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PEACE by COMMITTEE Command and Control Issues in Multinational Peace Enforcement Operations
PEACE BY COMMITTEE Command and Control Issues in Multinational Peace Enforcement Operations HAROLD E. BULLOCK, Major, USAF School of Advanced Airpower Studies THESIS PRESENTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE SCHOOL OF ADVANCED AIRPOWER STUDIES, MAXWELL AIR FORCE BASE, ALABAMA, FOR COMPLETION OF GRADUATION REQUIREMENTS, ACADEMIC YEAR 93–94 Air University Press Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama February 1995 Disclaimer This publication was produced in the Department of Defense school environment in the interest of academic freedom and the advancement of national defense-related concepts. The views expressed in this publication are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of Defense or the United States government. This publication has been reviewed by security and policy review authorities and is cleared for public release. ii Contents Chapter Page DISCLAIMER . ii ABSTRACT . v ABOUT THE AUTHOR . vii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . ix 1 INTRODUCTION . 1 Notes . 2 2 COMMAND AND FORCE STRUCTURE . 3 Dominican Republic . 3 Somalia . 9 Summary . 19 Notes . 21 3 POLITICAL IMPACTS ON OPERATIONS . 27 Dominican Republic . 27 Somalia . 35 Summary . 45 Notes . 47 4 INTEROPERABILITY ISSUES . 53 Dominican Republic . 53 Somalia . 59 Intelligence . 63 Summary . 68 Notes . 70 5 CONCLUSION . 75 Notes . 79 Illustrations Figure 1 Map Showing Humanitarian Relief Sectors (Deployment Zones) . 12 2 Weapon Authorization ID Card . 18 3 ROE Pocket Card Issued for Operation Restore Hope . 36 iii Abstract The United States has been involved in peace enforcement operations for many years. In that time we have learned some lessons. Unfortunately, we continue to repeat many of the same mistakes. -
Foreign Policy Decisions Which Led to United States Military Occupation of the Dominican Republic
Portland State University PDXScholar Dissertations and Theses Dissertations and Theses 1971 Foreign policy decisions which led to United States military occupation of the Dominican Republic Bert Lewis Junior Farrar Portland State University Follow this and additional works at: https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds Part of the Diplomatic History Commons, Political History Commons, and the United States History Commons Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Farrar, Bert Lewis Junior, "Foreign policy decisions which led to United States military occupation of the Dominican Republic" (1971). Dissertations and Theses. Paper 1463. https://doi.org/10.15760/etd.1462 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of PDXScholar. Please contact us if we can make this document more accessible: [email protected]. Ali ABSTRACT 01' TBB ftBS1S OF Bert. Lewis JUIlior Parrar for the Master of Arb in History pre••at.ed April 14, 1971. TlUel Poreign Policy Deei.lou Which Led to Uaitad State. Milit.ary Occupation of the DoaUnican Republie. APPROVED BY MBMBBRS 01' THE TBBSIS COMMlftBB I Preclerick NUDA, CbalrJ1lall '1'0 achi... in4epen4ence, the Doa.inican Republic had 1:0 tint endure three centw:1ea of haavy-hancled SpaD iah rule and. period. of Haitian domination that. laated for twenty-two yean. !'ear of Haitian reconque8t., how...r, conviDce4 the leacting Doaaiaican politicians that the new aatiOD could not 10n9 endure without forelta protection. Bncouraged by Domia1can offers of a naval ba••, the UDited State. -
Pol I T Ical Reviews • Melanesia 467 References Vanuatu
pol i t ical reviews • melanesia 467 References controlling prisoners. Issues of eco- nomic policy also created challenges Fraenkel, Jonathan, Anthony Reagan, and with Vanuatu’s financial services David Hegarty. 2008. The Dangers of sector coming under increasing pres- Political Party Strengthening Legislation in Solomon Islands. State Society and Society sure, the rising cost of living being felt in Melanesia Working Paper (ssgm) quite strongly, and a proposed increase 2008/2. Canberra: ssgm, The Australian to employment conditions creating National University. uncertainty within the private sector. Ham Lini’s National United Party ISN, Island Sun News. Daily newspaper, Honiara. (nup)–led coalition had taken over in December 2004, following a success- mehrd, Ministry of Education and ful vote of no confidence against the Human Resources Development. 