DOCSLIB.ORG

Histochemical Studies on the Skin

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Histochemical Studies on the Skin View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Elsevier - Publisher Connector HISTOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON THE SKIN II. THE ACTIVITY OF THE SUccINIC, MALIC AND LACTIC DEHYDROGENASE SYSTEMS DURING THE EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE SKIN IN THE RAT* KEN HASHIMOTO, M.D., KAZUO OGAWA, M.D., Ph.D. AND WALTER F. LEVER, M.D. As a continuation of our histochemical studies After an incubation for 3 to 12 hours at 37° C. on the skin (1), the changes in the succinic, maliethe sections were removed from the incubation medium, rinsed briefly in 0.1 M Sorensen's phos- and lactic dehydrogenase systems during thephate buffer, pH 7.6, and fixed in neutral formalin embryonic development of the skin have beenfor 2 to 3 hours at room temperature. investigated. Practically no work has been done In some instances, quinone compounds, such as as yet on the activity of any of these dehydroge-menadione (8, 9), phenanthraquinone (9) or Co- enzyme Q7 (8, 10), were added to act as a mediator nase systems during the embryonic developmentin the electron transfer between the succinic of the skin; and only the succinie dehydrogenasedehydrogenase and the tetrazolium salts. The activity has been investigated in adult skin byfinal concentration of menadione as well as of several authors (2—6). phenanthraquinone was 0.1 mg. per ml. of in- cubation medium. MATERIALS AND METHODS For controls were used a substrate-free medium and also the incubation medium containing, in Animal Material. Twenty-five rats of theaddition to sodium succinate, sodium malonate as Wistar strain were used. Twelve of these werecompetitive inhibitor in the same final molar embryos (3 each on the 12th, 14th, 16th and 18thconcentration as sodium succinate. days of gestation), 2 were new-born (the period Histochemical Demonstration of Malic (MDS) of gestation varied from 19 to 21 days), 3 wereand Lactic (LDS) Dehydrogenase Systems. The ten-day-old, 3 were fifteen-day-old and 5 weremethod of Nachlas et at. (11) was used to demon- adults. The adult rats weighed approximatelystrate the MDS and LDS. Diphosphopyridine 100 g. New-born and older rats were killed by anucleotide (DPN) was used as coenzyme. After 2 blow on the neck without anesthesia. Hair washours of incubation at 37° C. the sections were shaved off the back, and skin specimens weretaken out of the incubation medium, rinsed taken from there and cut into small square pieces.briefly in distilled water and fixed in neutral These pieces were immediately immersed for about formalin for 2 to 3 hours at room temperature. five minutes into ice-cold 0.1 M Sorensen's phos- In some case, quinones, such as menadione, phate buffer and then used for frozen sections.phenanthraquinone or Coenzyme Q, were added (The buffer had a pH of 7.6 for the study of theto the incubation media, just as had been done in succinic dehydrogenase system and a pH of 7.4the case of demonstrating the activity of the for the study of the malic and lactic dehydro-SDS. A substrate-free incubation medium was genase systems). In embryos, skin was removedused as a control. Also, incubation media con- from the back while they were still alive. Frozentaining iodoacetic acid as sulfhydryl inhibitor in sections, approximately 20in thickness, werea final concentration of 0.01 M, 0.05 M or 0.1 M made from the fresh skin specimens. were used. Histochem feat Demonstration of the Succinic With the methods described above, pink repre- Dehydrogenase System (SDS). Ogawa and Zim-sents a weak reaction of the enzymes, purple to merman's method (7) was employed to demon-blue a moderate reaction, and dark blue a strong strate the succinic dehydrogenase system. As areaction, although there have been objections to rule, nitroneotetrazolium chloride (nitro-NT)such a simple interpretation (12). A pink color was used as an electron acceptor. Occasionally,also occurs as the result of a non-enzymatic dis- however, nitro-blue tetrazolium (nitro-BT) wassolution of formazan granules (that have formed used, instead. in true reaction sites) in lipids, for example in sebaceous cells and subcutaneous fat cells (12, 13). * From the Department of Anatomy, Kyoto University School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan, RESULTS and the Department of Dermatology, Tufts Uni- versity School of Medicine, Boston, Massachu- Succinic Dehydrogenase System (SDS). In 12-day setts. old embryos (Figs. 1 and 2) the epidermis con- This investigation