General Index

Italic page numbers indicate that the topic appears in an illustration works as cited in this volume may be found in the Bibliographical or in its caption on the cited page. Authors are listed in this index Index. only when their ideas or works are discussed; full listings of authors'

Abacal maize tablets (yupanas), 291, 291 of Moche art, 278 Marshallese navigators, 485 n.165, 293, 297 of native North American maps, 56, 137, Marshallese stick charts, 482, 484 Abalone, 110 178 Ngati Pikiao land-claim map, 528 Abbadie, Antoine d', 28, 29 by Bad Heart Bull, 120, 176 by Rakiraki, 520 Abdulrahamani, King, 40 on birchbark, 79-80 rebbelib stick chart, 480-82 Abenaki Indians, 136 van den Bosh map, 97 by Ropoama te One, 525 and map of Maine coastline, 90, 91 Chickasaw map, 100, 101 by Te Huruhuru, 518 and map of Rangeley Lakes , 86 coastlines on and Subarctic maps, by Tuki, 508 and message maps, 84 165-66 by Tupaia, 446, 449-50 Abip (hamlets), 430 compiled for Inuit Land Use and Occu- by Yarapat, 436, 437 Aborigines, Australian. See , Abo­ pancy Project, 170 of South American and maps, rigines by Erk-sin'-ra, 157 317, 321, 325 Absaroka Range, 132 by Hearne, 146 n.291 of Tupaia's navigation, 449 Abstract designs by Howling Wolf, 118, 119 Achernar, 306 Andean, 294 Iglulik maps of coast- Achuar culture, 303 on Map Rock petroglyph, 62, 64 line, 157 Ackentjaekon, 75, 76 in Mesoamerican mapping, 183, 193, 198 by Inuit, 155, 156, 159 Ac ko mok ki (the Feathers, the younger Acalan, 228 Kangarjuatjiarmiut coastline map, 157 Old Swan), 132, 132 nn.251, 253, Acalhuacan (Place of Those Who Have made for Dickinson, 129 133 Canoes), 221 made for James, 129 Acktis Island, 112, 113, 180 Acatl (Reed) (year sign), 203, 232 made for La Salle, 95 Acolhuas, 205 n.66, 207 Accounting, 290 by Meatonabee and Idotlyazee, 146 and Codex Xolotl, 207, 218, 248-49, Acculturation, stages of, 172-74, 175 n.291 539-40 Accuracy Montagnais map, 136 hill pictograph, 200 of accounts of Inka mapping, 284-85 by Non-Chi-Ning-Ga, 177-78 Acosta, Jose de, 258 n.8 of African maps, 36, 43, 47 of St. Lawrence, Connecticut, Hudson, Acrylic of Australian Aboriginal maps, 394, 401 and Susquehanna Rivers, 77, 77 Australian Aboriginal maps in, 405, 405 of Australian Aboriginal paintings, 364, n.81 n.49 380 de Soto expedition map, 95 Australian Aboriginal paintings in, 359, of captions to Howling Wolf's ledger art, of Susquehanna River, 77 362, 379, 382 118 by Toolemak, 157 Active (ship), 501 of Chimu surveying instruments, 284 of coastline, 157 Adler, Bruno F., 339 n.34 of Cook's determination of distance Wahpekute map of upper on African mapmaking, 24 between and sun, 446 Valley, 129 "Karty pervobytnykh narodov" (Maps of of Eurasian and Subarctic maps, by Wetalltok, 165 primitive peoples), 330 n.8 339 n.34 by Windigo, 151 and maps brought back by Weule, 37 of Garcilaso's writings, 285 of Oceanic nautical cartography and navi­ and North American mapmaking, 55 of Goodenough's diagram of Carolinian gation, 460-61 and South American mapmaking, 257, star compass, 464 of Pacific Basin maps 258 of map of Cuzco Valley, 285 by Cantova, 453, 454 and traditional cartography, 8 of Mau's navigation, 474 by E Mare, 503 Admiralty, British, 157, 158 of Mesoamerican maps by Hone Tiihawaiki, 514, 516, 517 Aduno kine (life of the world) sign, 26 boundary map from Codex Xolotl, 208 by Klein, 452 Aerial views, 363 n.41 of Cuauhtinchan, 205, 207 by Kotzebue, 453-54, 457 Afek, 427 in Primeros memoriales, 225, 227 Maori map made for Halswell, 494 n.7 , 13-48 of Milligan's study of Tuki's map, 508 Maori map of , 510 Austronesian traders and, 421 n.67 Maori map of Lake Rotokakahi, 512 dearth of studies of mapmaking, 24 579 580 General Index

European influence on mapmaking, Alaska Commercial Company, 166 in basin of, 301 33-37, 41-48 Albany, New York, 74-77 on Mapa de la Provincia de los Aruacas, influence on European mapmaking, Albatross, 490, 492 323 38-41 Aldan River, 343 serpentine imagery for, 316, 324 intertropical Aldebaran, 465 Amazon women, 324 cosmographic maps from, 25-30 Algie Indians, 52 Amdrup expedition, 167 indigenous mapmaking, 24-48 Algonquian Indians American Geographical Society Collection, solicited maps from, 33-37 contact with Europeans, 66-67 University of Wisconsin-Milwau­ maps of cosmographic map by, 52, 69, 70, 175, kee, 56, 56 n.27 by Bello, 34-35 181 n.367 American Museum of Natural History, by Erhardt, 41 and design biting, 142 New York, 160, 160 n.321, 161, reference maps, 13, 25, 38 language, 99 n.165, 135 491 rock art, 26 map of James River, 68, 68 n.64 Amerindians. See Indians southern and Percy's map, 69-70, 72 Amharic, 28 agriculturalist rock engravings in, 17-23 Powhatan's maps, 69-70 Amma (god), 26, 27 cartographic content of rock art in, and Velasco map, 70 n.76 Ammarell, Gene, 488, 488 n.116 13-23 Algonquin Indians, 69, 70 n.76, 89 Ammassalik Eskimos, 167-68, 169, 176 hunter-gatherer rock art in, 14-17 Alignment, burial, 497,497 n.22 Ammassalik (Angmagssalik) fjord, 168 rock art distribution, 18 Alkire, William H., 463, 464, 465, 466, Amnya River, 343, 346 use of circle in cartography, 539 467,470 n.74 Amoltepec, 196, 210, 214, 240-41, Afterlife Allallinga, 407 242-43, 248-49 Eurasian Arctic and Subarctic labyrinth Allegheny Mountains, 70, 72 Amphibians, 288 signs and, 331 Allegheny River, 70, 72, 88 Amu (mountain sheep, three stars of Kaata rites, 299 Alliance belts. See Wampum, belts ), 112 Agades, 36-37 Alligators, 305 Amulets, 269-70, 299 Agassiz, Alexander, 490, 492 Almanacs, 229-32 building models found at Tiwanaku used Aghil,40 Almudj,357 as, 282 Agriculturalists, African, 17-23 Alphabets drawn by Guaman Poma, 287, 288 Agriculture, 172-73 Inka lack of, 258 n.8 Moche models as, 279 in AItiJ cosmology, 318 Latin, 199 River, 339, 345 Andean, 257 and Mesoamerican mapping, 183,240, Amur River peoples, 171 Bennett Stela and, 281, 282 242-44 Ana'a Atoll, 460 and boundaries in San Andres de of Atlatlahuacan, Morelos, 242, 243 Anacondas Machaca, 262, 263 Don Miguel Damian's property map, Amazon River basin as, 316 figura mitol6gica and, 277 226 celestial, 304, 308, 311, 320 khipus and, 291 Humboldt Fragment 2, 222 in Tukano origin myth, 309 Paracas polychrome mantle and, 273 Lienzo of Petlacala, 246, 247 Anadyr River, 341 n.45 on Qheswa pallay, 267 Lienzo of Zacatepec 2, 213 Ancestors in rock art, 271 Mapa de Santa Cruz, 244 Andean imagery regarding, 299 Maori, 493 Plano en papel de maguey, 187 petroglyphs, 309 Mesoamerican, 221, 237 of Tetliztaca, 246 Ancestral Connections (Howard Morphy), Plano en papel de maguey, 184, 186-87, of Zolipa, , 243 371 196, 224, 252-53 on map of Barnum, 43 n.82 Anchorages, 514, 531 n.125, 533, 534 in Warao cosmology, 313 Maya, 209, 210 Andersen, Johannes Carl, 494, 521, 521 Agumoimbange, 429 mbima,42 n.102 Ahagger Mountains. See Hoggar mfemfe, pl.3 Anderson, Atholl, 514 n.86, 518 n.92 Mountains a Centauri, 276, 277 Anderson, Jimmy, 146, 148 Ahgwaanga, 407 Altair Mountains Ahuriri River, 521 and Arab star compass, 488 body-landscape metaphors, 278 Ai (distance marker), 480, 482 and Carolinian navigation, 464, 465, cartography, 257-300 Aikon Aushabuc, 52, 68-69 474, 475, 488, 489 in archaeological record, 271-84 Ailinglapalap Island, 480, 482, 484 and etak, 471 Moche ceramics, 278-79, 280 Ailingnae Island, 484 and Hawaiian navigation gourd, 486-87 Nazca lines and Nasca ceramics, Ainus, 338-39 Altamaha River, 118, 119 275-78 AItI}, 318 Altars, 288 Old Temple at Chavin de Huantar, Aitona (edge of the universe), 313 (autonomous community- 271-73 Aitutaki, 475 n.81 kingdoms), 204, 205, 207 Paracas textiles and artifacts, 273-74, Aivilingmiuts, 160-65, 179, 180 Alvarado, Francisco de, 187, 187 n.12 275 Ajusco, 220 n.101 Amaru, 317 Tiwaniku, 279-84 Akapana, 280, 280 n.104 Amate paper. See Amatl paper conceptions of space and geographic Akimichi, Tomoya, 463, 464 Amatl paper, 187, 196, 218, 222, 224, relations, 258-70 Aksum, 28-30 248-49, 250-51, 252-53, 254-55, ayllu (linking territory to society), Alaa, 280, 281 pl.9 260-62 Indians, 101, 102, 103, 177, 178 Amazonia, 305, 309,315 landscape metaphors, 268-69 Alabama River, 103 Amazon River, 257, 280, 317 mapping rites and ephemeral maps, Alarcon, Hernando de, 108, 172, 177 destruction of native society and tradition 269-70 General Index 581

radial and parallel structure, 262-65, in Eurasian Arctic and Subarctic rock art, Apelech ceremonial group, 377, 377 n.84, 266 331 378 role of sacred huacas and parajes, Mesoamerican maps on skins of, 194, Apinaye, 311 265-68, 269 195-96, 248-49, 252-53 Apoala Valley, 215-18 Ink~ 284-9~ 298-99 Mesoamerican sacrifice of, 232 Apostles, 337 ceque system, 285-88, 289 migration of, 135 Appalachian Mountains, 68, 98-99, 106 khipus, 289-94 in native North American cosmography, Aprons, 333 in native manuscripts, 294-97, 139 Aqoldi (Asosa), 47 298-99 on native North American maps, 73, 179 Arabs, 488, 489 road system, 288-89, 290 cartographic pictographs, 79, 80, 81 Arahura River, 523, 524 rock art, 270-71 late twentieth-century Inuit art, 169 Arapaho Indians, 118, 132 ceramics and textiles as maps in, 10 Map Rock petroglyph, 65 Arawaks, 301 cosmography message maps, 84 and "Bericht" of Jeptha, 322-23 Bennett Stela and, 281-82 Purgatoire River petroglyph, 66 defined, 303 n.4 Nasca, 276, 277 by Teseuke, 162, 164 and landmarks, 303 Taypikala and, 279-80 native North American maps on skins of, and Mapa de la Provincias de los Arua­ Tello Obelisk and, 272-73 51, 5~ 90-94, 114, 135-3~ 14~ cas, 323-24, 325 cosmology, 274, 275 141, pl.6 and provision of information to coverage of, 8 n.35 in Pacific Basin cosmography, 440 Europeans, 302 n.2 cultural chronology, 259 political boundaries stylized as on Euro­ Wakuenai cosmology, 316-17 maps of pean maps, 285 n.130 Archaeoastronomy, 181-82 Chuwa Chuwa, 263 in South American and Caribbean Archaeology, 55, 271-84 Cuzco Valley, 285 constellations, 304-5 Archipelago, defined, 260 n.12 generated from Huarochiri Manuscript, on South American and Caribbean maps, Architecture. See also Buildings 266 303, 308-9 Andean, 282 by Guaman Poma, 262-63, 264, in southern African lukala maps, 32 and Batammaliba cosmography, 26-27 295-96, 298-99 in southern African rock art, 14, 15, 16, on European city plans, 225 Inka empire, 295-96, 298-99 18, 19 Mesoamerican khipus as, 293-94 skins (see skins, animal) and cosmography, 197, 234 n.140 Lake Titicaca reed beds, 263-64, 264 Anko, 174 on Mapa de Santa Cruz, pl.ll n.27, 265 Anmatyerre Country, Australia, 399-401, symbols for, 198, 201 Q'ero pallay, 266-67, 267 n.38, 268, 402 and South American and Caribbean 297 Annie (Beaver Indian), 138 cartography, 301 Qheswa pallay, 267-68, 269, 297 Annotation. See Text and South American and Caribbean cos­ reference, 258 Annual Reports of the Bureau of American mology, 311, 318 San Andres de Machaca, 263 Ethnology, 173 Archive of North American Maps on CD­ timekeeping using shadows in, 266-67 Another America (Mark Warhus), 56 ROM, 56 n.27 n.37 , 463, 471 Arcs Andia y Varela, Jose, 458, 497 n.19 on Australian Aboriginal paintings, 363 Andrew (Chippewa Indian), 149, 152-53, Carib, 324 n.41 177,178 and interest in native North American on map of South American and Andrews, Sona, 56 n.27 mapping, 55 Caribbean vision quest, 310 Angas Downs cattle station, 408 and representation of native ideas, 321 in Pankalangu Ceremonies at Anglican Church of Canada Archives, Anthropomorphs Yamunturnga, pl.19 Toronto, 160 n.321 in Arawakan Wakuenai cosmology, 317 in Warao cosmology, 313 Angmagssalik fjord. See Ammassalik fjord in Eurasian Arctic and Subarctic cosmo­ Arctic Angola, Kongo cosmography, 27 graphy, 333, 337 Eurasian, 329-49 Animals on Eurasian Arctic and Subarctic maps cosmographical and celestial maps, in Andean cartography, 299 on blazed trees, 345 332-37, 338, 339 Bolivian landholding amulet, 269 on Map Rock petroglyph, 62, 64 evidence of mapping in prehistory, Moche art, 278 at Old Temple at Chavin de Huantar, 330-32, 333 Nazca geoglyphs, 275 272 reference map, 328 Paracas textiles, 273 Antisuyu, 287-88, 299 terrestrial mapmaking and maps, Quechuas equate with constellations, Antlers 338-48, 345, 346, 349 260 n.14 maps on, 114-15, 541 North American, 154-70 Sayhuite Stone, 288 on shaman headdresses, 334 ephemeral maps, 159 Tello Obelisk, 272, 273 Antonov, Vasiliy, 340 Euro-American perceptions, 157-59 in Australian Aboriginal Dreamings, 360 Anuufa, 468 maps in late twentieth-century Inuit art on Australian Aboriginal maps, 391 Aotea. See Great Barrier Island and social policy, 169-70 on Australian Aboriginal paintings, Aotearoa. See maps on ivory and wood, 166-68, 169 363-64 n.43, 373, 374 Apache Indians, 109 n.193, 129, 171 maps on paper, 159-66 on Chukchi decorated paddle, 345, 347 Apalachicola River, 96, 100 n.167 Arctic Bay, 169-70 in Eurasian Arctic and Subarctic cosmo­ Apano Huaya (the Passing of Water), 236 Arctic Dreams (Barry Lopez), 56 graphy, 337, 346 Aparima/Jacob's River Inlet, 516 Arcturus, 460, 460 n.48 on Eurasian Arctic and Subarctic maps, ApatoCa, 449-50, 450 n.23 Arena Blanca, 274, 275 342, 343, 344, 346 ApatoCerau, 449-50, 450 n.23 Areytos (sacred chants), 317 582 General Index