2009. government coalition led by Serge Semi-annual Report, January–July. Vohor’s Union of Moderate Parties mehrd: Honiara. (ump), which had been elected only NEN, National Express News. Tri-weekly five months earlier. Although several newspaper, Honiara. reshuffles took place in the intervening sibc, Solomon Islands Broadcasting years, Lini’s ability to survive to the Corporation. Daily Internet news service, end of Parliament’s four-year term was Honiara. http://www.sibconline.com remarkable. The previous decade had SSN, Solomon Star News. Daily news - seen regular votes of no confidence paper, Honiara. Online at and numerous threats of such votes http://solomonstarnews.com / leading to nine different coalition sto, Solomon Times Online. Daily governments and two snap elections. Internet news service, Honiara. Lini was able to stay in power mainly http://www.solomontimes.com because he refused to take action (ie, hold accountable politicians who were members of the coalition accused of mismanagement, corruption, or misbehavior) or make decisions that Vanuatu could jeopardize the coalition. -
Dominican Republic
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC COUNTRY READER TABLE OF CONTENTS William Belton 1940-1942 3rd Secretary and Vice Consul, Ciudad Trujillo William Tapley Bennett 1941-1944 Civil Attaché, Ciudad Trujillo James McCargar 1943-1944 Economic/Consular Officer, Ciudad Trujillo G. Harvey Summ 1948-1949 Administrative/Political Officer, Ciudad Trujillo William Belton 1949-1952 Deputy Chief of Mission, Ciudad Trujillo Wendell W. Woodbury 1952-1954 Economic Officer, Ciudad Trujillo Joseph S. Farland 1957-1960 Ambassador, Dominican Republic Henry Dearborn 1959-1961 Deputy Chief of Mission, Ciudad Trujillo Gerald J. Monroe 1961-1962 Visa Officer, Santo Domingo Harry W. Shlaudeman 1962-1963 Envoy, Dominican Republic Lewis M. White 1962-1964 Economic Officer, Santo Domingo Serban Vallimarescu 1962-1964 Public Affairs Officer, Santo Domingo Alexander F. Watson 1962-1965 Consular/Political Officer, Santo Domingo John Hugh Crimmins 1963-1966 Director, Dominican Republic Affairs, Washington, DC Dorothy Jester 1964-1965 Economic Officer, Santo Domingo William Tapley Bennett 1964-1966 Ambassador, Dominican Republic John A. Bushnell 1964-1967 Economic & AID Officer, Santo Domingo Cyrus R. Vance 1965 Envoy, Dominican Republic 1 Edmund Murphy 1965 Foreign Information Officer, USIS, Washington, DC Richard H. Melton 1965-1967 Consular Officer, Santo Domingo Richard C. Barkley 1965-1967 Vice Consul, Santiago de los Caballeros Robert E. White 1965-1968 Chief Political Section, Santo Domingo Lawrence E. Harrison 1965-1968 Deputy Director, USAID, San Santo Domingo David E. Simcox 1966-1967 Political Officer, Santo Domingo John Hugh Crimmins 1966-1969 Ambassador, Dominican Republic John A. Ferch 1967-1969 Principal Officer, Santiago de los Caballeros Lowell Fleischer 1968-1971 Political Officer, Santo Domingo Lawrence P. -
M79 Grenade Launcher Sawed Off
M79 grenade launcher sawed off Continue King Arms M79 Sawed-off Grenade Launcher -Power source: 134a Freon gas-Total length: 350mm-Weight: 1060g-Material: Aluminum/Wood Capacity: 1 Shot-Diameter: 40mm Launch Mechanism: Safety/Single Artificial by KingArms Cut-off version of M79 grenade launcher with short pieces. Because it is compact, it can be used in any situation. The body consists of full metal and real wood. When the detent located on the front of the trigger protector is operated, the trigger protector moves left and right. Product Video Custom Field Type Grenade Launcher Launcher, Grenade, 40 mm, M79 M79 with leaf type view revealed. Launcher TypeGrenadePlace of originUnited StatesService historyIn service1961–presentUsed bySee UsersWarsVietnam WarCambodian Civil WarCambodian Civil Warsurgist Insurgency WarSalvadoran Civil WarFalklands WarBougainville Civil WarAfghan WarIra Border Dispute WarQCambodian-Thailand2010 Burma Border ClashSyrian Civil WarBattle of MarawiProduction historyDesignerSpringfield ArmoryDesigned1953–1960ManufacturerSpringfield Armory, Action Manufacturing Company, Exotic Metal Products, Kanarr Corporation, and Thompson-Ramo-Wooldridge Produced 1961–1971 (U.S.) Not. built350,000 (US only)SpecificationMass2.93 kg (6.45 lb) loaded2.7 kg (5.95 lb) emptyLength73.1 cm (28.78 in)Barrel length36.83 cm (14.5 in)Cartridge40× Grenade 46mmActionBreak-actionTeen round fire6/minMuzzle velocity76 m/s (247 ft/s)Effective firing range350 m (383 yd)Maximum firing range400 m (437 yd)Feed systemBreech-loadedSightsBlade and leaf type Grenade launcher M79 is a single shot, shoulder-fired, smashed action grenade launcher that fires 40×46mm grenades, which used what the U.S. army called the High-Low Propulsion System to keep recoil strength low, and first appeared during the Vietnam War. -
