DOCSLIB.ORG

Gastrointestinal Parasite Panels

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Gastrointestinal Parasite Panels Gastrointestinal Parasite Panels Indications for Ordering Gastrointestinal Parasite Panel by PCR 2011150 • Sensitive alternative to traditional, insensitive ova and Aid in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal (GI) infections caused parasite examinations of stool specimens for the by common protozoal pathogens evaluation of GI infections Test Description • Detects o Cryptosporidium hominis, C. parvum Test methodology o Cyclospora cayetanensis Qualitative polymerase chain reaction o Dientamoeba fragilis o Entamoeba histolytica Clinical validation o Giardia lamblia/intestinalis/duodenalis Validated with specimens identified by conventional stool Related tests parasite tests including Cryptosporidium Antigen by EIA 0060045 • Ova and parasite examination • Modified acid-fast stain Entamoeba histolytica Antigen, EIA 0058001 • Giardia, Cryptosporidium, and Entamoeba histolytica Giardia Antigen by EIA 0060048 antigen detection assays Microsporidia by PCR 2011626 • Detects DNA of Encephalitozoon spp (E. intestinalis/E. Tests to Consider hellem/E. cuniculi) and Enterocytozoon bieneusi Typical testing strategy Parasitology Stain by Modified Acid-Fast 0060046 • Stool antigen testing for • Detects Cryptosporidium, Cyclospora, and Cystoisospora o Giardia spp Ova and Parasite Exam, Fecal (Immunocompromised or o Cryptosporidium spp Travel History) 3001662 o E. histolytica • Detects G. duodenalis, E. histolytica, Dientamoeba fragilis, • At least three separate stool specimens, collected on helminth eggs, protozoa, larval worms, and segments of separate days, should be submitted for tapeworms o Ova and parasite examination • Does not specifically detect Cryptosporidium, Cyclospora, o Modified acid-fast stain for coccidian parasites Cystoisospora, or Microsporidia • Often, only ova and parasite examination is ordered on a single specimen Disease Overview o May be inadequate frequency of testing with Incidence inappropriate method to detect pathogen(s) • C. cayetanensis • Gastrointestinal parasite with or without microsporidia by o Clustered outbreaks associated with contaminated food PCR products o Order if GI infection due to protozoal pathogens is o Outbreaks have been occurring recently in higher suspected frequency o Do not order for patients with diarrhea developed . Not associated with foreign travel, but rather, foreign during prolonged hospitalization food products sold domestically Primary tests • C. hominis, C. parvum Gastrointestinal Parasite and Microsporidia by PCR 2011660 o Found in large outbreaks associated with contaminated • Most comprehensive and sensitive alternative to water sources traditional, insensitive ova and parasite examinations of o Can occur year-round when artificial water storage stool specimens for the evaluation of GI infections systems are involved • Includes Gastrointestinal Parasite Panel by PCR and Microsporidia by PCR ARUP Laboratories is a nonprofit enterprise of the University of Utah and its Department of Pathology. 500 Chipeta Way, Salt Lake City, UT 84108 | (800) 522-2787 | (801) 583-2787 | www.aruplab.com | www.arupconsult.com © 2020 ARUP LABORATORIES | Content Review November 2016 | Last Update February 2020 • D. fragilis Treatment issues o Has been described as the second most common • Treatment is not indicated for all patients parasitic pathogen after Giardia spp o Not universally effective at curing infections . Difficult to identify using ova and parasite o Treatment is different for each parasite examinations • Most infections are self-limiting May lead to an underestimate of true prevalence • Spread to close contacts is a concern for several of these • E. histolytica parasites o Typically limited to individual cases, with possible spread to sex partners or close contacts Test Interpretation • G. lamblia/intestinalis/duodenalis Analytical sensitivity o Typically limited to individual exposures to • C. cayetanensis: 80 copies/reaction contaminated water sources in warm-weather months • Cryptosporidium parvum/hominis: 216 copies/reaction • Microsporidia • D. fragilis: 200 copies/reaction o Enteric microsporidiosis in patients with HIV infection • E. bieneusi: 1,600 copies/100 µL stool . ~15% prior to combination antiretroviral therapy • E. histolytica: 100 copies/reaction (cART) • Encephalitozoon spp (E. intestinalis): 440 copies/100 µL . Rates are lower for patients on cART stool o Undetermined