was supported by grants from the Rockefeller Foundation (GA-MNS-60236), the sisted of an inner layer, the stratum germinati- Dome Chemicals Inc., New York, N. Y., and thevum (StGer), and an outer layer, the periderm. Duke Laboratories, Inc., South Norwalk, Con- necticut. The cytoplasm of the large vesicular cells in Received for publication August 3, 1961. these two layers stained diffusely pink, while 21 22 THE JOURNAL OF INVESTIGATIVE DERMATOLOGY SOS LOS & MOS were sparsely distributed through the dermis and p.rtd 12-DAY contained small positive granules. EMBRYO In 14-day old embryos (Figs. 1 and 3) the large, Mc AnN columnar, palisade-like cells of the stratum germinativum showed a strong reaction; while 14-DAY the stratum intermedium and the vesicular cells EMBRYO / / - of the periderm stained less strongly. The primary epithelial germs, which at this stage of develop- IS-DAY ment appeared as bulbous pegs, had as an outer EMBRYO lining large columnar cells which resembled the P&Bb cells of the stratum germinativum and contained fine purplish formazan granules in their cyto- IB-DAY plasm above and below their nuclei. Thus, two EMBRYO purplish lines of granules were seen running parallel over the peg-shaped protrusions of the NEW - primary epithelial germs, while the cells located BORN in the center of the germs stained diffusely pink. The anlagen of the hair papillae (PA) were moderately reactive. In the dermis an interlacing 5-DAY OLD network of capillaries (C) stained faintly against a negative background. Weakly reactive mast cells (Mt) were concentrated in the uppermost dermis. Dermal muscles (M) stained uniformly ID-DAY pink in all fibers. OLD & In 16-day old embryos (Figs. 1 and 4) the basal ADULT layer of the epidermis reacted more intensely than the other layers. The intensity of the reac- tion gradually decreased toward the surface of Fxo. 1. Schematic outline of the succinie, malicthe epidermis. The gradual transformation of and lactic dehydrogenase systems (SDS, MDS and LDS) during the embryonic development of eachlarge squamous cells, rich in cytoplasm, to par- skin element. A: Arrector pili muscle. AnPG:tially keratinized, flattened cells caused in the Anlage of primary epithelial germ. B: Bulge. C:upper stratum malpighii a condensation of intra- Capillary. CH: Club hair. F: Fat cell. HC: Hair cone. HG: Hair germ. K: Keratogenous zone. M:cytoplasmic formazan granules. The granules Muscle fiber. m: Intermediary fiber. MC: Mesen-were arranged in several stratified, undulating ehymal cell. Mt: Mast cell. P: Hair papilla. Pp: Anlage of hair papilla. P and Bb: Hair papilla andlines running parallel to the alignment of the hair bulb. Perid: Periderm. PC: Primary epithelialpartially keratinized cells and to the undulating germ. r: Red muscle fiber. 5: Sebaceous gland.surface of the epidermis (See arrows in Fig. 4). SC: Secondary epithelial germ. St.Cer: StratumThe rather thin horny layer was composed of not germinativum. V: Vessel. w: White muscle fiber. yet completely keratinized cells stippled with fine formazan granules. However, the reaction along the cell walls fine, blue formazan granulesin the horny layer was in part non-enzymatic, were deposited. The large nuclei of these cellsbecause the cells of the horny layer stained not did not stain. The primordia of primary epi-only in substrate-containing media but also in thelial germs, which were observed occasionallysubstrate-free media, though to a lesser degree, when nitro-BT was used as electron acceptor, as slight bulges extending downward from the and, furthermore, this staining reaction could be stratum germinativum, showed a slightly moreinhibited by the addition of iodoaeetate in a final intense reaction than the stratum germinativum.concentration of 0.01 M or higher. When control There was an increase in the number of mesen-sections were incubated in substrate-free media chymal cells (Mc) in the dermis immediatelywith nitro-NT rather than with nitro-BT, no beneath each bulge of the stratum germinativum.formazan granules formed in the cells of the These cells, representing the anlage of the hairhorny layer. The primary epithelial germs (PC), papilla, stained weakly. Large mesenchymal cellswhich were in the late bulbous peg stage, showed DEHYDROGENASE SYSTEMS DURING HISTOGENESIS OF THE SKIN 23 FIG. 2. SDSstain.12-day old embryo. The epidermis consists of an inner layer, the stratum germi- nativum (StGer), and an outer layer, the periderm. There is shght downward bulging of the stratum germinativum, indicating the primordium of the primary cpithelial germ, with increased enzymatic activity. Fine formazan granules are located in the periphery of most of the large vesicular cells of the epidermis. Beneath the bulge of the stratum germinativum, there is a concentration of mcscnchymal cells (Mc) indicating the earliest stage in the formation of a hair papilla. (X 600.) Mt PA C tt/iM FiG. 3. SDS stain. 