INTERPRETIVE PLAN Borough of

Library of Congress

1 Cover Photo Ð On the morning of November 19, 1863, Lincoln left the House and traveled via horse down Baltimore Street in Gettysburg. Giving a short, two-minute speech at the dedication of the unfinished Soldiers’ National Cemetery, the President changed how Americans viewed the , and helped transform Gettysburg from a battleground into a national icon.

Richard Segars Hundreds of thousands of people pass through the Borough of Gettysburg each year, perhaps as part of a battlefield tour or just as part of a through trip to somewhere else. Few of them stop to spend time in the Borough to appreciate its history and special qualities. The purpose of this plan is to help those who visit Gettysburg understand and appreciate its history and resources by telling the story of Gettysburg and its people, of their lives during the Civil War and of their role in the and its commemoration. In doing so, the plan will help conserve the Borough’s historic resources and bolster the economic health of the town.

2 Interpretive Plan Borough of Gettysburg

“Yes, history is far more than the excitement of battle, the flags and guns and desperate assaults. In a place like Gettysburg, the visitor—the native for that matter—may easily become absorbed in the three days of conflict, forgetting that history was also made here in quiet lives, on farm and village street, through a century before the battle, through a century after it.” Ð President Dwight David Eisenhower

Prepared by:

The Borough of Gettysburg Interpretive Plan Steering Committee November 2000

In association with:

Main Street Gettysburg The Borough of Gettysburg The The Citizen Task Force

and

John Milner Associates

3 Funding for the development of the Borough of Credits Gettysburg Interpretive Plan is provided by the National Park Service, Gettysburg National Military Park.

Special thanks to , who commissioned a study by Ralph Appelbaum and Associates that provided the basis for the description of the Lincoln Museum at the David Wills House. Borough of Gettysburg Interpretive Plan Steering Committee Holliday Giles Gettysburg Borough Council Kevin Alan Trostle, Chair Gettysburg Area William E. Troxell, Mayor President Retail Merchants Association John C. Eline, President Main Street Gettysburg Dr. Matt Gallman Holliday Giles, Vice-President Ted Streeter Henry Luce Professor of the Civil War Jamie P. Fleet Council Member Gettysburg College Theodore H. Streeter Borough of Gettysburg Tom Davidson Dr. John Latschar Office of Congressman Bill Goodling Col. Leonard Andrews Superintendent C. Alan Chace William P. Monahan Gettysburg National Military Park Department of Charles E. Woodward Ron Smith Conservation and Natural Resources Richard M. Kreisher Past-President Daniel Bringman John A. Murphy Gettysburg-Adams County Area Vice-President for Business & Finance Chamber of Commerce The Lutheran Theological Seminary Main Street Gettysburg Fred Reddig at Gettysburg Nancie W. Gudmestad, Chair Governor’s Center for Local Gerald Bennett Government Services Gettysburg National Military Park Gerald Bennett, Vice-Chair Peter Monahan Advisory Commission Kevin Alan Trostle, President President Sharon L. DeOms, Vice-President Gettysburg Convention and Visitors Bureau Borough of Gettysburg Interpretive Plan Illustrations and Graphics Emmet Mahon Project Team Office of Senator Rick Santorum Charles W. Sterner Richard Segars Michel Lefevre Borough Manager Curtis Musselman, Cartography Pennsylvania Historical and Borough of Gettysburg Kevin Alan Trostle Museum Commission Dr. Walter L. Powell Patti Lawson Historic Preservation Officer Report Design / Support Design Associate Vice-President of Borough of Gettysburg Kevin Alan Trostle Communications and Public Relations Deborah Darden Gettysburg College Chief of Resource Planning Jean Odom Gettysburg National Military Park Historians South Central Community Gerald Bennett Gerald Bennett Action Programs Author, Historian Dr. Matt Gallman Nancie W. Gudmestad Kevin Alan Trostle Kathy Harrison Chairwoman of the Board President Winona Peterson Main Street Gettysburg Main Street Gettysburg Dr. Walter Powell

4 ii The Significance of Gettysburg

Gettysburg is nationally significant because of its role in the Battle of Gettysburg, its aftermath and commemoration.

Gettysburg was a thriving county seat of English, German, Irish and African Americans of various religious, economic and cultural backgrounds at the beginning of the Civil War. Like other communities across the nation, it exhibited the political, social and economic conditions typical of the period.

However, in July 1863, the town found itself at the center of the largest battle ever to take place on the continent. The residents endured several days of Confederate occupation, and then were left with the monumental task of caring for thousands of wounded and burying the dead.

In November of 1863, President Lincoln focused the nation’s attention on the cost, meaning and consequences of the Civil War in the , and the town’s role in the remembrance of the battle was established.

5 iii 6 iv Contents

Credits...... ii The Significance of Gettysburg ...... iii Chapter 1 Introduction ...... 9 Purpose, Goals and Objectives for the Gettysburg Interpretive Plan ...... 10 Objectives for the Plan ...... 11 Planning Process ...... 12 The Osborne Study ...... 13 Chapter 2 The Framework ...... 15 The Story and the Historic Resources ...... 15 Key Resources of Gettysburg ...... 24 The 1861-1865 Experience...... 28 Chapter 3 The Interpretive Plan ...... 31 The Concept...... 32 A visit to Gettysburg is a multifaceted experience ...... 32 The Interpretive and Educational Experience ...... 34 Finding out about Gettysburg—Pre-Visit Information ...... 34 The Welcome Center at the Gettysburg Lincoln Railroad Station ...... 36 Historic Pathway-Wide Actions, Strategies and Programs ...... 45 Conservation and Preservation of Historic Sites and Resources ...... 52 Economic Development ...... 53 Maintain Quality of Life ...... 54 Chapter 4 The Historic Resources and Interpretive Areas of the Historic Pathway ...... 55 Focus: The Lincoln Square and Downtown Gettysburg District ...... 57 Focus: The Lutheran Seminary and Lincoln Highway District ...... 59 Focus: The Gettysburg College District ...... 63 Focus: The Steinwehr Avenue and National Cemetery District ...... 65 Chapter 5 Implementation and Management ...... 67 Main Street Gettysburg: The Partnership ...... 67 Finance and Source of Funds ...... 68 Interpretive Plan Project Phasing ...... 70 Phase A and Phase B Action and Implementation Agenda...... 71 Appendix Ð Audience Profile ...... 74 Appendix Ð Preliminary Alternative 1 ...... 78 Appendix Ð Alternatives Considered for Implementation and Management ...... 80 Bibliography ...... 81 7 v “If we could first know where we are, and whither we are tending, we could then better judge what to do, and how to do it.” Chapter 1 Ð , “A House Divided” speech, June 16, 1858 Introduction

In 1990, the Gettysburg community came innovative donation program, Main Street ing the alumni of Gettysburg High together to plan for the development and Gettysburg and the Borough of Gettys- School. The park is midway on the interpretation of the Borough of Gettys- burg have completed brick sidewalks and Historic Pathway and serves as a conve- burg. The Gettysburg Historic Pathway other improvements to the town’s center, nient resting spot for visitors. The Plan was the result of a two-year planning Lincoln Square. Working with the Gettys- Gettysburg Historic Pathway Plan was process, part of a concerted effort by the burg Area School District Alumni Associa- adopted as an integral part of the Borough Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Adams tion, Main Street Gettysburg, the National of Gettysburg’s Comprehensive Plan in County, the Borough of Gettysburg, the Park Service (NPS) and the local commu- 1996 and of the Adams County Compre- National Park Service and many more nity raised the money for a park celebrat- hensive Plan in 1990. committed organizations and citizens. The community sponsors noted that the purpose The Gettysburg Historic Pathway Plan of the plan was “to guide community effort suggested the need for planning to toward economic revitalization of our develop specific components of the plan, historic town, and to do so even as we such as interpretation and urban design. In honor and preserve our past. [The Borough 1991, the University of Virginia contrib- of Gettysburg] must reassert its historical uted a set of ideas for a new master plan role as interpreter of the battlefield which for Gettysburg. In 1992, the NPS spon- carries its name, and of which its streets sored a charrette to develop concepts for and buildings were so important a part.” the development of the Wills House. In 1994, the Commonwealth of Pennsylva- nia, the Borough of Gettysburg and NPS cooperated to produce the Feasibility and As a result of that plan, the community Plan for an Interpretive Center, Lincoln and Main Street Gettysburg have com- Square. Unfortunately, the partnerships pleted a number of impressive actions. and funding necessary to implement these

Among other things, Main Street Gettys- ideas proved elusive. MSG burg has developed a series of wayside The Gettysburg Historic Pathway Plan, exhibits and walking tours to help visitors published in 1990, represents a community consensus “to guide In 1998, NPS’ planning for Gettysburg understand the role of the Borough of community effort toward economic revitalization of our historic town, National Military Park suggested a and to do so even as we honor and preserve our past.” Gettysburg in the battle. Through an change in the location of its visitor

Chapter 1 / Introduction 9 Jackie White, owner of The Dobbin House, chaired the original Historic Pathway Task Force in 1990. At the close of the decade she was instrumental in the success of the Adams County Bicentennial celebration.

Kevin Alan Trostle

facilities and that the National Park Railroad Station. These funds assure meetings and receiving comments, the Service participate in a broader partner- that once a consensus is reached on how Steering Committee has developed a set of ship for interpretation of the town. At to interpret the history of the Borough, four goals and eight objectives for the the same time, the Borough of Gettys- much of it will be accomplished. Gettysburg Interpretive Plan. These were burg accepted the donation of the developed to guide the community as it Gettysburg Lincoln Railroad Station Purpose, Goals and looks to alternatives for interpreting and and, thanks to the leadership of State preserving its significant buildings and Senator Terry Punt and Congressman Objectives for the Gettysburg sites. The plan’s four goals are: Bud Shuster, received $900,000 in Interpretive Plan Federal and State funds to begin its 1. Interpret and Educate Some 1.7 million people visit Gettys- restoration. These activities became the Provide quality interpretation and burg National Military Park each year, catalyst for bringing together a diverse education for visitors and residents that and most pass through the Borough of group of partners interested in interpre- gives them a better understanding of the Gettysburg as part of their Battlefield tation, preservation and economic role of the Borough in the Battle of tour. Few, however, stop to spend much development. Those partners formed a Gettysburg, its aftermath and commemo- time to appreciate the town’s history and steering committee to shepherd the ration. Make a visit to the Borough’s special qualities. framework of this interpretive plan. historic buildings, sites, and interpretive programs a part of the core experience at The purpose of this plan is to help During the preparation of the plan, Gettysburg National Military Park. those who visit Gettysburg appreciate the community has been busy pursuing its history by telling the story of its several important activities to build 2. Preserve Resources people, of their lives during the Civil momentum for its implementation. Identify the historic buildings and sites War, and of their role in the Battle’s Governor Tom Ridge announced a grant that are important to telling Gettysburg’s aftermath and commemoration. In of $3,000,000 to the Borough of story, and provide the economic means to doing so, the plan will help preserve Gettysburg to help it in its development. assure their maintenance and preservation. the Borough’s historic buildings and The Borough of Gettysburg and Main sites and bolster the economic health 3. Provide Economic Benefits to Street Gettysburg cooperated to raise of the town. Borough Residents over $350,000 in matching funds for the Work to insure that the residents of the restoration of the Gettysburg Lincoln After holding a series of public

10 Chapter 1 / Introduction Events such as The Gettysburg Brass Band Festival bring visitors to Gettysburg. Understanding the visitor audience and the types of services they need is an objective of the interpretive plan.

Kevin Alan Trostle

Borough benefit economically from the simply to tell the story of the Battle If visitors cannot easily obtain maps and increased visitation anticipated through the from a military perspective, but crucial information, have convenient access to enhanced interpretation, preservation and to the Borough’s future to develop public restrooms, and locate adequate marketing of the town’s historic resources. programs that will entertain and educate parking, Gettysburg’s historic properties children, provide interest and relevance and programs will hold much less attrac- 4. Maintain Quality of Life to women, African Americans, and other tion. Critical for the success of this plan Pay special attention to how new minorities, and connect with a growing will be identifying how basic visitor projects and programs designed to number of international visitors. Such services should be provided and what increase visitation will affect the day-to- programs should create the added benefit combination of public and private invest- day quality of life of the Borough’s of extending the visitor’s stay and ment is needed to meet this objective. residents so that the town remains a overcoming seasonal visitation. vibrant place to live and work—not a 5. Promote and Market Gettysburg large outdoor living history museum. 2. Develop Clear Interpretive Themes Suggest marketing strategies that can Identify the interpretive themes that be used for providing complete informa- will be the focus of the plan, and locate tion on the Borough, its programs and the key historic buildings and sites that attractions before, during, and after the Objectives for the Plan will be the best locations for telling the The objectives of this plan developed Borough’s stories. as a response to the project’s goals. James Gettys 3. Present Wills House/Train Station Plan portrays President They address the significant issues Abraham Lincoln offered by comments from the public Show what the best option is for use during ceremonies and the Steering Committee early in the of the Wills House on Lincoln Square at the Gettysburg plan’s preparation. The following and the former Western Lincoln Railroad Railroad Depot (“Gettysburg Lincoln Station. The objectives have guided the development Borough of of the Plan: Train Station”) on Carlisle Street, and Gettysburg identify what partnerships will be received 1. Create Interpretive Programs with needed to restore, maintain, and operate ownership of the Broader Public Appeal these buildings. historic station Recognize that it is not enough during festivities Kevin Alan Trostle 4. Provide Adequate Visitor Services held in November 1998, 135 years following Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address.

Chapter 1 / Introduction 11 visitor comes here. College, the Gettysburg Convention and Visitors Bureau, Gettysburg 6. Preserve Neighborhood Character Planning Process National Military Park Advisory Suggest the means to maintain the Partners and Organization of the Commission, the Lutheran Theologi- character and use of the Borough’s Steering Committee cal Seminary, Main Street-Gettys- neighborhoods in light of projected In 1998, Gettysburg’s Borough burg, Inc., the Pennsylvania Depart- increases in tourism and traffic. Council formed the Gettysburg ment of Conservation and Natural Resources, the Pennsylvania Histori- 7. Identify and Enhance Programs Interpretive Plan Steering Committee. cal and Museum Commission and the Identify and suggest ways to enhance The purpose of the Committee is to National Park Service. those existing public and private coordinate the Borough’s efforts with programs, facilities and events that those organizations already consid- ered important community partners, The process for developing this support the goals of this plan. At a Interpretive Plan began in the Spring conceptual level, explore what opportu- and whose participation is vital to the development and success of the plan, of 1998, when the Steering Commit- nities exist for the private sector to tee commissioned a study to deter- develop new facilities and programs including the Gettysburg-Adams County Area Chamber of Commerce, mine how best to tell Gettysburg’s that will help the Borough achieve the story. The Plan was then prepared plan’s goals. Inc., Gettysburg Area Retail Mer- chants Association, Gettysburg over four phases: 8. Develop Partnerships Vital to the development and 1. Goals and Objectives This plan will not succeed without success of the plan, a substantial support from the entire purpose of the steering 2. Framework—including an community—government, business, committee is to overview of the Borough’s history, an coordinate and education, and citizens. Secure firm encourage participation evaluation of its historic resources, commitments from partners for the among those and a description of the significant actions that are needed to make this organizations already themes that should be developed to plan more than just another document considered important community partners. to be placed on a shelf.

12 Chapter 1 / Introduction The Osborne Study - AN ASSESSMENT OF THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF THE HISTORIC PATHWAY WAYSIDES TO THE BOROUGH OF GETTYSBURG

The Gettysburg Historic Pathway Plan was services/products address the interests and needs of developed in December 1990, as part of a the visitor market. Visitors following the pathway into town are generating a market opportunity. They strategic planning process begun in 1989. Main are shopping and spending. Street Gettysburg shouldered the task of ¥ Significant new construction and renovation establishing a series of wayside exhibits along along the Historic Pathway has reflected a measur- the Historic Pathway connecting the National able increase in property value and associated increase of Borough property tax assessment value. present these resources to the public. Military Park with downtown Gettysburg. The goal of the wayside exhibit project was ¥ The potential demonstrated to date reflects just the tip of the opportunity iceberg. Study data has 3. Alternatives for the Plan, and the selection twofold. It was to provide visitors with an interpretation of events relative to the town’s generated positive suggestions as to actions needed to of the one best suited to the community’s need. build the volume of Gettysburg visitors utilizing the long overlooked role and experience during the Historic Pathway into the town. The easiest of these period of the battle, and to attract visitation 4. Identification of the partnerships needed to to implement are recommended promotional into the business center for the purpose of concepts to increase visitor awareness of the Historic implement the Alternative selected. enhancing commercial market potential. Pathway and associated wayside exhibits. The other half of the formula is more cultural The preparation of this plan is ongoing, and SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT STUDY FINDINGS: change, demanding a significant commitment of the the Steering Committee has invited comment ¥ The wayside exhibits are effective in business and Borough government communities. capturing visitor interest and have served to create Visitors have demonstrated a strong interest in the from the public in each phase of the work. After an awareness that there is more to see in Gettysburg town’s historic heritage. They respond to the this plan is published, the Steering Committee than the battlefield itself. remaining 18th century architecture and the will again request public comments, refine its ¥ The wayside exhibits along the Historic ambiance of the battle days of 1863 found in the town’s period facades. They are looking for work, and continue support for the first projects Pathway have had a strong and positive influence upon tourist visitation into downtown Gettysburg. attractions of interest relating to the civil war times to undertaken as well as the additional planning patronize when they are in the town. Development of ¥ Visitors walking the Historic Pathway do new attractions and restoration of period facades are needed to implement the plan. The Steering patronize shops and attractions of interest. opportunities needed to be fulfilled if the Historic Committee clearly hopes that the Gettysburg ¥ A significant amount of new commercial Pathway concept is to ever maximize its full potential Interpretive Plan reflects the vision and interests construction/renovation for fostering economic growth. has been influenced by of the entire community, and will serve as a - Ann M. Osborne, Consultant the presence of the Enhanced Performance Group - January, 1998 model framework for future partnerships that Historic Pathway and the will make its goals possible. positive response by

Kevin Alan Trostle visitors to Gettysburg.