Argentina, 8 n.35, 541 Assiniboine Indians, 129 and Sacred Places at Milmindjarr', Argillite, 493 Asterisms, 297 372-73 Ariki (chief), 495, 498, 500, 501, 503, 503 Astrology, 238, 239, 240, 290 Squid and Turtle Dreamings, 371, 372 n.45, 504, 508 n.63, 513, 514, Astronomy Tjapaltjarris and, 399, 400, 401, 402 516, 518 n.92, 525, 528, 530, 531 Australian Aboriginal, 368-71 in Western Desert paintings, 388 ceque system and, 286, 286 n.133, 287 European influence on, 353 n.2 Canyon de Chelly Navajo star ceilings, khipus and, 290, 291, 293 and icons, 362-64, 365 65-66 Nazca geoglyphs and, 276 identifying maps, 4 petroglyph from, 61-62, 63 Old Temple at Chavin de Huantar and, importance of designs to, 366 Indians. See Quapaw Indians 272, 272 n.59 map media, 541 Arkansas Post, 117, pl.6 Santa Cruz Pachacuti's drawing and, 295, maps, 387-416 Arkansas River, 129 297 of Anmatyerre Country, 399-401, 402 on Chickasaw map, 100 South American and Caribbean, 305 n.8, of Arnhem Bay, 403, 404, 405 on Gero-Schunu-Wy-Ha's map, 132, 134, 317 of Australia, 394-95, 396, 413-14, 180 Athapaskan Indians, 109 n.193, 149 415 on Miguel's map, 126 clothing compared with Siberians', 171 of estates, 395, 397, 398, 399, Ark of the Covenant, 30 cosmographical design on drumhead, 400, 401 Armbands, 431 139, 141 European influence on, 389 Armstrong, William, 132, 134 language, 135, 149 of Goromuru River, 402-3, pI.21 Arnhem Bay, 403, 404, 405 shamanistic beliefs and practices, 171 of Gove Peninsula, 397-98 Arnhem Land, Australia, 357, 359, 364, Atikwabe'o, 142 identifying, 4 366, 367, 371, 372 Atkinson-O'Fallon peace expedition, 132 in land claims era, 405, 408 Aboriginal iconographic styles from, Atl (bird), 199 of Mabuiag Island and reefs, 399 375-76 Atlantic , 91, 317, 324 major collections, 387-99, 393, 400, x-ray image of turtle from, pl.15 L' Moreau de Saint Mery, 102, 104 401,415-16 Arnold, Benedict, 84, 180 n.362 Atlatlahuacan, Morelos, 241, 242, 243 Melanesian influence on, 354 n.4 Arrapooash, 53 Atojja, stone shrine of, 270 n.48 by Mowaljarlai, 413-14, 415 Arrows Atoloi (witch mountain on an island), 112 mud maps and sand drawings, 405-8 in "fight and flight" scene, 538 Atoq (fox), 279 of Murganella floodplain, 397 on map of Tenochtitlan in Codex Atototl (Water Bird), 198, 199 of Murrinh-patha countryside, 403-5, Mendoza, 193 Attendant of the Sun, 273 407 on Sayhuite Stone, 288 Attikamek Indians, 142 n.280 of Napperby Station area, 401 Arrowsmith, John, 521 n. 102 Atua (god), 496 Nicholson River land claim and, 405, Arrowsmith Mountains, 524 Auchagah, 145 408 Arsen'ev, V. K., 340 Auckland, 503 and politics and law, 413-14 Art. See also Painting Auckland Isthmus, 530 purposes of, 365 Australian Aboriginal, 539 Auckland Peninsula, 501, 508, 533 reference, 352, 375, 379, 396, 403, and Inuit mapping, 169-70 Auld, William, 165, 166, 166 nn.326, 327 405 Malangan funerary, 438-39 n.47 Australia smaller scholarly collections, 399-405 Moche, 278 Aborigines, 353-416 of Yalangbara, 413, 414 parietal (see Rock art) artistic conventions, 389-90 and meaning of "map," 364 Plains Indian, 133 and astronomy, 362 on Mowaljarlai's map, 415 Artifacts circles in art of, 539 painting, 364 n.43, 366-83 Andean, 265, 273-74, 275 and classical traditions, 353-54 conventions, 367-68 Australian Aboriginal cosmological and astronomical indeterminacy of interpretations, 373 range of, 354-59 depictions, 368-71 media used, 354-55, 359, 366-67 secret-sacred, 359, 388, 391-92, depiction of time in space, 371 from northeast Arnhem Land, 375-76 410-11 distinctions between maps and icons, rock art, 354, 356-57, 374-75 Eurasian Arctic and Subarctic, 330 387, 405 from western Cape York Peninsula, and mapping of celestial entities, 304 Dreamings, 539, 541 377-79 Mesoamerican, 183 n.4 and aerial and subterranean views, from Western Desert, 379-84, 388-89 Artistic maps, Melanesian, 438-40, 441, pI. 363 n.41 plans, 408-13 23 Bird Woman and Two Men, 394 range of artifacts from, 354-59 Artists, Mesoamerican, 197 and cartography, 5 "sand stories," 365 n.54 "The Art of Map-Making among the and conventions of painting, 368 secret-sacred objects, 359 Ancient " (Eulalia and cult lodges, 376, 376 n.72 songlines, 360, 361, 384 Guzman), 184, 184 n.6 explained, 360-61, 361 n.38 and spatial categories, 361-62 Aruacas. See Arawaks Honey Ant Dreaming, 362 surviving traditional cartography, Ashburton (Hakatere) River on maps, 392 355-56 on von Haast's map, 523, 524 on Mowaljarlai's map of Australia, and technology, 354 n.4 Maori map of, 535 415 toas, 1, 10 reference map, 524 on paintings from Western Desert, and topographic representations, Ashuanipi (Ashwanipi) River, 136 379, 380, 381, 383 352-86 , 171. See also , Arctic and Red Kangaroo Dreaming, 405, 408 traditional cartography, 352-416 Subarctic and rock arrangements, 411 settlement, 423 Asosa. See Aqoldi in rock art, 374-75 Tupaia pilots Endeavour around, 449 General Index 583

Australian Museum, Sydney, 492 mapping rites, 269, 270 n.48 413-14, 415 Austral Islands, 450, 461 and maps regarding reed beds, 263-64, Bandera, Damian de la, 285 Austronesian languages, 421, 434 264 n.27, 265 Bands Austronesians region, 252-53 on AltiJ duho, 318 and expansion, 420, 421, 487 Azimuths, 463, 464, 465 on Andean maps use of stars in navigation, 488 . See also Culhua-Mexicas Bennett Stela, 281 Aveni, Anthony F., 182 n.375, 271-72, Calendar Stone, 238, 254-55 Moche house models, 279, 280 275 n.76 and Codex Fejervary-Mayer, 229 Qheswa paIlay, 267, 269 Avrorin, V. A., 336, 339 control of , 183 on Quinua pottery, 264-65, 266 Awarua. See Bluff Harbor cosmography, 230, 232 in Mesoamerican cosmography, 229 Awarua River, 518 n.92 hill pictographs, 199-200, 200, 200 n.53 on Lord Pacal's sarcophagus lid, 237 Awash River, 35 and Humboldt Fragment 2, 222, 222-23 on stela at , 255 Awia. See Lake Hawea and lienzos, 195 n.37 on Tizoc stone, 238 AWl (rattlesnake) (constellation), 112 and Mapa circular de Cuauhquechollan, on Mesoamerican maps Awiyuk (gopher snake) (constellation), 112 539 of Apoala Valley, 216 Axatu (Santa Catalina Island), 112 and Mapa de Sigiienza, 219, 539 of Atlatlahuacan, Morelos, 242 Axes maps by in Codex Borgia, pl.10 on Andean maps, 267 celestial maps, 238 on Humboldt Fragment 2, 222 on Carolinian star compasses, 462, 463, changes in, 244 on Plano en papel de maguey, 224 464 European influence on, 212 n.83 of Tenochtitlan, 193, 193 n.33, 235-36 in Mesoamerican cosmography, 201, 203, Mapa circular de Cuauhquechollan, Baniwa, map of ideal village, 319, 320 203 n.56, 229 210, 212 Banks, Joseph, 446, 458 on map in Codex Fejervary-Mayer, 230 military maps, 225-28, 252-53 and Tupaia's chart, 448, 449, 450, 451 stela at Izapa, 234 property maps, 187, 225 Banks Peninsula, 514 in native North American cosmography, simplicity of, 193 Bantu societies, 20, 22 53, 139, 176 survival, 208 Barak, William, 409-10, 411 in South American and Caribbean of Tenochtitlan, 192-93, 193-94 Barasanas cosmology, 306, 314 terrestrial maps, 221 cartography, 320 on Windigo's map, 149 priestly caste, 229 celestial mapping, 5 Axis mundi, 538 and Primeros memoriales, 225 constellations, 306, 307 on Evenk shaman's costume, 333, 334 religion explained in Codex Rios, 236 cosmology, 316 in Mesoamerican cosmography, 187 and Toxcatl festival, 232 n.132 and shamanistic rituals, 6 on Lord Pacal's sarcophagus lid, and Xicalango, 228 n.123 Bardon, Geoff, 401 234-35,237 Aztec Triple Alliance, 205 Bares, 317 Maya lord as in tomb at Rio Azul, 234 Aztla~ 218, 21~ 249, 539 Bark. See also Birchbark; Trees on stela at Izapa, 185 Australian Aboriginal paintings on, 354, on Tizoc stone, 238, 255 Babylonian maps, 539 355, 359, 364, 364 n.47, 366, on native North American drumheads, Back Lowlands, 146 367, 370, 372, 377-79, 379 n.88, 139 Baculo (god with staffs), 284 n.122 pl.18 at Old Temple at Chavin de Huantar, Bad Heart Bull, Amos, 119-21, 122, 123, biting of, 142-43 272 176, 179 lack of in , 113 in Warao cosmology, 310-11 maps on, 541 Ayacucho basin, 264 Iglulik sketch of ships along coastline of, Australian Aboriginal, 403, 404, 405, Ayllu River, 268 157 405 n.49 AyIlus, 258, 260-62, 266, 297 Illigliak's map of, 159, 160, 164-65 Eurasian Arctic and Subarctic, 340-44, in ceque system, 287 Baffin Island Inuit, 170, 170 n.336 345, 346 in Cuzco Valley, 286 Bahacecha (Vacecha) Indians, 108-9 native North American, 95, 135-39, in drawing of house of Manco Capac, Bahamas, 319-20 140,141, 175-76 295 Bainbrigge, Captain, 85 Barnes, Monica, 277 n.93 on khipus, 291, 293, 293 Baja , pictograph at Rancho El Barnicoat, John Wallis, 520, 521 n. 101, in Lupaqa, 280 Tajo,61 534 and map of Lambayeque River, 262, 264 Bakongo cosmography, 27 Barracuda (spirit), 404 membership in, 299 Bakuba, 36 Barreto, 316 on Nasca pottery, 277 Balfour, Graham, 491 Barrows, John, 137 Nazca geoglyphs and, 277 Balfour, Henry, 491 Barth, Heinrich, 35 in Pacariqtambo, 270 Ball courts, 227 Basalt, 62, 64 Paracas, 273, 274 BaIley (ship), 513, 513 n.80 Baskets Piedra Cansada and, 288 Balygychen River, 345 made by Murik women, 440 n.48 on Qheswa paIlay, 269 Barnum, kingdom of and South American and Caribbean on Quinua pottery, 264 and mapmaking, 41-45 cartography, 301 in San Andres de Machaca, 262, 263, map of, 42-44, pl.3 and South American and Caribbean cos­ 299 Banana fibers, 462, 463 mology, 303-4, 317-18, 319 Aymaras Banapana Maymuru. See Maymuru, Bana­ Bas-reliefs, 541 and body-landscape metaphors, 268-69 pana Ammassalik wooden maps, 167-68, 176 conceptions of space, 280, 281 Bandaiyan: The Body of Australia, Corpus Mesoamerican, 197, 234-35, 237, language, 283 n.119 Australis (David Mowaljarlai), 254-55 584 General Index

