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Gettysburg National Military Park Tour Roads Haer No GETTYSBURG NATIONAL MILITARY PARK TOUR ROADS HAER NO. PA-485 Gettysburg Vicinity Adams County Pennsylvania ^^ PPb ■2-1- BLACK & WHITE PHOTOGRAPHS XEROGRAPHIC COPIES OF COLOR TRANSPARENCIES r WRITTEN HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE DATA REDUCED COPIES OF MEASURED DRAWINGS HISTORIC AMERICAN ENGINEERING RECORD National Park Service Department of the Interior 1849 C Street, NW Washington, D.C. 20240 •2-1 - HISTORIC AMERICAN ENGINEERING RECORD GETTYSBURG NATIONAL MILITARY PARK TOUR ROADS HAER NO. PA-485 LOCATION: Gettysburg National Military Park's interpretive road system encompasses public roads, avenues, and farm lanes which service both the local community of Gettysburg and visitors to the 5,733-acre park. The avenue system extends throughout the battlefield, mostly through National Park Service property and partly on right-of-ways, while the public roads, which played a vital role in the July 1863 Battle of Gettysburg, intersect and connect the scattered sections of park avenues. All of the interpretive roads and avenues are within Adams County, Pennsylvania. UTM Zone 18 Coordinate Bounding Boxes for Gettysburg National Mi litary Park:1 Main Field Northwest Corner: X = 304,500; Y = 4,414,500 Northeast Corner: X = 311,500; Y ss 4,414,500 Southwest Corner: X = 304,500; Y = 4,405,000 Southeast Corner: X s= 311,500; Y = 4,405,000 East Cavalry Field Northwest Corner: X s= 313,000; Y = 4,412,500 Northeast Corner: X = .315,500; Y = 4,412,500 Southwest Corner: X = 313,000; Y 35 4,409,000 Southeast Corner: X = 315,500; Y = 4,409,000 DATES OF CONSTRUCTION 1883-1917; 1933-1940; 1956-1959 TYPES OF 'UTM information compiled by Curt Musselman, Resource Management Division, Gettysburg National Military Park (GNMP). GETTYSBURG NATIONAL MILITARY PARK TOUR ROADS HAER No. PA-485 (Page 2) STRUCTURES: Vehicular Roads, Bridges, and Drainage Features DESIGNER/ENGINEER The earliest roads constructed as part of a system of interpretive roads in what is now the Gettysburg National Military Park were designed and laid out by the Gettysburg Battlefield Memorial Association (1864-1895), a private organization of veterans and local citizens which endeavored to commemorate the Gettysburg battlefield with memorials and avenues along the Army of the Potomac's lines of battle. As of 1895 the War Department officially took over the administration and operation of the battlefield, assigning a trio of veterans from the battle to the Gettysburg Battlefield Commission to oversee the marking of the battle lines for both the Union and Confederate Armies. The commission selected as head engineer Colonel Emmor B. Cope, a Gettysburg veteran who had worked as a topographical engineer under General G. K. Warren. His responsibilities included the layout and design of the avenues, water systems, and any structures necessary for the construction and operation of the park. When the National Park System took over the management of Gettysburg in 1933, the Eastern Division, Branch of Plans and Design, National Park Service, and the United States Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Public Roads took over the design and engineering of the park avenues and their accompanying features. PREVIOUS OWNERS Gettysburg Battlefield Memorial Association, 1863-1895 U. S. Department of War, 1895-1933 PRESENT OWNER: National Park Service SIGNIFICANCE: Constructed between 1882 and 1917, the avenues of the Gettysburg National Military Park serve as the main interpretive system for the three days of battle which took place GETTYSBURG NATIONAL MILITARY PARK TOUR ROADS HAER No. PA-485 (Page 3) between the Army of the Potomac and the Army of Northern Virginia on 1, 2, and 3 July 1863, as a part of the American Civil War. The park was authorized as a National Military Park by the federal government in 1895 to represent the significant engagements in the East, one of five major battlefields to commemorate the Civil War. The battlefield has been under the control of three successive organizations, the Gettysburg Battlefield Memorial Association (1864-1895), the War Department (1985-1933), and the National Park Service (1933-present), all of which have altered, added to and maintained the avenue system. For the most part the avenues were constructed along the battle lines of the Union and Confederate Armies to show those armies' defensive positions prior to each day's fighting. The War Department laid out and improved the greatest number of avenues, most using the Telford method of road construction. In the early twentieth century the Telford avenues of Gettysburg were recognized as some of the finest roads in the country. The avenues are significant because they combined an awareness of advanced road-building technology with a sensitivity to the landscape on which they were constructed. This Telford construction survives as the solid base for many of the avenues in the park today, so while they are hidden, they continue to serve as material evidence of historic road building and of the veterans' vision of how they wanted their war