14-day old embryo. The large cuboidal cells of the stratum germinativum and of the outer layer of the primary cpithelial germs show a palisade-like arrangement and stain alike. Large nuclei occupy a considerable part of the cells resulting in the accumulation of reactive granules above and below the nuclei, which thus form two dark hnes, one above and one below the nuclei, parallel to the surface of the epidermis. Mast cells in the upper dermis (Mt), the anlagc of a hair papilla (PA), muscle fibers (M) and faintly stained capillaries (C) show enzymatic activity.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Anatomy and Physiology of Hair
    Chapter 2 Provisional chapter Anatomy and Physiology of Hair Anatomy and Physiology of Hair Bilgen Erdoğan ğ AdditionalBilgen Erdo informationan is available at the end of the chapter Additional information is available at the end of the chapter http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/67269 Abstract Hair is one of the characteristic features of mammals and has various functions such as protection against external factors; producing sebum, apocrine sweat and pheromones; impact on social and sexual interactions; thermoregulation and being a resource for stem cells. Hair is a derivative of the epidermis and consists of two distinct parts: the follicle and the hair shaft. The follicle is the essential unit for the generation of hair. The hair shaft consists of a cortex and cuticle cells, and a medulla for some types of hairs. Hair follicle has a continuous growth and rest sequence named hair cycle. The duration of growth and rest cycles is coordinated by many endocrine, vascular and neural stimuli and depends not only on localization of the hair but also on various factors, like age and nutritional habits. Distinctive anatomy and physiology of hair follicle are presented in this chapter. Extensive knowledge on anatomical and physiological aspects of hair can contribute to understand and heal different hair disorders. Keywords: hair, follicle, anatomy, physiology, shaft 1. Introduction The hair follicle is one of the characteristic features of mammals serves as a unique miniorgan (Figure 1). In humans, hair has various functions such as protection against external factors, sebum, apocrine sweat and pheromones production and thermoregulation. The hair also plays important roles for the individual’s social and sexual interaction [1, 2].
    [Show full text]
  • Nestin Expression in Hair Follicle Sheath Progenitor Cells
    Nestin expression in hair follicle sheath progenitor cells Lingna Li*, John Mignone†, Meng Yang*, Maja Matic‡, Sheldon Penman§, Grigori Enikolopov†, and Robert M. Hoffman*¶ *AntiCancer, Inc., 7917 Ostrow Street, San Diego, CA 92111; †Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724; §Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307; and ‡Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794 Contributed by Sheldon Penman, June 25, 2003 The intermediate filament protein, nestin, marks progenitor expression of the neural stem cell protein nestin in hair follicle cells of the CNS. Such CNS stem cells are selectively labeled by stem cells suggests a possible relation. placing GFP under the control of the nestin regulatory se- quences. During early anagen or growth phase of the hair Materials and Methods follicle, nestin-expressing cells, marked by GFP fluorescence in Nestin-GFP Transgenic Mice. Nestin is an intermediate filament nestin-GFP transgenic mice, appear in the permanent upper hair (IF) gene that is a marker for CNS progenitor cells and follicle immediately below the sebaceous glands in the follicle neuroepithelial stem cells (5). Enhanced GFP (EGFP) trans- bulge. This is where stem cells for the hair follicle outer-root genic mice carrying EGFP under the control of the nestin sheath are thought to be located. The relatively small, oval- second-intron enhancer are used for studying and visualizing shaped, nestin-expressing cells in the bulge area surround the the self-renewal and multipotency of CNS stem cells (5–7). hair shaft and are interconnected by short dendrites. The precise Here we report that hair follicle stem cells strongly express locations of the nestin-expressing cells in the hair follicle vary nestin as evidenced by nestin-regulated EGFP expression.