Bassett, Thomas, 5 Belle Fourche River, 120 on Sayhuite Stone, 288 Batammaliba, 26-27 Bello, Mohammed, 34-35 on Tello Obelisk, 272, 273 Bathurst Hills, 146 Bellot, Joseph Rene, 157 in Barasana cosmology, 316 Battle Creek, 115 Belts, wampum, 81, 88-90, 94, 176 in Carolinian navigation, 466, 471-72 Battles. See also War Belyea, Barbara, 56 on Chukchi decorated paddle, 347 in Mesoamerican landscape painting, 256 Benchlands, 179 on Evenk shaman's costume, 333 on Mesoamerican maps, 237-38, 251 Benin, 26-27 and finding Rapa Nui, 461 on native North American maps, 179 Beni Shangul. See Bela Shangul indicate distance in Melanesian song Batz, Alexandre de, 101-3, 104 Bennett, Wendell C., 320 maps, 435 Baumhoff, Martin A., 61 Bennett Stela, 280-82, 297, 299 in interpretations of Australian Aboriginal Bayini, 413, 414 Benue River, 40-41 paintings, 373, 374 Bay of Plenty, 501 n.41, 512 Indians, 73 n.79 on Maori map of , 514 on Korra-korra's map, 501 Berger, Uta, 184 n.6 in Mesoamerican cosmography, 232 on Ngati Pikiao map, 529 "Bericht" of Jeptha, 322-23 n.132, 237 on Te Arawa Maori map, 512 Bering , 171, 329 in Mesoamerican hieroglyphs, 201 Bayogoula Indians, 103, 105, 105 n.175 Eskimos, 159 on Mesoamerican maps Bayous, 101 Bering Strait Inuit, 167 of Cuauhtinchan, 205, 206 Bays Berndt, Catherine Helen, 392-99 Lienzo of Zacatepec 1, 209 on Maori maps, 517, 531 n.125 Berndt, Ronald Murray Mapa de Sigiienza, 219 Maori toponyms for, 493 Australian Aboriginal maps collected by, of Tenochtitlan, 193, 194, 195 on map of Yalangbara, 413 368-69, 390, 390 n.12, 392-99, in native North American cartography on native North American maps, 100 412 pictographs, 80, 81 n.167, 149, 151, 178 and Australian Aboriginal plans, 410-11 on Writing Rock, 63 n.46 Beaches, 112, 514 and map of Yalangbara, 413, 414 in native North American cosmography, Beads. See also Wampum Berndt Collection, Berndt Museum of 95 on lukasa memory boards, 32, 48, pl.2 Anthropology, University of West­ and Oceanic navigation, 443, 460 as money in Belau, 489 ern Australia, 392-99, 400, 401 in Purgatoire River petroglyph, 63, 66 Beams, 485 n.105 Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, 491 skins of, 125 Beans Bernisches Historiches Museum, Berne, 490 Birdsell, Joseph B., 389, 389 n.11, 416 map of Caribbean using, 319-20 Bernus, Edmond, 38-40, 41 Bird's-eye perspectives, 264 n.27 in Mesoamerican diet, 183 Berries, 179, 310 Bird Woman Dreaming, 394 Bear grease, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88. See also Beschefer, Thierry, 142 n.282 al-Biriini, 29 Grease Best, Elsdon, 497, 530 Bismarck Archipelago, 419, 420 Bear hunting, 344-45, 347 ~ Aquilae, 464, 465, 471, 474 Bison, 128, 171 Bear Lodge Butte. See Devils Tower ~ Aurigae (star), 121 in Howling Wolf's ledger art, 118, 120, Bear River, 339 ~ Centauri, 276, 277 179 Bears Betanzos, Juan de, 258, 284, 285 on Sitting Rabbit's map, 124, 179 in Eurasian Arctic and Subarctic cosmo­ Beverley, Robert, 96-97, 98 Biting, design, 142-43 graphy, 339 Bia, 307-8 n.18, pl.13 Bittmann Simons, Bente, 191 on Eurasian Arctic and Subarctic maps, Biblioteca del Palacio Real, Madrid, 225 Black, P. G., 492 344,349 n.116 Black Beaver River, 142 in native North American cartography, Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris, 205 n.66, Blackfoot Indians 80, 86, 95, 162 218 n.98 Ac ko mok ki's maps, 132, 132 nn.251, Bear Sea, 339 Big Black Meteoric Star Bundle, 54, 253, 133 Beartooth Mountains, 132 123-25, p1.7 boundaries on maps by, 178 Beattie, H., 518, 521, 521 n.102 Big Dipper, 486. See also Ursa Major Ki 00 cus's map, 129-32, 161, 179 Beaver Indians Big Sioux River, 127 and medicine wheels, 54 cosmographical design on drumhead, Bikini Island, 484 Blackfoot River, 62 139, 141 Bilateral symmetry, 273 Black Hills, dream map, 56, 138-39 Billy, 394 Bad Heart Bull's map of, 120-21, 123, Beavers, 151-52, 152 n.296, 156, 179, 180 Billy and Maning, 368-69 176,179 "Beavers" (monsters), 520, 531, 534 Binop (secondary forests), 430 Oglala Sioux map of, 55 Beechey, Frederick William, 159 Biodiversity Support Program, 540 Black Hills Peace Talks, 119, 122 Beke, Charles, 35, 41 Biology, 531, 531 n.125 Black Mountains, 63 Bela Shangul (Beni Shangul), 47 Birchbark. See also Bark Blackwood, Beatrice Mary, 348 n.68 Belau (Palau) biting of, 142-43 Blake, Joseph, 99 n.163 on Cantova's chart of Caroline Islands, maps on, 541 Blanca Peak, 110 454 Eurasian Arctic and Subarctic, 342-43, Blazed trees glass money used, 489 344, 345, 348 Eurasian Arctic and Subarctic, 342, 343, on Klein's map of Caroline Islands, 452 native North American, 51, 79-86, 345, 348 on modern map of Caroline Islands, 455 83-84, 142, 171, 172, 173, 180, native North American, 87-88, 171, 176, settlement, 420, 421 343 180 , 155, 164, 165 Birds Bleek, W. H. I., 23 Belize, 183 in Andean cartography Bleeker, Captain, 94 Bell, Robert, 149, 151, 154 on Bennett Stela, 281 Bleek , 13 Genera/Index 585

Blessing, Fred K., 180-81 n.365 Bonefish. See Milkfish Pokanoket land to be sold, 179 Blier, Suzanne Preston, 26-27 Bonnemaison, Joel, 427 n.14 by Subarctic Indians, 178 Blish, Helen, 119 n.225, 120 Books, 241 Boundary maps Blocks, 273 Boomerangs, 357, 384 Mesoamerican, 241, 242 Blood Boone, Elizabeth Hill, 56 n.29, 194 n.34 of Amoltepec, 248-49 on Andean cosmological gourd, 274 Boorstin, Daniel, 10 circular, 210 on cosmographical map in Codex Boot (knot or node). See Bot Codex Meixueiro, 250-51 Fejervary-Mayer, 236 , 146 in Codex Xolotl, 206-7, 208 Eurasian Arctic and Subarctic maps in, Borders, 390 Lienzos of Zacatepec, 208, 248-49 341 Bores, 408 Mapa de Cuauhtinchan 2, 222 on map in Primeros memoriales, 227 Boscawen Island, 450, 451 of Santa Marfa Natfvitas, 252-53 in Mesoamerican cosmography, 232 Bosh, Lawrence van den, 95-96 n.156, 97, spoken, 220, 220 n.1 01 Bloodletting, 227, 230 99 n.163 of Teozacoalco, 248-49 Bloody Jack. See Hone Tiihawaiki Boston, 52, 68, 69 native North American Blue Nile River. See Nile River Bot (knot or node), 477, 478, 479, 480 by Corn Tassel, 105-6, 106-7 Blue Ridge Mountains, 99 n.162 Boundaries Mississauga, 77, 79, 179 Bluff Harbor (Awarua), 517, 518 on Andean maps Ojibwa, 79 Bluffs, 118 of Cuzco Valley, 286 Boustrophedonic maps, 208 n.72, 215 n.91 Boa (constellation), 304, 305 by Guaman Poma, 262-63, 264 Bouysse-Cassagne, Therese, 280 Boards Paracas polychrome mantle, 274 Bovallius, Carlos, 346 n.66 Australian Aboriginal paintings on, 364, Q'ero pallay, 266, 267 Bower, Australian Aboriginal, 355 366, 379 regarding Lake Titicaca reed beds, Bowls maps on, 541 263-64 as Australian Aboriginal painting Chukchi, 341-42, 343 of San Andres de Machaca, 262, 263 medium, 355 native North American, 176 Sayhuite Stone, 288 maps on, 541 from Poquen Cancha, 265-66 between suyus, 289 and surveying, 283-84 Siberian, 330, 340-41 on Australian Aboriginal maps, 401 Bowman, Walter, 144-45 n.286 Boas, Franz, 9,160,160 n.321, 161,170, on European maps, 285 n.130 Boyowa, 431 170 n.336 Indians and, 106, 106 n.181 Bozo, 28 Boats on Maori maps, 531 n.125 Bracelets, 489 on Chukchi decorated paddle, 345, 347 land-claim maps, 525, 529, 530 Brady Creek, 129 on Cortes's map, 195 by Ngatai, 534 Braids, 333, 334 on Eurasian Arctic and Subarctic maps by Ropoama te One, 535 Brailsford, Barry, 513 n.82, 524 on birchbark, 343, 344 of Rotorua lakes, 536 Brandt, John C., 64-65 on blazed trees, 345 Mesoamerican Brant, Captain, 77 on bleached sealskin, 349 establishing and redrawing of, 220-21 Brant, Mrs., 79 Chukchi wooden board map, 341 in land-tenure systems, 213 Braun, Georg, 244 Mansi wooden board maps, 342 of parajes, 267 Bravo, Michael, 56 Macassan, 411-12, 413 on Mesoamerican maps, 193 Brazil on map of Yalangbara, 413 of Amoltepec, 214, 241 coverage of, 8 n.35 pinisi, 488 of Atlatlahuacan, Morelos, 241, 242, Funda~ao Nacional do Indio, 302 Boca del Dragos, 324 243 influence of natives on colonial Boca del Serpe, 324 cartographic histories, 204 cartography, 301 Body, human of Cuauhtinchan, 205, 206 miners from in Venezuela, 322 Australia envisioned as, 415 in Historia tolteca-, 220, Brebeuf, Jean de, 142 n.280 depicted on Melanesian shields, 431, 432, 246-47 Breuil, Henri, 14 433 Lienzo of Coixtlahuaca 2, 251 Britain. See also England; Body art. See also Scarification; Tattoos Lienzo of Petlacala, 246-47, pl.12 and Aikon Aushabuc's gestural map, Australian Aboriginal, 379, 388, 391 Lienzo of 1, 251 68-69 as maps, 25 of Mani, 209, 210 in Algonquian cosmography, 69, 181 and South American and Caribbean cos­ of Teozacoalco, 212 n.367 mology, 303-4, 317-18 on native North American maps, 105-6, and Lamhatty's map, 96 Tabwa, 30, 31 107, 179 and map of Bamum, 43, 44 Ye'cuana, 319 Algonquian cosmography, 69 maps used in negotiations with "The Body of Australia" (David Mowaljar- by Blackfeet, 178 Mississauga Indians, 77, 79, 179 lai), 413-14, 415 cadastral map of New Hampshire, 91 requests map of New York, 93-94 Bogaert, Harmen Meyndertsz van den, 68 n.133 and Sudan, 47 Boigu people, 428 Catawba map, 101 and wampum belts, 89-90 Bolon, Hypolite, 90 n.132 by Chippewas, 179 British Columbia Bonampak, 237-38, 254-55 by Inuit, 178 Beaver Indian map, 138-39 Bone by Jimmy Anderson and Curly Head, map of Kohklux's route in, 115, 116-17, in Melanesian mapping, 429, 430 146, 148 180 native North American maps on, 51, by Ki 00 Cus, 130 survey maps of, 152 114-15 by Meatonabee and Idotlyazee, 146 British Museum, London, 448, 491 Neo-Eskimo tradition of engraving, 171 of northern interior, 149 Britt, Claude, 65-66 586 General Index

Brody, Hugh, 56 Bul'ngu ("Thunderman"), 404 in Codex Mendoza, 236 Brosset, D., 39 Bundles, sacred, 124-25 and cosmography, 203 Brotherston, Gordon, 109 n.193 Bunduk, Nym, 403-5, 407 native North American, 173, 174 Browne, David M., 278 n.94 Bungdockeing (northern) swells, 476, 477, Calendar Stone, 238, 254-55 Browning, John Samuel, 523 479,480,482 California Browning Pass (Nonoti Raureka), 523-25, Bungdockerik (southeastern) swells, 476, Fremont describes map of, 113-14 524 477, 479, 480, 482 glyph from, 61 Brum, Joachim de, 479, 479 n.94 Bununggu, 398 n.34 Ishi's map of northeastern, 115, 118, Brum, Raymond de, 479, 479 n.94, 482 Buoj (knot or node). See Bot 172, 172 n.351 Bruner, Jerome S., 6 Burial mounds. See Mounds lack of indigenous maps from, 106 Brunner, Thomas, 496-97 n.15, 498-99 Burials. See also Graves; Tombs on map of "Yurok idea of the world," Bryusov, A. Ya., 331, 331 n.15 Eurasian Arctic and Subarctic, 331 n.16 181 Buck, Peter H., 486 Maori, 497, 497 n.22 Calli (House) (year sign), 203, 232 Buckskin. See Skins, animal Maya, 234 Calpolli (social groups), 221 Budye society, 31-33, 48, pl.2 South American and Caribbean, 306 Calpolli maps, 222, 224, 224 n.l06, 225 Buffalo Creek valley. See Bull Creek valley Burland, C. A., 191, 193 n.29 Camelids, 277, 288 Buffalo Head Hill, 124 Burton, W. F. P., 32 Cameroon Bugis, 488 Burumburumbunya, 370 mapmaking in Barnum, 41-45 Buildings. See also Architecture Bushmen. See Khoisan Maisel's maps of, 42, 44, 45 African Butte Creek, 115 Campfires, 393 in agriculturalist engravings, 19 Butterfly god, 310, 315 Camps design and orientation as maps, 25 Buttes on Australian Aboriginal maps, 539 and Dogon cosmography, 26 on Bad Heart Bull's map of Black Hills, Australian Aboriginal plans of, 409, 410, in engraving of Zulu homestead, 19 179 411 as maps,S on Bad Heart Bull's picture map, 119, in Eurasian Arctic and Subarctic cosmo­ orientation, 28 n.21 122 graphy, 337 stone, 17-18 on Paiute map, 113 on Eurasian Arctic and Subarctic maps, Andean Butwa scarification, 30, 31 345 from Arena Blanca, 274, 275 Buynda River, 345 on Maori maps, 513, 531 n.125 on Bolivian landholding amulet, 269 Byland, Bruce E., 191 on native North American maps, 84, 133 on map of Cuzco Valley, 285 in native North American rock art, 181 on maps regarding Lake Titicaca reed Cacao, 301 in Pankalangu Ceremonies at beds, 265 Cacti, 193 Yamunturnga, pl.19 Moche models of, 278-79, 280 Cadastral maps in southern African rock art, 15 models of found at Tiwanaku, 282 Mesoamerican, 221-24, 252-53 Canada, maps of at Old Temple at Chavfn de Huantar, frequency of survival, 196 Acktis Island, 112, 113, 180 271-72 Plano en papel de maguey, 184, Arctic Bay (Cape Dorset), 169-70 on Sayhuite Stone, 288 186-87, 196, 224, 252-53 Baffin Island, 159, 160, 164-65 on Australian Aboriginal maps, 408 of New Hampshire, 91 n.133 Belcher Islands, 155, 164, 165 on Australian Aboriginal plans, 410 tocapu designs and, 294 British Columbia, 115, 116-17 on Eurasian Arctic and Subarctic Cadastral registers, 224 n.l06 Cape Fullerton, 160-61, 162-65 artifuct~ 345, 34~ 347 Caddo Indians , 151-52, 154, 156, 173, on Eurasian Arctic and Subarctic maps, on Kiowa calendar, 173, 174 179 340, 345, 349 language, 99 n.165 Connecticut River, 77, 77 n.81, 78-79, Mesoamerican, 201, 237 and word for "map," 52 178 on Mesoamerican maps Caffa (Kaffe), 47 Cumberland Sound, 170 n.336 of Don Miguel Damian's property, 225, Cahuachi, 276 forest-tundra boundaries in northern inte- 226 Cahua quina (Cliff of the Childbirth), 215 rior, 149 military map from Codex Florentine, Caimans, 272-73, 299 , 165-66 228 Cairns, 276 Hudson River, 77, 77 n.81, 78-79, 178 Plano en papel de maguey, 184, 187, "Calabash, sacred," 485-86 by Huron Indians, 67 n.60 224 Calendars, 539 John Scotts Lake to Wikusko Lake, 154 in Primeros memoriales, 227 Andean Keewatin District, 161-62, 164-65, 179, of Tenochtitlan, 194 on Bennett Stela, 282 180 in native North American art, 169 Inka, 286, 287 Lachine Rapids, 67-68, 172 on native North American maps, 97, 112, khipus and, 290, 291, 293, 293, 299 Lake Nipigon, 149, 151, 154, 177 160, 179 Paracas polychrome mantle as, 273 Lake Ontario, 142 n.280 South American and Caribbean, 303-4, in rock art, 271 Manitoba, 144, 145-46, 147, 148, 179 306-~ 30~ 318, 319 Eurasian Arctic and Subarctic, 346, 346 Melville Peninsula, 157, 159, 160, Bukurlatjpi, Liwukang, 371, 372 n.66 164-65 Bull (Buffalo) Creek valley, 68 Mesoamerican, 183, 193 Mississauga boundary map, 77, 79, 179 Buller (Kawatiri) River, 496-97 n.15, 498 in Codex Borgia, 232 n.132, 240 and South Saskatchewan Rivers, Bullion Mountains, 63 in Codex Fejervary-Mayer, 229-32, 129-32 Bull-roarers, 359, 359 n.27, 365, 379, 539, 230, 232, 236 Moisie River, 136, 138, 180 541 in Codex Madrid, 232, 233 northern and central Plains, 132-33, 134, General Index 587

