Official New York, from Cleveland to Hughes
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\ \ V OFFICIAL N E W YORK FROM CLEVELAND TO HUGHES IN FOUR VOLUMES Editor CHARLES ELLIOTT FITCH, L. H. D. VOLUME IV HURD PUBLISHING COMPANY NEW YORK AND BUFFALO 1911 ITevTyorkII •C LIBRARY 53H1^?4 Copyright, 19U, by HURD PtTBLISHING COMPANY ADVISORY COMMITTEE Joseph H. Choate, LL.D.,D.C.L. Hon. John Woodward, LL.D. James S. Sherman, LL. D. De Alva S. Alexander, LL. D. Hon. Cornelius N. Bliss Henry W. Hill, LL. D. Horace Porter, LL. D. William C. Morey, LL.D. Andrew D. White, LL.D.,D.C.L. Pliny T. Se.xton, LL.D. David J. Hill, LL.D. M. Woolsey Stryker, D.D.,LL.D. Chauncey M. Depew, LL.D. Charles S. Symonds Hon. Horace White Hon. J. Sloat Fassett Charles Andrews, LL. D. Hon. John B. Stanchfield A. Judd Northrup, LL.D. Morgan J. O'Brien, LL.D. T. Guilford Smith, LL. D. Hon. William F. Sheehan Daniel Beach, LL.D. Hon. S. N. D. North CONTENTS CH.\PTER I PAGE Greater NE^y York 13 CH.\PTER II Onondaga County 49 CHAPTER III Ontario County ......... 83 CHAPTER IV OR.'iJfGE County 97 CHAPTER V Orleans County . 107 CHAPTER VI Oswego County Ill CHAPTER VII Putn^vai County 123 CHAPTER VIII Queens County 127 CHAPTER IX Rensselaer and Washington Counties .... 139 CHAPTER X Richmond County . 155 CHAPTER XI Rockland County 157 CHAPTER XII St. Lawrence County . 163 CHAPTER XIII Saratoga County 165 CHAPTER XIV Schenectady County 175 CHAPTER XV Schuyler County I79 CH.VPTER XVI PAGE Seneca County 187 CHAPTER XVII Steuben County 195 CHAPTER XVIII Suffolk County 203 CHAPTER XIX Sullivan County 205 CHAPTER XX Tioga County 209 CHAPTER XXI Tompkins County 217 CHAPTER XXII Warren County 223 CHAPTER XXIII Wayne County 229 CHAPTER XXIV Westchester County 259 CHAPTER XXV AVyoming County 271 CHAPTER XXVI Yates County 291 Appendix 315 CHAPTER I Greater New York By Willis Fletcher Johnson, L. H. D. scheme of what was subsequently and awk- THEwardly called Greater New York was conceived about thirty years before its realization by the same mind which ultimately directed its execution. As early as 1868 Andrew Haswell Green, of New York city, suggested and began to advocate the enlargement of the into a territorial bounds of that city and the consolidation of York single municipality of all the communities New State which were clustered about New York bay and along the North and East rivers. Mr. Green, then of puissant middle age, was a successful lawyer with a genius for municipal development and administrative reform, and with a broader and further-reaching vision than that which was enjoyed by most of his contemporaries. In 1857 he had been appointed by the Legislature one of the board of commissioners of Central Park and for more than ten years had been comptroller of the park, having supreme executive authority over that great pleasure ground during the years of its formation and development. More than any other one man he was the administrative creator of Central Park, and it was as a logical outgrowth 13 OFFICIAL NEW YORK FROM CLEVELAND TO HUGHES of his work there that he was inspired to move for consoh- dation of the metropoHtan municipalities. In addition to creating Central Park, Mr. Green was called upon to select ground for other parks in the still of this more remote parts of the city. In the prosecution work he became impressed with the fact that the northern end of Manhattan Island was several miles further from the City Hall than was the southern end of Westchester county. Yet the former, with its sparse population, was a part of New York city; while the latter, with its cluster of populous and rapidly-growing communities and im- portant industries and commerce, was outside the city and was connected physically with it by nothing more than a few shabby bridges and ferries. In one township in that part of Westchester county there were twelve villages and in another there were nine, all of which were steadily growing and becoming merged into one large community. And so Mr. Green urged that that part of Westchester county should be annexed to New York city, though not, perhaps, to New York county; and he further suggested that the same disposal should be made of Brooklyn and other communities on Long Island. That was in 1868, and in an oflScial report made to the board of commissioners of Central Park he said: " It is not intended now to do more than direct attention to the important subject of bringing the city of New York and the county of Kings, a part of Westchester county and a part of Queens and Rich- mond, including the various suburbs of the city within a certain radial distance from the centre, under one common municipal government, to be arranged in departments under a single executive head." 14 OFFICIAL NEW YORK FROM CLEVELAND TO HUGHES