practices. giving the individual a healthy and consistent figure, increasing the effectiveness of the immune system to resist diseases. These results contrast with the study of (Te-Wei Ho et al., 2020) [15], which revealed that there is a lack of awareness of health-related fitness, exercise REFERENCES prescription, and exercise planning progress, although most agree that physical, fitness and exercise are good for [1] Dulaimi, Naheda Abdel Zaid. Abboud, Haidar Mahmoud, Ali, Agda Abbas Mohammed, "The level of positive health. thinking and its relation to the knowledge of volleyball,” Journal of Human Sciences, Vol. 1, No 8. pp. 231-244, 2013. 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162 Testing the Level of Knowledge of Physical Fitness among the Employees of Hashemite University
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International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences
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International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences is an international peer- reviewed journal that publishes original and high-quality research papers in all areas of Human Movement and Sports Sciences. As an important academic exchange platform, scientists and researchers can know the most up-to-date academic trends and seek valuable primary sources for reference.
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Biomechanics Physical Education Computer Sciences in Sports Physical Exercises Exercise Physiology Sports Management Kinesiology Sports Medicine Physical Activity Sports Nutrition
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