View Profile
Vanuatu Santo) rising to over 1,800 metres. Fresh has the fastest-growing population, as people water is plentiful. migrate to the capital; growth 2.4 per cent p.a. 1990–2013; birth rate 27 per 1,000 Climate: Oceanic tropical, with south-east people (43 in 1970); life expectancy 72 years trade winds running May–October. The (53 in 1970). period November–April is humid, with moderate rainfall. Cyclones may occur Most of the population is Melanesian, known November–April. as ni-Vanuatu (98.5 per cent in the 1999 census), the rest of mixed Micronesian, Environment: The most significant Polynesian and European descent. environmental issues are that a majority of the population does not have access to a safe Language: The national language is Bislama; and reliable supply of water (although it is English and French are widely spoken and improving), and deforestation. also official languages. There are more than 100 Melanesian languages and dialects. Vegetation: The rocky islands are thickly forested, with narrow coastal plains where Religion: Mainly Christians (Presbyterians 28 cultivation is possible. Forest covers 36 per per cent, Anglicans 15 per cent, Seventh Day cent of the land area and there was no Adventists 13 per cent and Roman Catholics significant loss of forest cover during 12 per cent; 2009 census). 1990–2012. Health: Public spending on health was three Wildlife: Vanuatu is home to 11 species of per cent of GDP in 2012. The major hospitals bat, including white flying-fox. It is also the are in Port Vila and Luganville, with health centres and dispensaries throughout the easternmost habitation of dugongs, also country. -
I TOWARDS a TRANS-CARIBBEAN POETICS: a NEW AESTHETICS OF
TOWARDS A TRANS-CARIBBEAN POETICS: A NEW AESTHETICS OF POWER AND RESISTANCE BY DAYNALÍ FLORES-RODRIGUEZ DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Comparative Literature in the Graduate College of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana, Illinois Doctoral Committee: Professor Emeritus Michael Palencia-Roth, Chair and Director of Research Assistant Professor Nancy Castro Associate Professor Dara Goldman Assistant Professor Luciano Tosta i ABSTRACT This dissertation analyzes how Caribbean-American writers living elsewhere challenge common ideas about power, violence and oppression through the reinterpretation of Caribbean dictatorial regimes in their fiction, and how their stories fare in comparison to other narrative traditions such as the Latin American dictator novel genre. The works of Julia Alvarez (The Dominican Republic), Edwidge Danticat (Haiti) and Junot Díaz (The Dominican Republic) share thematic and biographical similarities and reveal an emerging aesthetic with definite textual and thematic traits that I identify as Trans-Caribbean, a poetics with four main constitutive aspects. First, it addresses the tensions between individualism and collectivism in Caribbean discourse. Second it addresses the implicit role of logo centrism in shaping cultural narratives. Third, it presents fragmentation as a phenomenon that is both discursive and thematic. Finally, it develops the multiple strategies of visual and linguistic disruption in order to suspend normative representations of Caribbean identity. Trans-Caribbean Poetics is trans-continental, fragmentary, personal, relational and multilingual and suggests a plausible model to analyze discursive relations in a transnational context. [ii] Para Mami y Tio Junior [iii] ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Aunque mi investigación se escribió en inglés, debo confesar que en mis agradecimientos, un idioma no es suficiente para transmitir genuinamente lo que siento. -
China's Emergence