    [Show full text]
  • Smooth Muscle A-Actin Is a Marker for Hair Follicle Dermis in Vivoand in Vitro
    Smooth muscle a-actin is a marker for hair follicle dermis in vivo and in vitro COLIN A. B. JAHODA1*, AMANDA J. REYNOLDS2•*, CHRISTINE CHAPONNIER2, JAMES C. FORESTER3 and GIULIO GABBIANI* 1Department of Biological Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, Scotland ^Department of Pathology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland ^Department of Surgery, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, Scotland * Present address: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Durham, Durham DH1 3LE, England Summary We have examined the expression of smooth muscle cells contained significant quantities of the a-actin a-actin in hair follicles in situ, and in hair follicle isoform. dermal cells in culture by means of immunohisto- The rapid switching on of smooth muscle a-actin chemistry. Smooth muscle a-actin was present in the expression by dermal papilla cells in early culture, dermal sheath component of rat vibrissa, rat pelage contrasts with the behaviour of smooth muscle cells and human follicles. Dermal papilla cells within all in vitro, and has implications for control of ex- types of follicles did not express the antigen. How- pression of the antigen in normal adult systems. The ever, in culture a large percentage of both hair very high percentage of positively marked cultured dermal papilla and dermal sheath cells were stained papilla and sheath cells also provides a novel marker by this antibody. The same cells were negative when of cells from follicle dermis, and reinforces the idea tested with an antibody to desmin. Overall, explant- that they represent a specialized cell population, derived skin fibroblasts had relatively low numbers contributing to the heterogeneity of fibroblast cell of positively marked cells, but those from skin types in the skin dermis, and possibly acting as a regions of high hair-follicle density displayed more source of myofibroblasts during wound healing.
    [Show full text]
  • The Integumentary System
    CHAPTER 5: THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. OVERALL SKIN STRUCTURE 3 LAYERS Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 5.1 Skin structure. Hair shaft Dermal papillae Epidermis Subpapillary vascular plexus Papillary layer Pore Appendages of skin Dermis Reticular • Eccrine sweat layer gland • Arrector pili muscle Hypodermis • Sebaceous (oil) gland (superficial fascia) • Hair follicle Nervous structures • Hair root • Sensory nerve fiber Cutaneous vascular • Pacinian corpuscle plexus • Hair follicle receptor Adipose tissue (root hair plexus) Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. EPIDERMIS 4 (or 5) LAYERS Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 5.2 The main structural features of the skin epidermis. Keratinocytes Stratum corneum Stratum granulosum Epidermal Stratum spinosum dendritic cell Tactile (Merkel) Stratum basale Dermis cell Sensory nerve ending (a) Dermis Desmosomes Melanocyte (b) Melanin granule Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. DERMIS 2 LAYERS Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 5.3 The two regions of the dermis. Dermis (b) Papillary layer of dermis, SEM (22,700x) (a) Light micrograph of thick skin identifying the extent of the dermis, (50x) (c) Reticular layer of dermis, SEM (38,500x) Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 5.3a The two regions of the dermis. Dermis (a) Light micrograph of thick skin identifying the extent of the dermis, (50x) Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Q1: The type of gland which secretes its products onto a surface is an _______ gland. 1) Endocrine 2) Exocrine 3) Merocrine 4) Holocrine Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Q2: The embryonic tissue which gives rise to muscle and most connective tissue is… 1) Ectoderm 2) Endoderm 3) Mesoderm Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
    [Show full text]
  • Nomina Histologica Veterinaria, First Edition