incidence in non-HIV populations • Giardia – 960 copies/reaction Symptoms Analytical specificity • Cryptosporidium • No cross-reactivity observed for 48 organisms tested o Watery diarrhea, stomach cramps, nausea, vomiting, fever, dehydration Results • Cyclospora • Detected: detection of protozoal parasites in stool is o Watery diarrhea, loss of appetite, weight loss, cramping, considered diagnostic for infection bloating, gas, nausea, fatigue • Not detected: no protozoal parasites identified • D. fragilis • Inhibited: stool specimens may contain inhibitors of o Asymptomatic or molecular tests o Diarrhea, abdominal pain, loss of appetite, weight loss, o These specimens cannot be resolved nausea, fatigue Limitations • E. histolytica • Due to the periodic shedding of some parasites, a result of o Asymptomatic or “not detected” cannot completely rule out infection with o Mildly symptomatic these parasites . Diarrhea, stomach pain/cramping or o If clinical signs and symptoms persist, an additional o Dysentery specimen for testing may be indicated . Stomach pain, bloody diarrhea, fever o Viral and bacterial gastroenteritis are more common • Giardia than parasitic gastroenteritis and should be considered o Diarrhea, gas, abdominal cramps, nausea, vomiting, as alternative diagnoses dehydration • Asymptomatic infections are known to occur, and • Microsporidia therefore correlation of test results with clinical signs and o Persistent diarrhea symptoms is imperative o Abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting • Panel does not detect Diagnostic issues o Helminths (flatworms, roundworms, and flukes) • Conventional ova and parasite examinations o Nonpathogenic protozoa o Sensitivity depends on the proficiency of the laboratory o Cystoisospora and number of specimens submitted for testing o Microsporidia • Adjunct methodologies, such as modified acid-fast stains . Detected in Gastrointestinal Parasite and and antigen tests, are historically underutilized Microsporidia by PCR • To detect pathogens in the panel, at least seven tests are • Negative result does not rule out traditionally required for maximum o Presence of PCR inhibitors in specimen performance/detection o Assay-specific nucleic acid in concentrations below the level of detection © 2020 ARUP LABORATORIES | Content Review November 2016 | Last Update February 2020 .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Exploration of Laboratory Techniques Relating to Cryptosporidium Parvum Propagation, Life Cycle Observation, and Host Immune Responses to Infection
    EXPLORATION OF LABORATORY TECHNIQUES RELATING TO CRYPTOSPORIDIUM PARVUM PROPAGATION, LIFE CYCLE OBSERVATION, AND HOST IMMUNE RESPONSES TO INFECTION A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the North Dakota State University of Agriculture and Applied Science By Cheryl Marie Brown In Partial Fulfillment for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Major Department: Veterinary and Microbiological Sciences February 2014 Fargo, North Dakota North Dakota State University Graduate School Title EXPLORATION OF LABORATORY TECHNIQUES RELATING TO CRYPTOSPORIDIUM PARVUM PROPAGATION, LIFE CYCLE OBSERVATION, AND HOST IMMUNE RESPONSES TO INFECTION By Cheryl Marie Brown The Supervisory Committee certifies that this disquisition complies with North Dakota State University’s regulations and meets the accepted standards for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE SUPERVISORY COMMITTEE: Dr. Jane Schuh Chair Dr. John McEvoy Dr. Carrie Hammer Approved: 4-8-14 Dr. Charlene Wolf-Hall Date Department Chair ii ABSTRACT Cryptosporidium causes cryptosporidiosis, a self-limiting diarrheal disease in healthy people, but causes serious health issues for immunocompromised individuals. Cryptosporidiosis has been observed in humans since the early 1970s and continues to cause public health concerns. Cryptosporidium has a complicated life cycle making laboratory study challenging. This project explores several ways of studying Cryptosporidium parvum, with a goal of applying existing techniques to further understand this life cycle. Utilization of a neonatal mouse model demonstrated laser microdissection as a tool for studying host immune response to infeciton. A cell culture technique developed on FrameSlides™ enables laser microdissection of individual infected cells for further analysis. Finally, the hypothesis that the availability of cells to infect drives the switch from asexual to sexual parasite reproduction was tested by time-series infection.