SUMMARY CONCLUSIONS: ¥ Beginning with the initial installation of wayside exhibits in 1994, the concept of the Historic Pathway as a vehicle to expand the interpretive experience of the visitor and to open new market opportunities in the Borough has proven to be successful. ¥ Business growth has been positive for those existing and new business establishments whose

GNMP / National Park Service

Chapter 1 / Introduction 13 Chapter 2 The Framework

Gettysburg’s stories are many. The town remain to help tell the stories. The most contains many resources that remain from compelling moment in Gettysburg’s earlier eras, places where these stories can history from the point of view of our be told. Gettysburg College, the Lutheran visitors is, of course, the battle. Yet Seminary, the Borough of Gettysburg, the even this moment, so unique in our National Park Service and others have all history, is a window on the larger made commitments to interpret their national story. As Dr. Matt Gallman, the resources in the community and discuss, Luce Professor of the Civil War at where appropriate, the themes expressed Gettysburg College, has written of within this document. The private sector Gettysburg, “On the one hand, most of its has also invested in private museums, wartime experience was so ‘typical’ that programs and attractions. Together, these the town can nearly serve as the analytic stories, resources, and existing and proxy for towns across the North. On the planned public and private interpretive other hand, neither the townspeople nor venues provide the structure upon which the historian can forget the thousands of this interpretive plan is built. This chapter men who fell in those three days. The task describes them. before us is to come to terms with Gettysburg, both as a perfectly normal The Story and Northern town that experienced the tremendous challenges of the American the Historic Resources Civil War, and as a community that fate Gettysburg has a compelling history—a elevated to a special status.” Gettysburg’s story that spans more than 200 years of people—women, children, black, white,

Saint Francis Xavier Catholic Church growth and development, punctuated by businessmen or farmers—all experienced Gettysburg is rich with references to the Battle of Gettysburg, an event that life in the town during the Civil War in the events of July 1863. Shown here changed America’s perception of Gettys- different ways. Their diversity of is a stained glass panel from Saint experiences—and what changed and Francis Xavier Catholic Church that burg and Gettysburg’s perception of itself. depicts the Sisters of Charity tending Much about Gettysburg can be understood what didn’t change for them as a result to wounded after the battle. from the many stories to be told, in concert of war—is part of the Borough’s story. with the significant physical resources that

Chapter 2 / The Framework 15 The Borough’s interpretive plan events of the Civil War era resonate even The Settled Frontier: seeks to identify key themes that link today, in our nation’s political and social Colonial Gettysburg from 1735-1786 Gettysburg’s unique story to its larger life. Debates over the proper role of the The area around Gettysburg has been context and that connect individual federal and state governments, racial, used for many years. Native Americans sites in the Borough to one another, ethnic, and class divisions, the historic were the first human residents, and they and to the larger story. In their struggle for expansion of civil rights to used the area for hunting, fishing and broadest form, the themes developed new groups, economic change—all a few small settlements. Beginning in for the Borough of Gettysburg are: these dimensions of the nation’s story the late 17th century, settlers flocked can be brought to life for visitors to to Pennsylvania, responding to William ¥ A typical northern town, Gettysburg Gettysburg as the interpretive plan Penn’s offers of freedom, tolerance and was engaged in the passionate national situates the town’s key physical re- prosperity. The Penn family created a debates of the 19th century. sources in a broader context. manor in the region, known as the Manor of the Maske. Between 1734 ¥ During the pivotal days of July As we trace Gettysburg’s unique and 1741, primarily Scots-Irish immi- 1863, citizens and soldiers alike faced history, we tell the larger story of this grants settled this manor, which com- extraordinary challenges. nation, from its earliest Native American prised much of the area that later origins, through the Civil War era, to the ¥ The Gettysburg Address, defining a became a battlefield. Among them was present. The physical resources of the “new birth of freedom,” forever changed Samuel Gettys. Forty years later, his town provide a window on the whole the town’s and the nation’s view of what son, James, purchased and subdivided panorama of U.S. history, as key periods happened here. the land that became the center of the in Gettysburg’s story serve as frame- Borough of Gettysburg. By highlighting these key themes, works within which visitors can experi- interpretation of the sites in the town ence and understand over two centuries The new immigrants clashed with the shed light on both Gettysburg’s unique- of the nation’s story. In order to identify Delaware and Shawnee who had ness and its representative character, the key themes to be interpreted and the traditionally hunted, fished, and fash- teaching visitors about the town’s history resources available for interpretation, it ioned tools and weapons from the land. and the United States in the 19th century. is helpful to trace the chronology of However, the influx of Anglo Americans These themes also help visitors under- Gettysburg’s history, starting over two overwhelmed the native population, who stand the ways in which decisions and centuries ago. mostly moved away from the new

16 Chapter 2 / The Framework Early settlers to the region include Scots-Irish and Germans. Lewis Miller captured the flavor of those settlers in period drawings.

York County Historical Society

settlers by 1740. Rivers were the settlement, but their traces remain in the The growing area attracted a number primary transportation network, and shape and location of the town, and these of German Lutherans, Reformed, and a the rivers of the area end up in the can be identified to visitors so that they few free African Americans, introducing Chesapeake Bay. Thus, the area understand how Gettysburg became a greater social and political diversity in established a pattern of looking to crossroads in U.S. history. the town. Although new residents Maryland and the south for trade. populated Gettysburg, early patterns of The Crossroads Village: settlement set the stage for racial and Politically and socially, the new Federal Gettysburg 1786-1835 ethnic segregation that persist to the settlers themselves were often at odds By the mid-eighteenth century, present. The first half of the nineteenth with the rest of Quaker Pennsylvania. villages throughout Pennsylvania began century also saw the establishment of The Scot-Irish settlers came from a to grow around mills, taverns, stores and many religious and educational institu- different ethnic background than many other centers of communication or trade. tions as part of a national growth in of the new Pennsylvanians. At the The residents built new roads to connect religious and educational participation. beginning of the Revolutionary War, these settlements to such ports as In the town, these national trends were the Scot-Irish seized control of the Philadelphia and Baltimore. reflected by the establishment of government and transformed it into one Lutheran Seminary and Pennsylvania After its founding in 1786, Gettysburg of their liking. College (now Gettysburg College). became a rural transportation center at These had a profound influence on the One of the earliest settlers of what the crossroads of a growing agricultural nature of the town, and the Seminary had would become Gettysburg was John corridor. Additional roads and improve- a national impact on Lutheran life. The Troxell, great-great-great grandfather of ments to the original routes made presence of the Seminary and the current Gettysburg Mayor, William E. Gettysburg a hub, and its continued College meant that an educated, profes- Troxell. Buried in the Evergreen growth led to its being named the Adams sional class developed within the Cemetery, the headstone of John Troxell County seat in 1800. Gettysburg became community. Other private educational notes that he was the ‘First Settler of a busy crossroad town, with a bank, academies became a necessity since free Gettysburg, PA.’ printers, the carriage industry and public education in Pennsylvania would associated commerce joining farming, not come until 1834. Few physical resources remain from milling and the traditional industries this earliest period of Anglo American serving agriculture.

Chapter 2 / The Framework 17 Politically, clear divisions developed to decide to use tax revenues to fund of the Square. The carriage industry between Federalists and Antifederalists in free education. became an important component of the the community. Eventually, a small economy, and production ranged from but vocal anti-slavery movement began As the town entered the antebellum era, farm wagons to fine carriages for to develop in the area. , these political controversies over aboli- export. Foundries, such as the David a politician, abolitionist and the owner of tion, federalism, and public education Sterner foundry on North Franklin a nearby iron works, strongly supported mirrored the growing national debate. Street, leather and other industries grew. a statewide movement promoting free The small town was not only at the education for all, black and white. These crossroads of a network of new roads, but The political and social life of sentiments earned him the enmity also at the crossroads of key national Gettysburg continued to reflect its of some in Adams County, and it took decisions. Gettysburg and its residents border location. Tied to trading partners several years for Adams Countians were poised to enter a period of extraordi- in the south, the community reflected nary economic and social change. the diversity of opinion and experience in the nation as a whole. The increasing The Modern Country Town: divisiveness that was typical of the Antebellum Gettysburg 1835-1861 United States was also found in Adams As Gettysburg approached the County. The varied interests and beliefs th middle of the 19 century, it of the community were manifested in continued to develop into a the tapestry of secret societies, community, with gas, water dissenters, southern sympathizers, and the telegraph. In 1858, African American led anti-slavery after the initial failure of the organizations and other groups that Tapeworm Railroad in 1836, characterized the political and social the railroad came to Gettys- landscape. On the eve of the Civil War, burg with the building of a Gettysburg reflected the concerns, new railroad station (now divisions and preoccupations of the Adams County Historical Society called the Gettysburg Lincoln nation as a whole. Many sites in the The railroad came in 1858 with the building of a new railroad station on Carlisle Railroad Station) and tracks Street. This, coupled with other infrastructure including sewer, gas, water and town, appropriately interpreted, can telegraph, transformed Gettysburg into a modern country town during the on Carlisle Street just north serve to portray these preoccupations. Antebellum period from 1835-1861.

18 Chapter 2 / The Framework Civil War Gettysburg 1861-1865 the eyes of local men fighting on both burg, Cashtown, Greenwood, Carlisle, The Northern Homefront sides of the conflict. The local Harrisburg, Taneytown, or Fairfield. But After the Civil War began, the sons of Democratic newspaper was critical of the position and movements of the Gettysburg responded to the call and Lincoln’s administration, and was not Northern and Southern armies during the enlisted in several Pennsylvania volun- shy about berating those policies. Local last week of June led to a major conflict teer and emergency regiments. The and state elections became nasty and at Gettysburg. outbreak of war was followed with an partisan political battlegrounds. Charges enthusiastic volunteer response. The of disloyalty existed, and new political The Town in the Battle Campfires near Cashtown Gap on the community and the county participated organizations were formed in response to evening of June 25, 1863 confirmed that in food and clothing drives conducted by the politics of the day. the U.S. Sanitary and Christian commis- the Southern army was not only in sions; the women of the town formed a Early in the war, Gettysburg’s nearness Union relief society, and began sewing to the battlefront meant local political military garments. A home guard was battles. But as the war neared Pennsylva- organized. After a time, the town fell into nia, Gettysburg’s citizens began to have a a wartime routine. Ardent supporters of more personal perspective on the war. A the Union, Gettysburg’s residents were Confederate raid in the fall of like those of other towns. They were 1862 reached into the southwestern soldiers and civilians, concerned with corner of the county at Cashtown, such burning issues of the day as resulting in the loss of personal property recruiting, conscription, draft resistance, and illustrating to Gettysburg’s residents desertion and invalidism, and worked to how vulnerable they were. support the war on the homefront. Then, in 1863, General Robert E. Lee However, political schisms in the decided to change the Confederate community, mirroring those in the rest of strategy of the Civil War by taking the

the North, soon began to be seen. The conflict into Pennsylvania. The route Don Troiani © 1994 citizens of Gettysburg, with their ties to taken by the Southern army could have A Gettysburg family endures the “uncertainty and dread” of the trade in the south, saw the war through resulted in a major battle at Chambers- battle in the protection of their cellar. Citizens’ lives were changed forever by the events of 1863.

Chapter 2 / The Framework 19 Pursued by the Confederates in the streets and alleys of Gettysburg, Union troops fled south through the town on July 1st, 1863. Some were shot down on the door stoops of homes and other buildings on West High and Middle Streets, on Chambersburg Street, and on Baltimore Street. This house, located at 138 West Middle Street, was restored in 2000 and is a fine example of early 19th century village life. It is Gettysburg’s only restored log house and was owned by Thaddeus Stevens from 1837-1852.

Kevin Alan Trostle

Pennsylvania, but was within sight of “purchased” with worthless Confeder- near Westminster in Maryland. The Gettysburg’s residents. It was with great ate money. White residents were not circle was tightening and Gettysburg relief that the town welcomed even the arrested or injured, but the black was in the center. raw recruits of the 26th Emergency population of the town was singled out th Volunteers who arrived by train in the for abuse. Some of those who had not By June 29 , again Confederate early morning hours of June 26. The 26th fled at the approach of the Rebels were campfires were seen in the area near quickly pressed westward towards rounded up, bound and sent back to the Cashtown. By June 30, Union cavalry Cashtown in search of Rebels. Not many army for transport South to slavery. By was sent to Gettysburg to secure it hours passed, however, before the mid-morning of June 27, the Confeder- until their infantry could get there. As mounted scouts galloped back through ates were gone, en route to York and the cavalry approached Gettysburg on the streets of Gettysburg with the more plentiful bounty. the Emmitsburg Road it was spotted by unwelcome news that the 26th had been the vanguard of the invading routed and was in headlong retreat In the next two days, the Confeder- Confederates who were then entering through the fields north and west of the ates spread out in a long and deadly arc the outskirts of the town along the town. Behind these fleeing cavalrymen from the west at Chambersburg, to the Chambersburg Pike. They quickly marched the jubilant Confederates, north at Harrisburg, and to the east at withdrew to Cashtown to regroup. coming toward Gettysburg. Wrightsville on the Susquehanna River. Confederate cavalry had been reported The Confederates were ordered to The Civil War became a first-person move against the Union cavalry at experience for Gettysburg’s residents on the evening and night of June 26. John Burns, heralded as the “Hero of Gettysburg” in the immediate days For the first time they experienced after the battle, was a 68-year-old cobbler and ex-constable of Gettysburg what the civilian populations of in 1863. Driven by strong patriotic convictions he left the safety of his house Virginia had endured for almost two and went out to the battlefield west of Gettysburg on the morning of July 1st years. Shopkeepers, town officials, and to offer his services to the Union forces. His offer was accepted and he fell in with the 7th Wisconsin regiment. During the afternoon Confederate occupants of private homes were attack he was wounded three times and left on the field by his retreating subjected to demands for supplies and colleagues. A neighbor brought him back home the next day as the fighting money by the victorious invaders. shifted to the south of town. At home his wounds were treated and he made Adams County Historical Society Stores were forced open and supplies a successful recovery. President Abraham Lincoln made it a point to meet the “Hero of Gettysburg” when he came here in November 1863 to honor the Union battle dead and deliver his historic Gettysburg Address.

20 Chapter 2 / The Framework On July 2, 1863, the incessant sniper and sharpshooting fire on the southern end of town led to the only civilian death in the battle, that of a young .

GNMP/National Park Service

first light the following morning. In Washington Street, past the college be flanked by the overwhelming odds the early daylight hours of July 1 the grounds, and into the fields of battle and driven into the town of Gettys- first small arms fire began out on the beyond today’s borough limits. The third burg along Chambersburg Street. Chambersburg Pike. The cavalry division moved off to the right before division left its college encampment entering the town, securing Cemetery Both Corps of Union troops fled and converted the thin picket line Hill as key defensive ground, where south through the town. Pursued by west of town into its main battle line. artillery and infantry reinforcements the Confederates in the streets and Because the advancing Confederate could be posted. alleys, many were chased and hunted division was strung out along the down. Some were shot down on Pike back towards Cashtown, only Confederate reinforcements arrived the door stoops of homes and other two brigades were part of the on the field as well. Unfortunately, the buildings on West High and Middle morning action. As a result, both lost the numbers game. Streets, on Chambersburg Street, forces were about even in numbers When it was attacked by overwhelm- and on Baltimore Street. Some who (each having about 3,000 men in line). ing numbers and eventually out- were cut off from By mid-morning, the Union infantry flanked, its retreat was inevitable. escaped capture by seeking refuge that the Confederates had hoped to with townspeople in their cellars The 11th Corps broke first, fighting avoid had arrived and the numbers or attics. These civilians risked north of town against brigades from tipped in favor of northern forces. confiscation or destruction of their two Confederate divisions. They left Many Confederates were captured or property, abduction or arrest as the field for their reserve position on killed in the first clash of infantry, prisoners, or even worse for sheltering Cemetery Hill south of town, closely while the survivors fell back and these desperate defenders of pursued by their enemy. awaited reinforcements. their town. Along the 1st Corps line west of Some of the arriving Union reinforce- As night closed on July 1, the only town a renewed Confederate attack, ments moved through the town. The Union soldiers in the town limits were led by two fresh divisions, pushed the Union Eleventh Corps approached by those who had been captured (who Union defenders from McPherson’s way of the Emmitsburg Road and the were temporarily held near the Ridge rearward to the Lutheran Taneytown Road, two of the divisions college), those who had been wounded Seminary campus. There the defend- passing through the town by way of or were caring for the wounded in the ers made a determined stand only to

Chapter 2 / The Framework 21 Sgt. Humiston, a member of the 154th NY, was killed in a side yard at the corner of York and North Stratton Streets while retreating towards Cemetery Hill on July 1st. When found after the battle his body was without identification save a photograph of three young children clutched in his hand. Soon this picture was published in newspapers throughout the north in an attempt to identify the dead soldier. They were eventually recognized and the identification made. The plight of the fatherless young children and their widowed mother touched many charitable heartstrings and led to the establishment of a National Orphans Home in Gettysburg in 1866. The Humiston family was one of the first residents.

Mary Ruth Collins

churches and other public buildings of of Cemetery Hill directed deadly fire In little more than a week’s the town, those who had found refuge against Confederate skirmishers in the time, more than somewhere in the buildings or out- houses and along the pavements of 8,000 men had buildings of the town, or those who Baltimore, Washington, and High been killed or were lying dead on the streets and Streets. This combined and never-ending mortally wounded and pavements. Under fire from artillery fire subjected the south end of the town tens of and sharpshooters from Cemetery Hill, to battle-related damage, some of which thousands of Library of Congress their formations broken, and darkness can still be seen today in the pocked other wounded men lay scattered in farm fields and imminent, the Confederates opted not brick walls of houses along Baltimore private homes. As many as 200,000 men and horses had been living off the land, and they left behind to continue their attack. As a result, and South Washington Streets. It also led thousands of acres of trampled crops, miles of the town became the battle line and to the only civilian death in the battle, dismantled and destroyed fencing, burned buildings temporary quarters/encampment of the that of Jennie Wade. and little in the way of livestock or provisions. The majority of Ewell’s Confederate Evergreen Cemetery gatehouse sustained damage during the battle. Corps. Now, the town’s inhabitants As a part of the battle plan for July 2, were prisoners of war, their mobility the Confederates advanced through the limited, their motives scrutinized, and town to . Their town; these demoralized men invaded their lives threatened. attack took them over ground now private homes, sought out whiskey and mostly occupied by the development food, and otherwise vented their Breastworks were thrown across the associated with the Gettysburg School frustration on the local populace. streets of the town, some by Union District. When they fell back, the soldiers on Cemetery Hill in anticipation skirmishing and sharpshooting re- The morning hours of July 3 witnessed of an attack, and some by Confederates opened again with a vengeance as renewed sharpshooting that ultimately led as protection against sharpshooting and Confederates tried to discourage a to the destruction of the buildings at the as defenses in the event of a Union Northern counterattack and as a means Bliss Farm, just outside the southern counterattack. On July 2, the incessant to protect the retreating survivors of the limits of town. The no-man’s land sharpshooting that characterized the doomed charge. So cut up were these between Taneytown Road and Long Lane fighting in the southern end of town two brigades that they were virtually was also the scene of never-ending throughout the remainder of the battle taken out of the remainder of the battle. skirmishing and sharpshooting between began. Men on the lower and upper slope Some were relegated to patrolling the advanced lines of both armies.