135 righting, 487 319 northwestern, 143-45, 146, 146 n.291, and song maps from Tubetube, 434 Europeans' inclusion of native 149, 150-51, 152, 165 on South American and Caribbean maps, information, 322-25 , 159, pl.8 310, 311, 323 historical reports of indigenous mapmak- Qu'Appelle River, 129 spread to South India and Sri Lanka, 488 ing, 319-22 related to King William's War, 94 on Tello Obelisk, 272, 273 influence of natives on cartography, 301 relating to Beothuk Indians, 73 n.79 in Tukano origin myth, 309 maps of, 302, 319-20 Repulse Bay, 159, pl.8 waka,493 naming of islands in, 324 St. Lawrence-Great Lakes, 82, 83 Canopus, 306 theoretical considerations, 302-4 St. Lawrence River, 67-68, 71-72, 77, 77 Canterbury, New Zealand, 525 Caribo~ 135, 143, 171 n.81, 78-79, 178 Canterbury River, 523 and scapulimancy, 139, 141, 142 Susquehanna River, 77, 77 n.81, 78-79, Cantova, Juan Antonio, 453, 454, 454 Caribs, 301, 302 n.2, 321 n.49, 324 178 n.36 Caroline Islands territory west of Lake Superior, 145 Canvas, Australian Aboriginal paintings on, learning of navigation in, 465 n.287 359, 379 location, 461 Victoria Island, 157 Canyon de Chelly, Arizona, 65-66 maps of western, 136-38, 140-41, 149 Cape Ann, 68 by Cantova, 453, 454, 454 n.36 Yukon Territory, 115, 116-17,143 Cape Colville, 500 early European, 451-53, 454, 455 Canada House, London, 56 n.26 Cape Dorset, 169-70 by Klein, 452, 453, 489 Canadian River, 132 Cape Farewell, 530 by Kotzebue, 454 n.36 Canadian Shield, 145, 146 Cape Fullerton, 160-61, 162-65 modern, 455 Canals Capella (star), 121, 306 modern navigational practices, 468-69 Andean Cape Prince of Wales, 159, 167 navigation Chicama-Moche canal, 283-84 Cape Reinga. See Reinga and cartography, 461-75 Chimu surveying instruments and, 284 Cape York Peninsula, Australia, 377-79 practices, 458 Inka association with pumas, 285 Capitals traditional, 443, 444, 454 on map by Guaman Poma, 264 on map of Barnum, 43 triggerfish, 467, 468, 469, 470 on map of Lambayeque River, 262, 264 on Ras Makonnen's map, 47 women and, 455 on Moche pottery, 278, 279 Captain, map by, 390 settlement, 420, 421 on Nasca pottery, 277-78, 277 n.93 Captain of Pakana, 101, 102, 103, 177, star compasses from, 462, 463-65, 487, on Quinua pottery, 265 178 488-89 on Sayhuite Stone, 288 Cardinal directions Carson River, 113 in Taypikala, 280 African Carta (letter, document, chart, or map), as territorial boundaries in Cuzco Val­ on Bernus's maps, 39-40 290, 291 ley, 286 religious significance, 27-28 n.21 Carta da navigare, 1-2 at Tiwanaku, 283 on Tigrean maps, 29 "Carta de las Nuevas Philipinas [Palaos]," on Mesoamerican maps in African cosmography, 25, 26, 27, 541 452, 453 Humboldt Fragment 2, 222 on al-Blnmi's spherical diagram, 29 "Carte du royaume de Koullo" (Halle Plano en papel de maguey, 187, 224 Maori names for, 497 Mariam), 38 n.68 of Tenochtitlan, 193, 193 n.33 on , 193 "Carte Tracee par les Cris" (La Verendrye's Canela peoples, 311 in Mesoamerican cosmography, 187,203, map), 144, 145-46, 179 Canes, 485 229,232 Cartier, Jacques, 67-68, 172 Cafiete River, 274 in Codex Aubin, 253 Cartographic conventions Canfba (enemy warriors), 315, 324 in Codex Fejervary-Mayer, 230-32, 236 Andean, 295-96, 298-99 Canis Major, 305 in Codex Madrid, 232, 233, 255 European, 285, 285 n.130 Canoe River, 114 on tomb at Rio Azul, 234, 255 Mesoamerican, 198, 242-44 Canoes in native North American cosmography, on map in Codex Kingsborough, 251 on Eurasian Arctic and Subarctic maps, 53, 110, 141 on map of Tetliztaca, 245, 246 343, 344 on native North American maps, 146 "Cartographic Encounters" exhibition Hokule'a, 451, 451 nn.26-28, 30, 457 n.291, 176 (Newberry Library, Chicago), 56 n.42, 460 n.48, 461, 461 n.51, in South American and Caribbean n.26 468, 474, 475 n.81, 487 cosmology, 305, 310, 311 Cartographic Encounters (G. Malcolm and Lake Nipigon, 151 on Tjapaltjarri's map, 400 Lewis), 56, 56 n.29, 57 maps on benches, 171, 346, 348 in Warao cosmology, 315 Cartographic histories, Mesoamerican, 187, in Melanesian cosmology, 427, 427 n.14 Cardinal points, 539 204-18, 248-51 on native North American maps on Eurasian Arctic and Subarctic maps, compared with lienzos, 204 n.60 Andrew's route map, 149, 152-53, 177, 340 continuance of, 245 178 on native North American drumheads, and depopulation, 240-41 on blazed tree, 87 139 frequency of survival, 196 in Oceanic navigation, 421, 461, 487 on Paiute map, 113 and media and place of origin, 196 Carolinian, 451-53, 462, 463, 469, 471 on Tahitian compasses, 497 permanent and gestural, 220-21 Kiribati, 485 n.l05 Cards, playing, 151 shape of, 196 Marshallese, 475, 475 n.81, 485 Cargill, William, 505, 505 n.56 Cartography Micronesian, 454 , 301-26 African, 13-48 Polynesian, 450-51, 451 n.28 celestial and cosmological maps, 304-18, intertropical Africa, 24-48 588 General Index

Cartography, African (cont.) graphy, 303 huacas in, 287-88, 289 rock art in southern Africa, 13-23 Cayao (non-Inka), 286 kh~us an~291, 293 American, 51-326 Cayenquaragoes, 94 Pacariqtambo in, 295 n.180 Andean, 257-300 Cayuga Indians, 74-77, 89, 90 and radial landscape organization, 297, Inka, 284-97, 298-99 Cederstrom, Thoric N., 184-85 n.6 299 Mesoamerican, 183-256 Celebes Island. See Sulawesi (Celebes) roads and, 289 native North American, 51-182 Island and tocapu designs, 294 South American and Caribbean, 301-26 Celestial anacondas, 304, 308, 311, 320 Ceramics Arctic and Subarctic Eurasian, 329-49 Celestial maps, 8, 23 Andean Australian Aboriginal, 352-416 Andean maps on, 264-65, 266 classic traditions, 352-86 to explain Q'ero pallay, 267 n.38 Moche, 278-79, 280, 288 maps and plans, 387-416 in rock art, 271 Nasca, 275-78 cognitive, 3-4, 5 Tello Obelisk and, 272-73 Nazca geoglyphs and, 276 dance as,S Barasana,5 from Old Temple at Chavin de Huan- defined, 301 Eurasian Arctic and Subarctic, 332-37, tar, 271 indigenous, 540 338, 339 Paracas, 273 n.67 difficulties in assessing, 319 Koryak shaman's coat, 171, 333-34, Quinua, 297 levels of, 172-73 336, pl.14 and surveying, 283-84 in and Caribbean, Melanesian, 427-28 Macassan, 413 319-22 Mesoamerican, 187, 196, 237-40, as maps, 3, 5, 10, 541 informal vs. formal, 257 254-55 Mesoamerican cosmographic maps on, material, 3, 5 Calendar Stone, 254-55 197, 232-34, 235, 241, 254-55 Pacific Basin, 419-536 Primeros memoriales, 254-55 and South American and Caribbean cos- Maori, 493-536 Micronesian, 428 n.19 mology, 303-4, 319 Oceanic, 443-92 native North American, 51, 175, 178, Cerro Colorado, textile from, 273-74 in , 423-42 181-82 Cerro Manoa, Venezuela, 313 performance, 3, 4-5 from Big Black Meteoric Star Bundle, Certeau, Michel de, 4 n.9 Cartouches 123-25, pl.7 Chachapoyas, Peru, 313 on Bonampak mural, 237, 255 Lakota, 125 Chachiumia Indians, 103 in Codex Aubin, 253 Navajo, 65 Chaco Canyon, 64, 65 in Codex Boturini, 221 Navajo sandpaintings as, 110 Chac Xib Chac, 233 in Codex Fejervary-Mayer, 231, 232 Pawnee, pl.7 Chakras (agricultural fields), 262, 283 on Mapa de Sigiienza, 219 in rock art, 63-66, 67 n.119 Carver, Jonathan, 86-87, 145 n.287 southeastern, 94, 94 n.147 Chalco, 228 Carvings Polynesian, 428 n.19 Chalk Australian Aboriginal, 355, 357-58 South American and Caribbean, 301, Maori maps in, 503, 508 and South American and Caribbean 304-18, 319 native North American maps in, 68, 69, cartography, 301 hexagon as model for, 306, 308 94, 144 and Tabwa cosmography, 31 pictographs in, 301 Chalky Inlet (Taiari), 516, 533 Casas, Bartolome de las, 319-20 traditional, 541 Chaloupka, George, 356-57 Cascades Rapids, 67 Celestial monsters, 233, 235, 255 Chamberlain, Von Del, 65-66, 67 Caso, Alfonso, 190, 191 Celestial orientation, 340 Chambri Lake, 440 Cassiopeia, 465 Celestial signs, 43 Chambri people, 436-38, 440, 441 Casteneda, Don Alonso de, 215 Celestial vault, 53 Chamisso, 454 n.36 Castilla. See Spain Cemanauactli ymachiyo, tlalticpactli Champlain, Samuel de, 67 n.60, 69, 180, Castor (star), 121 ycemittoca ( term for map­ 180 n.364 Catawba Indians, 91, 539 pamundi), 187 and native North American map of Cape map of South Carolina, 99, 101, pl.4 Cemi (idols), 317, 318 Ann, 68 Catfish, 80 Cemmatl (unit of measurement), 203 sketches of St. Lawrence River obtained Catholicism, 236, 240,241, 244 Cemmitl (unit of measurement), 203 by, 71-72 Cation-ratio varnish dating technique, 61 Cenis,95 and Velasco map, 70, 70 n.76 Cattle, 18, 19 Censuses Chan Chan, 283, 293, 294 Cauac (year bearer), 203 of important Mesoamerican maps, Chants Caves 248-55 in Carolinian navigation, 468 on Andean maps, 295 khipus and, 290, 293 South American and Caribbean, 301, on Australian Aboriginal maps, 389 Center 316-17 importance to Caribbean natives, 324 in Amerindian cosmography, 53 Chaplino, 348, 349 on Maori maps, 525, 531 n.125, 535 on Mesoamerican maps, 203, 231, 232 Chapman, Henry Samuel, 513, 513 n.80 on Mesoamerican maps, 189, 205, 206, in traditional cosmography, 538-39 Chapultepec (Grasshopper Hill), 219 251 , 330 n.5, 343 Charbonneau, Toussaint, 115 in Mesoamerican origin myths, 205 n.63 Century, Mesoamerican, 183 Charcoal, 366 Mesoamerican pictographs for, 200 Cenyollotli (unit of measurement), 203 Maori maps in, 500, 501, 530, 531 on native North American maps, 118 Ceque system, 285-87 native North American maps in, 68, 69, near , 520, 522 drawing of house of Manco Capac and, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 114, 129, 130, in South American and Caribbean carto- 295 138, 143 General Index 589