Chapter 10 Southwest Pacific We will deepen mutually beneficial cooperation with developing countries and safeguard the common interests we share with them.1 China's engagement with countries in the Southwest Pacific 10.1 China has formed diplomatic relations with a number of island states in the Southwest Pacific. Since establishing formal recognition with these various countries, China's relationships with Pacific Island nations have generally been characterised by high level visits, economic and technical cooperation, and generous development assistance.2 10.2 China established formal diplomatic ties with Samoa and Fiji in 1975, Papua New Guinea (PNG) in 1976, the Cook Islands in 1997, Kiribati in 1980 (ceased 2003), Vanuatu in 1982, the Federated States of Micronesia in 1989, Tonga in 1998 and Nauru in 2002 (ceased 2005). According to the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT), China has a stronger diplomatic presence in the South Pacific than any other country.3 At the time this report was tabled, six Pacific Island nations afforded diplomatic recognition to Taiwan. These are: Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Nauru, Palau, Solomon Islands and Tuvalu.4 10.3 This chapter outlines the nature of China's political engagement with Pacific Island nations, particularly in the context of China's insistence on an adherence to the one-China policy and its contest with Taiwan for diplomatic recognition across the Pacific region. The committee then discusses the problems associated with this diplomatic competition, both for the Pacific Island nations involved and for Australia, which is seeking to improve governance in the region through conditional aid. Visit diplomacy 10.4 High level visits by Pacific Island leaders to China are often marked by lavish receptions.5 For example, the Prime Minister of the Cook Islands, Dr Robert 1 Part VII, Report on the Work of the Government delivered by Premier Wen Jiabao at the Third Session of the 10th National People's Congress, 5 March 2005. -
A Coup That Failed? Recent Political Events in Vanuatu
A COUP THAT FAILED? RECENT POLITICAL EVENTS IN VANUATU DAVID AMBROSE SUMMARY supporters, party loyalty was quickly subordinated to rival ambitions, and personal allegiance When Vanuatu conducted its fourth post became a tradeable good in the race for the independence general election, in November last top job. year, more was at stake perhaps than in any The corruption of political processes, which previous election. oon accompanied (or drove) the quest for power, For the first twelve years of independence, the led to more and more desperate stratagems to country's anglophone majority had held secure the prize. goverm11ent through the same party, the Vanua'aku In the tense few weeks that followed the Party (VP), and its constituents had enjoyed the formation of government on 21 December, a benefits that power and the scope for preferment number of key actors showed themselve quite that being in office brings. willing to knowingly flout convention and even For many anglophone politicians and (knowingly?) to exceed their legal authority. constituents alike, therefore, the four years spent in Ultimately,judicial decision defeated a raft of Opposition, 1991-1995, were a painful lesson in purported Executive actions which, taken together, the consequences of electoral defeat. seem to have been intended to effect an By contrast, the francophone minority, who administrative coup d'etat. had endured more than a decade of, in their view, disadvantage and discrimination under anglophone INTRODUCTION rule, finally won office in 1991 and had begun to redress those years of perceived injustice and A recital of events fi·om shortly before the general inequality. -
Unitas, O Exercício Naval Mais Antigo Do Mundo, Completa 60 Anos