22 Chapter 2 / The Framework When “Pickett’s Charge” occurred, the support the attack in Long Lane were nor abated until the last of the Confed- left wing of the Confederate column was once again not committed to the battle. erates evacuated the town during the confronted by the advanced line of The commanding and most effective early hours of July 4. skirmishers and sharpshooters in front of artillery fire from Cemetery Hill Taneytown Road and along Steinwehr continued to prove a powerful deterrent The Aftermath of the Battle On July 4th, the Union army reoccu- Avenue. So effective was the Union fire to a coordinated Confederate attack. pied the town. The Union army pro- from this quarter that the left wing was vided additional surgical services for extended to protect its flank from the The Union position at and on the the multitude of wounded soldiers in skirmishers and then so decimated by the southern and western slopes of Cem- the makeshift hospitals of Gettysburg. concentrated artillery fire that it broke etery Hill was crucial in determining The town of Gettysburg began assess- formation before reaching Steinwehr the outcome of the battle. It first ing its damages and losses. Faced with Avenue. Only a portion continued to provided protection and a rallying point dead, dying and wounded soldiers, the advance in disarray. Troops who were to to the retreating Union army on the evening of July 1. Throughout the people of the town transformed them- remainder of the battle, the continuous selves into emergency caretakers of the firing along the Cemetery Hill battle- thousands of human casualties left in front (July 2-4) was testimony to its the wake of the armies. This civilian importance to both armies. The battle- and humanitarian battle for survival and field was probably more dangerous recovery was to last much longer than between the Union lines on Cemetery the military battle. Hill and the Confederate lines in the The immediate impact of the battle and town of Gettysburg, in Long Lane, and its aftermath on the community was on than anywhere else tremendous. The area affected by the

General Lee’s Headquarters Museum on the field. Sniping and sharpshooting, conflict, including the vast network of The headquarters for General Robert E. Lee was artillery duels, and massed attacks were military field hospitals, covered more owned by Thaddeus Stevens. At the time of the incessant. While the battle raged and battle it was occupied by Maria Thompson. than 22,000 acres. In little more than a then moved to other sites elsewhere on Professor Michael Jacobs of Pennsylvania College week’s time, more than 8,000 men had wrote, “Mrs. Thompson testifies to the the field, the fighting in the south end of been killed or mortally wounded and tens gentlemanly deportment of General Lee whilst in the town of Gettysburg neither moved her house…”

Chapter 2 / The Framework 23 of thousands of other wounded men lay afterthought, Abraham Lincoln was scattered in farm fields and private homes. invited to speak briefly at the dedication, As many as 200,000 men and horses had after the main speaker. On November 18, been living off the land, and they left 1863, he came by train to what is now behind thousands of acres of trampled called the Gettysburg Lincoln Railroad crops, miles of dismantled and destroyed Station, and then walked to David Wills’ fencing, burned buildings and little in the House on what is now known as Lincoln way of livestock or provisions. Those who Square. There he made the final revi- died at Gettysburg had been buried sions to his brief address. The next throughout the battlefield, near where morning he rode down Baltimore Pike to

Kevin Alan Trostle they fell or near field hospitals. Since the the new cemetery to give his two-minute The David Wills House dead and the wounded far exceeded the speech. As time passed, those words Erected ca. 1814, this building is the best total population of the town, its resources changed how Americans viewed the war, known in Gettysburg. In 1863 it was the were overwhelmed. and helped transform Gettysburg from a home of David Wills and family. Wills, a local attorney, is traditionally given credit battleground into an icon. The themes Lincoln in Gettysburg as being the father of the Soldiers’ articulated in the Address resonate from Within weeks of the battle, members National Cemetery, for proposing that that moment through the rest of the 19th of the local community—David Wills, Pennsylvania provide, “...a common burial century and up to the present. ground for the (Union) dead.” This idea David McConaughy and others—worked was supported by all the Union states with the Governor of the Commonwealth whose sons died at Gettysburg and was Early Post War: quickly implemented. President Abraham to convince him to establish what National Interest in Gettysburg Grows Lincoln was a guest of David Wills the became the Soldiers’ National Cemetery. 1865-1880 night preceding the dedication of the By October 1863, the cemetery was People began coming to Gettysburg Soldiers’ National Cemetery. It was at the ready for the reburial of the Union dead dedication ceremony on November 19, soon after the battle, to find a loved one or 1863, that President Lincoln delivered his from their temporary grave sites. to see the ground upon which the battle Gettysburg Address. Lincoln polished and was fought. More than 15,000 people came That operation was still underway at rehearsed the brief text of his speech to the dedication of the Soldiers’ National during his stay in this house: a speech the dedication of the cemetery on Cemetery alone. Gettysburg soon began to which forever established the concept that November 19, 1863. Almost as an our government is “...of the people, by the feel the national interest in the battle. people, for the people...”

24 Chapter 2 / The Framework Key Resources of Gettysburg

The Settled Frontier: Early Post War Colonial Gettysburg from 1735 to 1786 National Interest in Gettysburg Grows 1865-1880 ¥ Dobbin House ¥ Agricultural Hall Site ¥ Hoke-Codori House ¥ Lincoln Cemetery ¥ Samuel Gettys Tavern Site ¥ The Homestead on Baltimore Street ¥ The “Colored School” site at corner of West High and Franklin The Crossroads Village ¥ The “T. T. Tate” House The fact of the battle and the nation’s Federal Gettysburg from 1786-1835 ¥ The John Rupp House interest in it changed how the people of ¥ Gettysburg Academy Building ¥ Several Fraternity Houses on Carlisle Street Gettysburg viewed the town. Instead of ¥ Schmucker Hall at the Lutheran Seminary ¥ C. P. Krauth House and Samuel S. seeing themselves as a regional center, The Evolving Tourist Community 1880-1918 Schmucker House at the Seminary ¥ War Department Garage on South Gettysburg began to see itself as being of ¥ Thaddeus Stevens House Site Washington Street national importance. Initiatives to save ¥ Christ Lutheran Church ¥ Gettysburg and Harrisburg Railroad Depot ¥ Stevens Log House on West Middle Street the battleground were led by the citizens on N. Washington ¥ GAR Hall at 53 East Middle Street of Gettysburg, and were important in The Modern Country Town ¥ Meade School saving some of the most crucial land ¥ Prince of Peace Episcopal Church Antebellum Gettysburg from 1835-1861 parcels. The veterans’ reunion of 1878 ¥ Camp Colt Officer’s Club ¥ C. W. Hoffman House ¥ Sewing Factory on 4th Street and the beginnings of the veterans’ ¥ Joseph Weible Mansion commemoration of the battlefield ¥ Thomas Warren block highlighted the grassroots efforts to ¥ Jacob Sheads House Between the Wars 1918-1941 ¥ Public School on East High Street ¥ Eberhart-Epley Garage preserve the battleground. During this ¥ Swope Mansion ¥ Properties associated with Dwight D. period the first major tourist resort in ¥ Train Station Eisenhower’s Stay in Gettysburg Gettysburg, the Springs Hotel, was built ¥ Adams County Courthouse ¥ Plank Garage (Corner of York and North ¥ Adams County Jail Stratton) in 1869. ¥ Blue Parrot Tea Room ¥ James Gettys Hotel Civil War Gettysburg 1861-1865 Meanwhile, with the end of eco- ¥ ACNB Building in Lincoln Square • Lee’s Headquarters Building ¥ Former Gettysburg Furniture nomic stagnation brought on by the ¥ Schriver House Factory building ¥ James Foster House war, the town continued to grow, with ¥ Silk Mill ¥ Wills House ¥ Tourist Courts new residential and industrial develop- ¥ Train Station ment both north and south of town. The ¥ The Square ¥ Tourist Museums ¥ The Lincoln Highway Civil War transformed the nation’s ¥ Jennie Wade Houses (3) ¥ Digges-Monroe Site economy and Gettysburg’s residents ¥ John Hopkins House found new occupations and livelihoods ¥ Soldiers’ National Cemetery as wartime industry evolved into more ¥ Scott-McCallister House ¥ James Pierce House diverse and complex economic patterns. ¥ Henry Garlach House Returning veterans and the needs of ¥ Evergreen Cemetery Gatehouse

Chapter 2 / The Framework 25 Gettysburg has retained a remarkable level of integrity, and buildings from most of its significant periods still stand today to help people understand what the town was like during the different eras of its development. More than 60% of

GNMP/National Park Service the buildings that were present at

Dr. Walter L. Powell GNMP/National Park Service The Stoever-Schick Building, Lincoln Square The Dobbin House, Steinwehr Avenue The Gettysburg Academy, West High Street the time of the Civil War remain.

their survivors created new institu- Tourist-oriented businesses developed, Between the Wars tions in Gettysburg, including the and hotels, livery stables, battlefield 1918-1941 Soldiers’ Orphans Home. Gettysburg’s guides and other visitor-related services Automobile tourism expanded, and African American community also became increasingly important to the with it came changes to the community. grew as the men who had fought as economy. Special events, battle reunions As tourist related businesses began to U.S. Colored Troops returned to the and other related activities became shift from livery to automobile, early town. The continued growth of the important generators of business for the automobile-related businesses such as College and the Seminary expanded the community. In 1913, Gettysburg once garages, auto sales companies, and town and continued to affect its political again prepared for an onslaught of tourist courts began to appear. Some of and social makeup. veterans with the commemoration of the the most familiar areas of today’s 50th anniversary of the battle. The Evolving Tourist Community: 1880-1918 Residential construction, new local The earliest long-distance roads As Gettysburg became a principal manufacturing, a second railroad and were not built for the automobile, but largely inherited by it. stage for the reconciliation of the north the development of the Lincoln When Carl Fisher, owner of the and the south, its view of itself became Highway helped to amplify the Prest-O-Lite headlight company, increasingly connected with that role. community’s growth. Gradually, much founder of the Indianapolis Motor During this period, battle veterans were of Civil War Gettysburg became Speedway, and developer of Miami Beach, proposed a “Coast running the state and the community, concealed beneath a typical Victorian Lincoln Highway Heritage Corridor to Coast Rock Highway” in 1912, commemoration of the battle brought Pennsylvania community. Ford’s Model T was just four years old. Henry B. battle veterans and their families to Joy of the Packard Motor Car Company was named Gettysburg, and entrepreneurs re- During this period, Dwight David the Lincoln Highway Association’s first president on Eisenhower took command of Camp July 1, 1913. In 1919, a motor convoy introduced a sponded, spurring commercial growth in young Dwight Eisenhower to the new tourism sector. In 1895, the War Colt, set up on the battlefield as a training the military and commercial Department took over the management camp for WWI. Gettysburg would potential of good roads. As of the battleground. eventually become his home, when he president of the U.S. years was President of the United States. later, ‘Ike’ ushered in the modern replacement of the old highway system with the signing of the Interstate and Defense Highway Act of 1956. Carl Fisher

26 Chapter 2 / The Framework Automobile tourism expanded, and with it came changes to Gettysburg. The Eberhart-Epley Garage, 102 Chambersburg Street, is a fine example of an Art Deco style building. This type of building was popularized during the heyday of the Lincoln Highway and met the needs of the increasingly automobile-centric nation.

Boro of Gettysburg

Gettysburg, especially in the areas out motels sprang up, taking advantage of Borough’s history reveals, the history Route 30 West, date from this time. A the leisure travelers who made Gettys- incorporates many different stories. roadside museum industry began to burg a must-see stop on trips. Gettys- One task of an interpretive plan is to try develop, catering to tourists with no burg College, Gettysburg Hospital and to describe in a few words the signifi- firsthand knowledge of the battle. other institutions modernized and cance of a place and its most important When the National Park Service took expanded their boundaries, affecting historic themes. Trying to describe the over the management of the battlefield the surrounding town fabric. In the last in 1933, it began to change the empha- 20 years, increasing development at the sis of visitor services to tell the story of margins of the borough has affected its the battlefield to those who had not downtown, causing it to depend lived through the conflict. increasingly on tourism. Local retail in downtown declined, and old, traditional The national presence of Gettysburg, businesses such as furniture and sewing and its closeness to Washington DC factories began to close, a trend that made it a convenient venue for Presi- continues today. Transportation dents, who visited frequently. The 75th services, including railroad and reunion culminated in the dedication of regional bus services have been the Peace Light memorial by Franklin terminated, making the Borough almost Delano Roosevelt, 32nd President of the entirely automobile dependent. How- United States. ever, Gettysburg has retained a remark- able level of integrity, and buildings W.W.II and the Modern Era from most of its significant periods 1941-Present remain to help people understand what Like the rest of America, the forces the town was like during the different of suburbanization influenced Gettys- eras of its development. burg. New residential communities began to grow, and the Steinwehr Themes for Interpretation Avenue and Baltimore Pike tourist of Gettysburg’s History businesses expanded. Hotels and As this brief walk through the

Kevin Alan Trostle

Chapter 2 / The Framework 27 national significance of Gettysburg in a This plan is based on a simple idea: dissension. Rapid economic change few words is difficult; the statement that exploration of the town and of the transformed people’s livelihoods and developed to do just that is printed on places where things really happened occupations; men and women took on the overleaf to this plan. will help visitors understand the town’s new roles in both private and public lif; stories. A person’s direct experience and the nation’s people developed new Interpretive planners use theme with the places where commonplace, beliefs about themselves and their statements to express the significance everyday things as well as extraordi- government. As a typical northern of a place and to develop coherent, nary things happened will help him or community, Gettysburg’s social, eco- seamless interpretation. This is her understand and appreciate their nomic, religious and cultural preoccupa- especially important in Gettysburg, history and value. It is important, tions reflected those of the nation as it where visitors could get interpretation however, for places to be linked by prepared for and began to fight the Civil from many different cooperating interpretive themes that express the War. By showing Gettysburg residents as partner sites. unifying stories that the resources have participants in the national debate, to tell, no matter who the audience is or visitors will be given insights into the what means is used to communicate with state of the nation on the eve of the war. it. Themes tell the resource’s stories. Effective themes link things (i.e., the During the pivotal days of July 1863, physical resources of the community) citizens and soldiers alike faced extraor- with ideas and meanings (the intan- dinary challenges. Placed at the center gibles that give personal meaning to a of a great battlefield of the Civil War, person’s experience in a place). Gettysburg’s citizens endured occupa- tion by two armies and hardships of war, The themes developed for the Borough a condition heretofore experienced only of Gettysburg are: by Southerners. In the aftermath of battle, the citizens of Gettysburg made a signifi- th The 19 century was a period of cant contribution to the care of the

MSG In the mid 1990’s, Main Street Gettysburg began national ferment and change. The wounded, burial of the dead, and preser- an interpretive wayside program. Jerry Bennett debate over slavery connected with vation of the battleground as a means of (standing) and Dr. Walter Powell are shown here, other forms of political conflict and honoring the Union soldiers who had installing a wayside. fought there.

28 Chapter 2 / The Framework The 1861-1865 Experience There are many ways to convey the ideas expressed in the interpretive theme. For example, between 1861 and 1865, Gettysburg was both a town that was typical of the Northern home front and also the site of an extraordinary event. To help people understand the story, interpretive planners will:

The “new birth of freedom” articu- From themes, interpretive planners Tell the story from the point of view of real lated in the Gettysburg Address contin- determine the set of experiences that people who lived in Gettysburg at the time. ues to serve to this day as a key interpre- people can choose from in museums, at tive framework for understanding the programs, while walking the street, or ¥ Explore their experiences, by talking about what changed, and what didn’t change, during the war battle and the crossroads it represents in reading expanded wayside interpretation. years; what the enduring impact of those years was; U.S. history. Placing the Address at the In developing this material, planners will or how people’s experience in Gettysburg was like heart of the Historic Pathway places tell many individual stories and perspec- or was different from those in other towns, north this historical struggle for freedom at tives that contribute to these unifying and south. the heart of the visitor experience. themes. In addition, planners will tell Gettysburg’s extraordinary experience these stories from a variety of perspectives Explore critical subthemes and how the war gave its citizens and the citizens of the and in ways that will appeal to people experience affected them: nation a perception of its important with different learning styles. Interpretive place in history. This view was conveyed opportunities will be designed with ¥ Soldiers and civilians: recruiting, conscription, by Abraham Lincoln’s Gettysburg women, children and families in mind as bounties, separation, desertion, and invalidism. Address, completed as Lincoln sat in a well as persons of diverse ethnic, cultural ¥ Supporting the War Effort: Ladies aid societies, patriotic and political rallies, taxes to support the bedroom of the Wills House. The speech and racial backgrounds. People will leave families of soldiers; sanitary commissions. eloquently expressed the ideals that Gettysburg with a clearer understanding of ¥ Conflict and dissension: party conflict, racial Lincoln believed necessitated the Civil its role in history. and ethnic conflict, draft resistance, class conflict, War and made the Gettysburg Address political agendas, religious differences, and The success of the Main local rivalries. an international symbol of democracy Street Gettysburg and freedom. Wayside program, ¥ The Changing Roles of Men and Women: at funded in part by the work and home, in education, fashion, courtship and marriage, childhood and family, religion and As the battlefield increasingly became National Park Service’s American Battlefield education. a stage upon which the commemoration Protection Program, ¥ The Economy during the War: livelihoods, of the Civil War experience took place, has resulted in over 40 occupations, status, war contracting, profiteering, the Borough of Gettysburg played host publicly and privately shortages, inflation, industry, and agriculture. funded waysides. ¥ Ideas and Beliefs: World views, racial attitudes, to Presidents, returning veterans and Scattered throughout their families and ever-increasing national attitudes, ethnic attitudes, and attitudes Gettysburg, the about gender. numbers of visitors. waysides encourage

GNMP / National Park Service walking within the town.

Chapter 2 / The Framework 29 Chapter 3 The Interpretive Plan

This plan proposes enhancing the includes them in strategies for interpreta- ¥ The plan proposes strategies to make Gettysburg Historic Pathway and tion and economic development; its operation financially self-sustaining, establishing the Borough as a center of managed and operated locally with help interpretation, the place where visitors ¥ Significant public investment will from partnerships with the state, the learn about the Borough and its many provide for appropriate interpretation. National Park Service, not-for-profits stories. The expanded Historic Pathway Visitors will get orientation to the town, and private businesses. will tie together the many significant its major themes, and its visitor re- stories and places in Gettysburg’s sources at the Gettysburg Lincoln ¥ The plan maintains and improves history. The stories to be told include the Railroad Station. The centerpiece of the the quality of life currently enjoyed Borough’s inception, the town and its Historic Pathway is the new Lincoln by residents. people during the Civil War and the Museum at the Wills House, where Battle of Gettysburg, its aftermath and visitors can learn more about ideas and commemoration, and the continuing life issues of the times and the Gettysburg and growth of the community. By Address. The plan also proposes walking along the Historic Pathway, activities to enliven the Historic Pathway participating in activities, or visiting and make it understandable to visitors. existing partner and new community ¥ Private not-for-profits and govern- interpretive sites, visitors will learn ment provide sites that anchor the ends about the Borough’s history. of the Historic Pathway, providing high The plan includes several important quality destinations that encourage elements that are crucial to its success: visitors to travel the length of the Borough, and visit again and again. ¥ The plan fully incorporates the ¥ The plan offers a range of opportuni-

historical and cultural resources in the GNMP/National Park Service town, as well as the significant invest- ties for private investment and increases the number of opportunities available to The Borough of Gettysburg Interpretive Plan and ment of the private sector in various the Gettysburg Historic Pathway Plan provide the interpretive activities and venues, and visitors, increasing their length of stay. infrastructure and interpretive opportunities needed to allow visitors to understand and enjoy the Town of Gettysburg.

Chapter 3 / The Interpretive Plan 31 A visit to Gettysburg is a multifaceted experience. This plan proposes:

amenities identified in the 1999 statewide survey of heritage travelers in Pennsylvania. All provide that sense of comfort sought by people unfamiliar with a place. Excellent directional and Historic Pathway signage, well designed maps and guides, and public rest rooms at the Welcome Center, the Lincoln Museum at the Wills House and at anchor sites could meet these highly-rated visitor needs.