    NOMINA HISTOLOGICA VETERINARIA Submitted by the International Committee on Veterinary Histological Nomenclature (ICVHN) to the World Association of Veterinary Anatomists Published on the website of the World Association of Veterinary Anatomists www.wava-amav.org 2017 CONTENTS Introduction i Principles of term construction in N.H.V. iii Cytologia – Cytology 1 Textus epithelialis – Epithelial tissue 10 Textus connectivus – Connective tissue 13 Sanguis et Lympha – Blood and Lymph 17 Textus muscularis – Muscle tissue 19 Textus nervosus – Nerve tissue 20 Splanchnologia – Viscera 23 Systema digestorium – Digestive system 24 Systema respiratorium – Respiratory system 32 Systema urinarium – Urinary system 35 Organa genitalia masculina – Male genital system 38 Organa genitalia feminina – Female genital system 42 Systema endocrinum – Endocrine system 45 Systema cardiovasculare et lymphaticum [Angiologia] – Cardiovascular and lymphatic system 47 Systema nervosum – Nervous system 52 Receptores sensorii et Organa sensuum – Sensory receptors and Sense organs 58 Integumentum – Integument 64 INTRODUCTION The preparations leading to the publication of the present first edition of the Nomina Histologica Veterinaria has a long history spanning more than 50 years. Under the auspices of the World Association of Veterinary Anatomists (W.A.V.A.), the International Committee on Veterinary Anatomical Nomenclature (I.C.V.A.N.) appointed in Giessen, 1965, a Subcommittee on Histology and Embryology which started a working relation with the Subcommittee on Histology of the former International Anatomical Nomenclature Committee. In Mexico City, 1971, this Subcommittee presented a document entitled Nomina Histologica Veterinaria: A Working Draft as a basis for the continued work of the newly-appointed Subcommittee on Histological Nomenclature. This resulted in the editing of the Nomina Histologica Veterinaria: A Working Draft II (Toulouse, 1974), followed by preparations for publication of a Nomina Histologica Veterinaria.
    [Show full text]
  • Sweat Glands • Oil Glands • Mammary Glands
    Chapter 4 The Integumentary System Lecture Presentation by Steven Bassett Southeast Community College © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Introduction • The integumentary system is composed of: • Skin • Hair • Nails • Sweat glands • Oil glands • Mammary glands © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Introduction • The skin is the most visible organ of the body • Clinicians can tell a lot about the overall health of the body by examining the skin • Skin helps protect from the environment • Skin helps to regulate body temperature © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Integumentary Structure and Function • Cutaneous Membrane • Epidermis • Dermis • Accessory Structures • Hair follicles • Exocrine glands • Nails © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.1 Functional Organization of the Integumentary System Integumentary System FUNCTIONS • Physical protection from • Synthesis and storage • Coordination of immune • Sensory information • Excretion environmental hazards of lipid reserves response to pathogens • Synthesis of vitamin D3 • Thermoregulation and cancers in skin Cutaneous Membrane Accessory Structures Epidermis Dermis Hair Follicles Exocrine Glands Nails • Protects dermis from Papillary Layer Reticular Layer • Produce hairs that • Assist in • Protect and trauma, chemicals protect skull thermoregulation support tips • Nourishes and • Restricts spread of • Controls skin permeability, • Produce hairs that • Excrete wastes of fingers and supports pathogens prevents water loss provide delicate • Lubricate toes epidermis penetrating epidermis • Prevents entry of
    [Show full text]
  • Culturing of Melanocytes from the Equine Hair Follicle Outer Root Sheath
    processes Article Culturing of Melanocytes from the Equine Hair Follicle Outer Root Sheath Hanluo Li 1,† , Jule Kristin Michler 2,† , Alexander Bartella 1 , Anna Katharina Sander 1, Sebastian Gaus 1, Sebastian Hahnel 3, Rüdiger Zimmerer 1, Jan-Christoph Simon 4, Vuk Savkovic 1,*,‡ and Bernd Lethaus 1,‡ 1 Department of Cranial Maxillofacial Plastic Surgery, University Hospital Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; [email protected] (H.L.); [email protected] (A.B.); [email protected] (A.K.S.); [email protected] (S.G.); [email protected] (R.Z.); [email protected] (B.L.) 2 Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; [email protected] 3 Polyclinic for Dental Prosthetics and Material Sciences, University Hospital Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; [email protected] 4 Clinic for Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Hospital Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +49-341-97-21115 † The first two authors contributed equally to this work. ‡ These authors contributed equally to this work. Abstract: Hair follicles harbor a heterogeneous regenerative cell pool and represent a putative low- to-non-invasively available source of stem cells. We previously reported a technology for culturing human melanocytes from the hair follicle outer root sheath (ORS) for autologous pigmentation of tissue engineered skin equivalents. This study translated the ORS technology to horses. We de-veloped a culture of equine melanocytes from the ORS (eMORS) from equine forelock hair follicles cultured by means of an analogue human hair follicle-based in vitro methodology.