Charles V (Spain), 95, 244 on "Plan et Scituation des Villages and decorated paddles, 345, 347 and Cortes's map of Tenochtitlan, 194, Tchikachas," 101, 102, 177, 178 maps on wooden boards, 341-42, 343 195 Chicomoztoc (Seven Cave), 218, 219, 222, and shamanistic rituals, 6 on Lienzo of Petlacala, 247, pl.12 250-51 and vertical perspective, 340 n.42 Charleston, South Carolina, 101 Chieftain vessels, 277-78, 297 , 171, 329 Charlton Island, 165 Childbirth, 110, 215, 230 Chuquitos, 299 surveying of, 151-52, 154, 156, 173, 179 Children, Australian Aboriginal drawings Churches Charts by, 389 on Bolivian landholding amulet, 269 migration (see Scrolls) Chile, 8 n.35, 541 in Eurasian Arctic and Subarctic cosmo­ nautical (see Nautical charts) Chilkat () Indians graphy, 337 pole, 467 art compared with Amur River peoples', on Mesoamerican maps, 244 stick, 1, 6 n.22, 475, 476, 479-85, 487, 171 of Amoltepec, 214 489-92 maps by Kohklux, 115, 116-17, 180 of Atlatlahuacan, Morelos, 242 Chatham Islands (RekohuJRakohu or Chilkat River, 115 of Mani, 209, 210 Whare Kauri) Chimu kingdom, 283-84 of TeozacoaIco, 212, 244 Maori maps of, 503, 504, 509, 510, 511, China of Tetliztaca, 246 534 Amur River peoples, 171 Churchill, Canada, 136 reference map, 511 Austronesians and, 421 Churchill Factory, 149 Chatwin, Bruce, 360, 360 n.37 book of travels and sites in North Amer­ Churchill River, 138, 146, 147, 148 Chavin culture, 271-73, 297 ica, 62-63 n.46 Church of the Holy Virgin (Aksum), 30 Chavin de Huantar, Old Temple at, 271-73 in Eurasian Arctic and Subarctic cosmo­ Churinga, 359, 359 n.27, 365 Cheikh-'Othman, 38 graphy, 339 Chuuk (Truk), 454, 455 Chemehuevi Mountains, 63 knowledge of Eurasian Arctic and Subarc- Chuwa Chuwa, Peru, 263 Cherokee Indians tic, 330 Cibic, 142 n.277 on Catawba map, 101 (raised beds), 224 Cibola, Seven Cities of, 108, 108 n.184 Corn Tassel's map, 105-6, 106-7 Chincha River, 274 Cieza de Leon, Pedro de, 284 and maps, 94 Chinchasuyu,299 Cigar holders, 311 on "Nations Amies et Ennemies des Chinchoros, 266 Cihuatl, 246 Tchikachas," 103 Chippewa Indians, 91 Cihuatlampa (woman's land), 230, 232 and wampum belts, 89 and Knight's map, 149, 152 Cihuayuca (Place of Womanhood), 246 Chert, 493 maps by Cimarron River, 129, 132 Chertezhi (drafts), 330 n.6 Andrew's map, 149, 152-53,177,178 Cimon, 142 n.277 boundaries on, 179 Circles, 539. See also Rings on map of Susquehanna River, 74, 75 in exhibitions, 56 n.26 in African cosmography, 27, 541 maps of, 67 n.60, 68, 69-70, 72 Jimmy Anderson and Curly Head's on African maps maps produced by native North map, 146, 148 of Barnum, 43 Americans in, 67 Meatonabee and Idotlyazee's map, 149 by Bello, 34 Chesterfield Inlet of , 136-38, 140-41, by Bernus, 38 on Auld's map, 166 149 centering on Aksum, 28, 29 on Meatonabee and Idotlyazee's map, and maps on blazed trees, 86-87 intertropical cosmographic maps, 25 146 petition for home in Wisconsin, 79, 79 lukala maps, 32 on Meliki's map of Keewatin District, n.91, 80, 81 lukasa, 32 162 Chippewa River, 86-87 southern African agriculturalist engrav­ on Nay hik til 10k's map, 166, 166 n.326 Chocho, 207, 248-49, 250-51 ings, 19, 23 Chevrons, 482, 484 Choctaw Indians, 53, 103, 105 n.175 on Andean maps Chewings, Charles, 406-7 Cholula, 215, 219, 222, 225, 250-51, Bennett Stela, 282 Cheyenne Indians 252-53 on Nasca pottery, 277 Howling Wolf's maps, 118, 119, 120, Chontal Mayas, 228, 228 n.123 on Quinua pottery, 265 121, 179 Chota, 105 in Australian Aboriginal art, 539 words for "map," 52 Chotta (town), 89 on Australian Aboriginal maps, 388, 389, Chhiutas ritual, 270, 274, 276, 297, 299 Christ, 337 399, 401 Chibcha, 324 Christchurch Diocesan Maori Mission, 523 mud maps, 407, 408 Chibchan-Paezan languages, 98 , 322. See also Religion Warlpiri, 365, 412, 539 Chicama-Moche canal, 283-84 lack of missionaries in Soviet Union, 330 on Australian Aboriginal paintings, 363 Chichen Itza, 184 n.5, 256 Lapps and, 336, 337 n.41, 373, 381 Chichimecs, 251 medieval, 539 on Australian Aboriginal rock engravings, .Chichimectecotl, Don Carlos, 253 and orientation of Tigrean maps, 29-30 374 Chickasaw Indians, 91 Chubbin, John, 504-5 in Carolinian star compass, 462, 463 on Catawba map, 101 Chucuito, Peru, 269 in Eurasian Arctic and Subarctic cosmo- and French, 173 , 340 n.42, 346, 348 graphy language, 99 n.166 Chukchi people on Dolgan drum, 336 map of southeastern , and bleached sealskin, 346, 348, 348 on Evenk tyngirin, 335 99-101, 115 n.217, 173, 176 n.68, 349 on Nivkhi ritual vessels, 347 on "Nations Amies et Ennemies des cosmology, 333-34 on Sami drum, 337 Tchikachas," 103 and decorated canoe benches, 346 Guaman Porna and, 295 590 General Index

Circles (cont.) pl.l by Meatonabee and Idotlyazee, 146, on Kiowa calendar, 173 Clapperton, Hugh, 34-35 149, 165 in kula system, 431 Clark, Ben, 118 by Meliki, 161 on Map Rock petroglyph, 62, 64 Clark, William, 114-15, 129, 129 n.249 Micmac map of Maine, 68 on Melanesian maps, 430 Clarke, Henry T., 512 "Nations Amies et Ennemies des in Mesoamerican cartography, 209, 210 Clarkson, Persis Banvard, 6 Tchikachas," 103 in Mesoamerican cosmography, 235 Classes, social, 286 Subarctic, 165-66 in native North American cosmography, Claus, William, 77 by Toongalook, 170 181 Clay on walrus tusks, 167 Algonquian, 69 in Achuar system of landmarks, 303 Coast Mountains, 115, 116-17 Kiowa, 53 Andean maps in, 285 Coatepec Chalco, 201 Lakota, 121 Australian Aboriginal maps in, 404 Coats of arms, 295, 299 maps on drumheads, 139 Australian Aboriginal paintings in, 355 Cobo, Bernabe, 284 on native North American mounds, 95 Clayoquot Sound, 112, 113, 180 Cochabamba Valley, 262 Oglala Sioux, 53 Clearings, 101 Coconut leaves on native North American maps, 68, 69, Cliffs, 531 n.125, 535 in Carolinian star compass, 462, 463 69 n.72, 176 Cloth, maps on, 541. See also Clothing; in Marshallese stick charts, 479, 480 by Andrew, 149 Textiles Cocopona, 287 cartographic pictograph, 80 Andean, 266-68, 269 Codes, symbolic, 10 by Catawbas, 101 Mesoamerican, 184, 186-87, 187, 189, Codex, defined, 196, 196 n.38 by Chickasaws, 99 194-95, 194-95, 195 n.37, 196, Codex Aubin, 196, 252-53 compiled for Inuit Land Use and Occu­ 203, 207, 215, 228, 248-49, Codex Azcatitlan, 218 n.98 pancy Project, 170 250-51, 252-53 Codex Borbonicus, 200 cosmographical maps on drumheads, Clothing, 171, 294, 316, 333-34, 336, pI. Codex Borgia, 241 139 14 maps in, 196, 238-40, 252-53 by Gero-Schunu-Wy-Ha, 133 Clouds pictographs from, 200, 201 by Ki 00 Cus, 129-30, 161 in Australian Aboriginal cosmography, Venus as morning star in, pl.l0 Luisefio and Dieguefio sandpainting, 371 n.65 Codex Boturini, 218, 218 n.98, 219, 220, 112 on map of South American and 221, 246, 248-49 by Miguel, 126 Caribbean vision quest, 310 Codex Fejervary-Mayer, 196, 229-32, 233, "Nations Amies et Ennemies des and Oceanic navigation, 443, 457, 457 234, 23~ 240, 241, 252-53 Tchikachas," 103 n.42, 460 Codex Florentine, 212 n.83, 227-28, by Non-Chi-Ning-Ga, 135 Clowes, Samuel, 94 252-53 "Plan et Scituation des Villages Clubs, 355, 541. See also Weapons Codex Ixtlan. See Lienzos, of Coixtlahuaca Tchikachas," 101 . See Matau River 1 printed presurvey maps of Canadian Coal Codex Kingsborough, 184, 189, 244, Shield, 145 Eurasian Arctic and Subarctic maps in, 250-51 on Pacific Basin maps, 453, 501 343, 345 Codex Madrid, 196, 197, 232, 233, quartered, 260, 261, 262 on Kohklux's map, 117 254-55 sleeping, 63 native North American maps in, 95 Codex Meixueiro (Lienzo A), 250-51 in South American and Caribbean Coal Island, 516 Codex Mendoza, 193 n.32, 196 n.38 cosmology, 311, 318, 318, 435 Coastlines Atototl hieroglyph in, 198, 199 Circuit networks, 177, 178 on Chukchi decorated paddle, 345, 347 map of Tenochtitlan in, 192-93, 193-94, Circular maps on Chukchi wooden board map, 341 225, 235-37, 244, 252-53 ancient Greek, 29 n.31 Cossack routes following, 330 n.5 and Nombres geograficos de , Mesoamerican, 196, 210, 212, 213, 214, English maps of, 90, 90 n.131 190-91 539 on Eurasian Arctic and Subarctic canoe palace complexes on maps in, 225 n.115 of Amoltepec, 214, 248-49 benches, 346 pictographs from, 200 of Teozacoalco, 212, 244, 248-49 on European maps, 145 Codex Nuttall, 200, 201, 215-18, 242, Circumambulation, Mesoamerican ritual of, of Lake Titicaca, 263-64, 264 n.27, 265, 248-49 197-98, 206-7, 220-21, pl.9 297 Codex Rfos, 196 n.38, 234, 234 Cities. See Settlements; Urban centers; and in late twentieth-century Inuit art, 169 nn.136-38, 236, 239, 240, 241, specific cities on Maori maps, 531 n.125, 535, 536 254-55 Citlalinpopuca (smoking star or comet), on map of Motecuhzoma's domain, 228, Codex Selden, 200, 201 239 228 n.121 Codex Vaticanus, 232 n.132 Citlaltlachtli (Starry Ball Court) (constella- on native North American maps, 178, Codex Vienna, 200, 201, 204, 218 tion),239 179 Codex Xolotl, 196 n.38, 539-40 Citlapol (Venus), 239 by Ammassaliks, 167, 168, 169, 176 cartographic history in, 196, 205-7, 208, City plans, 225, 244 by Bering Strait Eskimos, 159 248-49, pl.9 Ciudad Real, Antonio de, 185 n.9 on birchbark, 80 compared with Codex Boturini, 220 Champlain's map, 90, 91, 180 n.364 footprints in, 210 Australian, 376, 376 n.75 by Chickasaws, 100 n.167, 101 and Ixtlilxochitl's works, 190 and Iatmul body painting, 438 by Howling Wolf, 118, 119 pictographs from, 200 Melanesian, 423, 423 n.2 by Inuit, 157, 165-66 and territorial rights, 218, 220 South American and Caribbean, 311 Knight's map, 146, 149, 152 Codex Zouche-Nuttall. See Codex Nuttall Clanwilliam, rock art scene from, 14-15, by Lamhatty, 96 Coffee growers, 43 n.82 General Index 591

Cognitive cartography,S, 537 Columbia, South Carolina, 101 Mesoamerican, 187, 237 Coixtlahuaca, 191, 196, 250-51 Columbus, Christopher, 56, 301, 319, 324 on Bonampak mural, 237-38, 254-55 Coixtlahuaca group of maps, 184-85 n.6, Columns, 311 on Calendar Stone, 255 207, 207 n.70, 219, 250-53 Colutl (Scorpion) (constellation), 239 Maya, 237 n.150 Coixtlahuaca Valley, 207 n.70, 250-51 Colville, Clyde A., 110 in Primeros memoriales, 238, 239, 255 Cold iced sea, 339 Comanche Indians,S, 118, 128-29, 180 native North American Collana (Inka), 286 Comeau, Napoleon A., 139 on Diegueiio sandpainting, 112 Collasuyu, 288, 299 Comer, George, 160, 160 n.321, 161, 162 Lakota, 120-21 Collins, David, 508 n.65 Comets, 239 mounds, 95 Collinson, Richard, 157 Comisario de bienes comunales Navajo, 65, 66, 67, 109-10, 111 Colombia, 5 (commissioner of communal Pawnee, 54 Colonization. See Settlement assets), 220 and Oceanic mental navigation, 443 Color Community-kingdoms, Mesoamerican, South American and Caribbean, 320 on African maps, 34, 43 204-5 in Arawakan Wakuenai cosmology, 317 on Andean maps Comparisons, cross-cultural, 8-9 Barasana, 306, 307 khipus, 290 Compasses in Tukano night sky, 308 Moche house model, 279, 280 magnetic, 465 visualized as humans or animals, 304-5 Moche landscape vessel, 279 in Caroline Islands, 463-64, 469 Constructs, spatial, 3 pallays, 268 used by Bugis, 488 "Continuation of the Report of the Sieur on Andean textiles, 267 Mesoamerican use of, 201 n.55 de La Verendrye," 145 on Australian Aboriginal maps, 387, 390, not used to create Catawba map, 101 Conti Rossini, Carlo, 45, 47 404 omitted from native North American Conventions, cartographic on Australian Aboriginal paintings, 366, maps, 137 Australian Aboriginal, 367-68, 389-90 371 star, 539 European, 285, 285 n.130 on Chukchi decorated paddle, 345 Carolinian, 458, 460, 462, 463-65, on Guaman Poma's map of Inka empire, on Evenk shaman's costume, 333 487, 488-89 295-96, 298-99 in Iatmul body painting, 438 "star path," 463, 464 Mesoamerican, 198, 242-44 on Melanesian shield, 432 sun-wind, 497 in cartographic histories and screenfold on Mesoamerican ceramics, 197 Tahitian, 497 manuscripts, 215 in Mesoamerican cosmography, 203, 232, used to draw Chickasaw map, 99 in Codex Kingsborough, 251 236 Compass points of Tetliztaca, 245, 246 on Mesoamerican maps, 197 indications of in Trobriand Islands, 435 Cook, James, 443, 445-46, 454, 458, 473, of Apoala Valley in Codex Nuttall, 216 n.40 505, 508 Mapa de Teozacoalco, 244 in traditional cosmography, 539 failed to record Maori map in journal, relating to land tenure, 221-22 in wor n'su, 435 501, 501 n.40 of Tenochtitlan, 193, 193 n.33, 194, Compass roses, 539 on Maori map of South Island, 514 235-36 canoes as, 487 Maori maps drawn for, 495, 500-501, on native North American maps on Caroline Island nautical charts, 469 530, 531 by Andrew, 152 "star compass rose," 458 and Tupaia's chart of , 446-51 by Bad Heart Bull, 119, 122, 123 Complementarity, 259-60 Cook Islands Catawba map, 99 Concentric circles settlement, 420 Delaware map on blazed tree, 88 on Ethiopian maps centering on Aksum, on Tupaia's chart of Polynesia, 450 Kiowa, 53, 173, 174 28,29 wind rose from, 458-59, 465 of Maine coastline, 91 in Kayapo cosmology, 311, 317 Cooley, William Desborough, 38, 38 n.68 "Nations Amies et Ennemies des on Melanesian maps, 430 Cooper-Hewitt National Museum of Tchikachas," 103 Conception of the World with Sky (Billy Design, New York, 56 n.26 in Navajo sandpainting, 109-10, 175 and Maning), 368-69 Copan, Maya pyramid at, 234 Navajo star ceilings, 65 Condesuyu, 299 Copper Eskimos, 157, 158 Pawnee celestial chart, pl.7 Congo River, 32 Coppermine River pictograph at Rancho El Tajo, 61 Connecticut River, 77, 77 n.81, 78-79, on Chippewa maps of western Canada, related to King William's War, 94 178 136, 137 showing treaties between Iroquois and Conquistadores, Spanish, 183, 196, 229 on Knight's map, 149 Canadian Indians, 94 Constellations on Meatonabee and Idotlyazee's map, star chart from Big Black Meteoric Star Andean 146, 151 Bundle, 125 dark cloud, 260 n.14 Copulation. See Sexual intercourse on wampum belts, 89, 90 on Moche landscape vessel, 279 Copway, George, 82, 181 n.366 by Windigo, 151, 154 on Nasca pottery, 277 Coral. See also Reefs on Ropoama Te One's map, 526 Quechua, 260 n.14 in Carolinian star compasses, 462, 463, on toas, 370, 383, 384 on Santa Cruz Pachacuti's drawing of 467 Colorado, Kiowa-Apache map of, 129 Coricancha, 297 in Carolinian star path compass, 465 Colorado River on Tello Obelisk, 272 in Kiribati mapping devices, 485 n.105 Halchidhoma map of, 108, 172, 177 in Australian Aboriginal mapping, 369 in Oceanic maps drawn in sand, 453, petroglyph of, 61-62, 63 in Carolinian navigation, 465, 465 457 Ulloa reaches mouth of, 108 n.184 and Eurasian Arctic and Subarctic Oceanic maps in, 443 Yuman map of, 106 n.183, 177, 177 shamanism, 333-34 Cordillera Blanca, 271 n.360, 178 on Koryak dancing coat, 334, 336, pl.14 Cordillera Real, 260 592 General Index