The Concept GNMP / National Park Service A high priority of the plan includes expansion of the Race Horse Alley parking garage and The plan provides the infrastructure Pre-Visit Information additional parking along the Historic Pathway. and interpretive opportunities needed to Virtual Gettysburg, a visit planning web site; allow visitors to understand and enjoy information and reservations by mail or phone Interpretive Presentations the Borough of Gettysburg. To do this, from Gettysburg Convention and Visitor In the new Lincoln Museum at the Wills the Historic Pathway will be expanded to Bureau, the Chamber of Commerce, NPS and House, at anchor and community interpretive the east and the west, to include more of private entities. sites, such as Christ Church, the Lincoln the historic resources of the town. Each Cemetery and the Digges-Monroe site and at of the districts (described in Chapter 2, Arriving in town partner sites, visitors will find interpretive Many visitors will arrive in town via the NPS presentations on various aspects of the Borough’s Framework) that make up the expanded history. Waysides and other expanded outdoor Historic Pathway contain historic auto tour, traveling north on Steinwehr Avenue and Baltimore Pike to the Race Horse Alley interpretation will enliven the Historic Pathway. resources that can illustrate aspects of parking facility. Others will come to the Borough A variety of high-quality and historically the Borough’s history, and new interpre- of Gettysburg as their primary destination, with accurate tours and living history presentations tive opportunities and programs for each friends or family, or find the Historic Pathway could be staged working with partners. district are considered. The plan empha- when they visit partner sites. sizes conservation and reuse of historic Getting around resources and provides for economic Reception and Orientation The Historic Pathway is expanded. Brick development without compromising the At the Welcome Center at the Lincoln Train sidewalks and street trees link the area and provide a pleasant environment for pedestrians. town’s quality of life. Station visitors will find trip planning informa- tion, an overview of Gettysburg’s history, tours, A new shuttle links the Welcome Center, the Wills House, partner and anchor sites, parking The plan will provide a complete and maps, brochures and guides. Similar informa- and the NPS visitor center. Safe bike paths on satisfying experience for visitors, tion will be available in printed form at partner sites. At the NPS museum and visitor center, a secondary streets link town battlefield sites. starting when they first learn about the staffed desk will provide visitors with trip town and make the decision to visit, and planning, Gettysburg Borough and other Visitor Services continuing throughout their stay. The regional travel information. A crucial part of the visitor experience, high expectation is that they will find so much quality visitor services will bring people back to to do and see, that they will extend their Creature Comforts Gettysburg for another visit. New programs help stay, spend additional time in the Directional signage, maps and guides, rest local businesses develop and prosper, by taking Borough, and plan to return many times. rooms and parking are the highest ranking advantage of increased foot and vehicular traffic.

32 Chapter 3 / The Interpretive Plan GNMP / National Park Service

Chapter 3 / The Interpretive Plan 33 This statue, located on Lincoln Square in front of the David Wills House, portrays President Abraham Lincoln returning to Gettysburg and discussing the historical events with a modern day visitor. The statue, created by Seward Johnson, was commissioned by The Lincoln Fellowship of Pennsylvania and erected in 1991.

A com- The Interpretive and Historic Pathway, participating in plete visitor activities, and visiting existing partner experience Educational Experience and new community interpretive sites. includes An interpretive experience includes Together, these activities will communi- getting pre- pre-visit information, getting to town, cate the Borough’s themes and stories. visit informa- arriving, orientation, obtaining informa- tion about the town, tion and the all important creature Finding out about getting to it, being comforts, getting around, and going to oriented, and finding interesting, exciting and personalized Gettysburg—Pre-Visit interpretive opportu- interpretive experiences. Visitors will Information nities and experiences Kevin Alan Trostle learn about the Borough and its stories Visitors will be able to find good, that are tailored to by finding and walking along the pre-visit information from specially one’s specific interests. This means designed web sites, from information that the plan must provide for a variety sent to them by the Gettysburg Visitor of interesting places, experiences and and Convention Bureau, and from activities of interest to families, contacts with Main Street Gettysburg, children, women, couples, older the National Park Service and other people, Civil War enthusiasts, and the plan partners. Also important to visitors general heritage visitor. are sources such as AAA, friends and What follows is a description of the relatives, and the state tourism office. major actions of the plan, as they relate Working with partners who already to the goals of the community: The provide this service, and with new partners, information could be devel-

Interpretive and Educational Experi- Tomorrow’s Children’s Institute, Hackensack University Medical Center ence, Resource Conservation and The 40% of visitors who already return to the oped that encourages visitors to extend Preservation, Economic Development, national park will learn about the new things to do their stay in the Gettysburg area. Pre- and will extend their visits to include the Borough. visit information includes maps, and Quality of Life. Others, already coming to town—say, to bring a child to college or to a basketball camp—will information about programs, special discover that the area has much to offer and decide events, and other trip-planning data. to spend a long weekend exploring.

34 Chapter 3 / The Interpretive Plan For more and more people, the desire to visit Gettysburg will make it a destination rather than a stop on the way to somewhere else, and they’ll plan a stay of several days. Here reenactors of the 6th North Carolina pause in front of the Coster Avenue mural while taking a tour of the town.

Kevin Alan Trostle

The places that people may visit things to do and will extend their visits woven throughout the museum along the Historic Pathway in Gettys- to include the Borough. Others, already presentation, and visitors will learn burg may also be linked virtually on the coming to town—say, to bring a child of the integral part played by the town web. In cooperation with partners, a to college or to a basketball camp— and the people of Gettysburg during Gettysburg Historic Pathway web site will discover that the area has much the battle and its aftermath. They will could be developed as a fundamental to offer and decide to spend a long also learn that the town in many ways tool for conveying and accessing weekend exploring. reflects the conditions that existed information that allows users to search throughout the United States as it for activities, places to stay, programs Getting to Town approached the great civil war. Some and other information. People planning After visitors have decided to come to people will choose to leave the visitor a visit may design their trip on the web. the area, they will find their way into the center to go to the Borough of Gettys- Eventually, by linking other educational Borough of Gettysburg in several burg, perhaps using a new shuttle that sites, databases containing social different ways. Some will decide to go connects major destinations in the park information and other resources, the directly to the Borough as the first stop with the downtown. Others will visit the web site could become a key tool for on their visit. Others, visiting with park, the majority using the park’s auto education and learning about the themes family and friends, will come from other tour. They will find that the town is of the community. local and regional points. Many will exit featured on the tour. People will be the Route 15 bypass and enter the town; encouraged to stop, get out of their car, Nationwide publicity will focus on others will come from the west on the and walk the Historic Pathway. the new opportunities for families and Lincoln Highway. Some will choose to others to learn first-hand about life in come in by the town’s scenic entry, No matter what path people choose Gettysburg during the Civil War and its Route 116. to get to the Borough of Gettysburg, aftermath. For more and more people, they will be directed to park in the the desire to visit Gettysburg will make Many more will first visit the national community’s Race Horse Alley parking it a destination rather than a stop on the park. At the park’s new visitor center, garage. The garage will be expanded to way to somewhere else, and they’ll they will find orientation and informa- handle the additional traffic. plan a stay of several days. The 40% tion about the park and the town, and of visitors who already return to the will learn about the battle and its Signs in the garage will direct visitors national park will learn about the new context. The story of the town will be to the Welcome Center at the Gettysburg

Chapter 3 / The Interpretive Plan 35 The Gettysburg Lincoln Railroad Station will be restored, and its decor will be reminiscent of the Railroad Station’s historic period.

Adams County Historical Society

Lincoln Railroad Station. People will will provide access to the upper floors of major, unifying themes. They will also find a new exit to take them from the the garage, as well as modern, accessible find large scale maps or models of the garage through a landscaped plaza to the restroom facilities. town, and a graphic and pictorial time historic train platform of the Gettysburg line that will show its history and Lincoln Railroad Station. It will be open, Under the historic train shed, provide insights into the major social providing views into the activity of the visitors will find outdoor exhibits and economic issues and trends of the train shed, welcoming and well lit. Stairs introducing them to the town and its various periods. The easy to under- stand exhibits will provide just enough information to pique visitors’ interest in The Welcome Center at the Gettysburg Lincoln Railroad Station the many things there are to see and do in Conceptual Space Usage the Borough. They will also introduce visitors to the Railroad Station itself, and its role in the development of the community, in the movement of people and the injured during and after the battle, and in the arrival of Abraham

Kevin Alan Trostle Lincoln on the eve of No matter what path people choose to get to the Borough of Gettysburg, they will be directed to park in the community’s Race Horse Alley parking garage. the dedication of the Signs in the garage will direct visitors to the Welcome Center at the Gettysburg Lincoln Railroad Station. People will find a new exit to take them from the Soldiers’ National garage through a landscaped plaza to the historic train platform of the Gettysburg Lincoln Railroad Station. Under the historic train shed, visitors will find outdoor exhibits introducing them to the town and its major, unifying themes. They will also find large scale maps or models of the town, and a graphic and Cemetery. pictorial time line that will show its history and provide insights into the major social and economic issues and trends of the various periods.

36 Chapter 3 / The Interpretive Plan The exhibits will be all weather and historic period. There will be lots of historic ticket office will be used again resistant to vandalism. There will be an space in the connected waiting rooms for for that purpose—purchasing tickets to all-weather, self-service kiosk where standing displays, maps of the town and popular attractions, and to make hotel visitors can pick up maps and brochures its attractions, and information about reservations, find out about guided even if the Welcome Center is closed. local and regional attractions. The walking tours, or find a licensed town New, attractive iron fencing will keep visitors from the train tracks. If the Welcome Center is closed, people will be able to go directly to the Historic Pathway by walking along the side of the station, where the ticket window is found.

A new and welcoming entrance to the station will be developed by removing the non-historic lean-to at the southeast corner of the building. The new entrance, accessible for all visitors, will bring people into the former ladies’ waiting room which will be connected via a generous hall to the men’s waiting room in the front of the building. Bus passengers will be dropped off at the front of the building, or, occasionally, in the plaza in front of the Race Horse Alley parking garage. Richard Segars Under the train shed, easy to understand all-weather exhibits will provide information about the town and its The restored building will reflect the important themes to pique visitors’ interest in the many things there are to see and do in the Borough. The exhibits will also introduce visitors to the Railroad Station itself, and its role in the development of the community, in the Gettysburg Lincoln Railroad Station’s movement of people and the injured during and after the battle, and in the arrival of Abraham Lincoln on the eve of the dedication of the Soldiers’ National Cemetery.

Chapter 3 / The Interpretive Plan 37 Gettysburg, as written by Abraham Lincoln. A short walk from the Welcome Center at the Gettysburg Lincoln Railroad Station, visitors will find the centerpiece of the Historic Pathway—the new Lincoln Museum at the Wills House.

guide. Visitors will be able to find from computer kiosks, where visitors War. On the evening of November 18, everything they need to visit the town, enter their interests and a specialized 1863, President Abraham Lincoln sat from information about interpretive map and guide, geared to their interests at a table in one of the upstairs rooms opportunities to suggestions for places to and age, is printed and delivered while of what was then the David Wills stay and eat. At the center, people will the visitor waits. residence, refining a draft of the learn that the Borough abounds in address he was to deliver the next day activities for families and children—a Visitors will be encouraged to walk at the dedication of the Soldiers’ special emphasis of the plan’s programs. the Historic Pathway, taking one or National Cemetery. That simple two- They will also learn about other historic more available walking or guided tour minute address changed the way in places to see in the region, like the options, and to visit the many public and which Americans viewed the war, and Lincoln Highway Heritage Corridor and private interpretive venues that convey defined the meaning of the conflict—a other state heritage park sites. the story of the town. Once they have new birth of freedom—for Americans decided what to see and do, visitors will then and now. Lincoln’s Gettysburg Visitors will be able to pick up handy leave the train station by the front door, Address has since become one of the maps and discovery guides to the and find themselves on the Gettysburg most famous speeches in the English Borough, including an NPS-style Historic Pathway. language. Even now, in the 21st unigrid brochure that matches and century, it is known and admired by The Lincoln Museum at the Wills House extends the experience that some will people around the world. have had on the park’s auto tour. The A short walk from the Gettysburg maps and guides will package the Lincoln Railroad Station, visitors will The new museum in the Wills House town’s historic and theme-related find the centerpiece of the Historic will draw power from the historical attractions, and make them easier to Pathway—the new Lincoln Museum at significance of the site as well as from its understand and find. Visitors will also the Wills House. Maps and guides will association with Lincoln and the Gettys- be able to choose from special discovery recommend that people make the new burg Address. Exhibits will focus both on maps and guides that can help them Lincoln Museum a part of every visit. the Address itself, and on Lincoln’s develop a personalized experience evolution as a wordsmith. The story of The museum is envisioned as a matching their interests and length of Lincoln’s largely self-taught mastery of place that celebrates Lincoln’s elo- stay. As the technology becomes language will be told through documents quence as an orator and writer in available, these maps may be generated that span a lifetime of writing. leading the nation through the Civil

38 Chapter 3 / The Interpretive Plan Conceptual space usage for the new Lincoln Museum at the Wills House. Accessibility to a general audience, including school groups and families with young children, is a major goal of the museum.

Unfortunately, the Wills House has The exhibitry, like the architecture, Conceptual changed significantly since Lincoln’s will reinforce the historical importance Space Usage time. Rather than undertaking a of the site. It will be designed to draw Wills House First Floor complete period restoration of the upon the power of Lincoln’s words by house, its nineteenth century spirit will focusing on them directly. Primary be evoked through careful restoration sources will be used to the greatest of selected features and the use of extent. Photographs of Lincoln, labeled appropriate detailing. The main with the time and the place each was entrance will be restored to its original taken, will be used in parallel with position on York Street and the central documents that trace the evolution of his staircase will be extended down to the writing. Press reports, editorial cartoons, first floor, as it was originally. The and objects such as campaign ephemera fireplaces will be rebuilt in their will be used sparingly, but effectively. original locations. Furnishings will Exhibit text will be kept to a minimum Conceptual refer to the nineteenth century without so that Lincoln’s words will speak for Space Usage actually being antiques. Where themselves. It is even possible that Wills House modifications such as ramps for Lincoln’s own biographical statements Second Floor handicapped access, elevators and fire can serve as the narrative “voice” of the stairs are required by building codes, exhibits. The culmination of the visit provisions will be made for them with will be an original copy of the Gettys- minimum disruption to the historic burg Address, which the project partners building, perhaps by accommodating hope can be brought to Gettysburg. some of these uses in the Wills House annex. The one exception to this The museum will contain permanent approach will be the Lincoln Bedroom. exhibition galleries, a high-quality

Kevin Alan Trostle This room will duplicate as closely as museum shop primarily for the sale of books and publications, a resource Conceptual possible the way it appeared on the Space Usage evening of November 18, 1863. center/classroom, storage areas, and Wills House administrative offices. The first floor Third Floor

Chapter 3 / The Interpretive Plan 39 For over 180 years, the David Wills House (far left) has stood silently, watching over both major and minor events in the history of Gettysburg.

Boro of Gettysburg

will house the museum shop/bookstore, federal interest or involvement in the the restored office of Mr. Wills, and a management of the facility. reception desk, from which the staff will sell tickets and greet visitors. A modest To keep the museum entry fee of a few dollars for an adult fresh and make it a will help make the museum self- dynamic and living supporting. Special prices for children, institution, the museum seniors and groups will encourage includes temporary visitation. Restrooms will be located in gallery space, the the Wills House annex. In the restored resource center/ office, the story of David Wills, David classroom, and internet McConaughy and the other early based access to other preservers of the battlefield and cem- places and sites that etery will be told. tell the Lincoln story. The new museum in The second floor will house three Gettysburg will make permanent galleries, including the alliances with other Lincoln Bedroom. The third floor will be Lincoln repositories to dedicated to administrative offices, enhance its ability to exhibit maintenance facilities, and a provide new interest resource center/classroom. If the budget for repeat visitors. to create the conditions needed to safeguard it can be found, the partners Accessibility to a will work with the National Archives to general audience, bring a copy of the Gettysburg Address to including school groups and families the Wills House. Among other things, this Richard Segars would include greatly enhanced security, with young children, is The culmination of a visit to the Lincoln Museum at the Wills House will be an original a specially protected area within the a major goal of the copy of the Gettysburg Address. Project partners will work with the National Archives to museum. Special bring a copy of the Address back to Gettysburg, once the conditions needed to safeguard museum to house the address, and some it are in place.

40 Chapter 3 / The Interpretive Plan Alumni Park, a small park developed as a result of the Gettysburg Historic Pathway Plan, is a much-needed respite for pedestrian visitors on Baltimore Street.

GNMP / National Park Service

exhibits in the permanent galleries as stories to help visitors understand the historic areas and districts, but most well as activity areas in the resource unifying themes. Therefore, even visitors importantly, to add interpretive depth to center will provide opportunities for with limited time, who walk only a part the historical themes of the Borough of interactive and participatory involvement of the pathway, or who visit only one or Gettysburg. In addition to the Baltimore for these audiences. two venues, will get an understanding of Street Corridor, the Historic Pathway the whole. will extend west to Washington Street. The Historic Pathway Expanded It will thus incorporate more of the Once they have been oriented to the The core of the Historic Pathway will historic areas where many 1863 Historic Pathway, and seen the Wills continue to be the historic route taken by buildings remain and where the stories House, people will be encouraged to Lincoln during his visit to Gettysburg, of civilian life during the Civil War and walk the historic streets of the Borough from the Wills House, along Baltimore the battle can best be told. Visitors will of Gettysburg. There will be a variety of Street, to the Soldiers’ National Cem- learn how people in Gettysburg lived options, each taking people to a different etery. The work done to date, the result during the Civil War, and how that was district of the town. To entice them to do of the Gettysburg Historic Pathway similar to the lives being led by other so, this plan recommends a variety of Plan, provides excellent wayside Americans in other American towns. special experiences that will enliven the interpretation of this part of the town, They will also learn more about the streets and encourage people to walk and Alumni Park is a much-needed battle itself, and what that meant to the from block to block. respite for walkers. However, to help people of Gettysburg, who suddenly people get from the Square to the found their homes in the middle of a Throughout the Historic Pathway, and Cemetery and Steinwehr Avenue, the in each of the new non-profit interpretive battlefield and themselves prisoners of plan suggests new programs and a war. The role of churches and of women venues, the partners could provide potential new living history venue in helping the wounded can be told educational exhibits and programs that behind Alumni Park to enliven this there. Along Washington Street and in add depth to the historical themes portion of the Historic Pathway. These the Lincoln Cemetery, the history of introduced in the Gettysburg Lincoln will complement the quality attractions, African Americans in Gettysburg and Railroad Station Welcome Center and like the Schriver House, that are devel- what the Civil War, its context and the Wills House. At each venue, and in oping there. programs and expanded outdoor exhib- aftermath meant to them and to all its, interpretation could link themes and The Historic Pathway will be ex- Americans, will be emphasized. panded, though, to bring in other

Chapter 3 / The Interpretive Plan 41 “Once let the black man get upon his person the brass letters, U.S., let him get an eagle on his button, and a musket on his shoulder and bullets in his pockets, and there is no power on earth which can deny that he has earned the right to citizenship in the United States.” – Frederick Douglass.

