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Lemur Catta in the Region of Cap Sainte-Marie, Madagascar

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Lemur Catta in the Region of Cap Sainte-Marie, Madagascar Washington University in St. Louis Washington University Open Scholarship All Theses and Dissertations (ETDs) January 2011 Lemur catta in the Region of Cap Sainte-Marie, Madagascar: Introduced cacti, xerophytic Didiereaceae-Euphorbia bush, and tombs Elizabeth Kelley Washington University in St. Louis Follow this and additional works at: https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/etd Recommended Citation Kelley, Elizabeth, "Lemur catta in the Region of Cap Sainte-Marie, Madagascar: Introduced cacti, xerophytic Didiereaceae-Euphorbia bush, and tombs" (2011). All Theses and Dissertations (ETDs). 176. https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/etd/176 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by Washington University Open Scholarship. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Theses and Dissertations (ETDs) by an authorized administrator of Washington University Open Scholarship. For more information, please contact [email protected]. WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY IN ST. LOUIS Department of Anthropology Dissertation Examination Committee: Robert W. Sussman, Chair Stanton Braude Jane Phillips-Conroy D. Tab Rasmussen Peter Raven Crickette Sanz Lemur catta in the Region of Cap Sainte-Marie, Madagascar: Introduced cacti, xerophytic Didiereaceae-Euphorbia bush, and tombs by Elizabeth Ann Kelley A dissertation presented to the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Of Washington University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy May 2011 St. Louis, Missouri Copyright by Elizabeth Ann Kelley 2011 Acknowledgements This monograph is the product of hard work, critical thinking, and support from numerous people. I would like to take the time to thank everyone here. First, I would like to thank my committee members, Dr. Stanton Braude, Dr. Jane Phillips-Conroy, Dr. D. Tab Rasmussen, Dr. Peter Raven, Dr. Crickette Sanz, and Dr. Robert Sussman for greatly improving the content of the dissertation through thoughtful suggestions, editing and insight on earlier drafts. Dr. Peter Raven has been especially committed to the botanical component of this project, and his involvement has led to what I feel is a probable reconstruction on the complex history of Oputia monacantha and Lemur catta in southern Madagascar. Some of these committee members I have known for many years, and, in fact, Tab, as my undergraduate advisor and through example, has been one of the strongest influences in the growth and shaping of me as a primatologist. Dr. Robert Sussman, my major advisor in graduate school and chair of the committee, was especially committed to the shaping of this project, and it was his vision that a study on L. catta in low density forest was a much needed endeavor. It was an honor to be a student of Bob, not only because he had the spirit to conduct research in Madagascar when few others were doing it, but also because he is a critical thinker not afraid to confront popular paradigms that he feels are neither supported by data nor hold a foundation in reality. I hope that some of his influence is reflected in the text. I would also like to thank Dr. Ellen Dierenfeld and Dr. Randy Junge for their committed work on the nutrition and health component of this project from design to completion. Their assistance with interpretations especially merits them as coauthors of this chapter. In addition, Dr. Randy Junge’s participation extended beyond the confines of St. Louis, as he flew to the site to conduct the health assessments in exchange for a ii couple of beers. In addition, he brought with him Dr. Fidy Rasambainarivo, a talented young wildlife veterinarian who I am certain will someday become one of the leading conservationists in Madagascar. Randy’s and Fidy’s optimism and energy are inspiring. Acuna club! Jeannin Renaivonasy from the School of Agronomy at the University of Antananarivo and Dr. Benjamin Andriamihaja from MICET were instrumental in obtaining necessary permits and vehicles for the five day trek from Antananarivo to CSM. In addition, Rado was a trustworthy driver, no easy task on Madagascar roads in the rainy season, and thanks to his assistance, many bureaucratic obstacles that could have greatly hindered the progress of the project were overcome. One of the strengths of this project was the close access I had to the lemurs on private land that included precious crop land and sacred forests. This would not have been possible without the kindness and acceptance of the villagers of Bevaro Moravato, Tsankalamanga, and Andafambola. Tsivohitse, President of the fokotana, was especially instrumental in granting me access to an environment