    [Show full text]
  • Genetic Basis for Virulence Differences of Various Cryptosporidium Parvum Carcinogenic Isolates
    Genetic basis for virulence differences of various Cryptosporidium parvum carcinogenic isolates Christophe Audebert, Franck Bonardi, Ségolène Caboche, Karine Guyot, Hélène Touzet, Sophie Merlin, Nausicaa Gantois, Colette Creusy, Dionigia Meloni, Anthony Mouray, et al. To cite this version: Christophe Audebert, Franck Bonardi, Ségolène Caboche, Karine Guyot, Hélène Touzet, et al.. Ge- netic basis for virulence differences of various Cryptosporidium parvum carcinogenic isolates. Scientific Reports, Nature Publishing Group, 2020, 10 (1), pp.7316. 10.1038/s41598-020-64370-0. inserm- 02873228 HAL Id: inserm-02873228 https://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-02873228 Submitted on 18 Jun 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Genetic basis for virulence diferences of various Cryptosporidium parvum carcinogenic isolates Christophe Audebert1,2, Franck Bonardi3, Ségolène Caboche 2,4, Karine Guyot4, Hélène Touzet3,5, Sophie Merlin1,2, Nausicaa Gantois4, Colette Creusy6, Dionigia Meloni4, Anthony Mouray7, Eric Viscogliosi4, Gabriela Certad4,8, Sadia Benamrouz-Vanneste4,9 & Magali Chabé 4 ✉ Cryptosporidium parvum is known to cause life-threatening diarrhea in immunocompromised hosts and was also reported to be capable of inducing digestive adenocarcinoma in a rodent model. Interestingly, three carcinogenic isolates of C.
    [Show full text]
  • Cryptosporidium Hominis N. Sp. (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae) from Homo Sapiens
    The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology Volume 49 November-December 2002 Number 6 J. Eukiiyor rMioohio/.. 49(6). 2002 pp. 433440 0 2002 by the Society oi Protozoologisls Cryptosporidium hominis n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae) from Homo sapiens UNA M. MORGAN-RYAN,” ABBIE FALL; LUCY A. WARD? NAWAL HIJJAWI: IRSHAD SULAIMAN: RONALD FAYER,” R. C. ANDREW THOMPSON,” M. OLSON,’ ALTAF LAL‘ and LIHUA XUOC “Division of Veterinory and Biomedical Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, and bFood Animal Health Research Program and Department of Veterinuq Preveittative Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Centre, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio 44691 USA, rind ‘Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Public Health Services, U. S. Department of Health and Huniun Services, Atlantu, Georgia 30341. and W. S. Department of Agriculture, Anitnal Waste Pathogen Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, und eUniver.~ir)of Calgary., FaculQ of Medicine, Animal Resources Center, Department OJ‘ Gastrointestinal Science, 3330 Hospital DI-NW, Calgary, Albertu 72N 4NI, Canada ABSTRACT. The structure and infectivity of the oocysts of a new species of Cryptosporidiurn from the feces of humans are described. Oocysts are structurally indistinguishable from those of Cr.y~~tos€,oridiunlpurvum. Oocysts of the new species are passed fully sporulated, lack sporocysts, and measure 4.4-5.4 prn (mean = 4.86) X 4.4-5.9 pm (mean = 5.2 prn) with a length to width ratio 1 .&I .09 (mean 1.07) (n = 100). Oocysts were not infectious for ARC Swiss mice. nude mice, Wistat’ rat pups, puppies, kittens or calves, but were infectious to neonatal gnotobiotic pigs.