The Historic Pathway will be ex- improvements will raise the visibility of panded to the north, where it could be the area and the companion Lincoln anchored by historic Gettysburg Highway Heritage Corridor initiative. College. Along the way, people will be able to see some of the buildings and Finally, the Historic Pathway includes spaces used by Dwight D. Eisenhower, Steinwehr Avenue, Baltimore Pike near the two cemeteries, the Soldiers’

both in his days as commander of Camp Lincoln Cemetery Association Colt as well as when, as President of the National Cemetery and Evergreen United States, he chose to make Cemetery, and the battlefield. This area Gettysburg his home. is anchored on Steinwehr Avenue by the NPS Medal of Honor Winners Site, and a part of the Historic Pathway and visit Along Chambersburg and York on Baltimore Pike by the Soldiers’ partner sites. The plan calls for the Streets, the newer community is National Cemetery. Wayside interpreta- incorporation of a set of high quality overlaid on the old. These areas best tion for the district will be developed, interpretive sites, planned by the Historic th represent the early 20 century, but still and improvements planned by the Pathway’s major non-profit and institu- include some buildings that were Borough of Gettysburg in partnership tional partners. These are located at the present during the Civil War. Interpreta- with the merchants will improve the ends of the Historic Pathway, and they tion will help people understand how street’s landscape. A particular focus will will be the reason that visitors will take both the older and more modern be to improve the intersection of the two the walk. (The concept is similar to a buildings are inseparable parts of the streets, once an historic hotel and now a mall, where the main corridors end in history of this community. The Semi- gas station. These actions should increase anchor stores. In order to get to the nary and the new Seminary Ridge the already significant pedestrian traffic anchor stores, people must walk by all Interpretive Center will anchor this part and provide the impetus for people to of the other shops and restaurants in of the Historic Pathway. The shuttle will move along the Historic Pathway. the mall.) be an important component of making interpretation in this area work, because Public and Private Interpretive Anchors In addition, these sites (and other it is relatively far from Lincoln Square. To continue their visit and gain private sites) could provide an alterna- The new interpretation and the focus additional understanding of the Borough tive way for visitors to enter the Historic brought by the Historic Pathways street and its themes, visitors will walk at least Pathway. In essence, each of these places

42 Chapter 3 / The Interpretive Plan could also serve as “mini-reception highlight the history of slavery and of Simon Schmucker, an exploration of the centers,” additional gateways to the anti-slavery opposition and resistance. Underground Railroad activity of Historic Pathway where visitors can get individuals connected to the Seminary, information about the institution, the The Seminary Ridge Legacy Center at the and other moral and social issues in the town and the Historic Pathway. The non- Lutheran Seminary Seminary Ridge legacy. profit anchor sites are: This anchor could interpret the historic legacy of the Seminary Ridge’s first day Also included in this legacy is the The Thaddeus Stevens Exhibit Center at battle activity and the cultural, social, historic role played by the Seminary Gettysburg College and religious history surrounding the in the development of American This anchor could display materials larger issues leading to war and the Christianity and particularly American and documents related to 19th century pursuit of peace. It will offer exhibits Lutheranism. And the Old Dorm hosts America, with particular attention to the and a detailed self-guided walking tour the extensive collections of the Adams Civil War era. This historic building of Seminary Ridge. County Historical Society and its played (and plays) an important role in ongoing exhibits. the life of the college, and its namesake’s Points of interest include the interest in free public education for all Seminary’s recognizable cupola of The Seminary Ridge center could help and abolition provide an insight into Schmucker Hall (Old Dorm) which visitors understand the causes and forces some of the issues that were current in served as the lookout and observation leading up to the Civil War, the social the U.S. prior to the Civil War. Locating point for leaders on both sides of the and cultural context for local citizens, an exhibit center at the College provides battle lines, as well as a hospital for the hospital experience, and reasons an opportunity to help visitors gain a both Union and Confederate forces. why this history has meaning to so deeper understanding of the social and The Seminary’s founder Samuel many Americans. political issues of the time. For instance, Schmucker, an anti-slavery activist, The NPS Medal of Honor Winners Site the College has applied for a U.S. heeded warnings to flee Gettysburg On Steinwehr Avenue, this anchor Department of Education grant to and his library was ransacked. could expand NPS’ interpretation to develop a facility that will interpret the The Legacy Center could include include the action that occurred in this history of the Underground Railroad in exhibits that assist visitors in understand- area, and will honor the valor and Pennsylvania. If Stevens Hall were ing the Civil War hospital experience, bravery of the combatants at this site selected as the site, exhibits could the anti-slavery advocacy of Samuel where 3 medals of honor were won. It

Chapter 3 / The Interpretive Plan 43 could also be a location to talk about the The NPS Museum and Visitor Center Community Interpretive Sites unrelenting sniper fire and skirmishing The new center could be another The plan also suggests the develop- that took place in this part of the town gateway to the Borough of Gettysburg ment, with local partners, of new commu- throughout the days of July 2 Ð 4, 1863. for the many visitors who make it their nity enhancement and interpretive sites. first stop. NPS could include information These places hold special meaning for The Soldiers’ National Cemetery in the museum and in its orientation the local community, and could be used As the focus of Lincoln’s speech, The about the Borough, its role in the battle, to tell parts of the story that may not Soldiers’ National Cemetery could its aftermath and commemoration. NPS otherwise be told. In addition, several of continue to be a must-see site for will make connections in its museum these areas could be parklike, developed visitors as one of the high points of the interpretation and its interpretation on with landscaping, plantings and interpre- Historic Pathway. the battlefield between park and town tation, and could provide open space for themes. (For example, the local community. NPS would interpret the connection The Digges-Monroe Archeological Site could expand upon the interpreta- between the Bryan tion of the life of African Americans Farm and site in the within the Borough. This site is Borough, encouraging currently undeveloped and owned by visitors to see both to the Borough. Exhibits and waysides get the full story.) NPS could help bring the site to life. In could include the other places, archeological parks have Borough and its role in proven to be both educational and the battle, its aftermath popular with visitors. It could be and commemoration developed using landscaping, plantings in the NPS auto tour and other parklike elements that can

Kevin Alan Trostle and unigrid brochure. communicate the archeological As a result of the plan, the Historic Pathway will be expanded to bring in other significance of the site while creating a important areas and districts to add interpretive depth to the historical themes of the Borough of Gettysburg. Along Washington Street and in the Lincoln Cemetery, the pleasant environment for visitors and history of African Americans in Gettysburg and what the Civil War, its context and townspeople alike. aftermath meant to them and to all Americans, will be emphasized.

44 Chapter 3 / The Interpretive Plan Christ Lutheran Church The Evergreen Cemetery Gatehouse to measure the quality and interpretive could expand its programs and could interpret the history of the fit of such sites, which could then be interpretation to tell the story of the role cemetery, providing an insight into the incorporated into the printed materials of churches in the life of the community, community through time. Cemeteries are and signage of the Historic Pathway. especially during the battle and its fascinating places to learn about a Sites that are accepted for partnering aftermath. Other churches in the area community and the people who lived could agree to expand their interpreta- also served as hospitals, or, like Prince of there. Even a brief walk through the tion to cover aspects of the town’s Peace Episcopal Church, serve to cemetery can reveal the ethnic composi- themes that are under-represented in commemorate the battle. Partnerships tion of the community, and some of the other interpretation. For example, the with these significant institutions could conditions of the people. Those buried in partnership could work with a private be developed. the Evergreen Cemetery represent a partner to add a missing component to cross section of the people found in the the partner’s interpretive story; to The Lincoln Cemetery town, including some of its earliest or could commemorate the African provide a venue for a program; or to best-known citizens. Cemetery Hill takes American residents of the community develop specific guided tours and its name from the Evergreen Cemetery. and the contributions of the U.S. Colored theatrical programs. Troops who are buried there. Improve- Privately Owned Sites ments may include fencing, a new also provide key interpretive opportu- Historic Pathway-Wide monument to honor those who served nities and information for visitors. Actions, Strategies their county in the Civil War and other Places like the Schriver House Mu- wars, and interpretation of the people seum, General Lee’s Museum and the and Programs who are buried there. living history site at the National Civil This set of actions provides continuity War Wax Museum on Steinwehr for visitors and a pleasant and lively The Adams County Historical Society Avenue provide high-quality private at the Lutheran Seminary environment for their journey around is the center for archives and history interpretation. Other locations provide the Historic Pathway. They include about the Borough of Gettysburg and high-quality interpretive objects, art brochures and printed materials, signage, Adams County. Its collections make it an and media that are related to the streetscape improvements, expanded important stop for serious scholars of interpretive themes of the Borough of wayside and other street exhibits, Adams County history. Gettysburg. The partnership managing programming and related activities, and the Historic Pathway could set criteria parking and transportation.

Chapter 3 / The Interpretive Plan 45 A common Historic Pathway identifying image or logo is a necessity. With the plethora of signage and other information on the Historic Pathway, people must be able to easily recognize a pattern or look to identify the Historic Pathway. One possibility is the current Main Street Gettysburg logo, in usage for over a decade.

Kevin Alan Trostle

MSG

Maps and Guides to the Historic Pathway Pathway, and include introductory guides that explore the social and Brochures are essential to the information about the town’s stories political events occurring in Gettysburg functioning of the Historic Pathway. and how to experience them. that mirrored those in other communi- High quality information targeted for ties that led up to the Civil War; the people with a variety of interests can Specialized walking tour guides and Lincoln Highway and early 20th century be one of the most powerful tools for information could greatly expand the Gettysburg; and similar topics. interpretation. A unigrid-style bro- Historic Pathway’s reach. Main Street chure, similar to the standard NPS Gettysburg already has developed Consistent Imagery and Signage brochures used all over the nation, architectural and other guides. NPS has A common Historic Pathway identify- will help visitors use the Historic a special guide to General and Presi- ing image or logo is a necessity. With the Pathway and find various sites, and dent Dwight David Eisenhower’s plethora of signage and other information Gettysburg. Special guides could give visibility to partner sites. This on the Historic Pathway, people must be include topics such as Lincoln’s visit to able to easily recognize a pattern or look brochure will include maps that locate Gettysburg; the civilian experience; to identify the Historic Pathway, both as the key components of the Historic they enter in their vehicle looking for

Kevin Alan Trostle Utilities could be buried or relocated to alleyways. The planting of additional street trees, improving sidewalks and crosswalks, extending brick paving to additional areas, and adding benches help make the Historic Pathway more interesting to visitors, and will provide the kind of amenities that will make it pleasant to stroll up and down the streets of the town.

46 Chapter 3 / The Interpretive Plan Many people travel to have experiences they can’t have at home. More and more, people who visit historic sites want experiences that take them back in time. Heritage travelers want to feel a part of history, and giving them that kind of experience is important to their satisfaction

Wayne Schultz

Adams County Historical Society

Boro of Gettysburg GNMP / National Park Service of an area.

parking, and as they walk on it from Streetscape Improvements standards for signage, landscaping and place to place. The logo and image Historic Pathway improvements building. The idea is to ensure that should be used on signage, displays, could include continued planting of when visitors get to the Borough of educational materials, brochures, and street trees, improving sidewalks and Gettysburg, they immediately see that it is exhibited on the places that are compo- crosswalks, extending brick paving to historic and feel that they are entering a nents of the Historic Pathway. additional areas, adding benches, and special place. The Borough of Gettysburg other appropriate development in already plays an important role in Directional and identifying signage is most areas of the Historic Pathway. working with developers to ensure that an important aspect of the Historic Utilities could be buried or relocated new development is compatible with the Pathway. In fact, recent surveys of to alleyways. These kinds of improve- town’s historic districts. Route 30 East visitors to Pennsylvania historic sites ments could help make the Historic within the Borough of Gettysburg has rank signage as the most desired Pathway more interesting to visitors, recently been added to the town’s historic amenity for people. Well-designed and could provide the kind of ameni- district. The Borough will cooperate with signage is necessary, to direct visitors ties that will make it pleasant to stroll Straban Township on landscaping, around the Borough, to parking, and to up and down the streets of the town. signage and other issues to provide a the Borough-owned and partner sites. The ambiance and excitement of a quality gateway at Route 30 for residents place will draw cultural visitors, and and visitors alike. Other types of identifiers can also be such improvements will help to useful to people visiting the Historic improve the quality of the environ- Expanded Wayside Interpretation Pathway. “Placemakers,” such as ment and thus the quality of the Additional waysides and other types of markers or waysides that designate the experience for visitors. expanded street interpretation could help limits of the town during different transmit information about the important periods, special crosswalks that The gateways or entrances to the themes of the community. For example, indicate the locations of street barri- community are also important for the current system waysides could be cades during the battle, and similar visitors. Particularly along Route 30 expanded to include more of the town’s street improvements could help give the east, where modern development is history, and tie specific places to the Historic Pathway a special image and a crowding out the historic scene, the town’s unifying themes. Expanded cohesiveness of place. Borough of Gettysburg could develop interpretation could cover social themes;

Chapter 3 / The Interpretive Plan 47 Coordinated activities, such as the Gettysburg Yuletide Festival and History Meets the Arts provide a great incentive to the 40% of visitors who come again and again to Gettysburg.

included might be interpretive panels at programs could be expanded with a series the site of historic newspaper offices, of high quality, historically accurate and reproducing some of the articles of the entertaining day and evening living history Civil War era and reflecting some of the programs, special events and guided tours. diverse perspectives of the times. At Some of these tours may require a fee, but other sites that may have been connected others may be provided by the partnership to early abolition activities or the to ensure that the Historic Pathway is Underground Railroad, expanded always lively and challenging.

interpretation could explore the social GNMP / National Park Service For example, visitors might happen trends and personal commitments to Private enterprises already offer many kinds of them that brought about such actions on upon a group of women in period dress, costumed interpretive tours in the Borough. The the part of Gettysburg’s citizens. discussing the various volunteer efforts plan proposes that those programs be expanded Expanded street interpretation could that they were undertaking for the war with a series of high quality, historically accurate effort. At another time, people might and entertaining day and evening living history extend meaningful interpretation about programs, special events and guided tours. the town, and fill in gaps that may exist happen upon a recruiting tent, where in partner and private interpretation. they would be exhorted to do their duty and join a Pennsylvania regiment; as theatrical and interpretive programming exploring the social, cultural and Programming and Related Activities they do so, they would be learning about religious questions of the day. Many people travel to have experiences the various reasons that men went to fight in the Civil War. While stepping up they can’t have at home. More and more, In addition to these programs, living to one of the area’s historic bars, a people who visit historic sites want history sites could be developed at a visitor might find himself overhearing a experiences that take them back in time. variety of outdoor and open locations heated argument between two opposing Heritage travelers want to feel a part of along the Historic Pathway. A comple- newspaper editors, debating loudly the history, and giving them that kind of ment to the private and NPS living history politics of the day. A visit to a Civil War experience is important to their satisfac- activities that focus on the Civil War era market could provide insights into tion of an area. soldier, living history sites in the town the nature of commerce in wartime, and might focus on the home front. Such Private enterprises already offer many its impact on local people. These are just special activities might focus on how kinds of costumed interpretive tours in the a few examples that could be developed women and children lived, cooked, Borough. The plan proposes that those to provide challenging and compelling dressed and played during the era, or on

48 Chapter 3 / The Interpretive Plan the life and activities of the town’s free The Historic Pathway partners could Parking and Transportation: African American citizens. Strategically coordinate their planned activities, and When NPS recommends stops in the placed sites within the Historic Pathway promote them at the Gettysburg Lincoln Borough of Gettysburg as a part of its auto districts could increase visitor interest in Railroad Station, the Wills House, and the tour, that will ensure a steady flow of spending additional time in the town. anchor sites, as well as throughout the town and on Such specialty programming offers the internet. many opportunities for the private sector. Coordination of major For example, successful for-fee programs events, festivals, living in other places provide opportunities for history activities and visitors to cook their own meal, using programs (much of that historic recipes and methods. Local coordination is already restaurants could provide outdoor sites happening) would mean and costumed interpreters to help visitors that visitors to Gettysburg cook their own Civil War style camp meal. would find it active at There are dozens of examples of similar almost any time they chose programs that offer unique experiences to come. In to visitors. addition, such pro- grammed, coordinated As an additional activity, the partnership activities provide a great might develop its own cadre of Licensed incentive to the 40% of Town Guides to guide and to carry out visitors who come again these and other programs. Such a program and again to Gettysburg. of training and licensing would ensure the Weekly schedules of quality and accuracy of programs, and programs, timing of provide a variety of opportunities for tours, joint advertising Wayne Schultz visitors, from group tours on set topics to Coordination of major events, festivals, living history activities and programs would and other strategies mean that visitors to Gettysburg would find it active at almost any time they chose to private tours that might focus on an area of will help maximize particular interest to an individual visitor. come. Here the color guard of the U.S.S. Gettysburg marches in the Gettysburg the richness of the Memorial Day parade. The town regularly hosts these fine men and women who visitor experience. volunteer their time to help preserve Gettysburg’s irreplaceable resources.

Chapter 3 / The Interpretive Plan 49 The plan calls for working with partners who own nearby lots, such as the Gettysburg Fire Company, to provide for bus parking during the 14-16 week bus season. The fire company has a small historical museum of interest, including a steam fire engine placed in service on January 26, 1886.

Kevin Alan Trostle

visitors to the Borough; many will be in Adams County, the Chamber of goals of the CRIS project include the their cars. This means that the develop- Commerce, the Borough, NPS, Pennsyl- efficient management of the transportation ment of a reasonable parking and transpor- vania DOT and other partners are cur- system, safety improvements, and traffic tation strategy is crucial to the functioning rently cooperating to assess congestion in congestion reduction as well as the of the Historic Pathway. the area and to develop intelligent identification of short, mid, and long transportation systems that help calm term strategies that can be phased and A minimum action could be the traffic and reduce congestion. The identifying ways to successfully overcome expansion of the Race Horse Alley community is currently at work on the non-technical barriers and constraints. Parking Garage so that it can accommo- Adams County Comprehensive Road The partners to this plan encourage date additional cars. A new pedestrian exit, Improvement Study (CRIS). Specific such actions. linking the garage to the Gettysburg Lincoln Railroad Station, could make a In short, to become a world class logical and easy connection for visitors to destination, Gettysburg must reduce the the Historic Pathway. In addition, as amount of through traffic on its streets. visitation grows, other supplemental parking areas could have to be developed, The plan also strongly recommends to serve the other Historic Pathway zones. working with those partners to develop a shuttle system, linking the Borough of The town also wants to encourage tour Gettysburg, anchor and partner sites, and and charter buses to come into the town. the NPS museum and visitor center. Buses have special needs and require large Although beyond the scope of this plan, in spaces within which to park. The plan a joint effort the Borough and the NPS are could establish bus drop-offs in front of currently conducting a planning study

the Gettysburg Lincoln Railroad Station GNMP / National Park Service regarding transit in the greater Gettysburg and the Wills House. However, bus The plan suggests that the Borough expand upon community. Conceptually, the shuttle parking at the Race Horse Alley Garage is the popularity of bicycling on the battlefield, and would provide service to the entire limited. Therefore, the plan calls for develop a system of safe biking trails within the Historic Pathway, providing convenient working with partners who own nearby town. Bike trails would allow visitors to rent access to interpretive sites, restaurants and lots, such as the Gettysburg Fire Company, bicycles in town, leave their cars at their lodging lodging. Such a system is a crucial or in the parking garage, and go exploring. In to provide for bus parking during the 14- addition, safe, well-marked bike trails could be element of encouraging people to spend 16 week bus season. valuable to the Borough’s residents.