Cords, 428, 429 in Codex Madrid, 232, 233 Cowan, Thaddeus, 95 Coricancha (Temple of the Sun), 285 in Codex Rios, 234, 234 nn.136-38, Coweta Indians, 103 and astronomy, 286 n.133 237, 239, 240, 241 Crabs, 278, 288 and ceque system, 286 Lienzo of Zacatepec 1, 209 Crafts, 301, 319 Santa Cruz Pachacuti's drawing of, 295, on mural in tomb in RIo Azul, 197, Cranes, 80 296, 297 254-55 Crayon Coriolis effect, 461 n.51 and media and place of origin, 196 Australian Aboriginal maps in, 387, 388, Cormack, W. E., 73 n.79 Olmec, 183-84, 234, 234 n.140 390, 391, 392, 393, 396, 397, Corn. See also Maize and religious conversion, 241 398, 398, 400, 401, 410, 411, native North American maps using, 68, rulers and, 234 412, 412 n.68, 413, 414, 415-16 69, 126 in screenfolds, 196 Australian Aboriginal paintings in, 359, in sacred bundles, 125 sculptures and, 197 362, 368, 369 Cornmeal, 69 spatial models of cosmos, 189 native North American maps in, 77, Corn Tassel, 105-6, 106-7 stela at Izapa, 185, 234, 235, 254-55 78-7~ 12~ 123, 162-63 Coromandel Peninsula, 501 on Tizoc stone, 235, 238, 254-55 Creation, 204 Coronado, Francisco Vasquez de, 108, 108 native North American, 51, 53-54, Creator, 139 n.184, 172 108-12, 117, 175, 178, 181-82 Cree Indians Coronado Island, 112 Algonquian, 52, 69, 70, 175, 181 n.367 and design biting, 142 , 144, 152 Bad Heart Bull's map, 120-21, 123, and false geography of Northwest, 71 Corrals, 271 176,179 n.77 Corroboree (ceremony), 411 boundaries in, 106 n.181 and Knight's map, 149, 152 Cortes, Hernan compared with South Asian and La Verendrye's map, 144, 145-46 Culhua-Mexica map received by, 187 cosmography, 181 and map of Qu'Appelle River, 129 map of Tenochtitlan, 194, 195, 225, 244 Delaware, 54, 91, 93 Mistassini birchbark message map, 84 and Mesoamerican military and trade on drumheads, 139, 141 n.l08 maps, 228 n.123, 228-29 n.124, ephemeral, 180 and scapulimancy, 141 229 and Eurasian Subarctic, 171 surveying of Charlton Island, 151-52, Corvus (constellation) Inuit, 156 154, 156, 173, 179 and Carolinian navigation, 465, 474, 475 in rock art, 63-66, 67 York Factory Indian's map of Manitoba, on Carolinian star compass, 463 South American, 540 146, 147 and etak, 471 South Asian, 181 Creek Indians, 96 in Navajo rock art, 65, 67 Cosmology. See also Cosmography Creeks. See also Water in Navajo sandpainting, 109 Andean, 274, 275, 294 on Bad Heart Bull's picture map, 119, Cosmic egg, 311 in Columbus's diary, 324 122 Cosmography, 8, 538, 541. See also Cos­ Eurasian Arctic and Subarctic, 331 on map of Qu'Appelle River, 129 mology European, 315-16 on native North American birchbark African, 15-16, 25-30 Hawaiian, 486 maps, 80 Andean Melanesian, 423-25 Crescents, 64, 65 Bennett Stela and, 281-82 Iatmul, 426-27 Crespi, Juan, 113 caiman in, 272-73 Yupno, 435-36, 437, 438, 439 Cribbage boards, 167 and mapping rites, 269-70 South American and Caribbean, 301, Crocodiles. See also Earth monsters Nasca, 277 302, 304-18, 319 in Mesoamerican cosmography, 185, 200, Nazca geoglyphs and, 276 and European cosmology, 315-16 201, 235 on Santa Cruz Pachacuti's drawing, 295 expressed on human bodies, 303-4 in Mesoamerican hieroglyph, 201 Taypikala and, 279-80 and location of settlements, 308, 313 Cronin Stream, 524 Tello Obelisk and, 272-73 pictographs in, 301 Crosses on wall at Coricancha, 295 Cosmopolises, 270, 279-80 Christian, 85-86 n.113 Australian Aboriginal paintings, 368-71 Cossacks, 330, 330 n.5 and cosmography, 540-41 Eurasian Arctic and Subarctic, 329, Costanso, Miguel, 113 Dogon,27 332-37, 338, 339, 348 Costumes. See also Clothing Eurasian Arctic and Subarctic, 336, 337 Mesoamerican, 187 and Eurasian Arctic and Subarctic cosmo­ intertropical African, 25 architecture and, 197 graphy, 332-33, 334 Kongo,27 axes in, 201, 203, 203 n.56 and South American and Caribbean cos- Mesoamerican, 237 Aztec, 230 mology, 316 native North American, 139, 141, 181 on ceramics, 197, 232-34, 235 Coteau des Prairies, 126-28, 179 cross-in-circle motif, 103, 103 n.172, 105 cities in, 235-37 Cotton, William, 501 on lukala maps, 32 crocodiles in, 185, 200, 201, 235 Couclelis, Helen, 4 n.l0 Maltese diagram of, 229 Council Bluffs, 132 in Codex Fejervary-Mayer, 229, 230, frequency of survival of maps related to, Council of Chiefs (stars), pI. 7 231, 232, 253 196 Counties, 101 in Codex Madrid, 232, 233, 255 and map production, 197 Course, keeping on, 459-60 on Mesoamerican maps of Manl, 209, maps relating to, 229-37, 238 Course setting, 455, 457-59 210 in Codex Borgia, 232 n.132, 241 Courts, ball, 227, 282 on Navajo star ceilings, 65 in Codex Fejervary-Mayer, 229-32, Coves, 112, 341 on Nasca pottery, 277 234, 235-37, 23~ 240, 241 Cowan, James, 506, 506 n.62 on Smith's 1612 map of Virginia, 71 Genera/Index 593

on Velasco map, 70 n.76 in Carolinian navigation, 465 in Codex Rios, 234 waninga (wanigi), 359 and Marshallese sailing, 476 Dead reckoning Cross Lake, 152, 154 and modern canoe voyage, 461 n.51 in Carolinian navigation, 469, 470-71 Cross sections, 216 in modern Carolinian navigation, 469 etak, 471-75, 489 "Cross star" (constellation), 112 and stick charts, 485 in Oceanic navigation and cartography, Crow Butte, 119, 122 and traditional Oceanic navigation, 457, 459-60 Crow Indians, 53, 133 458 Tupaia and, 449 Crozet, Julien, 445 Curves Dead River, 84 Crummer, Thomas, 525 on birchbark message map, 84-85 Dease, Peter, 157 Crux. See Southern Cross on map of Rangeley Lakes region, 85 Death Cuauhquechollan, Mapa circular de, 196, on Mohave Rock petroglyph, 63 in Foi gendered map of Mubi Yalley, 442 210, 212, 539 Cuzco in Mountain-Ok mythology, 427 Cuauhtinchan in ceque system, 286 n.133 "Debriefing Explorers" (Patricia Galloway), feud with Tepeyacac, 197 n.43 drawing of house of Manco Capac, 56 n.29 maps of 294-95 Declination, 284, 460, 460 n.48 in Historia tolteca-chichimeca, 205, Guaman Poma's map of pontifical world Decorative maps, Eurasian Arctic and Sub­ 206, 207, 220, 248-49, 253 and, 295, 297 arctic, 344--48, 349 Mapa de Cuauhtinchan 1, 250-51 layout of, 285-86 Deer Mapa de Cuauhtinchan 2, 218-19, 222, puma symbol and, 285, 285 n.129 in Eurasian Arctic and Subarctic cosmo­ 250-51 Cuzco Yalley graphy, 337 Mapa de Cuauhtinchan 3, 250-51 ephemeral map of, 285, 299 on Eurasian Arctic and Subarctic maps, Mapa de Cuauhtinchan 4, 250-51 in Inka mapping rite drawn by Guaman 341, 346, 349 reference, 207 Poma, 287 on Illigliak's map, 159-60 n.320 Cuauhtli (eagle), 206 Inka and residence rules in, 260 on map of Pequot country, 73, 179 Cuba, 228, 319-20 Inkas and huacas in, 265 on map on blazed tree, 86 Cuenca, Gregorio Gonzalez de, 262, 264 Cygnus (constellation), 95 on Ojibwa message map, 86 Culhuacan, 205, 218, pl.9 Deer Creek, 118 Culhua-Mexicas, 205. See also Aztecs Dakota Sioux Indians. See Sioux Indians Deer River, 83 Chalca rebellion against, 228 Damian, Dona Ana, 225 Deerskin, maps on, 68, 99, 151. See also and Codex Boturini, 246 Damian, Don Miguel, 225, 226, 252-53 Skins, animal and Codex Mendoza map of Dance,S Deffer akal, 40 Tenochtitlan, 192-93, 193-94, in Carolinian navigation, 468 Degrees, in navigation, 469 235-37, 252-53 and South American and Caribbean Deities. See Gods control of Mesoamerica, 183 cartography, 301, 303 Deixis, spatial, 53 n.6, 434 hill pictograph, 200 and South American and Caribbean cos­ Delano Smith, Catherine, 57 on Humboldt Fragment 2, 222 mology, 316 Delaware Indians, 89 and itinerary histories, 218, 218 n.97 in southern African rock art, 15 cosmography, 54, 91, 93 and Mapa de Sigiienza, 246, 249 Dancers map by compared with Beaver Indian and Plano en papel de maguey, 224 Iatmul, 439, pl.23 dream map, 139 n.267 and pochteca, 225-28 on map of longhouse, 309 map of Manhattan Island by, 68 and Primeros memoriales, 227, 252-53 and Paracas ritual mapping, 273 n.69, and maps on blazed trees, 88 Tizoc stone, 235, 238, 254-55 274 migration story, 82 n.99 Cults, Eurasian Arctic and Subarctic, 331 Daniels, Mr., 505 and Walam Olum, 7-8 n.15 Dar es Salaam, 37 Delmarva Peninsula, 68, 69, 69 n.72 Culture Daribi people, 431, 434 Delphi, 29 n.31 Andean, 259 Dashes Democratic Republic of Congo, 27, 31, 32 Maori, 495-500, 531, 531 n.125 on Hidatsa map, 133 n.255 Demography, Mesoamerican, 240--41 native North American, 114, 179 on Howling Wolf's voyage map, 119 Denham, Dixon, 35 on Ki 00 Cus's map, 129-30 Dat-akal, 40 Denison, Alfred, 348 n.68 native North American, 106 Dates Department of Lands and Survey, Maori on Writing Rock, 63 n.46 in Codex Borgia, pl.l0 maps copied by, 513, 533 Cumberland Sound, 170 n.336 and Mesoamerican hieroglyphs, 199 Depot Island, 162 Cummins, Tom, 258 on Mesoamerican maps, 198, 215, 218, Derevyannye planshety (maps on wooden Cunucunuma tributary, 321 236 boards), 341 Cups Dating of rock art, 54, 61, 66 Dermer, Thomas, 68 engraved shell cup, 57, 103, 103 n.172, Dauarani, 308, 317 Desanas 105 Davenport, William, 476, 478, 479, 485 cartography, 320 incised on Writing Rock, 63 n.46 Davidson, Daniel Sutherland, 381 origin myths, 305-6 Curahausi, 288 Davidson, Donald, 2 n.3 and shamanistic rituals, 6 Curlicues Davidson, George, 117 Descripciones, 185 on Mesoamerican maps, 216, 243 Davies, James, 90, 90 n.131 "Deserts," 101 on South American and Caribbean map, Days Design biting, 142-43 311 on Bennett Stela, 282 Designs. See also Motifs; Patterns; Symbols Cur~Hea~ 146,148 in Codex Fejervary-Mayer, 232, 236, 253 Andean, 264-65, 294 Currents in Codex Madrid, 233, 255 Australian Aboriginal 594 General Index