that few Westerners have had the privilege to visit. The primary guides of this study, Mahiratse and Tsivotse’s youngest son, Mialasoa, made a perfect team. Both had skills that complimented the other, and their competence is reflected in the amount of time I was able to spend collecting quality data throughout the year. In addition, Mialsoa’s recognition that the lemurs were to be treasured early in the study despite his youth and lack of formal education in conservation science was truly inspiring. If he passes his compassion to his children, then the lemurs of CSM will be in protected hands. iii The employees of ANGAP Cap Sainte-Marie were instrumental in ensuring that I was cared for and safe at the campsite. In addition, they kindly lent me the on-sight ANGAP building to weigh and measure plant samples in a suitable environment at the expense of their own comfort. Their kindness and friendship, especially among the wives, made me truly feel at home. Likewise, Domoina Rakotomalala, an employee of ANGAP in the southern domain, was a reliable and inspirational presence at Cap Sainte-Marie. I was encouraged by her wish to continue research on CSM L. catta at the completion of this project, and she has continued to be a reliable contact for delivering news to and from the region. Mbola V.A. Balzac, ANGAP botanist for Madagascar’s southern domain (Andohahela), provided essential information on the scientific names of the lemurs’ diets. His assistance greatly improved this aspect of the project. My dad, Richard Torkelson, drove five hours in the rain and spent two days with me to provide invaluable insight on the content and presentation of this work for the public talk. In addition, he was a great field assistant and companion when he came to the site March and April of 2008. He was especially helpful with the collection and drying process of the plant samples, each of which he weighed and dried with the methodical and meticulous care of someone with the soul of a scientist. Most importantly, although we didn’t know it then, he gave up two precious months with his wife and my mother at her insistence to make sure I was ok. She died two years after his visit, and that time they had after he retired was donated to my welfare and the completion of this project. Thank you. iv Brad Kelley, my husband, was instrumental in the execution of this project from start to finish. From setting up my campsite with an in-depth solar panel system to maximize my comfort, to reading drafts of grants and chapters in their roughest forms, to spending endless hours with me working on Access, to taking time away from his own career to work with me in the field, spreading his charm and generosity among the villagers to ensure that, by proxy, I would be accepted as a member of the community. His participation in this project was comprehensive, and no amount of words with give justice to the credit he deserves. He truly should be a coauthor of this dissertation. During this final phase of the dissertation, I experienced both the loss of a close loved one and the birth of two beautiful children. The adaptability and strength that exuded all life in the CSM region is what encouraged me to continue to work on this project even when it seemed that life would direct me to do the opposite. I still carry the place’s strength with me, and I hope that I can pass that strength on to my children. v Last, I would like to recognize the ring-tailed lemurs that inhabit this region. Out of all the observations, there is one that best summarizes their character: A female infant in the Tsankalamanga troop was observed one day with what appeared to be a broken back. All who observed the incident were certain she would die. Her crying, which persisted all day, was unbearable. The temperature that day was 95º+F, and she kept dragging herself out of the shade in an attempt to follow the troop. Her mother was the oldest female in the study; a scraggly female who appeared to be the mother of at least two other females in the troop. The mother continuously approached the infant to move her to the shade, while the rest of the troop ceased all activity and watched through an O. ficus-indica hedge. The next day, the troop had left for a long excursion to the other end of their home range. We were certain +that the infant had died. Then we saw the drag marks. This female had dragged her infant from one end of the troop’s habitat to the other, and the infant had clung on her back with her hands, dangling her feet all the way. The following weeks, we watched as this female would be “parked” on a branch, hanging by her hands meters from the ground. We were always certain she wouldn’t survive. Except that she did. In fact, she recovered completely from the incident and became an active, well-nourished central troop member. We named her Oops.
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