50 Chapter 3 / The Interpretive Plan Richard Segars

GNMP / National Park Service

Chapter 3 / The Interpretive Plan 51 Building upon the foresighted leadership of the Borough and the private sector to date, the plan proposes that expanded grants, low-interest loans and technical assistance be provided to owners of historic properties along the Historic Pathway. These grants and low-interest loans would continue to enhance the overall quality of restoration actions, protect facades, and encourage sympathetic adaptive reuse.

Kevin Alan Trostle

Adams County Historical Society

more time on the Historic Pathway. The Conservation and shuttle would operate in a simple loop, and would allow many visitors to park Preservation of Historic Sites their car (or leave it where they are staying) and then walk and use the shuttle and Resources system to reach Historic Pathway attrac- A key objective of the plan is to tions. The expanded Historic Pathway encourage further preservation of the includes more area than most visitors town’s important historic resources. would consider as walkable on a single The Borough has developed excellent visit. However, if people know that they programs that include design guide- can catch a shuttle back to their car, they lines, efforts to identify and designate may be more willing to walk farther and historic properties, and programs to experience more of the Historic Pathway. encourage restoration. The town’s The shuttle might be a public undertaking, Zoning and Historic Architectural or it might be operated privately under Review Boards work assiduously to contract with the partnership. ensure quality new construction and restoration within the Borough of Finally, the plan suggests that the Gettysburg. Main Street Gettysburg Borough expand upon the popularity of currently provides some low-cost loans bicycling on the battlefield, and develop a to building owners seeking to preserve system of safe biking trails within the town. or restore their properties. Because of Using the close-in park avenues, the these efforts, more than 60% of the

wonderful system of historic alleys, and structures that were present during the Dr. Walter L. Powell some smaller streets, a system of bike trails Battle of Gettysburg exist today. The introduction of new visitors onto the streets of the town will could be developed. These trails would Significantly greater proportions of later increase pedestrian traffic, add considerable bustle to the heart allow visitors to rent bicycles in town, leave Victorian and early 20th century struc- of the Borough, and help support existing and new businesses. their cars at their lodging or in the parking tures also remain. The economic development strategy behind the Historic garage, and go exploring. In addition, safe, Pathway is twofold: get visitors on the street, walking by well-marked bike trails could be valuable to Building upon the foresighted leader- individual businesses, who in turn, will profit; and encourage people to spend more time in the town and visit again. the Borough’s residents. ship of the Borough and the private sector

52 Chapter 3 / The Interpretive Plan Interpretation of the special aspects of the Borough’s history will provide benefits for local residents, as well. Community enhancement and interpretation projects will provide insight into seldom told aspects of the Borough’s history.

GNMP/National Park Service

Boro of Gettysburg

Adams County Historical Society

to date, the plan proposes that expanded Borough, and help support existing through cooperative management grants, low-interest loans and technical and new businesses. and marketing initiatives. assistance provided to owners of historic properties along the Historic Pathway. The economic development actions In addition, boroughwide economic These grants and low-interest loans would recommended by the plan will help development programs initiated by the be used to enhance the overall quality of businesses take advantage of the Borough, Adams County and other state restoration actions, protect facades, and pedestrian traffic. The plan proposes that programs could focus on developing encourage sympathetic adaptive reuse. In the partnership work to help make additional and improved housing in the the future, the borough or a group existing businesses competitive and historic town core and elsewhere in the designated by the Borough might consider better able to realize the market poten- Borough. Revolving loan funds would the purchase of easements to protect tial of the Historic Pathway. be sought to help establish businesses historic facades in perpetuity. that are needed for the Borough’s Actions proposed include: residents. Tax incentive strategies for private investors would be explored. Economic Development ¥ Develop a marketing plan to identify These efforts are intended to make the and aggressively recruit quality busi- Bringing more visitors into the town a better place to visit, but also to nesses that are adequately capitalized, Borough of Gettysburg will create new live and do business. opportunities for business owners. The have a specific marketing plan, and economic development strategy behind prefer to own their own building. Finally, borough economic develop- the Historic Pathway is twofold: get ment programs could find sympathetic ¥ Modernize merchandising tech- visitors on the street, walking by and compatible uses for abandoned or niques by using complementary mer- individual businesses, who in turn, significantly underutilized industrial and chandizing, expanded and unified store will profit; and encourage people to downtown properties within the Bor- hours, and development of special spend more time in the town and visit ough. Increasing the Borough’s tax base promotions geared towards captured again. The introduction of new visitors is an essential element of keeping it markets. onto the streets of the town will healthy and vibrant. Because the increase pedestrian traffic, add ¥ Encourage and support existing Borough is landlocked, finding the considerable bustle to the heart of the businesses and property owners highest and best use for these properties will be a priority for the partnership.

Chapter 3 / The Interpretive Plan 53 As a town with a rich history, it is not unusual to find Abraham Lincoln conversing with a National Park Service official in downtown Gettysburg.

Kevin Alan Trostle

Maintain Quality of Life Therefore, systematic partnership child friendly programs and facilities. efforts to manage traffic will be neces- The plan will also encourage the private The actions above, for the most part, sary. Management of congestion sector to work with the Borough and its were chosen to improve the quality of through adequate parking, good partners to foster support of community the visitor’s experience, and to provide directional signs, easy access to based retail services, such as grocery some amenities for the Borough’s information, and a shuttle system are a stores, pharmacies, specialty restaurants, residents and business owners. Some of major component of the plan. Develop- specialty food and clothing stores, and these amenities will be in the form of ment of bike paths to provide safe, media entertainment centers. Likewise, expanded interpretation of various alternate routes for residents and visitors it will be critical to work with the aspects of the Borough’s history, which will also be encouraged. Gettysburg Area School District, will require the development of new Harrisburg Area Community College parks and green spaces, such as im- Finally, but no less critically, this plan and Gettysburg College to provide the provements to Lincoln Cemetery, and recognizes that no single approach to education and training in skills neces- the possible development of a small “Quality of Life” will be adequate, and sary—mainly public service (retail interpretive park at the Digges-Monroe that the Borough is a living community sales, food and lodging) and building Site on South Washington Street. The that cannot afford to become one large trades—to support the economic growth expansion of the Historic Pathway will outdoor museum. While the 2000 of our community. lead to additional streetscape improve- Census Data is not yet available, it is ments, including extending the brick obvious that the Borough’s demograph- sidewalks, period street lights and street ics continue to change, with a growing furniture, and providing more trees population of senior citizens, minorities, and landscaping. and low income households. The partners to this plan will need to At the same time, transportation continue working closely with the enhancements will be crucial to main- Borough, its social service agencies, taining the resident’s quality of life. The Gettysburg Hospital, state government economic benefits that we project by and other entities to promote affordable bringing more visitors to the Borough housing, critical care, public safety and could quickly become problematic if we conveniences, and to evolve resident and end up with constant traffic jams!

54 Chapter 3 / The Interpretive Plan Chapter 4 The Historic Resources and Interpretive Areas of the Historic Pathway

This chapter of the Interpretive Plan recognizing that some of the Borough’s following is a description of the four focuses on the variety of historic most architecturally distinctive buildings, major zones of the Historic Pathway, and buildings, sites, and other resources that constructed during the Victorian some of the key historic resources that are available to use for interpreting the Era, also deserve attention. From the are found in them. community’s history, with a focus on modest Civil War frame home of John those areas of the community that will be Hopkins, an African American living on a part of the Historic Pathway. South Washington Street, to the more elegant Gothic Revival “Cottage” of The protection of the town’s historic John Rupp on Baltimore Street, the buildings and sites is a critical reason for Borough’s historic buildings offer developing this Interpretive Plan, and tremendous interpretive potential. these historic resources are extensive. From 1987 to 1991 the Borough’s One goal of the plan is to insure that at Historic Architectural Review Board every location, visitors are presented (HARB) undertook a Comprehensive stories of the Borough’s history from a Historic Building Survey, assessing the variety of viewpoints. However, the importance of some 900 of the 1700 actual buildings and sites lend them- buildings that stand in town as a basis selves to telling these stories in greater for recommending expansion of the depth. This is understandable, for just as Borough’s Historic District. Among many visitors are deeply moved by other things, the Survey revealed that programs while standing on Little Round only some 200 Civil War period build- Top or the “High Water Mark” on the ings survive, many of them altered , they may be substantially, and that the town’s historic equally moved by hearing Henrietta streetscapes are principally composed of Schriver’s story in her home on Balti- buildings constructed after the Civil War more Street, or while standing in Christ and before World War I. The survey Lutheran Church and hearing of the highlighted the urgency of protecting the death of Chaplain Howell while minis- MSG Gettysburg is rich in historic resources. The Civil War buildings remaining while tering to the wounded there. The protection of the town’s historic buildings and sites is critical within the Borough’s Historic District.

Chapter 4 / The Historic Resources and Interpretive Areas 55 The Lincoln Square and Downtown Gettysburg District

Buildings and Sites of Interest 1. Lincoln Square 2. Living History 3. Digges-Monroe Site 4. Christ Lutheran Church 5. Lincoln Railroad Station 6. Hoke-Codori House 7. Samuel Gettys Tavern Site 8. Gettysburg Academy 9. Swope Mansion 10. Schriver House 11. John Hopkins House 12. GAR Hall 13. Prince of Peace Episcopal Church 14. Plank Garage 15. Blue Parrot Tea Room 16. James Gettys Hotel 17. David Wills House 18. Thaddeus Stevens House 19. Adams County Courthouse 20. Old Public School 21. Foster House 22. Saint Francis Xavier Catholic Church 23. Presbyterian Church 24. Eberhart-Epley Garage 25. Agricultural Hall Site 26. Lincoln Cemetery 27. Stevens Log House Key To Symbols Bicycle Route Shuttle Bus Route Auto Tour Route Buildings or Sites of Interest

Pathway Projects

GNMP / National Park Service

56 Chapter 4 / The Historic Resources and Interpretive Areas Focus: The Lincoln Square and Downtown Gettysburg District

Description community. To put it another way, if nity has also lived here, and sites Lincoln Square is at the heart of the one were to ignore the paved streets, such as Lincoln Cemetery and the Historic Pathway, and the varied age sidewalks, and utility lines, it is a Digges-Monroe lot provide potential and styles of its buildings, from the streetscape that would look familiar to to explore what has been a long renovated Gettysburg Hotel (1989) to the Civil War residents of the Borough. ignored history of the minority the historic David Wills House (ca. community. Nearby, on West Middle 1814) provide ample evidence of a While it is difficult to forget that Street, a late 18th century log house, vibrant 21st century community Gettysburg is a modern community, once owned by Thaddeus Stevens, center. Radiating out from it, like the the overall integrity of its 19th century has been restored, offering a rare spokes of a wheel, are the four main streetscape, and the rich variety of glimpse of a building type that has all historic streets—Baltimore, Cham- historic buildings and sites, offer the but disappeared from Gettysburg, but bersburg, Carlisle, and York. These, greatest potential to tell the town’s which was much more common at the along with several key intersecting Civil War stories—such as what led up time of the Battle. streets, such as High, Middle, Wash- to the conflict, life and change over ington, and Stratton, form the core of time during the War, and the battle and the Downtown District, as well as the its aftermath. Nowhere is this more Proposed Actions Borough’s Historic District. Most of evident than along South Washington Some actions recommended by this plan the Borough’s surviving Civil War Street, where a number of buildings, extend into every district, like the shuttle, the buildings are within this zone, and such as the John Hopkins House bike trails, and directional signage. However, other actions are specific to the districts. Here are many of the buildings are still stand- (219), the Culp/Mundorf House (239), and the Catherine Foster House (155), some of the actions that could take place in the ing within the original 210 lots Lincoln Square/Downtown Gettysburg district. established by James Gettys when he remain much as they were when first founded the town in 1786. As a result, constructed prior to the Battle. This Anchors while many buildings have been 19th century streetscape is the most ¥ Provide orientation and an effective altered, and newer ones built, the intact of anywhere in the Borough, overview of the town’s themes and the overall development pattern of this largely because it has remained a learning options at the Welcome Center at zone remains faithful to the height and residential neighborhood for low and the Lincoln Train Station. scale of buildings and lot sizes that middle income families. Much of the ¥ Interpret Lincoln and the Gettysburg Address at the Wills House Lincoln Museum. were common in a rural 19th century Borough’s African American commu-

Chapter 4 / The Historic Resources and Interpretive Areas 57 Community Interpretive Sites Partnership Actions Programming ¥ Christ Lutheran Church could interpret the ¥ Provide additional interpretation at ¥ Provide new, high quality interpretive role of churches and women in the care of Christ Lutheran and other churches. programs that keep the Historic Pathway Civil War wounded. ¥ Partner with the Lincoln Cemetery to active, especially near and just below the ¥ The Digges-Monroe Site, interpreting restore the cemetery, providing fencing hill on Baltimore Street (thus giving the lives and roles of African Americans and commemoration of the USCT. visitors a reason to walk up or down it to in Gettysburg. ¥ Partner with high quality private other districts). ¥ The Lincoln Cemetery, telling the story of partners to provide expanded interpreta- ¥ Provide living history focussed on the lives the USCT and their impact on the Civil War. tion of under-represented social themes. of women and children of all ethnic ¥ Work with Gettysburg College to backgrounds at a new venue adjacent to Public Improvements provide a high quality performing arts the Alumni Park. ¥ Rehabilitation of the Lincoln Train Station. facility at the Majestic Theater ¥ Provide additional expanded outdoor ¥ Rehabilitation of the Wills House. adjacent to the Lincoln Train Station. interpretive waysides on social topics. ¥ Development of interpretive exhibits and site enhancements in a parklike setting at Transportation and Circulation the Digges-Monroe site. ¥ Expand Race Horse Alley Parking Garage. ¥ Extend brick sidewalks, street trees, and ¥ Partner to find bus parking, perhaps east of relocation of utilities on Baltimore Street. the garage. ¥ Provide placemakers to indicate the extent of the community at various periods.

Because the Lincoln Square/ Downtown Gettysburg District contains the majority of the early to mid 19th century town, it is the place to talk about what led up to the Civil War, life and change over time during the war, and the battle and its aftermath. In this district, the lives of all of the many people who lived and worked in the community can be portrayed.

Richard Segars The Lincoln Square and Downtown Gettysburg District

58 Chapter 4 / The Historic Resources and Interpretive Areas During the Battle of Gettysburg the buildings on campus played an important role as an observatory for Union officers, then as a signal station for the Confederates, and finally as a hospital for the wounded of both armies. Focus: The Lutheran Seminary and Lincoln Highway District

Lutheran Theological Seminary at Gettysburg

Description During the 1st day of the battle, which establishment as a roadside museum The Lutheran Theological Seminary opened just west of the campus, the coincided with the growing importance at Gettysburg, like Gettysburg College, cupola of Schmucker Hall was used as of the Lincoln Highway—America’s has been vitally important to the an observation post in the morning, and first coast to coast highway—as the development of town since it was by late afternoon the Seminary grounds main approach to Gettysburg by established in September 1826, not were part of the Union battle line. automobile. The story of this modest only lending its name to “Seminary Following the fighting, Schmucker Hall building’s development from a one Ridge,” but to a growing national and the adjacent Krauth and Schmucker room museum to a complex with reputation as a center for theological houses were pressed into service as motel, restaurant, and gift shop is a education. As Dr. Abdel Ross Wentz hospitals. The irony of all this death and good illustration of how the face of noted in his history of the Seminary, destruction in the middle of a Seminary Gettysburg changed as Americans took one of the reasons Gettysburg was is not lost on author Kent Gramm, who to the road. chosen was for its “central and acces- notes “it is not new for bodies to be laid sible” location, but also because “its at the doorstep of religion.” In making The Lincoln Highway in Adams physical surroundings promised to this observation in his book Gettysburg: County, Pennsylvania, a special purpose afford for many years to come that A Meditation on War and Values, study completed in July 2000, provides a quality of retirement which was always Gramm provides a glimpse of important strong basis for planning and conserva- courted for theological seminaries in religious and moral issues that are tion actions related to tourism along the those days.” Nearly 175 years later that traditionally the focus of Seminary Lincoln Highway. The study suggests “quality of retirement” is still evident, education, but which can easily be that Adams County become part of the not only in the broad open lawn that broadened to include the visiting public. Lincoln Highway Heritage Corridor, a defines the town’s western edge on Pennsylvania Heritage Park administered Buford Avenue, but in the landscaping Just across the street from the Semi- by the Pennsylvania Department of and building design that defines the nary is a modest stone building known as Conservation and Natural Resources. Seminary campus. “General Lee’s Headquarters.” This The Lincoln Highway overlays many building, the home of widow Mary districts identified within this interpre- As the central focus of this District, Thompson in 1863, hosted Lee and his tive plan and played a significant role in the Seminary has a diverse story to tell, staff on July 1-3rd, and has been a the developmental history of Gettysburg. and its important buildings still remain. public museum since 1921. Its

Chapter 4 / The Historic Resources and Interpretive Areas 59 The Lutheran Seminary and Lincoln Highway District

Buildings and Sites of Interest

1. Schmucker Hall 2. Schmucker House 3. Valentine Hall 4. Krauth House 5. Oak Ridge Academy 6. Meade School 7. Lee’s Headquarters 8. Silk Mill 9. Sheads’ School for Girls 10. The Lincoln Highway 11. House 12. John Burns House Site 13. Thomas Warren Houses

Key To Symbols

Bicycle Route Shuttle Bus Route Auto Tour Route Buildings or Sites of Interest

Pathway Projects

GNMP / National Park Service

60 Chapter 4 / The Historic Resources and Interpretive Areas Proposed Actions Public Improvements Some actions recommended by this plan ¥ Waysides and highway markers com- extend into every district, like the shuttle, memorating the Lincoln Highway. the bike trails, and directional signage. ¥ Planting trees and providing other street However, other actions are specific to the improvements to Chambersburg Street. districts. Here are some of the actions that could take place in the Seminary/Lincoln Partnership Actions Highway District. ¥ Renovation of Valentine Hall for use as an educational and interpretive resource. Interpretive Anchor ¥ Creation of the Seminary Ridge Legacy ¥ The Seminary Ridge Legacy Center at the Center at the Lutheran Theological Lutheran Seminary could interpret the Seminary as a showcase of themes

GNMP / National Park Service role of Seminary education in the life of related to the rich history of the The Lutheran Seminary is significant for its role the nation and the moral and social issues institution. The Center will serve as a in the development of the Lutheran Church in focal point for artifacts and social and that were of concern during the Civil War the region and the nation. The Seminary’s cultural history. and still matter to Americans today. cupola on Schmucker Hall served as the Union’s ¥ Working with Lincoln Highway era observation post as the Battle of Gettysburg buildings and businesses to interpret began. Then as now, the Seminary was a place Community Interpretive Site the development of visitor services like where the most important moral and religious ¥ The Adams County Historical Society at restaurants, tourist courts, and issues of the day were discussed. the Lutheran Seminary. roadside attractions within the Borough of Gettysburg. ¥ Cooperate with Straban Township on landscaping, signage and other concerns that affect the quality of the visitor and resident’s experience as they enter the Lincoln Highway (Route 30 East) Gettysburg gateway.

