Enzymatic Synthesis and Hydrolysis of Linear Alkyl and Steryl Hydroxycinnamic Acid Esters

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Enzymatic Synthesis and Hydrolysis of Linear Alkyl and Steryl Hydroxycinnamic Acid Esters Research Collection Doctoral Thesis Enzymatic Synthesis and Hydrolysis of Linear Alkyl and Steryl Hydroxycinnamic Acid Esters Author(s): Schär, Aline Lea Publication Date: 2016 Permanent Link: https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-a-010670414 Rights / License: In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted This page was generated automatically upon download from the ETH Zurich Research Collection. For more information please consult the Terms of use. ETH Library DISS. ETH NO. 23265 Enzymatic Synthesis and Hydrolysis of Linear Alkyl and Steryl Hydroxycinnamic Acid Esters A thesis submitted to attain the degree of DOCTOR OF SCIENCES of ETH ZURICH (Dr. sc. ETH Zurich) presented by Aline Lea Schär MSc ETH in Food Science, ETH Zurich born on 24.01.1987 citizen of Madiswil (BE) accepted on the recommendation of Prof. Dr. Laura Nyström, examiner Dr. Pierre Villeneuve, co-examiner Prof. Dr. Evangelos Topakas, co-examiner 2016 Wir treten auf. Wir spielen. Wir treten ab. Moritz Leuenberger Abstract Phenolic acids are natural antioxidants found widely in the plant kingdom in various forms. In the focus of this thesis were hydroxycinnamic acids, namely ferulic acid, caffeic acid, sinapic acid and p-coumaric acid. In multiphase food systems, the polarity of the phenolic antioxidant is a crucial property, which can be adjusted through esterification. Nowadays, an enzymatic procedure is often preferred for this purpose over a chemically catalyzed reaction. However, a phenolic hydroxyl group in para-position in combination with an unsaturated side chain makes enzymatic esterification of hydroxycinnamic acids by lipases challenging. Since this is the case for the hydroxycinnamic acids mentioned above, it is of interest to find efficient ways to enzymatically esterify them. Using the immobilized lipase from R. miehei, the esterifications of ferulic acid with ethanol and decanol in n-hexane were optimized applying surface response methodology. With an incubation time of 72 hours, the yields for ethyl ferulate and decyl ferulate were 76% and 88%, respectively. Furthermore, esters of primary alcohols and ferulic acid with varying chain lengths from C2 to C18 were synthesized, yielding 76% to 92% ferulate esters. The ethylations of other hydroxycinnamic acids were also optimized; leading to the conclusion that, for R. miehei lipase, two phenolic hydroxyl groups strongly decrease the yield and a saturated side chain strongly increases the esterification yield of hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives. Overall, the lipase from R. miehei proved to be an efficient catalyst for the esterification of hydroxycinnamic acids with ethanol. Other than linear alkyl esters, steryl phenolates are also prominent examples of lipophilic hydroxycinnamic acid esters. The plant sterol part of the molecule esterified to phenolic acid brings cholesterol lowering properties as an additional health benefit. Rice bran is often used as source for steryl phenolates extraction, which leads to a limited sterol and phenolic acid pattern available. Therefore, we investigated a simple enzymatic esterification method to produce steryl ferulates. We optimized the direct esterification of ferulic acid and the transesterification of ethyl ferulate, yielding steryl ferulates. The lipase from C. rugosa was used as catalyst for these reactions. Yields of 35% and 55% for the direct esterification and transesterification, respectively, were measured after five days of incubation, both following a similar time course. For other hydroxycinnamic acids, the transesterification yields were significantly lower, especially in the case of a hydroxyl group in para-position without a neighboring methoxy group. The evaluation of the antioxidant activity of steryl hydroxycinnamates in comparison to their linear C18 esters leads to the conclusion that esterification to the sterol does not necessarily improve their antioxidant activity. Overall, an i enzymatic synthesis of steryl ferulates was investigated and other hydroxycinnamic acids were evaluated as substrates for C. rugosa lipase. One important group of enzymes in the metabolism of hydroxycinnamic acids are feruloyl esterases. They are well known for their ability to release ferulic acid from polar plant cell wall components but little is known about their capability of hydrolyzing nonpolar ferulates. The previously synthesized alkyl ferulates were therefore evaluated as substrates for four feruloyl esterases and a control lipase. A decrease in the kinetic constants Km and kcat was observed for an increasing lipophilicity of the ferulic acid esters. Moreover, only one feruloyl esterase from C. thermocellum and the lipase showed