    [Show full text]
  • High Frequency of Cryptosporidium Hominis Infecting Infants Points to a Potential Anthroponotic Transmission in Maputo, Mozambique
    pathogens Brief Report High Frequency of Cryptosporidium hominis Infecting Infants Points to A Potential Anthroponotic Transmission in Maputo, Mozambique Idalécia Cossa-Moiane 1,2,* , Hermínio Cossa 3, Adilson Fernando Loforte Bauhofer 1,4 , Jorfélia Chilaúle 1, Esperança Lourenço Guimarães 1,4, Diocreciano Matias Bero 1 , Marta Cassocera 1,4, Miguel Bambo 1, Elda Anapakala 1, Assucênio Chissaque 1,4 ,Júlia Sambo 1,4, Jerónimo Souzinho Langa 1, Lena Vânia Manhique-Coutinho 1, Maria Fantinatti 5, Luis António Lopes-Oliveira 5, Alda Maria Da-Cruz 5,6 and Nilsa de Deus 1,7 1 Instituto Nacional de Saúde (INS), EN1, Bairro da Vila–Parcela n◦ 3943, Distrito de Marracuene, Maputo 264, Mozambique; [email protected] (A.F.L.B.); [email protected] (J.C.); [email protected] (E.L.G.); [email protected] (D.M.B.); [email protected] (M.C.); [email protected] (M.B.); [email protected] (E.A.); [email protected] (A.C.); [email protected] (J.S.); [email protected] (J.S.L.); [email protected] (L.V.M.-C.); [email protected] (N.d.D.) 2 Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium 3 Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Unidade de Pesquisa Social, Manhiça Foundation (Fundação Manhiça, FM), Manhiça 1929, Mozambique; [email protected] Citation: Cossa-Moiane, I.; Cossa, H.; 4 Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal 5 Bauhofer, A.F.L.; Chilaúle, J.; Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz-FIOCRUZ, Guimarães, E.L.; Bero, D.M.; Rio de Janeiro 22040-360, Brazil; [email protected] (M.F.); [email protected] (L.A.L.-O.); alda@ioc.fiocruz.br (A.M.D.-C.) Cassocera, M.; Bambo, M.; Anapakala, 6 Disciplina de Parasitologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, UERJ/RH, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil E.; Chissaque, A.; et al.
    [Show full text]
  • The Stem Cell Revolution Revealing Protozoan Parasites' Secrets And
    Review The Stem Cell Revolution Revealing Protozoan Parasites’ Secrets and Paving the Way towards Vaccine Development Alena Pance The Wellcome Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Hinxton Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK; [email protected] Abstract: Protozoan infections are leading causes of morbidity and mortality in humans and some of the most important neglected diseases in the world. Despite relentless efforts devoted to vaccine and drug development, adequate tools to treat and prevent most of these diseases are still lacking. One of the greatest hurdles is the lack of understanding of host–parasite interactions. This gap in our knowledge comes from the fact that these parasites have complex life cycles, during which they infect a variety of specific cell types that are difficult to access or model in vitro. Even in those cases when host cells are readily available, these are generally terminally differentiated and difficult or impossible to manipulate genetically, which prevents assessing the role of human factors in these diseases. The advent of stem cell technology has opened exciting new possibilities to advance our knowledge in this field. The capacity to culture Embryonic Stem Cells, derive Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from people and the development of protocols for differentiation into an ever-increasing variety of cell types and organoids, together with advances in genome editing, represent a huge resource to finally crack the mysteries protozoan parasites hold and unveil novel targets for prevention and treatment. Keywords: protozoan parasites; stem cells; induced pluripotent stem cells; organoids; vaccines; treatments Citation: Pance, A. The Stem Cell Revolution Revealing Protozoan 1. Introduction Parasites’ Secrets and Paving the Way towards Vaccine Development.