efforts and comrades to be remembered. The early interpretive road system for the park combined the existing system of public roads, farm lanes and other historic traces with avenues laid out across the valley wherever the lines of battle formed. Tracing the development of this road system becomes a journey into the park's evolving interpretation of the Battle of Gettysburg GETTYSBURG NATIONAL MILITARY PARK TOUR ROADS HAER No. PA-485 (Page 4) and how the entire landscape is integral to that interpretation. PROJECT HISTORIAN: Amanda J. Holmes, HAER 1998 PROJECT INFORMATION: This project is part of the Historic American Engineering Record (HAER), a long-range program to document historically significant engineering and industrial works in the United States. The HAER program is administered by the Historic American Buildings Survey/Historic American Engineering Record Division (HABS/HAER) of the National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. Gettysburg National Military Park (GETT) Tour Roads Recording Project was cosponsored during the summer of 1998 by HAER (Eric Delony, Chief) and GETT (John Latschar, Superintendent). The project was funded by the Federal Lands Highway Program (Allen Burden, Acting Administrator) through the National Park Service Roads and Parkways Program (Mark Hartsoe, Manager). The field work, measured drawings, historical reports, and photographs were prepared under the directions of Program Manager Todd Croteau, Project Leader Christopher Marston, and Program Historian Tim Davis. The recording team consisted of Edward Lupyak, field supervisor, landscape architects Nicole Steel, Nicki Yung, and Christiane Weber (ICOMOS Intern, Germany). Historical reports were prepared by project historian Amanda Holmes. Formal large-format photography was done by David Haas. GETTYSBURG NATIONAL MILITARY PARK TOUR ROADS HAER No. PA-485 (Page 5) TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 6 ROAD TYPES 10 HISTORY A Convergence of Roads 15 The Battle of Gettysburg Prelude to the Battle 20 July 1 24 July 2 26 July 3 28 Aftermath 30 National Cemetery 31 THE GETTYSBURG BATTLEFIELD MEMORIAL ASSOCIATION 38 THE WAR DEPARTMENT (1893-1933) 82 PRESERVING THE FIELD AND AVENUE CONSTRUCTION 92 CONCLUSION 132 APPENDIX A Commissioners and Superintendents 134 APPENDIX B Avenue Details 136 APPENDIX C Local Roads 210 APPENDIX D Farm Lanes 212 SOURCES CONSULTED 214 GETTYSBURG NATIONAL MILITARY PARK TOUR ROADS HAER No. PA-485 (Page 6) Introduction: Gettysburg National Military Park is located in Adams County, Pennsylvania, eight miles north of the Maryland state border. The town of Gettysburg, which is encompassed within the present park boundary and was central to the July 1863 battle, lies in a valley known as the Gettysburg Basin. Throughout the Gettysburg Battlefield area the geological features and landmarks which shaped the battle have also shaped the park. From the gentle ridgelands near Gettysburg one can see the Blue Ridge Mountains and South Mountain to the southwest and west, through which much of Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia advanced and retreated. The mountains form a distinct line as they rise out of the valley that defines the land to the north and south. In contrast to these dramatic geographical features, the land east of Gettysburg is a more subtle landscape, with public roads passing through small towns, rich farmland and low hills, with the exception of Culp's Hill and the Round Tops. The land directly around Gettysburg combines fertile farmland and areas of rocky soil and boulder outcrops. Several small creeks and runs likewise appear across the valley. Most of these waterways are now diverted into more channeled paths under bridges and through culverts and do not function significantly in the presentation and interpretation of the park. In a battlefield that the veterans remembered for its swamps, marshes and mud, few traces of such a landscape survive amidst the avenue system. Rock Creek, which runs east of Gettysburg and is the largest of the waterways in the immediate vicinity, seems to pass unnoticed through the park, surrounded by old farmlands now overgrown with woods. This waterway feeds into the Monocacy River shortly before reaching the Maryland border. Only about a mile of Willoughby Run, another significant battlefield waterway, is within the park-owned land. West of Gettysburg, it too remains largely uninterpreted, set apart from features of the park popular with visitors today. Overall, the park is a blend of open, rocky pasture, intensely farmed acreage, and heavily wooded areas, some dense with fallen timber and undergrowth while others are tended, open woodlots. The rocky promontories of the Round Tops clearly dominate the surroundings. Some of the open lands reflect the historic character of small Civil War-era farms among woodlots, while others extend nearly uninterrupted for a mile, such as the GETTYSBURG NATIONAL MILITARY PARK TOUR ROADS t HAER No. PA-485 (Page 7) expanse east and west across the scene of the Confederate advance to the Union position on Cemetery Ridge.
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