PRIMEIRA EDIÇÃO 2020 UNITAS, O EXERCÍCIO NAVAL MAIS ANTIGO DO MUNDO, COMPLETA 60 ANOS Parceria da Colômbia com a OTAN pode abrir portas para outros países da América Latina SOUTHCOM fortalece laços com nações parceiras DIÁLOGO ÍNDICE Fórum das Américas CONTENTS Forum of the Americas Diálogo: Fórum das Américas é uma revista Dois veículos LCAC americanos se aproximam UNITAS 2019 é exemplo de integração e JIATF Sul, um centro para a cooperação militar profi ssional publicada pelo Comando do litoral da Ilha da Marambaia, como parte 30 60 Sul dos Estados Unidos na forma de um fó- do exercício UNITAS LX. interoperabilidade entre marinhas internacional em interdição de drogas rum internacional para o contingente militar UNITAS 2019: A Model for Integration and JIATF South: The Hub for International Cooperation na América Latina e no Caribe. As opiniões Two American LCAC vehicles approach expressas nesta revista não refl etem neces- the coast of Marambaia Island, as part of Interoperability Between Navies on Drug Interdiction sariamente as políticas ou pontos de vista exercise UNITAS LX. deste comando nem de qualquer outra agên- WAGNER ZIEGELMEYER, ESTÚDIO CRIA cia governamental dos Estados Unidos. Os ar- 36 USCAP apoia a reconstrução de uma 66 Operadores Especiais da Marinha do Brasil tigos são escritos pela equipe de funcionários 4 Carta de boas-vindas do região mais segura treinam com os Navy SEALs americanos da Diálogo, salvo indicação em contrário. O USCAP Helps Rebuild a Safer Region Secretário de Defesa americano determinou Almirante de Esquadra Craig S. Faller Brazilian Navy Special Operators Train with que a publicação desta revista é necessária Welcome Letter from Admiral Craig S. -
Republique Vanuatu Republic Vanuatu
',.....-I' REPUBLIQUE REPUBLIC DE OF VANUATU VANUATU JOURNAL OFFICIEL OFFICIAL GAZETTE ) 08 DECEMBRE 1997 NO. 35 08 DECEMBRE 1997 SONT PUBLIES LES TEXTES SUIVANTS NOTIFICATION OF PUBLICATION LOIS NO.9 DE 1997 RELATIVE AUX RELIGIOUS BODIES (REPEAL) ACT NO.9 OF 1997. ASSOCIATIONS A VOCATION RELIGIEUSE (ABROGATION). I ) ARRETES ARRETE NO. 42 SUR LA REMUNERATION DES DIGNIT."..L.qES DE L'ET1\T. HONOURS (CONSTITUTION MEDAL)ORDER NO. 45 OF 1997. VANUATU CONSTITUTION MEDAL CITATIONS SOMMAIRE CONTENTS NOMINATION· COMMISSION DE LA NATIONALITE i FIN DE MANDATE· COMMISSION DE LA NATIONALITE 2 REDUCATION DE PEINE 3 DECREE OF DISSOLUTION OF PARLIAMENT .APPOINTMENT . GOFDON P DAVIES, LAW OFFICERS ACT [CAP. 118] 5' TERMINATION· MEMBER/CHAIRMAN· VCMB 6 7 - 12 ANZ BANK (VANUATU) LIMITED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEAR ENDED 30 SEPI'EMBER, 1997. 13 . 17 ) REPUBLIC OF VANUATU RELIGIOUS BODIES CREPEAL) ACT N0,90F 1997 Arrangement of Sections 1. Repeal of Act No.9 of 1995. 2. Commencement. ) REPUBLIC OF VANUATU Assent: 12.9.97 Commencement: 8.12.97 RELIGIOUS BODIES (REPEAL) ACT NO.sOF 1997 An Act to repeal the Religious Bodies (Registration) Act No.9 of 1995. BE IT ENACTED by the President and Parliament as follows :- REPEAL OF ACT NO.9 OF 1995 I. The Religious Bodies (Registration) Act No.9 of 1995 is repealed. COMMENCEMENT 2. This Act shall come into force on the date of its publication in the Gazette. REPUBLlOUE DE VANtrA TV LOINO.9. DE 1997RELATIVEAUX ASSOCIATIONS A VOCATION RELlGIEUSE (ABROGATION) ) Sommaire 1. Abrogation de la Loi No.9 de 1995. 2. Entree en vigueur. -
And 19Th-Century Plantation Inventories from Martinique In
M. Cottias A note on 18th- and 19th-century plantation inventories from Martinique In: New West Indian Guide/ Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 64 (1990), no: 1/2, Leiden, 1-6 This PDF-file was downloaded from http://www.kitlv-journals.nl MYRIAM COTTIAS A NOTE ON 18TH- AND 19TH-CENTURY PLANTATION INVENTORIES FROM MARTINIQUE1 When reading through Martiniquan slave inventories for any particular year, one quickly realizes that they must have been written out at some early stage and then copied over from one year to the next.2 When slaves died, their names were simply crossed off the list, and while slaves who were present for at least a year are listed in a careful calligraphy, new arrivals and newborns are listed in a quickly dashed offhand. The following year, their names are copied over with care; henceforth these slaves are full members of the plantation. Each plantation had its own mode of classifying slaves: by age (with the sexes combined), by age and sex (beginning in 1835 for Plantation Acajou), or following some other order that is often difficult to detect at first but which points toward the existence of coherent, identifiable groupings of slaves. When one plantation is linked to another (as is the case for the Gagneron Desvallons sugar plantation, which had been taken over in 1782 by that of Papin de l'Epine), the original mode of classification is maintained: in this case for example, the slaves of Gagneron Desvallons are listed first, followed by the slaves of Papin de l'Epine and the new arrivals.