Transportation and Circulation ¥ Provide shuttle service to Seminary Ridge. ¥ Develop a walking tour connecting related sites in the immediate area as well as other sites. Lutheran Theological Seminary at Gettysburg

Chapter 4 / The Historic Resources and Interpretive Areas 61 Gettysburg College District

Buildings and Sites of Interest

1. Musselman Library 2. Stevens Hall 3. Christ Chapel 4. Eisenhower’s Office 5. Pennsylvania Hall 6. McPherson House 7. Coster Avenue 8. Kline Theatre 9. Eisenhower 1918 Residence 1 10. Eisenhower 1918 Residence 2 11. Gettysburg-Harrisburg Railroad Station 12. Jacob Sheads House 13. Robert McCurdy House

Key To Symbols Bicycle Route Shuttle Bus Route Auto Tour Route Buildings or Sites of Interest

Pathway Projects

GNMP / National Park Service 62 Chapter 4 / The Historic Resources and Interpretive Areas Focus: The Gettysburg College District

Description In addition to these developments, Proposed Actions Gettysburg College has significantly President Dwight Eisenhower spent Some actions recommended by this plan extend influenced the Borough’s development considerable time here on two separate into every district, like the shuttle, the bike trails, since its founding in 1832. Then called occasions—as a young officer commanding and directional signage. However, other actions are “Pennsylvania College,” the school was the new Headquarters of the Tanks Corps at specific to the districts. Here are some of the located on undeveloped land at the Camp Colt in 1918, and after leaving the actions that could take place in the College District. northern edge of the town—land that White House in 1961 to retire to his Interpretive Anchor gradually became a distinctive campus, Gettysburg farm. The three buildings ¥ Thaddeus Stevens Hall at Gettysburg College marked by some of the most architecturally associated with this part of his life in is targeted as the site for an interpretive significant buildings in the Borough, such Gettysburg still stand—two houses on facility addressing some of the key social and as Pennsylvania Hall and Glatfelter Hall. North Washington Street and his office on political issues of the 19th century illustrated The adjacent residences, constructed to Carlisle Street. by the life of Thaddeus Stevens, such as serve faculty, students, and others con- abolition and free public education. nected with the school, include some of the As these historic resources suggest, this Public Improvements finest Victorian homes ever built in District can readily tell a variety of stories to ¥ Extend brick paving and other street improve- Gettysburg, such as the Edward McPher- explain the role of Pennsylvania College in ments up Carlisle Street, to complement the the Battle and its aftermath, and of President College’s campus improvement program. son House on Carlisle Street. This area of Partnership Actions town also saw significant action during the Eisenhower’s links to the community. But perhaps more importantly, it offers unique ¥ Partner with Gettysburg College to restore Battle on the afternoon of July 1st, 1863, Thaddeus Stevens Hall. when a rearguard action by Coster’s opportunities to explore the larger questions ¥ Interpret Dwight David Eisenhower, both as Brigade of the Union 11th Corps bought of education, equal opportunity, and human commander of Camp Colt and as a former critical time for retreating Union forces. rights in American society. For one of the President of the United States in the The area, just off North Stratton Street, is school’s greatest benefactors, Thaddeus buildings he used in this district by now marked by a small battlefield avenue Stevens, was an early and controversial partnering with their owners and Gettysburg College. known as “Coster Avenue” that contains advocate for the rights of African Ameri- Programming several monuments and a more recently cans, and as a prominent United States Congressman during the Civil War, played a ¥ Provide additional wayside and erected private mural commemorating the expanded outdoor interpretation on action there. In the aftermath of the pivotal role in shaping public policy through theme-related topics. fighting, the college campus became a the “Civil Rights Amendments” to the Transportation and Circulation large field hospital. Constitution. Stevens Hall, located on the ¥ Provide trolley stops at Thaddeus Stevens Hall. College campus, provides just one visible ¥ Partner to provide overflow parking during reminder of his legacy. summer months.

Chapter 4 / The Historic Resources and Interpretive Areas 63 The Steinwehr Avenue and National Cemetery District

Buildings and Sites of Interest

1. National Soldiers’ Orphans’ Homestead 2. Rev. Alexander Dobbin House 3. Evergreen Cemetery Gatehouse 4. Soldiers’ National Cemetery 5. Jennie Wade House 6. Future NPS Medals of Honor Site 7. Current NPS Visitors Center 8. Future NPS Visitors Center

Key To Symbols Bicycle Route Shuttle Bus Route Auto Tour Route Buildings or Sites of Interest

Pathway Projects

GNMP / National Park Service

64 Chapter 4 / The Historic Resources and Interpretive Areas Focus: The Steinwehr Avenue and National Cemetery District Proposed Actions Some actions recommended by this plan extend into every district, like the shuttle, the bike trails, and directional signage. However, Description located on the second floor of the Post Office other actions are specific to the districts. Here are This avenue, named after Union general Building on Baltimore Street. However, some of the actions that could take place in the Adolph Von Steinwehr, forms that portion of directly opposite from the Soldiers’ National Steinwehr Avenue/National Cemetery District. the historic “Emmitsburg Road” that comes Cemetery, the Rosensteel family’s develop- into the Borough from the south. In 1863, this ment of the National Museum, starting in the Interpretive Anchors area was sparsely settled, with the Alexander 1920’s, provided a growing anchor attraction ¥ The NPS Museum and Visitor Center, and the NPS Medal of Honor Winners Interpretive at the south end of town near Hancock Dobbin house set in surroundings not very Site at the base of Steinwehr Avenue. different from when it was built in 1776. Avenue and the field of Pickett’s Charge. ¥ The Soldiers’ National Cemetery, anchoring Nearby, the new town cemetery called With the introduction of the “Electric Map” Baltimore Street. “Evergreen” had an entrance defined by a there just after World War II, the private Community Interpretive Site gatehouse built in the fashionable “Italianate” museum soon prompted significant commer- ¥ The Evergreen Cemetery Gatehouse. style. At the time of the Battle, the road cial development along the Avenue. The Public Improvements marked a “no man’s land” between the opening of the first true NPS Visitor Center in ¥ Recall the historically open setting of the armies, with heavy skirmishing going on the new Cyclorama building in 1962 added Civil War era by adding fences where possible from time to time, and fighting during further incentive for adjacent museums, and where they were present historically along “Pickett’s Charge” on July 3rd. A few months shops, and restaurants to serve the substantial the street edge. later, President Lincoln’s address at the increase in visitation brought about by the ¥ Enhance Steinwehr and Baltimore Streets by dedication of the National Cemetery defined Civil War Centennial. Today, this area adding street trees, improving sidewalks, adding benches and improving lighting. for a nation the larger moral purpose of the contains many of the visitor services required ¥ Create a special district to guide signage and Civil War, and with the end of the War in by tourists—lodging, fuel, food, and attrac- new building. 1865, laid the foundation for establishing tions. This district is heavily used by pedestri- ¥ Improve pedestrian safety with more crosswalks. Gettysburg as a national shrine. ans, especially after 5:00 P.M. and into mid- Partnership Actions evening during the summer. ¥ Partner with high quality private partners to Though Gettysburg’s growth as a tourist provide expanded interpretation of under- attraction was certain, development at this The battle activity in this area, along with represented social themes. end of the Borough was slow, for most of the its role in the evolution of the growing Programming industrial and tourism growth centered near tourism in Gettysburg, offers rich material for ¥ Encourage the continuation of living history the east/west Lincoln Highway and railroad interpretation. The proposed NPS Medals of presentations on the street. corridor several blocks to the north. More- Honor site will further strengthen the Transportation and Circulation over, Gettysburg National Military Park had connection between the battlefield and the ¥ Provide shuttle stops along Steinwehr and no significant visitor facility, with Park offices southern end of town. Baltimore Streets.

Chapter 4 / The Historic Resources and Interpretive Areas 65 Chapter 5 Implementation and Management

This chapter proposes the implementa- Gettysburg Convention and Visitors operation and management of their tion of the plan, including management, Bureau and the President of the property and facilities. funding strategies and priorities for Gettysburg Area Retail Merchants development of plan components. The Association. In addition, other members The primary charitable and educa- partnership could be formalized and it might include representatives from local tional mission of Main Street Gettysburg could operate through Main Street business alliances, foundations, Adams with respect to this project will be to Gettysburg, the management entity that County and its economic development conserve, interpret and promote the could be responsible for many of the agency, and local businesses. The board Borough of Gettysburg, and by doing so, implementation and management actions would be authorized to seek advice and to achieve economic development in the needed to make this plan a reality. The cooperation from other organizations, historic downtown and throughout the reformulation of Main Street Gettysburg offices and groups that contribute to the Borough. To fulfill this mission, Main Street Gettysburg will: will be described. overall development of Gettysburg, including financial organizations, the ¥ develop programs to preserve and hospital, labor and education groups, state Main Street Gettysburg: protect the area’s historic resources; and federal agencies, and local businesses. The Partnership ¥ provide for interpretation as de- The partnership would be formalized The Borough of Gettysburg Interpretive through development of a Memorandum scribed in this plan; Plan and the Historic Pathway will be of Understanding, which would then be implemented and directed by Main Street ¥ operate the Gettysburg Lincoln reflected in the bylaws and organization Gettysburg, a locally based, private non- Railroad Station and the Lincoln of Main Street Gettysburg. As a part of profit with a track record of success in the Museum at the Wills House; the agreement, the major partners would community. The board of Main Street agree to provide an appropriate level of would be strengthened to include repre- ¥ prepare for transportation and support for Main Street’s implementation sentatives of the Borough of Gettysburg, infrastructure changes needed to of the plan, through membership fees, in- the Superintendent of the National Park accomplish the plan; and, kind services, staffing in the Welcome Service, the President of Gettysburg Center or Wills House, and/or technical ¥ establish a structure within which the College, the President of the Lutheran assistance. The major partners will also activities of investment and economic Seminary, the President of the take responsibility for implementing development called for in this plan can Gettysburg-Adams County Chamber of aspects of the plan with respect to the Commerce, and the President of the be fulfilled.

Chapter 5 / Implementation and Management 67 In support of this mission, Main Street properties on behalf of another owner, ¥ Manage property and develop and Gettysburg will direct and coordinate a such as the Borough of Gettysburg; operate educational, informational, diverse menu of conservation, program- interpretive and marketing programs, ming, operations, educational and ¥ Sell, lease, sublease or otherwise facilities and linkages; interpretive actions, and other activities dispose of real property; within the Borough of Gettysburg. ¥ Coordinate, review and approve ¥ Enter into contracts, leases, coopera- projects or programs funded or imple- In all of its activities, Main Street will tive agreements with public agencies and mented by the corporation; vigorously seek partners. It will utilize private organizations and individuals and seed money from federal, state and local entities, to achieve the purposes of the ¥ Provide educational, interpretive, agencies, and will seek funding from a plan; and promotional materials, services number of sources, including grants, and materials. ¥ Receive funds from public agencies donations, and other revenue sources. and private individuals and agencies; Once this plan is approved, the first Main Street Gettysburg will be self- receive gifts of property of all kinds, task of the partners will be to draft and sustaining, using membership fees, whether made by will, deed or otherwise; execute a Memorandum of Understand- donations and the income it generates and administer the same in carrying out ing document outlining the various roles from operations and other sources. the corporation’s mission; to implement the plan. Main Street must have broad authority ¥ Collect fees and develop sources of and powers to undertake this mission. Finance and Source of Funds income as needed to operate the facilities These may include: Main Street Gettysburg will be self- called for in this plan; sustaining, and will derive its revenues ¥ Acquiring, encumbering and dispos- ¥ Disburse funds to qualified public from a variety of sources, both public and ing of real property as is necessary to or private individuals and entities for private. The initial infusion of capital funds preserve, promote and interpret the the purposes of achieving the goals of will come from two sources: the PennDOT history of Gettysburg; this plan; TEA-21 (The Transportation Enhancement Act of the 21st Century) grants and its ¥ Improve properties to which Main ¥ Hire staff and accept personnel from private matching funds for the Gettysburg Street Gettysburg holds title, or to improve other private and public entities as required Lincoln Railroad Station, and the Com- to fulfill its mandates and purposes; monwealth of Pennsylvania’s grant of

68 Chapter 5 / Implementation and Management $3,000,000 for a variety of purposes Ongoing support from partners Gettysburg would continue to seek relating to the Gettysburg Interpretive Plan. Main Street Gettysburg currently member support, and would establish a receives funding support from the new category for its partner-associates. Additional capital funds will be Borough of Gettysburg. As a part of the required for the implementation of the partnership, participating agencies and Other Donations Interpretive Plan. Also, Main Street organizations would also contribute to As a private non-profit, Main Street Gettysburg will require a source of funds Main Street Gettysburg. Contributions Gettysburg will be eligible for other for operational and program expenses, could take the form of annual cash types of donations of anything of value throughout the life of the plan. Likely donations, provision of people to staff from private individuals, organizations sources of federal, state and local funds various operations of the partnership, and and corporations. and of potential partnership funding are technical assistance. identified in the next section. Major Sales partners such as the NPS, the College, and Private Capital Campaign and Foundation Main Street Gettysburg already the Seminary will bear the primary Funding Sources maintains a modest product line of responsibility for obtaining the capital Main Street Gettysburg, because of its educational materials. Under the proposal, funds required for interpretive develop- mission and non-profit status, will be able Main Street would continue to provide ments on their properties. to pursue a variety of foundation grants educational materials in a gift/bookstore and loans. In particular, the help and located in the Wills House. Admissions and Operational Income advice of the National Trust for Historic Any profits from these sales will be The Lincoln Museum at the Wills Gettysburg will be sought. A recent capital used to further the educational and House has the potential to provide a campaign undertaken by Main Street interpretive programs of the Borough. revenue stream to Main Street sufficient Gettysburg has shown that the organiza- to operate both the museum itself and the tion can successfully raise funds for Federal Sources Welcome Center at the Gettysburg interpretive purposes. Federal sources of funding and grants Lincoln Railroad Station. A modest will be vigorously pursued. Potential Membership Fees entrance fee would be charged; eventu- sources of funds are varied, and depend ally, it could be included as part of a Main Street Gettysburg is already a on the type of project. For example, combined ticket to other programs and member organization, and the generous HUD, USDA, and SBA all provide venues. Revenues from the operation support of its donors provides a major potential funding sources for the would be used to support Main Street’s portion of its funding. Main Street expansion of the Race Horse Alley other activities, including programming.

Chapter 5 / Implementation and Management 69 parking garage. The Federal Highway for their continued strong support of ment in the four pathway areas over the Administration may have grant funds initiatives in Gettysburg. development period. available for intelligent transportation systems and the shuttle system. Thanks Borough of Gettysburg Sources Phase A: Years 1-4 to assistance from Congressman Bill Since its creation, the Borough of The first phase will set the stage for a Goodling, Senator Rick Santorum and Gettysburg has been a monetary and in- significant increase in tourism within the their staffs, these sources of funds are kind supporter of Main Street Gettysburg. Borough of Gettysburg. When NPS adds now being researched and appraised for the Borough of Gettysburg to its auto tour their applicability to this plan. Interpretive Plan Project brochure as a stop, this will greatly increase the number of visitors who go State and County Funds Phasing into the town. In this phase, advance The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania The phasing of the various projects planning for major building projects, has already generously provided over recommended in this plan will occur over transportation projects and the interpretive $4,000,000 to the effort from a variety a seven-year period, and in two phases. infrastructure will lay the groundwork for of sources, including a state capital Each phase has a strategic focus: the first development. Phase A projects include the grant and TEA-21 matching grants. phase is intended to provide the basic Gettysburg Lincoln Railroad Station Main Street Gettysburg will pursue infrastructure, transportation and interpre- Orientation and Visitor Welcoming Center, funding for streetscape improvements, tive resources necessary to encourage and the Wills House Lincoln Museum, the garage expansions, shuttle funding and manage additional visitation, and the Thaddeus Stevens Hall facility at Gettys- other initiatives. Potential funding second phase provides for additional burg College, the Lincoln Cemetery, the sources, like those of the federal community interpretive sites, additional Seminary Ridge Legacy Center on the government, depend on the type of parking and actions to preserve the town’s campus of the Lutheran Theological project. They include DCED grants, resources. The strategy has been devel- Seminary and the Gettysburg National PennDOT funding sources, DCNR oped to implement priority actions early in Military Park Medals of Honor site. programs for trails and historic sites, the process, while continuing to build and Additionally implemented in Phase A are and other programs. Thanks to Gover- strengthen each of the four pathway community enhancements to facilitate nor Tom Ridge and his staff, many of districts over the life of the program. The increased parking needs and the mass these fund sources are being re- intention is that this will promote well- transit component providing convenient searched. Additional thanks goes to PA coordinated development, seamless service to interpretive sites, restaurants State Senator Terry Punt and his staff interpretation, and a balancing of invest- and lodging. Implementation of Phase A

70 Chapter 5 / Implementation and Management Phase A and Phase B Action and Implementation Agenda

Chapter 5 / Implementation and Management 71 Phase A and Phase B Action and Implementation Agenda

projects will achieve the critical mass essential interpretation of the Dwight David Eisen- prominence, the establishment of a marketing to the success of the plan. hower years at Gettysburg. The creation of department, the creation of a downtown official licensed guides for Gettysburg, housing fund to improve housing options, and Phase B: Years 5-7 expanded Pathway walking tours and support for a convention center, film institute This second phase of the project will increased usage of outdoor wayside exhibits and American Civil War research campus. strengthen the four major public areas within further strengthen the interpretation and the Pathway. It will establish further the education goals of the plan. The sequence of projects within Phases A interpretive framework of the Pathway. and B depend upon funding. As projects are During this phase, extensive enhancements Physical enhancements to Steinwehr underwritten, endowed and/or subsidized, they further develop the Pathway and the themes. Avenue, coupled with corridor and entrance will be incorporated into the overall strategy Included in Phase B are enhancements to improvements, increased attention to building of the plan. Planning for both phases will coordinated site interpretation at the Lincoln facades and streetscape betterment, serve to occur simultaneously. However, the success of Cemetery and the Digges-Monroe sites, preserve Gettysburg resources and improve the plan necessitates the significance of Christ Lutheran Church, the Adams County upon the quality of life within the community. projects in Phase A. Historical Society and the Evergreen Cemetery Gatehouse. Attention is also Other benefits to the greater Gettysburg targeted towards the Pennsylvania Lincoln community, outlined in Phase B, include the ❦ ❦ ❦ Highway Heritage Corridor and increased restoration of the Majestic Theater to national