    [Show full text]
  • The Integumentary System the Integumentary System
    Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology, 4th Edition Martini / Bartholomew The Integumentary System PowerPoint® Lecture Outlines prepared by Alan Magid, Duke University Slides 1 to 51 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Integumentary Structure/Function Integumentary System Components • Cutaneous membrane • Epidermis • Dermis • Accessory structures • Subcutaneous layer (hypodermis) Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Integumentary Structure/Function Main Functions of the Integument • Protection • Temperature maintenance • Synthesis and storage of nutrients • Sensory reception • Excretion and secretion Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Integumentary Structure/Function Components of the Integumentary System Figure 5-1 Integumentary Structure/Function The Epidermis • Stratified squamous epithelium • Several distinct cell layers • Thick skin—five layers • On palms and soles • Thin skin—four layers • On rest of body Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Integumentary Structure/Function Cell Layers of The Epidermis • Stratum germinativum • Stratum spinosum • Stratum granulosum • Stratum lucidum (in thick skin) • Stratum corneum • Dying superficial layer • Keratin accumulation Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Integumentary Structure/Function The Structure of the Epidermis Figure 5-2 Integumentary Structure/Function Cell Layers of The Epidermis • Stratum germinativum
    [Show full text]
  • A New Look Into an Old Problem: Keratins As Tools to Investigate Determmanon, Morphogenesis, and Differentiation in Skin
    Downloaded from genesdev.cshlp.org on October 10, 2021 - Published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press A new look into an old problem: keratins as tools to investigate determmanon, morphogenesis, and differentiation in skin Raphael Kopan and Elaine Fuchs Departments of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637 USA We have investigated keratin and keratin mRNA expression during (1) differentiation of stem cells into epidermis and hair follicles and (2) morphogenesis of follicles. Our results indicate that a type I keratin K14 is expressed early in embryonal basal cells. Subsequently, its expression is elevated in the basal layer of developing epidermis but suppressed in developing matrix cells. This difference represents an early and major biochemical distinction between the two diverging cell types. Moreover, because expression of this keratin is not readily influenced by extracellular regulators or cell culture, it suggests a well-defined and narrow window of development during which an irreversible divergence in basal and matrix cells may take place. In contrast to KI4, which is expressed very early in development and coincident with basal epidermal differentiation, a hair- specific type I keratin and its mRNA is expressed late in hair matrix development and well after follicle morphogenesis. Besides providing an additional developmental difference between epidermal and hair matrix cells, the hair-specific keratins provide the first demonstration that keratin expression may be a consequence rather than a cause of cell organization and differentiation. [Key Words: Hair-specific keratins; keratin mRNA expression; hair follicle morphogenesis] Received September 28, 1988; revised version accepted November 22, 1988.
    [Show full text]
  • The Distribution of Nerves, Monoamine Oxidase and Cholinesterase in the Skin of Cattle by D
    J. Anat. (1966), 100, 3, pp. 593-613 593 With 21 figures Printed in Great Britain The distribution of nerves, monoamine oxidase and cholinesterase in the skin of cattle By D. McEWAN JENKINSON, B. P. SENGUPTA* AND P. S. BLACKBURN Departments of Physiology and Veterinary Pathology, Hannah Dairy Research Institute, Ayr The sweat glands in cattle are active organs (McDowell, McDaniel, Barrada & Lee, 1961; McLean, 1963). Taneja (1959) suggested on indirect evidence that they were supplied by adrenergic nerves and Findlay & Robertshaw (1964) showed that thermal sweating in the bovine requires an intact sympathetic nerve supply. There appear to be no histological studies of the innervation of the skin of cattle apart from investigations on the nerve endings in the muzzle (Nisbet, 1956) and in the hoof (Wagai & Tohara, 1962). The present work was therefore undertaken to investi- gate histologically the innervation of the skin of cattle and the distribution of mono- amine oxidase and cholinesterase within it with particular reference to the sweat glands. MATERIALS AND METHODS Specimens of skin (15 x 15 mm) were taken from the neck or dewlap immediately after slaughter from a total of seventy-five adult cattle (bulls, bullocks and cows) of varying ages (2-12 years) and breeds (Aberdeen-Angus, Ayrshire, Dairy Shorthorn, Friesian, Galloway and Hereford). Skin samples were also obtained by biopsy, using the technique of Findlay & Jenkinson (1960), from ten Ayrshire bull calves (aged 6-12 months) and from areas of skin on four Ayrshire bullocks (aged 5-11 months) 6-10 weeks after they had been sympathectomized as described by Findlay & Robertshaw (1965).