Designs, Australian Aboriginal (cont.) on Carolinian star compass, 462 Djugae,482 importance of, 366, 384-85 on Cossack itineraries, 330 Dobbs, Arthur, 144-45 on paintings from northeast Arnhem on Eurasian Arctic and Subarctic maps, Dobell, C., 43 Land, 375-76 340, 342, 343 Dodge, Richard, 128-29 on paintings from western Cape York in kula system, 431 Dogons, 26, 26 n.ll, 27, 540-41 Peninsula, 377, 377 nn.78, 79, lack of Inuit concern with, 145 Dogrib Indians, 143 379 of Marshallese ocean swells, 476-77 Dogs on paintings from Western Desert, on Marshallese stick charts, 479 in Howling Wolf's ledger art, 120 379-80, 381 in native North American cosmography, on Ket drum, 337 South American and Caribbean 53 on Mansi wooden board maps, 342, 344 labyrinth, 331-32, 333 on native North American maps, 176 on Teseuke's map, 162, 164 Tukano, 308-9, pl.13 and Oceanic mental navigation, 443 Dogsleds, 161, 344. See also Sleds Devil's Head Mountain, 132 on Olmec cosmogram, 234 "Doldrums," 476 Devils Tower (Bear Lodge Butte), 120, 121, stars associated with, 428 Dolgan people, 336 176 on Tupaia's chart, 449-50 Domenique (Montagnais man), 136, 138, De Vorsey, Louis, 95 n.152, 105 Dishes, Australian Aboriginal, 379, pl.19, 180 Dewdney, Selwyn 539 Dominica, 321 n.49 on native North American mapmaking, Disks Doors 83, 84 n.106 earth boat cabin, 333, 335 and Ojibwa migration scrolls, 82, 82 in South American and Caribbean cos­ celestial, 311, 312 n.l00, 181 n.366 mology, 309-10 Dots Dharlwangu clan, 376 in Warao cosmology, 312, 313, 315 on African maps, 34 DhulalJ, 364 n.47 on Koryak dancing coat, 334, pl.14 in Andean rock art, 271 Diamonds on map of Bamum, 43 on Australian Aboriginal maps, 390, 393 in clan designs from northeast Arnhem Distances, 445 n.8, 538 on Australian Aboriginal painting, 378 Land, 376 in Achuar culture, 303 in Eurasian Arctic and Subarctic cosmo- in drawing of house of Manco Capac, on African maps, 36, 38 graphy 295 on Andean maps, 265, 280 on Chukchi decorated paddle, 347 on Five Nations wampum belt, 89, 90 on Australian Aboriginal mud maps, on Dolgan drum, 336 on intertropical African cosmographic 407-8 on Evenk tyngirin, 333 maps, 25 in Carolinian navigation, 473-74 on Sami drum, 337 in Kongo cosmography, 27, 541 on Cossack itineraries, 330, 330 n.6 on Eurasian Arctic and Subarctic petro­ on map of Zolipa, Veracruz, 243 between earth and sun, 446 glyphs, 332 in Maya pictographs, 200 n.54 on Evenk shaman's costume, 333 on map of South American and in Mesoamerican hieroglyph, 201 Inka measurement of, 289 n.156 Caribbean vision quest, 310 on Mesoamerican hill pictographs, 200 on Maori maps, 514, 518, 519 on Marshallese stick charts, 480, 482 on Q'ero pallay, 266-67 Maori measurement of, 495-96 in Maya pictographs, 200 n.54 on Qheswa pallay, 267 in Melanesian song maps, 435 in Mesoamerican hieroglyph, 201 on Tukano cosmic fertility map, pl.13 on Mesoamerican maps, 200-201 in Mesoamerican hill pictographs, 200 on wampum maps, 89 boundary map from Codex Xolotl, 208 on Mesoamerican maps in wor n'su, 435 Lienzo of Zacatepec 1, 201 in Codex Boturini, 221 Diaz del Castillo, Bernal, 187, 228, 229 of Zolipa, Veracruz, 243 in Codex Madrid, 233 n.124 on native North American maps, 176 in Codex Nuttall, 215 Dibble, Charles E., 205 n.67 by Bering Strait Eskimos, 159 in Codex Xolotl, 208 Diccionario de motul (Maya-Spanish dictio­ birchbark, 80 Lienzo of Zacatepec 1, 209 nary) (Antonio de Ciudad Real), by Ki 00 Cus, 129-30, 161 of Zolipa, Veracruz, 243 185 n.9 lack of Inuit concern with, 145 on Nasca pottery, 277 Dickinson, James A., 129 by Meliki, 161 on native North American maps Dictionaries by Miguel, 126 by Gero-Schunu-Wy-Ha, 132, 133 Indian, 52 Ojibwa message map, 86 by Howling Wolf, 119 Maori, 494-95 by Paiutes, 113 by Ki 00 Cus, 130, 161 Mesoamerican, 185, 187 sketches of St. Lawrence River obtained by Lahontan, 128 Dieffenbach, Ernst, 496, 503, 503 n.44, by Champlain, 72 Largo Canyon star panel, 67 504 of Susquehanna River, 76, 77 by Meliki, 161-62 Dieguefio Indians, 112 by Wetalltok, 165 by Non-Chi-Ning-Ga, 135 Diffusion grates, 478, 479 n.93 in Njoya's survey of his kingdom, 42 Pawnee celestial chart, pl.7 Dikes, 187 Distortion. See Accuracy by Teseuke, 162 Dindi pongone, 430 Ditches, 224, 262-63, 264 in southern African rock art, 14, 15 Diomede Islands, 159 Divination, 171 Double Point, 83 Diopters, 283 Djan'kawu Sisters, 371-73,414, pl.17 Dowaganhae Indians, 94 Direction, sense of, 81 Djarrakpi, bark painting of, 366, 373, 374, Dowson, Thomas A., 16 Directionality, 200-203 pl.18 Dragons, 273, 339 Directions Djeldjelatae, 482 Drainage, 278, 279, 344 Bugi conceptions of, 488 Djidinja, 371 Draper Island, 81 cardinal (see Cardinal directions) Djimbun, 402-3, p1.21 Drawings General Index 595

as cartography, 3, 5 in African cosmography, 27 Ehecatl-Quetzalcoatl, 239-40 to explain Q'ero pallay, 267 n.38 in Andean cosmography, 297 8 Calli, 221 Dreamings (ancestral beings), 5, 392, 539, on Australian Aboriginal toa, 370 8 Crocodile, 203 541 in Eurasian Arctic and Subarctic cosmo­ E Kehu, 496-97 n.15, 498-99 and aerial and subterranean views, 363 graphy, 333, 339 Eland, 15 n.41 in Mesoamerican cosmography, 229 Elcho Island, 397 Bird Woman and Two Men, 394 in Codex Rios, 234, 236 El Dorado, 315-16, 322 and conventions of painting, 368 Maya, 200 n.54 Ralegh and, 319, 322 n.51, 323, 324-25 and cult lodges, 376, 376 n.72 on stela at Izapa, 185 Tupi-Guarani and, 313 explained, 360-61, 361 n.38 on Mesoamerican maps, 216 El Duraznito, 271 Honey Ant Dreaming, 362 in native North American cosmography, Elements on Mowaljarlai's map, 415 53, 109 on al-Biriini's diagram, 29 on paintings from Western Desert, 379, in South American and Caribbean in Mesoamerican cosmography, 236 380, 381, 383 cosmology, 309-10, 312, 313, 315 Elevation Red Kangaroo Dreaming, 405, 408 symbols for, 181 depiction of buildings in, 194 and rock arrangements, 411 Earth lodges, 53, 54, 124, 125 in southern African agriculturalist engrav- in rock art, 374-75 Earth monsters, 200. See also Crocodiles ings, 19 and Sacred Places at Milmindjarr', in Codex Borgia, 201, 240, pI. 10 11 Tecpatl, 221 372-73 in Codex Fejervary-Mayer, 231 11 Tiger, 203 Squid and Turtle Dreamings, 371, 372 in Codex Kingsborough, 189 Eliade, Mircea, 538 Tjapaltjarris and, 399, 400, 401, 402 in Codex Nuttall, 216 Elk, 331, 332, 339, 344 in Western Desert paintings, 388 on Lienzo of Zacatepec 1, 209 Elkablet, 39 Dream maps, native North American, 56, on map of Zolipa, Veracruz, 243 Ellesmere Lake. See Waihore 138-39 on Tizoc stone, 235, 238 Ellipses, 95 Drechsel, Emanuel J., 99-100 n.166 Earth People, 109 E Mare, 503, 503 n.45, 504 Dresden Codex, 240 Earth pigments, maps in, 411 Encampments. See Camps Drewal, Henry John, 27-28 n.21 Earthquakes, 430 Enclosures Dr6ber, Wolfgang, 55, 491 Earth sculptures, 541 in Purgatoire River petroglyph, 66 Drugs, psychotropic, 307, 310 East on Sel'kup fishing drawing, 346 Drums on Bernus's maps, 39-40 Endeavour (ship), 446, 501 n.40, 505 on Chukchi decorated paddle, 347 in Mesoamerican cosmography, 203, 229 n.56, 530 and Eurasian Arctic and Subarctic cosmo­ in Codex Fejervary-Mayer, 230, 231 on Maori map of South Island, 513, 513 graphy, 334-35, 336, 337 in Codex Madrid, 233 n.83, 514 native North American cosmographic in tomb in Rio Azul, 234 Toiawa and, 500-501, 500 n.37 maps on, 139, 141, 171 in Navajo sandpainting, 110 Tupaia pilots, 448-49, 450, 451 South American and Caribbean, 304 East Cape, 501 Enemies, location of, 317 Dry paintings. See Sandpainting Easter Island (Rapa Nui) Enewetak (Eniwetok), 475 n.81, 480, 484 Dubungu, 395, 397, 40~ 401 difficulties in navigating to, 461 England. See also Britain Duck Island, 81 European discovery, 445 Chickasaws and, 101 Ducks, 81 as part of Polynesia, 445 maps of New Zealand sent to, 513 Dugast, Idellette, 42, 43 settlement, 420 Pacific explorers from, 445 Duho (thrones), 317, 318 Eastern Abenaki Indians. See Abenaki Indi- and possible trading post along Susque- Duifken (ship), 414 ans hanna River, 77 Dumont d'Urville, Jules Sebastien Cesar, Eastern division Sioux Indians, 58 settlements in North America, 67, 103 419 Eastman, Seth, 79, 80, 81 and South America, 324 Dunedin (New Edinburgh), 520 East Polynesia, 420 trade rivalry with France, 99 n.163, 105, Dunmore, John, 508 n.67 East River, 68 180 Dupuis, Joseph, 38, 38 n.67, 39 Eating, 440, 441 Engravings Duran, Diego, 190 Ebon Island, 480, 482, 484 rock, 374-75 (see also Rock art) Duryea, Chester B., 486 Ecatepec (Hill of the Wind God), 221 on shell cup, 57 Dusky Bay (Sound), 513 n.83 Ecology on walrus tusks, 166 Dutch West India Company, 68 Tukano, 308-9 Eniwetok. See Enewetak Du Tisne, Claude, 124 n.231 and Warao cosmology, 308, 311-13, 313 Enkachan, Nicolai, 340 Duveyrier, Henri, 38, 38 nn.69, 70 Economy Entotto (Intotto), 47 Andean, 259-60 Environment Eagle Head. See Minimic, Chief of Arctic and Subarctic Eurasia, 329 of Arctic and Subarctic Eurasia, 329 Eagles Ecosystems, 119-20, 122, 179 Maori and, 530 in cartographic pictograph, 81 Edinburgh Museum, 491 Eopi, 503, 503 n.49 on Mesoamerican maps Edock, 454 n.36 Ephemeral maps, 172 of Cuauhtinchan, 205, 206 Eelpout, 86 Andean, 269-70, 285, 287, 299 of Tenochtitlan, 193, 194 Eels, 510, 510 n.72, 514 Evenk, 339 on Tello Obelisk, 272, 273 Effigy mounds. See Mounds native North American, 51, 67-71, 72, on Writing Rock, 63 n.46 Effigy Mounds National Monument, 95 113-14, 128-29, 143-45, 159, Eaheinomauwe. See North Island Eggs, cosmic, 311 175, 180 (see also Sandpainting) Earth Egrets, 316 Epidemics, 240 596 General Index