    [Show full text]
  • Cryptosporidium Parvum
    PROTOZOA—life cycles Protozoa Transmitted ;Trophozoites (merozoites, tachyzoites) — active, feeding, via Food (and Water) dividing (+ bradyzoites) ;Cysts — inert transmission form PHR 250 (exception: Toxoplasma) ;Gamonts → zygote → oöcyst (sporozoites) Giardia lamblia Giardiasis (= duodenalis = intestinalis) ;Leading protozoan cause of foodborne and waterborne disease in US ;CDC, ’98−’02: 3 foodborne outbreaks, 119 cases; ’03−’04: 2 waterborne outbreaks, 14 cases ;Spheroid cysts 9–12 µm long Giardia cyst Giardiasis 1 Giardia trophozoite Giardia lamblia ;Incubation 7–10 days; characteristic diarrhea from noninvasive colonization of upper small intestine may persist for weeks if untreated; asymptomatic infections very common. ;Reservoirs: humans, beavers, cattle, and other animals. Giardia lamblia vehicles ;Unfiltered surface water Cryptosporidium parvum (Giardia is fairly resistant to ;Oöcysts from humans, cattle, chlorine) other domestic & wild species ;Drinking water recontaminated (human-specific species: “C. with sewage hominis”) ;Fruits, vegetables, salads, and ;Small (4–6 µm), tough, chlorine- other foods subject to direct or indirect fecal contamination resistant Cryptosporidium parvum Cryptosporidium parvum ;Outbreaks from apple juice ;Largest outbreak of waterborne (cider) 1993 & 1996, and raw disease in history (Milwaukee, milk and a few other food 1993, ca. 403,000 cases, but only vehicles one waterborne U.S. outbreak ;CDC (’98–’02): 4 outreaks, 130 during ’03–’04 cases ;FoodNet (2005): ~8850 cases 2 Cryptosporidium C. parvum, C. hominis hominis ;Incubation ~1 week, profuse diarrhea usually <30 days (shedding 2–6 months); intracellular parasitism; treatment is rehydration. C. parvum oocyst C. parvum excysting Cryptosporidium parvum or C. parvum sporozoites C. hominis 3 C. parvum or C. hominis C. parvum or C. hominis ;Cryptosporidiosis is ;Concern for cryptosporidiosis diagnostic of AIDS in (especially waterborne) is HIV-positive persons & evoking stringent measures in will generally persist the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • GLYCAN TRIGGERS of LIFE CYCLE DEVELOPMENT in the APICOMPLEXAN PARASITE CRYPTOSPORIDIUM a Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate
    GLYCAN TRIGGERS OF LIFE CYCLE DEVELOPMENT IN THE APICOMPLEXAN PARASITE CRYPTOSPORIDIUM A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the North Dakota State University of Agriculture and Applied Science By Adam LeRoy Edwinson In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Major Program: Molecular Pathogenesis April 2017 Fargo, North Dakota North Dakota State University Graduate School Title GLYCAN TRIGGERS OF LIFE CYCLE DEVELOPMENT IN THE APICOMPLEXAN PARASITE CRYPTOSPORIDIUM By Adam LeRoy Edwinson The Supervisory Committee certifies that this disquisition complies with North Dakota State University’s regulations and meets the accepted standards for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY SUPERVISORY COMMITTEE: Dr. John McEvoy Chair Dr. Teresa Bergholz Dr. Eugene Berry Dr. Glenn Dorsam Dr. Mark Clark Approved: 06/06/17 Dr. Peter Bergholz Date Department Chair ABSTRACT Cryptosporidium is an apicomplexan parasite that causes the diarrheal disease cryptosporidiosis, an infection that can become chronic and life threating in immunocompromised and malnourished individuals. Development of novel therapeutic interventions is critical as current treatments are entirely ineffective in treating cryptosporidiosis in populations at the greatest risk for disease. Repeated cycling of host cell invasion and replication by sporozoites results in the rapid amplification of parasite numbers and the pathology associated with the disease. Little is known regarding the factors that promote the switch from invasion to replication of Cryptosporidium, or the mechanisms underlying this change, but identification of replication triggers could provide potential targets for drugs designed to prevent cryptosporidiosis. The focus of this dissertation was to identify potential triggers and the mechanisms underlying the transition from invasive sporozoite to replicative trophozoites in Cryptosporidium.