hydrolytic activity against the linear C18 alkyl ferulate. It is therefore suggested that feruloyl esterases are not able to hydrolyze nonpolar ferulate esters. This study provides simple and efficient methods for the enzymatic esterification of ferulic acid with sterols and linear alcohols including ethanol. Moreover, hydroxycinnamic acids were esterified and transesterified using the lipases from R. miehei and C. rugosa, revealing very different activity profiles towards hydroxycinnamic acids. For further improvements enzyme engineering may offer an approach to achieve more efficient and better applicable processes. Overall, the enzymatic synthesis is a promising solution to generate steryl phenolates, which can be used as standards, substrates for research, and finally as food additives. ii Zusammenfassung Phenolcarbonsäuren sind natürlich Antioxidantien und im Pflanzenreich in verschiedenen Formen weit verbreitet. Im Fokus dieser Arbeit standen Hydroxyzimtsäuren, nämlich Ferulasäure, Kaffeesäure, Sinapinsäure und p-Coumarsäure. In mehrphasigen Lebensmittelsystemen spielt die Polarität der phenolischen Antioxidantien eine zentrale Rolle, welche durch Veresterung entsprechend angepasst werden kann. Heutzutage wird ein enzymatisches Verfahren oft bevorzugt gegenüber einer chemisch katalysierten Reaktion. Jedoch erschwert eine phenolische Hydroxygruppe in der para-Position in Kombination mit einer ungesättigten Seitenkette die enzymatische Veresterung von Hydroxyzimtsäuren durch Lipasen. Dies ist der Fall für die bereits genannten Hydroxyzimtsäuren. Es ist darum von grossem Interesse effiziente enzymatische Veresterungen für Hydroxyzimtsäuren zu entwickeln. Die Veresterungen von Ferulasäure mit Ethanol und Decanol durch die immobilisierte R. miehei Lipase wurden optimiert mit einer Response Surface Methode. Innerhalb von 72 Stunden waren die Ausbeuten für Ethylferulat 76% und für Decylferulat 88%. Des Weiteren wurden primäre Alkohole mit verschiedenen Kettenlängen von C2 bis C18 mit Ferulasäure verestert. Die Ausbeuten in diesen Experimenten betrugen von 76% bis 92%. Die Ethylierung von anderen Hydroxyzimtsäuren wurden ebenso optimiert. Dies führte zu der Schlussfolgerung, dass für die R. miehei Lipase bei der Veresterung von Hydroxyzimtsäuren zwei phenolische Hydroxygruppen die Ausbeute stark reduzieren und eine gesättigte Seitenkette die Ausbeute deutlich erhöht. Insgesamt ist die R. miehei Lipase ein effizienter Katalysator für die Veresterung von Hydroxyzimtsäuren mit Ethanol. Nebst linearen Alkylestern sind Sterylphenolate bedeutende Beispiele von lipophilen Hydroxyzimtsäureestern. Der mit der Phenolcarbonsäure veresterte Pflanzensterolteil bringt eine cholesterinsenkende Wirkung als zusätzlichen Gesundheitsnutzen. Reiskleie dient oft als Ausgangsmaterial für die Extraktion von Sterylphenolaten, was zu einem limitierten Sterol- und Phenolcarbonsäureprofil führt. Deshalb wurde eine einfache enzymatische Methode zur Herstellung von Sterylferulaten entwickelt. Dazu wurden die direkte Veresterung der Ferulasäure und die Umesterung von Ethylferulat zu Sterylferulaten optimiert. Die C. rugosa Lipase katalysierte diese Reaktionen. Nach einer Inkubationszeit von fünf Tagen wurde für die Veresterung eine Ausbeute von 35% und für die Umesterung eine Ausbeute von 55% erreicht. Beide Reaktionen verliefen ähnlich über die Reaktionszeit. Für andere Hydroxyzimtsäuren waren die Umesterungsraten deutlich tiefer, speziell wenn sich die phenolische Hydroxygruppe in para-Position befand ohne eine benachbarte iii Methoxygruppe. Die Ermittlung der antioxidativen Wirkung der Hydroxyzimtsäuresterole im Gegensatz zu ihren linearen C18 Estern zeigte, dass die Veresterung mit Sterolen nicht zwingend zu einer erhöhten antioxidativen Wirkung führt. Zusammenfassend, es wurde eine enzymatische Synthese für Sterylferulate entwickelt und andere Hydroxyzimtsäuren konnten als Substrate für die C. rugosa Lipase evaluiert werden. Eine bedeutende Gruppe von Enzymen im Metabolismus von Hydroxyzimtsäuren sind Ferulasäure-Esterasen. Sie sind dafür bekannt, dass sie die Fähigkeit besitzen Ferulasäure von polaren Pflanzenzellwandbestandteilen freizusetzen. Jedoch ist wenig bekannt über ihre Fähigkeit auch apolare Ferulate zu hydrolysieren. Die bereits synthetisierten Alkylferulate wurden als Substrate für vier Ferulasäure-Esterasen und eine Kontrolllipase analysiert. Eine Verminderung von den kinetische Konstanten Km und kcat konnte beobachtet werden mit einer steigenden Lipophilie. Für das lineare C18 Alkylferulat konnte nur mit der C. thermocellum Ferulasäure-Esterase und mit der Kontrolllipase hydrolytische Aktivität verzeichnet werden. Diese Beobachtungen führen zur Schlussfolgerung, dass Ferulasäure- Esterasen nicht in der Lage sind apolare Ferulasäureester zu hydrolysieren. Diese Studie stellt einfache und effiziente Methoden zur enzymatischen Veresterung von Ferulasäure
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