    [Show full text]
  • Skin Appendage-Derived Stem Cells: Cell Biology and Potential for Wound Repair Jiangfan Xie1, Bin Yao1,2, Yutong Han3, Sha Huang1,4* and Xiaobing Fu1,4*
    Xie et al. Burns & Trauma (2016) 4:38 DOI 10.1186/s41038-016-0064-6 REVIEW Open Access Skin appendage-derived stem cells: cell biology and potential for wound repair Jiangfan Xie1, Bin Yao1,2, Yutong Han3, Sha Huang1,4* and Xiaobing Fu1,4* Abstract Stem cells residing in the epidermis and skin appendages are imperative for skin homeostasis and regeneration. These stem cells also participate in the repair of the epidermis after injuries, inducing restoration of tissue integrity and function of damaged tissue. Unlike epidermis-derived stem cells, comprehensive knowledge about skin appendage-derived stem cells remains limited. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of skin appendage-derived stem cells, including their fundamental characteristics, their preferentially expressed biomarkers, and their potential contribution involved in wound repair. Finally, we will also discuss current strategies, future applications, and limitations of these stem cells, attempting to provide some perspectives on optimizing the available therapy in cutaneous repair and regeneration. Keywords: Skin appendages, Stem cells, Cell biology, Wound healing Background However, the report of autoallergic repair by skin ap- Skin as a barrier for resisting external invasion is pendage-derived progenitor/stem cells remains limited. distributed to every part of the body, which concludes This review aimed primarily to introduce the skin the epidermis and dermis [1]. Morphologically, the appendage-derived progenitor/stem cells, including their epidermis is the structure in the skin’s outermost layer, characteristics, functions, therapeutic potentials, and and it together with its derivative appendages protects limitations as therapeutic tools for wound healing. In the theorganismfromtheoutside,aswellasregulatesthe following sections, we defined skin appendage-derived body temperature and homeostasis [2].
    [Show full text]
  • Serial Cultivation of Single Keratinocytes from the Outer Root Sheath of Human Scalp Hair Follicles
    Serial Cultivation of Single Keratinocytes from the Outer Root Sheath of Human Scalp Hair Follicles A lain Limat, Ph.D. and Friedrich K. N aser, Ph.D. Cosmital SA, Marl y, Switze rl and (Resea rch Compa ny of We ll a AG, Darmstadt, F. R.G.) A m e tho d fo r the isolatio n of o uter root sheath k eratino­ h air follicle (yielding approximately 1. 5 X 104 cells) con­ cytes from pluck ed human hair follicles and for their sub­ sistentl y gave rise to a confluent 35-mm culture dish (with sequent cultivatio n h as been develop ed. T he selective tryp­ approximately 1.5 X 106 cells) w ithin abo ut 2 weeks. The sinizatio n of o uter root sheath k eratinocytes provided a o u ter root sh eath k eratinocytes can be serially p assaged for sin gle cell su spension of d efined o rigin within the h air fol­ up to 3 times and also cryopreserved . J In vest Derm ato! licle. T h e 3T3 feede r layer technique suppo rts su stained 87:485- 488, 1986 growth of these cells in that as little as o ne single pluck ed lucked hair folli cles were fi rst used as a convenient bi­ the fo llicles were transferred in to a 35-mm Petri dish. The re­ opsy material fo r the study of geneti c disorders and for maining liquid was sucked off and 10 fo llicles covered with 200 diagnosti c purposes. T hereafter, it beca me evident that ILl 0.1 % trypsin (1: 250) and 0.02% EDTA in phosphate-buffered hair fo llicles provide an interesting model system of saline (PBS) without Ca + + and M g + + (pH 7.2) and incubated epithelial ce ll s for more fundamenta l biomedi ca l re­ for 10 min at 3rc.
    [Show full text]