    [Show full text]
  • Studies in Cryptosporidium
    STUDIES IN CRYPTOSPORIDIUM: MAINTENANCE OF STABLE POPULATIONS THROUGH IN VIVO PROPOGATION AND MOLECULAR DETECTION STRATEGIES DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University By Norma E. Ramirez, M.P.H. ! ! ! ! The Ohio State University 2005 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Dr. Srinand Sreevatsan, Adviser Dr. Y.M. Saif ______________________________ Dr. Roger W. Stich Adviser Dr. Lucy A. Ward Graduate Program in Veterinary Preventive Medicine ABSTRACT Cryptosporidiosis, an infection caused by several genotypically and phenotypically diverse Cryptosporidium species, is a serious enteric disease of animals and humans worldwide. The current understanding of cryptosporidiosis, transmission, diagnosis, treatment and prevention measures for this disease is discussed. Contaminated water represents the major source of Cryptosporidium infections for humans. Manure from cattle can be a major source of Cryptosporidium oocysts. Oocysts transport to surface water can occur through direct fecal contamination, surface transport from land-applied manure or leaching through the soil to groundwater. Identification of Cryptosporidium species and genotypes facilitates determining the origin of the oocysts and to recognize sources of infection in outbreak situations and the risk factors associated with transmission. Very few studies have applied isolation methods to field samples because of difficulties with detection of oocysts in environmental samples. The objective of this study was to develop an easy method that can be applied to field samples to rapidly detect the presence of Cryptosporidium oocysts and identify their species. A molecular detection system that included an oocyst recovery method combined with spin column DNA extraction, followed by PCR- hybridization for detection and a Real-Time PCR-melting curve analysis for species ii assignment.
    [Show full text]
  • EVE Man 08-050 Mair V2:Layout 1 17/08/2009 14:28 Page 347
    EVE Man 08-050 Mair v2:Layout 1 17/08/2009 14:28 Page 347 Cryptosporidiosis 347 CRYPTOSPORIDIOSIS T. S. Mair*, N. D. Cohen† and G. R. Pearson‡ Bell Equine Veterinary Clinic, Mereworth, Maidstone, Kent ME18 5GS, UK; †Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-4475, USA; and ‡Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, School of Veterinary Science, Bristol University, Langford House, Langford, Bristol BS40 5DU, UK. Keywords: horse; coccidia; Cryptosporidium parvum; cryptosporidiosis; zoonosis; diarrhoea Summary species: C. andersoni, C. baileyi, C. bovis, C. canis, Cryptosporidium parvum is a coccidian parasite that C. felis, C. galli, C. hominis, C. meleagridis, C. infects the microvilli of intestinal epithelial cells. molnari, C. muris, C. parvum, C. saurophilum, C. Strains that infect horses and cattle can also infect scophthalmi, C. serpentis, C. suis and C. wrairi (Xiao man, and therefore cryptosporidiosis is a zoonotic et al. 2004; Sunnotel et al. 2006). C. hominis (formerly disease. In horses, cryptosporidiosis is most known as the C. parvum human genotype or genotype commonly seen in foals (most frequently 1–4 weeks I) almost exclusively infects man, while C. parvum of age) and is associated with diarrhoea and weight (formerly known as the C. parvum bovine genotype loss. Immunocompromised foals (including foals with or genotype II) infects man, ruminants and other severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome) are animal species (Morgan-Ryan et al. 2002). It is particularly at risk. classically known to be responsible for the majority of the zoonotic cryptosporidial infections. More Introduction recently, other species including C.
