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The Catholic Church and Its Impact on Public Policy in Contemporary Democracies

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The Catholic Church and Its Impact on Public Policy in Contemporary Democracies Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Dissertations Graduate College 6-2018 The Catholic Church and Its Impact on Public Policy in Contemporary Democracies Dawid Tatarczyk Western Michigan University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/dissertations Part of the Catholic Studies Commons, and the Policy History, Theory, and Methods Commons Recommended Citation Tatarczyk, Dawid, "The Catholic Church and Its Impact on Public Policy in Contemporary Democracies" (2018). Dissertations. 3303. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/dissertations/3303 This Dissertation-Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate College at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE CATHOLIC CHURCH AND ITS IMPACT ON PUBLIC POLICY IN CONTEMPORARY DEMOCRACIES by Dawid Tatarczyk A dissertation submitted to the Graduate College in Partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of PhilosoPhy Political Science Western Michigan University June 2018 Doctoral Committee: James Butterfield, Ph.D., Chair Priscilla Lambert, Ph.D. Gunther Hega, Ph.D. Claudius Wagemann, Ph.D. CoPyright by Dawid Tatarczyk 2018 THE CATHOLIC CHURCH AND ITS IMPACT ON PUBLIC POLICY IN CONTEMPORARY DEMOCRACIES Dawid Tatarczyk, Ph.D. Western Michigan University, 2018 The overarching aim of this dissertation was to examine the extent to which the Catholic Church is still a significant public policy actor in 35 economically developed democracies. The research design used in this project draws on three distinct approaches, each addressing a different puzzle but when integrated together they provide an answer to the main question. Taken together these three approaches show that the Catholic Church continues to be an important political institution with considerable influence even in economically developed democracies. The rational choice institutionalism paradigm is used to explain the political behavior of the Catholic Church. The paradigm focuses on Catholic abortion teaching to demonstrate that doctrine is as a form of endogenous institutional constraint. In addition to its institutional self-interest, the Church is also motivated by its doctrinal commitments. When institutional and doctrinal interests collide, the Church acts in favor of its doctrine and violates its self-interest. Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) examines the macro-conditions under which the Church is able to exercise influence on public policy outcomes. QCA findings demonstrate that the political influence of the Church on public policy outcomes is still substantial and its influence is especially pronounced in countries belonging to the third wave of democratization. The Church uses a number of necessary and sufficient conditions to secure its Policy victories. When such victories have obtained a combination of strong Christian Democratic Parties and institutional availability of referendums is sufficient to keeP these gains in Place. The QCA analysis identified Poland as the ideal case study candidate for Process tracing analysis. The Process tracing and case study analysis focuses on Poland to demonstrate the sPecific mechanisms used by the Church to exert its Power. In the early democratic Period, the Polish EPiscoPate took advantage of the fragmented Political scene to overturn abortion-on-demand laws and to introduce catechesis to Public schools. In 2010, the Church started to dePend on Pro-life grouPs and the conservative Law and Justice Party (PiS) to secure new Policy concessions. The ban of trade on Sundays institutionalized in 2018 helPs illustrate that the Church’s influence is considerable even many years after the democratic transition. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This dissertation would not have been Possible without the unwavering suPPort of my wife, Agata. Her encouragement and assistance is what Pushed me through the most difficult moments and it is to her that I dedicate this Project. Thank you for sacrificing so much for me. Our daughter Weronika is a constant source of joy and it is a delight to watch her grow every day. I thank her for routinely interruPting my work and reminding me what is imPortant in life. I would also like to acknowledge both of our families for their interest in my Project. Our countless discussions, esPecially with my father Dariusz, Provided me with a unique PersPective on the toPic. I am indebted to Dr. James Butterfield for his excellent feedback and mentorshiP. He remains the tyPe of scholar I hoPe to become someday. I thank members of my doctoral committee, Dr. Priscilla Lambert, Dr. Gunther Hega, and Dr. Claudius Wagemann for their valuable comments and advice on how to make this Project better. Western Michigan University Proved to be a great Place to study and I am grateful to all of my teachers. Additionally, my sincere gratitude goes to Fr. Arkadiusz Wuwer for helping me secure interviews with numerous bishops and Politicians while doing my field research in Poland. Finally, I thank Dr. Alan EPstein for introducing me to comParative Politics and remaining a constant source of encouragement over the years. Dawid Tatarczyk ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................................... ii LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................................... viii LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................................ x CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 1 Literature Review ................................................................................................... 2 Institutionalism ............................................................................................. 2 Macro-mechanisms of Influence ................................................................... 4 Case Study Research ...................................................................................... 7 Research Questions ................................................................................................ 8 HyPotheses ............................................................................................................. 9 Research Design ..................................................................................................... 9 Methods ............................................................................................................... 11 ConcePtualization, OPerationalization, Case Selection, and Data ....................... 12 ExPected Contributions ........................................................................................ 14 2. RATIONAL CHOICE INSTITUTIONALISM ..................................................................... 16 The Institutional Catholic Church ......................................................................... 16 Current Understanding of Institutional Preferences ............................................ 20 Political Mission of the Catholic Church ...................................................... 22 New Understanding of Institutional Preferences ........................................ 24 Stability of Preferences ........................................................................................ 29 iii Table of Contents - Continued CHAPTER Aggregation of Preferences .................................................................................. 32 Conclusion ............................................................................................................ 36 3. CALIBRATION ............................................................................................................. 39 Analytical ScoPe and Case Selection Strategy ...................................................... 40 QCA and Calibration ............................................................................................. 44 Conditions ............................................................................................................ 46 Catholic Electorate (C) .......................................................................................... 47 Christian Democratic Parties (P) ........................................................................... 51 Referendums (R) .................................................................................................. 54 Outcome ............................................................................................................... 58 Policy Areas .......................................................................................................... 59 Abortion and Euthanasia ............................................................................. 64 Capital Punishment ..................................................................................... 68 In-vitro Fertilization (IVF) ............................................................................ 69 Divorce and Same-sex Marriage .................................................................. 71 Religious Education in Public Schools .......................................................... 73 Points Total Across Seven Policy Areas and Calibration of the Outcome (I) ........ 74 Data
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