Nternational Handbook of Academic Research and Teaching
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ISSN 19401884 nternational Handbook of Academic Research and Teaching 2009 Proceedings Volume 7 Published by: Intellectbase International Consortium . 0 INTELLECTBASE INTERNATIONAL CONSORTIUM Academic Conference, Atlanta, GA, Oct. 15-17, 2009 Intellectual Perspectives & Multi-Disciplinary Foundations Conference Proceedings Fall 2009 PROGRAM COMMITTEE Dr. David King Ms. Belinda Krigel Conference CoChair Conference CoChair CONFERENCE ORGANIZERS & INTERNATIONAL AFFILIATES United States Australia Europe Ms.Sylvia Carter Mrs. Karina Dyer Mr. Kevin Kofi Ms. Tiara Walker Mr. Graeme William Mr. Benjamin Effa Mr. Ben Murray Ms. Michelle Joanne Ms. Christina Maame Ms. Loria Hampton Mrs. Wendy Morrell Mr. Kenneth Obeng ACADEMIC ASSOCIATES Dr. Nitya Karmakar Dr. Danka Radulovic Australian Affiliate European Affiliate Dr. Sloan T. Letman III Dr. Peter Ross United States Affiliate United States Affiliate www.intellectbase.org 1 Published by Intellectbase International Consortium (IIC) Conference Committee: Intellectbase International Consortium, 1615 Seventh Avenue North, Nashville, TN 37208, USA ISSN (Print): 19401876 Issued by the Library of Congress, Washington DC, USA ISSN (CDROM): 19401884 Issued by the Library of Congress, Washington DC, USA ©2009. This volume is copyright to the Intellectbase International Consortium Academic Conferences. Apart from use as permitted under the Copyright Act of 1976, no part may be reproduced by any process without prior written permission. EXECUTIVE EDITORIAL BOARD (EEB) AND REVIEWERS TASK PANEL (RTP) Dr. David White Dr. Dennis Taylor Roosevelt University, USA RMIT University, Australia Dr. Danka Radulovic Dr. Harrison C. Hartman University of Belgrade, Serbia University of Georgia, USA Dr. Sloan T. Letman, III Dr. Sushil Misra American Intercontinental University, USA Concordia University, Canada Dr. Jiri Strouhal Dr. Avis Smith University of EconomicsPrague, Czech Republic New York City College of Technology, USA Dr. Joel Jolayemi Dr. Smaragda Papadopoulou Tennessee State University, USA University of Ioannina, Greece Dr. Xuefeng Wang Dr. Burnette Hamil Taiyun Normal University, China Mississippi State University, USA Dr. Jeanne Kuhler Dr. Alejandro Flores Castro Auburn University, USA Universidad de Pacifico, Peru Dr. Babalola J. Ogunkola Dr. Robert Robertson Olabisi Onabanjo University, Nigeria Southern Utah University, USA Dr. Debra Shiflett Dr. Sonal Chawla American Intercontinental University, USA Panjab University, India Dr. Cheaseth Seng Dr. Jianjun Yin RMIT University, Australia Jackson State Univerrsity, USA Dr. R. Ivan Blanco Dr. Shikha VyasDoorgapersad Texas State University – San Marcos, USA NorthWest University, South Africa Dr. Tahir Husain Dr. James D. Williams Memorial University of Newfoundland, Canada Kutztown University, USA Dr. Jifu Wang Dr. Tehmina Khan University of Houston Victoria, USA RMIT University, Australia Dr. Janet Forney Dr. Werner Heyns Piedmont College, USA Savell Bird & Axon, UK Dr. Adnan Bahour Dr. Mike Thomas Zagazig University, Egypt Humboldt State University, USA Dr. Rodney Davis Dr. William Ebomoyi Troy University, USA Chicago State University, USA Dr. Mumbi Kariuki Dr. Khalid Alrawi Nipissing University, Canada AlAin University of Science and Technology, United Arab Emirates 2 EXECUTIVE EDITORIAL BOARD (EEB) AND REVIEWERS TASK PANEL (RTP) (Continued) Dr. Mohsen NaserTavakolian Dr. Joselina Cheng San Francisco State University, USA University of Central Oklahoma, USA Dr. Rafiuddin Ahmed Dr. Natalie Housel James Cook University, Australia Tennessee State University, USA Dr. Regina Schaefer Dr. Nitya Karmakar University of La Verne, USA University of Western Sydney, Australia Dr. Ademola Olatoye Dr. Anita King Olabisi Onabanjo University, Nigeria University of South Alabama, USA Dr. Dana Tesone Dr. Lloyd V. Dempster University of Central Florida, USA Texas A & M University Kingsville, USA Dr. Farhad Simyar Dr. Bijesh Tolia Chicago State University, USA Chicago State University, USA Dr. John O'Shaughnessy Dr. John Elson San Francisco State University, USA National University, USA Dr. Stephen Kariuki Dr. Demi Chung Nipissing University, Canada University of Sydney, Australia Dr. Rose Mary Newton Dr. James (Jim) Robbins University of Alabama, USA Trinity Washington University, USA Dr. Mahmoud AlDalahmeh Dr. Jeffrey (Jeff) Kim University of Wollongong, Australia University of Washington, USA Dr. Shahnawaz Muhammed Dr. Dorothea Gaulden Fayetteville State University, USA Sensible Solutions, USA Dr. Brett Sims Dr. Gerald Marquis Grambling State University, USA Tennessee State University, USA Dr. Frank Tsui Ms. Katherine Leslie Southern Polytechnic State University, USA American Intercontinental University, USA