    [Show full text]
  • Diversity of Extracellular Proteins During the Transition from the 'Proto
    1 Diversity of extracellular proteins during the transition from the ‘proto-apicomplexan’ alveolates to the apicomplexan obligate parasites THOMAS J. TEMPLETON1,2* and ARNAB PAIN3,4 1 Department of Protozoology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan 2 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York 10021, USA 3 Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Jeddah 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia 4 Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, N20 W10 Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan (Received 22 May 2015; revised 12 August 2015; accepted 14 August 2015) SUMMARY The recent completion of high-coverage draft genome sequences for several alveolate protozoans – namely, the chromer- ids, Chromera velia and Vitrella brassicaformis; the perkinsid Perkinsus marinus; the apicomplexan, Gregarina niphandrodes, as well as high coverage transcriptome sequence information for several colpodellids, allows for new genome-scale com- parisons across a rich landscape of apicomplexans and other alveolates. Genome annotations can now be used to help in- terpret fine ultrastructure and cell biology, and guide new studies to describe a variety of alveolate life strategies, such as symbiosis or free living, predation, and obligate intracellular parasitism, as well to provide foundations to dissect the evo- lutionary transitions between these niches. This review focuses on the attempt to identify extracellular proteins which might mediate the physical interface of cell–cell interactions within the above life strategies, aided by annotation of the repertoires of predicted surface and secreted proteins encoded within alveolate genomes.
    [Show full text]
  • Aula 3 Giardia E Crypto 2020
    DISCIPLINA PARASITOLOGIA 2020 20 de fevereiro GIARDÍASE E CRIPTOSPORIDIOSE Docente: Profa. Dra. Juliana Q. Reimão • PROTOZOÁRIOS INTESTINAIS • Mais comuns em imunocompetentes • Entamoeba histolytica e Giardia duodenalis • Emergentes e Oportunistas • Causam doença principalmente em imunocomprometidos • Foram recentemente caracterizados como patógenos humanos • Cryptosporidium parvum e Cryptosporidium hominis GIARDÍASE Giardíase • Generalidades • Infecção causada por parasitas flagelados que se prendem à parede do intestino delgado provocando diarreia e desconforto abdominal. • Agente etiológico • Giardia duodenalis • (= Giardia lamblia e Giardia intestinalis) • Parasita monoxênico eurixeno • Exige apenas um hospedeiro • Variedade de hospedeiros vertebrados • Homem e alguns animais • Mamíferos, aves e répteis • Formas de vida • Trofozoíto e cisto Epidemiologia Precárias • 200 milhões de indivíduos sintomáticos condições de higiene, educação • 500 mil casos/ano sanitária e • Distribuição mundial alimentação • Parasita intestinal mais comum em países desenvolvidos Morfologia • Trofozoíto • Corpo piriforme Núcleo Flagelo Disco • Simetria bilateral suctorial • 2 núcleos • 4 pares flagelo Corpo Flagelo basal • 1 disco suctorial • Corpo basal = aparelho de Golgi Flagelo Flagelo • Axóstilo = feixe de microtúbulos Morfologia • Trofozoíto • Achatamento dorsoventral • Disco suctorial • Adesão ao epitélio intestinal Vista dorsal Vista lateral Morfologia • Cisto • Oval • Núcleo e corpo basais duplicados • Cada cisto produz 2 trofozoítos Núcleos Corpo
    [Show full text]
  • Cryptosporidium Draft 2 1
    EHC Cryptosporidium draft 2 1 WHO Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality Cryptosporidium 02 January 2006 EHC Cryptosporidium draft 2 2 Authors: Gertjan Medema Kiwa Water Research, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, The Netherlands. Peter Teunis National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, PO Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands. Mirjam Blokker Kiwa Water Research, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, The Netherlands. Daniel Deere Cooperative Research Centre for Water Quality and Treatment, Private Mail Bag 3, Salisbury SA 5108, Australia Annette Davison Water Futures, 32 Sirius Street, Dundas Valley NSW 2117, Australia Philippe Charles CIRSEE - Suez Environnement, 8 rue du President Wilson, 78230 Le Pecq, France Jean-François Loret CIRSEE - Suez Environnement, 8 rue du President Wilson, 78230 Le Pecq, France EHC Cryptosporidium draft 2 3 CONTENTS 1 CRYPTOSPORIDIUM AS REFERENCE PATHOGEN.......................................9 1.1 FRAMEWORK FOR SAFE DRINKING-WATER...................................................9 1.2 System assessment....................................................................................................10 1.3 Reference pathogens.................................................................................................11 1.4 Waterborne protozoan pathogens .............................................................................11 2 HAZARD IDENTIFICATION..............................................................................15 2.1 Cryptosporidium......................................................
    [Show full text]