At that time his scheme seemed quite impracticable. The various municipahties in question were widely sepa- rated and some of them had apparently little community of interest, while some of them had an intense and sensi- tive local pride which caused them to regard with disfavor any pi'oposal to merge them into the larger city and thus to destroy their individuality. New York itself, nomin- ally and technically embracing all of Manhattan Island, was a congeries of still semi-detached communities — Har- lem, Yorkville, Inwood, Carmansville, Bloomingdale, Chelsea and others retaining a large measure of local individuality and being separated from each other and from the city proper at the lower end of the island by considerable spaces of unoccupied land. Brooklyn was still confined to narrow limits within which it was divided into distinct communities, while East New York, Flatbush, Gravesend and other places were still independent rural villages, and Coney Island was a remote and quite de- tached resort for fishing, bathing and picnicking of a primitive kind. Greenpoint, Ravenswood, Astoria and Maspeth were widely separated towns awaiting consolida- tion into Long Island City, while Jamaica and Whitestone were reckoned to be outside the limit of actual suburbs. Conditions of municipal administration in New York were, moreover, unpropitious for the success of an annexation or consolidation movement. The notorious " " Tweed Ring was in undisputed power and was plung- the into ing city debt with reckless profligacy. Exposure of its dishonesty had not yet been convincingly made, 15 OFFICIAL NEW YORK FROM CLEVELAND TO HUGHES and the general public saw simply its grandiose public works, which were often of real and great utility, though in and manner. generally executed an extravagant corrupt But already widespread suspicion and discontent were in a arising, which a few years later culminated civic revolution. In the latter movement Mr. Green took a conspicuous and most valuable part. It was to save the city from further plundering that he was made deputy comptroller of New York, and in permitting him to be " " appointed to that place the Tweed Ring signed its own death warrant. For several years his chief activities the were given to reorganization of the city's finances and averting of threatened bankruptcy, work which he accom- plished with admirable skill; and though for a time his plans of municipal consolidation had to be held in abey- ance, the work of reform which he was doing was of paramount importance as a preparation for the ultimate execution of those plans. A considerable step toward the execution of Mr. Green's great scheme was effected in 1873, when the bord- ers of New York city were for the first time extended be- yond Manhattan Island and were made to include a part of the mainland of Westchester county, comprising the villages of Morrisania, Tremont, Fordham and others, a I'egion for years thereafter popularly known as the Annexed District. This achievement was in accord with Mr. Green's proposals of 1868 and was in itself not inconsider- able, and it strongly turned public thought toward the other and greater consolidation which had been suggested. 16 OFFICIAL NEW YORK FROM CLEVELAND TO HUGHES If a part of Westchester county could be included within New York city, so could the counties of Kings and Rich- at mond and least a part of Queens. If it was logical to bring INIorrisania and Fordham under the municipal gov- ernment of New York, it would be logical to do the same with the much larger and really more closely adjacent communities of Brooklyn and Greenpoint. Accordingly, a dozen years after the Westchester annexation, Mr. Green was able to lead a definite and well-organized movement for the accomplishment of his original scheme, and in 1890 he was appointed the head of a commission of eleven members, charged with the task of formulating the necessary measures for the proposed metropolitan consolidation. His memorial to the Legislature, which moved it to appoint this commission, was a most impressive and con- vincing document. He pointed out the fact that the metropolis at that time consisted practically of three whole counties, two parts of counties, two cities and fifteen townships, and he contrasted the difference between the results of their remaining separate and discordant and of their becoming a harmonious whole. He discussed the control and utilization of the waters and of the land lines of transportation; the regulation of factories and indus- tries; the suppression of vice and crime; the extension of public works of various kinds; the improvement of administration through the increase of efficiency and—as he vainly hoped — the decrease of expense. The memor- ial was successfully persuasive.