Dr. John Tures Dr. David Davis LaGrange College, USA The University of West Florida, USA Dr. Mary Montgomery Dr. Peter Ross Jacksonville State University, USA Mercer University, USA Dr. Frank Cheng Dr. Van Reidhead Central Michigan University, USA University of TexasPan American, USA Dr. Vera Lim MeiLin Dr. Denise Richardson The University of Sydney, Australia Bluefield State College, USA Dr. Robin Latimer Dr. Reza Vaghefi Lamar University, USA University of North Florida, USA Ms. Alison Duggins Dr. Jeffrey Siekpe American Intercontinental University, USA Tennessee State University, USA Dr. Michael Alexander Dr. Greg Gibbs University of Arkansas at Monticello, USA St. Bonaventure University, USA Dr. Kehinde Alebiosu Dr. Mike Rippy Olabisi Onabanjo University, Nigeria Troy University, USA 3 EXECUTIVE EDITORIAL BOARD (EEB) AND REVIEWERS TASK PANEL (RTP) (Continued) Dr. Gina Pipoli de Azambuja Dr. Steven Watts Universidad de Pacifico, Peru Pepperdine University, USA Dr. Andy Ju An Wang Dr. Ada Anyamene Southern Polytechnic State University, USA Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nigeria Dr. Edilberto Raynes Dr. Nancy Miller Tennessee State University, USA Governors State University, USA Dr. Dobrivoje Radovanovic Dr. David F. Summers University of Belgrade, Serbia University of HoustonVictoria, USA Dr. George Romeo Dr. Robert Kitahara Rowan University, USA Troy University – Southeast Region, USA Dr. William Root Dr. Brandon Hamilton Augusta State University, USA Hamilton's Solutions, USA Dr. Natalie Weathers Dr. William Cheng Philadelphia University, USA Troy University, USA Dr. Linwei Niu Dr. Taida Kelly Claflin University, USA Governors State University, USA Dr. Nesa L’Abbe Wu Dr. Denise de la Rosa Eastern Michigan University, USA Grand Valley State University, USA Dr. Rena Ellzy Dr. Kimberly Johnson Tennessee State University, USA Auburn University Montgomery, USA Dr. Kathleen Quinn Dr. Sameer Vaidya Louisiana State University, USA Texas Wesleyan University, USA Dr. Josephine Ebomoyi Dr. Pamela Guimond Northwestern Memorial Hospital, USA Governors State University, USA Dr. Douglas Main Dr. Vivian Kirby Eastern New Mexico University, USA Kennesaw State University, USA Dr. Sonya Webb Dr. Randall Allen Montgomery Public Schools, USA Southern Utah University, USA Dr. Angela Williams Dr. Claudine Jaenichen Alabama A&M University, USA Chapman University, USA Dr. Carolyn Spillers Jewell Dr. Richard Dane Holt Fayetteville State University, USA Eastern New Mexico University, USA Dr. Kingsley Harbor Dr. BarbaraLeigh Tonelli Jacksonville State University, USA Coastline Community College, USA Dr. Barbara Mescher Dr. William J. Carnes University of Sydney, Australia Metropolitan State College of Denver, USA Dr. Chris Myers Dr. Faith Anyachebelu Texas A & M University – Commerce, USA Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nigeria Dr. Kevin Barksdale Dr. Donna Cooner Union University, USA Colorado State University, USA Dr. Michael Campbell Dr. Kenton Fleming Florida A&M University, USA Southern Polytechnic State University, USA 4 EXECUTIVE EDITORIAL BOARD (EEB) AND REVIEWERS TASK PANEL (RTP) (Continued) Dr. Thomas Griffin Dr. Zoran Ilic Nova Southeastern University, USA University of Belgrade, Serbia Dr. James N. Holm Dr. Edilberto A. Raynes University of HoustonVictoria, USA Tennessee State University, USA Dr. Richard Dane Holt Dr. Cerissa Stevenson Veterans' Administration, USA Colorado State University, USA Dr. Rhonda Holt Dr. Donna Stringer New Mexico Christian Children's Home, USA University of HoustonVictoria, USA Dr. YuWen Huang Dr. Lesley M. Mace Spalding University, USA Auburn University Montgomery, USA Dr. Christian V. Fugar Dr. Cynthia Summers Dillard University, USA University of HoustonVictoria, USA Dr. John M. Kagochi Dr. BarbaraLeigh Tonelli University of HoustonVictoria, USA Coastline Community College, USA Dr. YongGyo Lee Dr. Rehana Whatley University of HoustonVictoria, USA Oakwood University, USA Dr. George Mansour Dr. Jianjun Yin DeVry College of NY, USA Jackson State University, USA Dr. Peter Miller Dr. Carolyn S. Payne Indiana Wesleyan University, USA Nova Southeastern University, USA Dr. Ted Mitchell Dr. Veronica Paz University of Nevada, USA Nova Southeastern University, USA Dr. Alma MintuWimsatt Dr. Terence Perkins Texas A & M University – Commerce, USA Veterans' Administration, USA Dr. Liz Mulig Dr. Dev Prasad University of HoustonVictoria, USA University of Massachusetts Lowell, USA Dr. Robert R. O'Connell Jr. Dr. KongCheng Wong JSA Healthcare Corporation, USA Governors State University, USA Dr. P.N. Okorji Dr. Azene Zenebe Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nigeria Bowie State University, USA Dr. James Ellzy Dr. Sandra Davis Tennessee State University, USA The University of West Florida, USA Dr. Padmini Banerjee Dr. Yvonne