72 Chapter 5 / Implementation and Management Borough of Gettysburg Interpretive Plan Appendix – Audience Profile

Introduction who are novices but are curious about the burg remains to be answered. Who are subject matter.” our visitors likely to be? Some may be Important considerations when develop- residents, those with an interest in local ing strategies for interpreting community The challenge for interpreters is to or Civil War history, school groups, history are the needs, expectations, stimulate visitors’ curiosity by presenting college students, or casual observers. constraints, and interests of the audience information and revealing meanings in a While residents are certain to express (the site’s visitors.) One must understand way that is informative, accessible, and some interest in interpretive program- the types of people that comprise one’s engaging within the time constraints ming, the core audience will likely be audience, before determining how to reach presented. Since visitors have a limited drawn from visitors to Gettysburg them most effectively. Successful interpre- amount of time to spend visiting an National Military Park, since their tive programs for historic sites take these attraction or participating in a program, it is numbers are enormous relative to factors into account and work to create imperative that the few carefully chosen Gettysburg’s population. meaningful and memorable experiences “big ideas” selected for the site be pre- that capture the special qualities of a sented in a clear and compelling fashion. Visitor surveys prepared by the National particular place for visitors. Park Service in 1978, 1987, and 1994 have It is also useful to remember that been used to develop a visitor profile for the Visitor demographics can vary from audiences are not driven by the quest for park. Additional data was provided by the site to site and season to season. Families knowledge alone. They generally have 1998 Economic Impact Evaluation, with small children may be regulars at two motivations for coming to a historic Gettysburg National Military Park General one site, while group tours predominate site: one is learning more about a subject Management Plan Alternatives; and the at another. In the spring, many historic of particular interest to them, and the other 1999 Final General Management Plan and sites are barraged by school groups, and is enjoying a social experience with family Environmental Impact Statement Gettysburg in the fall empty-nesters and retirees take and friends. Gettysburg offers opportuni- National Military Park, Gettysburg, advantage of the lull in the crowds that ties for those seeking education, as Pennsylvania. The 1995 Feasibility Study occurs once children are back in school. well as for people looking to combine and Plan for an Interpretive Center, Nevertheless, no matter what their touring, shopping, and dining into their Gettysburg, Pennsylvania was also con- background, visitors who choose to travel experience. sulted, although the results of the survey participate in interpretive programs hold may not reflect typical visitation trends, some characteristics in common. Beverly Visitor Profile since the sampling was carried out during Serrell, a museum educator, alludes to Gettysburg National Military Park Gettysburg’s annual battle anniversary these in her definition of audience as “a That said, the question of audience for commemoration. While each study ad- self-selected group of semi-motivated, interpretation in the borough of Gettys- dresses slightly different issues and employs time-limited, mostly first-time visitors

74 Appendix / Audience Profile different methodologies, taken together, they Over the past ten years, annual visitation at battlefield attractions. Visitors tend not to use provide useful information that enables the the visitor center (average 1,017,792 visitors) public transportation. Visitors can walk, take creation of a composite for visitation trends has experienced a gradual increase, as has use bus tours, and bike as part of their visitor and characteristics. of the services of Licensed Battlefield Guides experience, but travel by car appears to be the (10-year average 200,096 visitors). Use of the preferred way to experience the park. The Approximately 1.5 million people visit the electric map (10-year average 373,053 present auto-tour route will be changed so as park annually. It is a popular summer vacation visitors) has remained static, and use of the to end in downtown Gettysburg. Once this destination with most visitation occurring Cyclorama Visitor Center (10-year average takes effect, there will a large potential between May and August. From November 316,105 visitors) and Show (10-year average market for downtown interpretation during through March the park is relatively quiet. 206,828 visitors) has declined slightly. the afternoon, since a majority of park Those five months account for only about 15% visitors take this tour. of the park’s visitation. With respect to Many come to Gettysburg to break out of seasonal characteristics, in the summertime their daily routine, learn about the area’s Day-trip visitors, who comprise slightly one is likely to see many family groups in the history, experience a genuine and authentic over 50% of visitors, generally spend most visitor center and on the battlefield. School part of America’s heritage, and enjoy the of their time on the battlefield. Overnight group visits are concentrated in the spring, and scenic countryside. A third of visitors to the visitors are more likely to take time to retirees and seniors bus tours often arrive in park have college degrees, indicating a visit other attractions within and outside the cooler fall months. generally well-educated pool of visitors who the park because they have more schedul- are already attuned to historical issues. A ing flexibility. Gettysburg tends to be the The average visitor arrives at Gettysburg relatively small number of people simply stop primary destination for regional visitors, by mid-morning and spends about 6 hours in by as they are passing through or while they but only one part of a larger vacation the park. Most visitors (87%) are part of a are visiting relatives. They rate the park’s itinerary for visitors from further away. group of 6 or fewer people, generally family visitor services highly, either good or very The largest percent of visitors to the park and / or friends. Approximately one third of good, and cite only traffic and crowds as are instate visitors. Pennsylvania tops the the groups include children under the age of negatively impacting their visit. list followed by the nearby states of twelve. Bus tours account for 10-12% of the Maryland, Virginia, New Jersey, and New park’s visitation. A typical visitor will start at Most come by car, and use it as their York. California, Ohio, and Texas are the main visitor center, which provides access primary mode of transportation during their among outlying states that also have high to restrooms, exhibits, information desk, and visit. The self-guided auto-tour is a major rates of visitation. bookstore. Groups become oriented to the part of the visitor experience, since a majority park there and then set out to explore the of visitors do not take advantage of special Many of those living within a 150-mile battlefield, most commonly by using the ranger-led interpretive programs or other radius of the park are day-trip visitors. park’s self-guided auto tour.

Appendix / Audience Profile 75 Not surprisingly, this group accounts for perception exists that there are a limited Visitors showed interest in the following a significant number of repeat visits. number of things to do in downtown potential exhibit topics: the aftermath of Between 30% and 40% of Gettysburg’s Gettysburg at night, in recent years the battle, the history of the borough, visitors have come to the park more than several business ventures have arisen to Lincoln and the Gettysburg Address, and once. A majority of this group has visited meet that need… namely ghost tours and life in town at the time of the battle. between 2 and 4 times in the past. For carriage rides which have proven Survey results indicate that once estab- that sector of visitors, who already have extremely popular. lished, such a visitor center could ulti- an interest in Civil War history, a drive of mately attract between 170,000 to 190,000 two-and-one-half hours or less is per- Considerations for Developing an Audience for visitors annually. ceived as manageable, because they are Downtown Interpretation getting a quality experience. The demon- At present, a relatively small percentage The survey also indicated that one strated interest and motivation of the of visitors to Gettysburg National Military impediment to encouraging downtown repeat, day-trip visitor makes this sector Park take time to visit attractions in visitation was a perceived shortage of time of the park’s visitation worth special downtown Gettysburg. The following on the part of some visitors, especially consideration. information was presented as part of the those taking day trips. At present, a typical Feasibility Study and Plan for An Interpre- first time, day-trip visit to the park takes By the end of the day, most overnight- tive Center in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania: so long that only a limited amount of time visitors who are staying in the Gettysburg is left for other attractions or a downtown area have recuperated from an active day A survey completed as part of a visit. Based upon this observation and of touring and walking and are looking feasibility study for a downtown visitor existing visitor research, it appears that for something to do at night. Surveys center lists the following suggestions by there are two primary target audiences for indicate that those visitors who intend to visitors regarding ways to increase time interpretation in downtown Gettysburg… go downtown are most likely to do so in spent downtown: create better parking, 1) the repeat day-trip visitor and 2) the in- the late afternoon and early evening. reduce traffic, offer more things to see, town, overnight visitor. The role of Overnight residents are the most likely and provide access to quality stores and children in these groups is somewhat sector of the park’s visitation to visit restaurants. Interest in a downtown visitor unclear at present. Recent survey results downtown Gettysburg. There are several center was generally high in the survey, seem to indicate that people with the time restaurants in the vicinity of the square but visitors seemed willing to tolerate only to visit downtown are less likely to be and businesses scattered along the a small admission fee (under $5.00), if traveling with children. southern end of Baltimore Street, but the any. The types of services sought in such a greatest concentration of activity remains center included restrooms, a film, an As with visitation at Gettysburg along Steinwehr Avenue. While the information desk, and parking facilities. National Military Park, it can be

76 Appendix / Audience Profile Elements of a Scope of Work for an Interpretive Plan of the Borough of Gettysburg The initial procedural framing for this plan was outlined in the scope of work: 1. Set up the Interpretive Plan. This is the work needed to be sure that all of the partners necessary to develop and implement the plan are included in the process, and that the plan can proceed as quickly and efficiently as possible. a. Borough and NPS negotiate and sign the Letter of Intent. b. Borough and NPS jointly set up project team to manage day-to-day work. c. Borough and NPS jointly set up Steering Committee of key decision makers and representatives of major partners and potential funding expected that many visitors in the important to raise awareness of downtown sources. primary target audience will be traveling opportunities for two secondary audiences: d. Borough, NPS and Steering Committee develop and agree to Scope in small groups with family and friends, 1) first-time day-trip visitors and 2) bus of Work and Schedule. and that the majority will be traveling tour visitors. While it is more likely that e. Borough and NPS develop and agree to public involvement process. during the summer. Bus tours, especially these visitors will arrive downtown f. NPS provides funding and consultant to assist in completing the in the spring and fall, should be factored towards the end of their visit when time is work through its indefinite quantities contracts. in as well. The repeat, day-trip audience limited, creating a favorable impression 2. With input from the public and the steering committee, the project will be attracted by the opportunity to during this first contact period will team and the consultant will develop issues and establish goals for the project. “see something new,” because they are increase the likelihood of their returning This part of the work will describe why the interpretation of the already familiar with the battlefield. for a second visit when their schedule is Borough of Gettysburg is important and the purpose of the interpretation. They will likely seek something that can more flexible. 3. With input from the public and the steering committee, the project be enjoyed as a group, during the day, team and the consultant will define interpretive themes and stories that for about 4-6 hours… the amount of time should be told in Gettysburg, and the visitor experience that will result. they have before heading home. The in- This part of the project will define the historical themes and stories that town, overnight audience will likely seek should be told in the Borough, and the visitor experiences that should be achieved there. Visitor experience is everything that visitors do, sense and something to do in the few hours either learn when they are in a place. Interpretive planning defines a set of before or after dinner… an activity that desirable and diverse experiences that will bring visitors to the Borough. complements what they have seen and These experiences are based on the historical themes and stories that the learned on the battlefield, but is not too Borough and its people have to tell. demanding. 4. With input from the public and the steering committee, the project team and the consultant will recommend appropriate services, facilities A successful strategy will address the and programs to tell these stories. The purpose of this part of the plan is to find the best ways to needs of both groups, in order to maximize communicate the Borough’s stories. It will describe ways to link these the potential audience for interpretive stories to those told in the park, physically and educationally. The plan programming within the borough. The will recommend appropriate services, facilities and programs to tell these interpretive strategy should also work to stories. generate interest among residents, since 5. With input from the public and the steering committee, the project they are essentially informal ambassadors team and the consultant will determine what partnerships will be needed to accomplish these strategies, and secure agreements with partners. for visiting family and friends. The same 6. With input from the public and the steering committee, the project applies for business owners, whose team and the consultant will create an implementation schedule. hospitality and assistance is key to making 7. Publish the draft plan and consider public comments. a positive impression on visitors. It is also 8. Consider public comments and finalize the plan.

Appendix / Audience Profile 77 Borough of Gettysburg Interpretive Plan Appendix – Preliminary Alternative 1

This alternative was also initially Goal I: Improve Education Pathway “anchors” explored by the Interpretive Plan The new museum venues owned by the steering committee. and Interpretation Borough of Gettysburg anchor the pathway. Pre-visit information Pedestrians and shuttle users are encouraged Multiple Centers to walk between the Borough’s venues, but From many sources, including tourist interpretation occurs primarily within the The Borough of Gettysburg develops, promotion agencies, Main Street Gettysburg, new museums. New museums include: owns and operates a series of new NPS and the internet. Information is targeted interpretive venues that communicate fully to encourage visitors to extend their stays. the Borough’s themes and significance. The expanded orientation and interpreta- tion center at the Wills House/Masonic The Wills House and 1st floor of the Gateways to the Borough Masonic Temple become the town’s site Temple could provide an overview of the Routes 30 east and west, Business Route Borough’s themes, as well as interpretation for orientation and introduction to the 15, and State Route 116 are the major Borough’s themes. After experiencing the about Lincoln, his life, and the Gettysburg entrances into town; the Borough of Address. museum, visitors are encouraged to walk Gettysburg is included in the NPS Auto Tour or ride to a series of new borough-owned Route, which directs visitors to the Wills The Gettysburg Lincoln Railroad Station museums, each concentrating on a specific House/Masonic Temple; or visitors may take could provide more in-depth interpretation theme. The Gettysburg Lincoln Railroad the shuttle from the NPS visitor center or regarding the Borough’s history. Station could tell the story of transporta- other town sites to the Gettysburg Lincoln tion within the Borough. A house museum Railroad Station. The Washington Street House Museum on Washington Street could tell the story could provide interpretation, in a house of the daily life of an African American in Orientation and visitor information museum setting, about the life of African the town. A new location on Baltimore At the Wills House/Masonic Temple. Americans within the Borough of Gettysburg, Pike could tell the story of the civilian before, during and after the Civil War. experience. In partnership with an historic Interpretation church, the Borough could establish a new Interpretation is centered at the new The Civilian Experience Museum adjacent interpretive site telling the story of museums owned and operated by the to the Schriver House could provide in-depth hospital care in the Borough. Sites could Borough of Gettysburg. The Borough interpretation about the role of the Borough be connected with a shuttle and by exercises control over interpretive content. in the Battle of Gettysburg, its aftermath and walking tours. commemoration.

78 Appendix / Preliminary Alternative 1 The Civil War Hospital Interpretive site at Visitor Signage Goal III a partner church could provide interpretation Well-designed signage directs visitors regarding the role of churches in the life of around the Borough, to parking, and to the Economic Development the community, especially during the battle Borough-owned sites. and its aftermath. Economic Development Actions Circulation, Parking and Shuttle System The presence of Borough-owned museums Pathway improvements Pathway is reinforced by shuttle, which could encourage development of new Pathway improvements include signage connects Borough-owned sites and NPS businesses. Non-profits recruit new busi- and needed safety improvements. In the visitor center. nesses, as they do now. heavily used areas connecting the new museum sites, street trees, benches and other The Race Horse Alley Parking Garage is Downtown Living sidewalk improvements are included. expanded to accommodate additional cars. Development of mixed use and upscale residential units could be vigorously pursued. Activities The Borough works with partners to Public funding could buy down initial private The private sector operates day and provide for bus parking during the 14-16 costs in order to create new opportunities to evening tours and programs. week “bus season.” rehabilitate and/or construct mixed use housing within the Borough and on the upper Printed Materials The Borough, NPS and PennDOT floors of historic structures. The Borough and its role in the battle, cooperate to develop intelligent transporta- its aftermath and commemoration are tion systems that help calm traffic and reduce Goal IV included in the NPS auto tour and unigrid congestion. brochure. NPS makes connections in its Maintain Quality of Life museum interpretation and its interpreta- Goal II Quality of Life Actions tion on the battlefield between park and Restoration of historic structures and town themes. (For example, NPS would Preserve Resources streetscape improvements along the pathway interpret the connection between the Historic Structures Reports and other benefit the community. Bryan Farm and the Digges-Monroe site, information are collected for Borough-owned encouraging visitors to see both to get the sites, which are then preserved to the highest Intelligent Transportation Systems and the full story.) Unigrid brochures direct standard. shuttle reduce traffic congestion within the visitors to Borough-owned sites, and to Borough. other historic buildings and sites across The Borough or a group designated by the the community. Borough purchases easements to protect historic facades in perpetuity.

Appendix / Preliminary Alternative 1 79 Borough of Gettysburg Interpretive Plan Appendix – Alternatives Considered for Implementation and Management

Management Alternatives Considered cooperate. With the financial investment staff and the power of positions to Within the scope of this plan, four of the partners comes interest, commit- advance the agenda. Participatory management proposals were considered. ment and involvement in the implemen- consensus and cooperation are key tation of the Interpretive Plan. elements to any revitalization effort. As a ¥ Establish a new authority - Authori- safeguard, a sunshine clause can be ties are often formed in Pennsylvania The Proposal added that would require a reexamina- when financing is required. However, A new, smaller Main Street board (9- tion of progress after five years. Main Gettysburg already has an abundance 12 members) consisting of a representa- of entities. It is felt that the establish- Street bylaws would need revision. tive from Gettysburg Borough Council, ment of another organization would further complicate the situation. Gettysburg College, the National Park ¥ Establish a new Borough Depart- Service (cannot vote), the Lutheran ment of Heritage Tourism - This Theological Seminary at Gettysburg, the option would require added staff, Gettysburg-Adams County Area with the burden shifted to the Chamber of Commerce, the Gettysburg Borough taxpayer, at least in the short Convention and Visitor’s Bureau, the term. minority community, a large business ¥ Establish a new non-profit - and a small business. Consideration Gettysburg already has an abundance should be given to adding the Gettysburg of entities. It is felt that the establish- ment of another organization would Area Retail Merchants Association, the further complicate the situation. Adams County Economic Development ¥ Main Street Gettysburg - The Corporation, the National Trust for proposed implementation and Historic Gettysburg, the Gettysburg management entity, Main Street National Battlefield Museum Founda- Gettysburg is already in existence. tion, and the County of Adams.

A restructured and strengthened Main The partnership will be sealed with a Street Gettysburg brings expertise, Memorandum of Understanding agree- dollars, and solidarity. It is in the best ment. Each partner will participate in the long-term interest of all the partners to program, commit resources of money,

80 Appendix / Alternatives Considered for Implementation and Management Bibliography

Feasibility Study and Plan for an Architectural Consultant Glave Newman Steinwehr Avenue Improvements Plan, Interpretive Center (in) Gettysburg, Anderson Architects. February, 1990. Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. Ueland and Pennsylvania: Prepared for Main Street Junker, Architects and Planners. Phila- Gettysburg, Inc. Prepared by Economics Gettysburg Comprehensive Plan: delphia, Pennsylvania. October, 1978. Research Associates in cooperation with Planning and Zoning Consultant: Urban Planning Research and Design Group, Research and Development Corporation, Special Purpose Study: The Lincoln Lt., and Landmarks Design Associates. Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. Officially Highway in Adams County, Pennsylva- February 1, 1995. adopted by the Borough of Gettysburg nia. Prepared for the Adams County on May 13, 1996. Department of Planning and Develop- Pennsylvania Heritage Tourism Study: ment and the Gettysburg-Adams County Prepared for PA DCNR in Partnership Gettysburg Design Guide. A guide Area Chamber of Commerce by John with PA DCED, PHMC, Preservation for maintaining and rehabilitating Milner Associates, Inc. in association PA, and the Federation of Museums and buildings in the Gettysburg Historic with Shelley Mastran. July, 2000. Historical Organizations. D. K. Shifflet District: Prepared for The Gettysburg and Associates, Ltd., McLean, Virginia. Historic Architectural Review Board by May, 1999. Margaret M. M. Pickart, Richard C. Sutter and Associates, Hollidaysburg, Gettysburg Historic Pathway Plan: Pennsylvania, 1977. Prepared by the Gettysburg Historic Pathway Task Force, Main Street Historic Structure Report for the Gettysburg, Inc., and the Division of Gettysburg Railroad Depot. Gettysburg, Park and Resource Planning, Mid- Pennsylvania: Prepared for the Borough Atlantic Regional Office, National Park of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. Prepared Service. 1990. by John Milner Associates, Inc., West Chester, Pennsylvania. March, 2000. Lincoln Museum. A Proposal for a Museum at the Wills House on Lincoln At Ease: Stories I Tell to Friends. Square: Gettysburg College, Gettysburg, Copyright 1967 by Dwight D. Eisen- Pennsylvania. Prepared by Ralph hower. Doubleday & Company, Inc. Appelbaum Associates Incorporated. Reprinted by Eastern Acorn Press.

Bibliography 81 “Great concepts, great ideals, great decisions, can be the engines which move men to greatness themselves. But the documents which express them are sometimes sterile things unless there are people to cause inspiration to flow from them.” Ð President Dwight David Eisenhower