£ Orionis, 306 Euro-Americans Famines, 430 Eqalugtormiuts, 157 in late twentieth-century Inuit art, 169 Fan, 36 Equator, 303, 306, 486 native North American contact with, Fanuankuwel, 468 Erhardt, Jakob, 41 66-67, 168 Fanur, 470 Erk-sin'-ra, 157, 158 and native North American mapping, Fantiwanktiwen, 470 Erskine site, 17, 19 112-13, 121, 123, 125-28, 149, Faraulep, 466 Escarpments, 146, 179 155, 157-59, 172 Farfan de los Godos, Marcos, 108, 113 Escobar, Francisco de, 108-9 Europe and Europeans Farming. See Agriculture Esino (Khakasiya), sepulcher of, 332, 333 African influence on cartography, 38-41 Farnham, Edwin, 63 n.46 Eskers, 146 city plans, 225, 244 Father Sky, 109, 111 Eskimos. See also Inuit; and specific tribes early charts of drawn by, "Father Sky" (Franc J. Newcomb), 109 Alaskan, 171 446-54, 455, 456-57 Fava beans, map using, 319-20 Asian, 171, 329 Caroline Islands, 451-53, 454, 455 Fayirhap, 470 and bleached sealskin, 348 n.68 by Kotzebue, 453-54, 456-57 Feast of the Dead, 270 and decorated canoe benches, 346, 348 by Tupaia, 446-51 Feather River Maidu Indians, 115 and decorated paddles, 345 early maps of South America and Feathers, 215, 238, 316 and vertical perspective, 340 n.42 Caribbean, 313 The Feathers. See Ac ko mok ki Espanola. See Hispaniola and exploration of South America, 324 Feldman, Robert A., 284 n.121 Espinosa, Pedro, 129 and indigenous South American and Felines, 288 Essequibo River, 323, 324 Caribbean land claims, 321 n.49 Felix Harbour, pl.8 Estanques (springs or reservoirs), 262, 297 influence on African mapmaking, 24, Fell, Barry, 62 n.46 Estates, Australian Aboriginal, 395, 397, 33-37, 41-48 Fellow, Abe, 138-39 398, 399, 400, 401 influence on Australian Aboriginal map­ Fences Esteban, Hernando, 126, 127 making, 353 n.2, 389 on Australian Aboriginal mud maps, 408 Estuaries influence on Mesoamerican cartography, on Australian Aboriginal vineyard plan, on Maori maps, 531 n.125, 536 184, 189, 212, 212 n.83, 215, 225 409-10 on native North American maps, 178 Inuit and maps from, 157-59, 180 on petroglyphs from , 61, 62 Etak dead reckoning, 471-75, 489 knowledge of Eurasian Arctic and Subarc- on Sitting Rabbit's map, 124 EteekurLk (wolf) (constellation), 112 tic, 330 in Yupno worldview, 436 Ethiopia ledger of trade with Inkas, 293 n.173 Ferland, abbe, 136 Beke's map of, 41 and Maori cartography, 493-536 Fernandeno group, 113 Ras Makonnen's map of, 45, 47, 48 map of Tenochtitlan from, 194, 195 Ferns, 513 schematic mapping from, 28-30 map usage of, 182 Fernsticks, 501, 503, 531 Ethnic groups, 47 maritime explorers and perspective, 363 Fertility Ethnic origin, 311 n.42 Chuquito rites, 299 Ethnographers and ethnography and native North American cartography, cosmic, pl.13 cosmographies drawn for, 336-37, 338, 52, 69, 143-54, 15~ 15~ 178-79 Nazca geoglyphs and, 277 339 and Neo-Eskimos, 171 Festivals, 270 and Evenk cartography, 340 penetration of Remote Oceania, 444-46 Fibers, banana, 462, 463 and interest in native North American shown on bleached sealskin map, 349 Fidler, Peter mapping, 55 shown on Maori map of South Island, native North American maps solicited by, and southern African rock art, 13 514 129-32, 133 Etobicoke River, 77 and South American and Caribbean and Nay hik til 10k's map, 166, 166 Eurasia, Arctic and Subarctic cartography, 301, 302, 302 n.2, n.326 maps of 322-25 and York Factory Indian's map of Mani­ Amur estuary, 339 stylized political boundaries on maps of, toba, 147 by Antonov, 340 285 n.130 Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Chukchi wooden board maps, 341-42, and traditional mapping, 541 124, 125, 490 343 Evenk people, 348 Fields by Enkachan, 340 and birchbark maps, 342 in AltiJ cosmology, 318 Gilyak kingdom, 339 and blazed trees, 343, 345 on Andean maps Kurile Islands, 338-39 maps by, 339-40 by Guaman Poma, 262 Maya River and , 339 shamans' costumes, 333, 334 of Lambayeque River, 262, 264 n.36 tyngirin from, 333, 335 Nasca pottery, 277-78 reference, 328 Even people, 334 of Q'ero agricultural landholdings, 263 Russia, 339, 340 n.36 Ewi, 503, 503 n.49 Qheswa pallay, 267, 269 Russian Arctic, 330 n.8 Exhibitions of native North American in Andes, 257 Tartary, 330 cartography, 56, 56 n.26 on Mesoamerican maps, 225, 226, 253 traditional cartography, 329-49 Exploration, 324 Mesoamerican pictographs for, 200 cosmographical and celestial maps, at Tiwanaku, 283 332-37, 338, 339 Faces, 195 "Fight and Flight" (scene), 14-15, 538, evidence of mapping in prehistory, Fais Atoll, 452, 467, 468 pl.l 330-32, 333 Fallen Star, 121 Fighting, 349 terrestrial mapmaking and maps, Falls, 137-38, 149. See also Waterfalls Figura mitol6gica vessels, 277-78 338-48, 349 Faluch, 470 n.74 Fiji General Index 597

settlement, 419, 420 Indians sent to confinement at Fort Fort Marion, 118 on Tupaia's chart of Polynesia, 450, 451 Marion, 118 Fort Pitt, 88 Finger paintings, 14, 391 on Lamhatty's map, 96 Forts Finisterre Mountains, 437 omitted from Chickasaw map, 101 on Delaware map on blazed tree, 88, 88 Fiordland, 508, 530, 533 de Soto's map of, 95, 96, 97-98 n.120 Fire, 142 n.280 Flowers, 29 Maori, 493 Fire (Australian Aborigine ancestral being), Foi people, 441-42 on native North American pictorial map, 376 Folklore, Eurasian Arctic and Subarctic, 117 First Man, 312 330 on Piedra Cansada, 288 First Slender One (constellation), 65, 67 Fond du Lac, 83 Fort Selkirk, 115, 116-17 First Woman, 312 Food Fort William, 149, 151, 154, 155, 177 Firth of Thames, 501 and Gawan mapping, 429 n.23 Fountains, 288 Fish. See also Milkfish in Huli sacred geography, 430 "Four Corners" region, Navajo star ceilings in Eurasian Arctic and Subarctic on native North American maps, 73 in, 65-66 cartography, 346 Foolish Lunar Younger Brother, 273 4 Wind, 208 n.72 on Chukchi decorated paddle, 347 Foothills, 61, 132. See also Hills Foveaux Strait, 530 on Ket drum, 337 Footprints on Hone Tiihawaiki's maps, 516, 517, Orochi, 339 on Mesoamerican maps, 198 533, 534 in native North American cartography in Codex Borgia, pl.l0 Fox, William, 496-97 n.15 in cartographic pictograph, 80 in Codex Boturini, 221 Fox dark cloud constellation, 279 on Illigliak's map, 159 in Codex Florentine, 228 Foxes, 279 map of "Yurok idea of the world," 181 in Codex Kingsborough, 189 Fox Indians, 136 on Teseuke's map, 162 in Codex Xolotl, 206-7, 210, pl.9 Fox traps, 346 in Nazca geoglyphs, 276 of Cuauhtinchan, 205, 206 Frake, Charles 0., 464-65 in Oceanic navigation in Historia tolteca-chichimeca, 210, 220 France Carolinian, 466 Humboldt Fragment 2, 222 and Aikon Aushabuc's gestural map, Puluwat Atoll, 468 Lienzo of Zacatepec 1, 203 68-69 triggerfish, 467, 468, 469, 470 Mapa de Sigiienza, 219 and Cheyennes, 120 on Plano en papel de maguey, 224 Metlatoyuca, 189 and Chickasaws, 101, 103, 173 on Sacred Places at Milmindjarr', pl.17 Plano en papel de maguey, 224 and Iroquois, 77 in South American and Caribbean carto- of Tetliztaca, 246 and map of Barnum, 43, 43 n.82 graphy, 303, 309, 315 on Nivkhi ritual vessels, 344, 347 Pacific explorers from, 445 Fish bait, 310 Foraging, 313 and Pawnees, 124 n.231 Fishing Forests. See also Trees settlements, 67, 103, 117 in Arctic and Subarctic Eurasia, 329 on Maori maps, 531 n.125 trade rivalry with England, 99 n.163, on Eurasian Arctic and Subarctic maps, ambush map, 513 105, 180 343-44, 346, 348 by Rakiraki, 520, 534 and wampum belts, 89-90 in Eurasian Arctic and Subarctic rock art, map of boundaries with tundra in north- Francisca, Pedronilla, 225 331 ern interior, 149 Franklin, John, 143-44 in Foi gendered map of Mubi Valley, 442 on Melanesian maps, 430 Fraser River, 114 Maori locating of grounds, 496, 497 in Mesoamerican landscape painting, 256 Fremont, John C., 106 n.183, 113-14 on Mesoamerican maps, 244 on native North American maps French River, 77 n.81 and native North American cartography, birchbark, 80 Frogs, 288, 319 135, 173, 179 by Jimmy Anderson and Curly Head, Frontal perspective, 228, 265 South American and Caribbean, 309, 146, 148 Frozen Strait, 164 313, 315 by Ki 00 Cus, 129 Fruit, 185 Fishing stations, 159 by Meatonabee and Idotlyazee, 146 Ful~e of Banyo, 43 Fish rack constellation, 308, 320 in New Zealand, 530 Fumban, 42, 43, 45, 46 Fish scoops, 344, 346 on Subarctic Indian maps, 178 Funda~ao Nacional do indio (FUNAI), 302 Fish trap constellation, 305, 308, 320 Forma, 1-2 Furop, 470 Fish traps, 344, 345, 346 Forster, George, 448 n.19 Fur trade, 132, 177 n.359, 180, 330, 330 Fitzroy River, 390, 391 Forster, Johann Reinhold, 447-49, 450, n.6. See also Trade Five Nations belts, 89, 90 450 n.24 , 166, 178 5 Wind, 215, 216 Forsyth Lake. See Wairewa Futa Jallon, 35 Fjords, 168, 169,176,531 n.125 Fort Berthold, 133 n.255 Flagpoles, 119 Fort Buford, 133 n.255 Gabrielino Indians, 113 Flaherty, Robert Joseph, 155, 164, 165, Fort Churchill, 178 Gaferut, 467, 468, 470 165 n.325 on Auld's map, 166 Gaich (Masts), 470 n.74 Flax stalks, 525 on Knight's map, 149 Gale, Fay, 364 Flegel, Eduard Robert, 40-41 on Meatonabee and Idotlyazee's map, Galice Indians. See Gar'isi Indians Fleming, David, 277 n.93 146, 151 Galleries, 272 Fleurs-de-lis, 128 on Nay hik til 10k's map, 166, 166 n.326 Galliput (Galiput, Gyallipert), 409 Flint, 493 Fort Detroit, 88 Galloway, Patricia, 56 n.29 Floods, 487 Fort Ellice, 129 Galveston Bay, 97 Fort Loudon, 88 n.120 Gambali, 376 nn.73, 74 598 General Index y Aquilae, 464, 465, 471 Geological Survey of Canada, 152 Gods. See also Goddesses Ganambarr, Larrtjannga, 403, 404 Geomancy, 271 Andean, 277, 278, 281 Garcia, Ruben, 278 n.94 Geometric designs Mesoamerican, 225, 227 Gardens in Australian Aboriginal cartography, in Mesoamerican cosmography and cartography, 325-26 354-55, 359 in Codex Borgia, 232 n.132, pl.l0 on Melanesian maps, 430 on intertropical African cosmographic in Codex Fejervary-Mayer, 231, 232, Paracas polychrome mantle and, 273 maps, 25-26 232 Gari'si (Galice) Indians, 115 on lukala maps, 32 in Codex Madrid, 233 Garlake, Peter, 17 and native North American mounds, 95 in Codex Rios, 234, 236 Garrison, Tom, 479 n.93 Nazca geoglyphs and, 275 on Maya plate, 234 Gaspe Peninsula, 79-80 on Piedra Cansada, 288 in Mesoamerican landscape painting, 256 Gates, 288 on Tukano petroglyphs, 308-9 on Sami drum, 337 Gawa, 427 n.14, 429 n.23 Geometry, 262-65, 266 in South American and Caribbean Geary, Christraud, 44 n.90 native North American maps and, cosmology Gedaref,47 176-78 Alti},318 Geertz, Clifford, 9, 442 George III, 77, 79 Warao, 310, 312, 313, 315 Ge'ez, 28, 30 George, Mimi, 455 Venus as, 237, 239-40 Gell, Alfred, 363 Georgi, Jacob, 339 Goetz, Delia, 237 n.148 Gemini (constellation), 121, 237 Georgian Bay, 77 n.81 Goetzmann, William H., 445 Gender. See also Women Ge peoples, 301, 311 Gehring, M., 42 in Melanesian cosmography, 431, 434 Germans Gojab River, 35, 41 in Melanesian geography, 431, 433 and mapmaking in Barnum, 41, 42 n.77 Gold, 523 and Melanesian mapping, 440-42 and Carolinian traditional navigation, in Columbus's diary, 324 and Oceanic navigation, 455 462 Euro-Americans looking for, 112-13 Santa Cruz Pachacuti's drawing of Cori­ Gero-Schunu-Wy-Ha, 132-33, 134, 135, La Verendrye's inquiries regarding, 146 cancha and, 295 180 mining, 126 Genealogies Gesso, maps using, 195-96, 248-49 in Navajo sandpainting, 110 as Melanesian maps, 428 Gestures in South America, 324 in Mesoamerican historical writing, 215 as maps, 3 Golden Bay, 525, 526 on Mesoamerican maps Mesoamerican, 220-21 Gold Lake, 113 of Amoltepec, 214, 240-41 Micmac Indian, 52, 68-69 Goldstein, Paul, 282 cartographic histories, 204, 215 transmission of information through, 322 Golovnin, V. M., 338-39 Codex Meixueiro, 251 Gewertz, Deborah B., 436 G6mara, Francisco L6pez de, 229 n.124 Don Miguel Damian's property map, Ghadamis, 36-37 Gomes, Estavao, 68 226 Ghat, 36-37 Gomo (sources), 431 n.32 Lienzo of Coixtlahuaca 2, 251 Gifford Stream, 524 Gondatti, N. L., 341 Lienzo of Ihuitlan, 251 Gift exchange Gongujuma, 398 n.34 Lienzo of Tequixtepec 1, 251 and Iatmul shell ornaments, 439 Goodenough, Ward Hunt, 464, 465, 466, Lienzo of Tlapiltepec, 251 in , 423, 429-31 472 Lienzo of Tulancingo 1, 251 Gilbert Islands. See Kiribati archipelago Goodlake, Edward, 348 n.68 Lienzo of Zacatepec 1, 203, 208 Gill, William Wyatt, 458-59 Goodman, Nelson, 9 Metlatoyuca, 184, 189, 249 Gillies, Thomas Ballantyne, 504 n.50 Goody, Jack, 6 of Teozacoalco, 212 Gilyak (Nivkhi) kingdom, 339 Goomadeer River, 395, 398, 399 A General Chart Exhibiting the Discoveries Gimma (Jima), 47 Gorges, Ferdinando, 90 Made by Captn. James Cook Gisaro ceremony, 434 Goromuru River, 402-3, pl.21 (Henry Roberts), 508 n.64 Gisborne. See Tfuanganui Gosling, L. A. Peter, 488 n.116 Genitalia Gitua village, 428 Gosnold, Bartholomew, 68 on Bahacecha map, 108 Glaciation, Wisconsin, 146 Gould, Peter, and Rodney White, 4 depicted on Melanesian shields, 431, 432, Gladwin, Thomas Gourd rattles, 65, 311 433 and etak dead reckoning, 471, 472, 474, Gourds on rock of Nyi, 314 475 Andean, 262, 274, 275 Geoglyphs, Nazca, 6, 275-77, 297 and traditional Carolinian navigation, in Hawaiian navigation, 486-87 Geographical orientation, Maori, 496-98 443, 469 symbolizing winds, 459, 487 n.111 Geography Glass, John B., 195 n.37 Gove Peninsula, 397-98 Andean conceptions of space and, 258-70 Glen, James, 94 Graham, Robert, 525 on Arctic and Subarctic Eurasian maps, Global positioning systems, 469 Grampuses, 347 329 Glowczewski, Barbara, 363 n.41 Granaries, 19, 22 and interest in native North American Gnacsitare Indians, 126-27 n.241, 128 Grand Bay, 151 mapping, 55 Goatskin, 91 n.133 Granite shaft, 272 khipus and, 290, 293 Gobierno (colonial jurisdiction), 244 Grant, Campbell, 66 on lukala maps, 32 Gobir, 35 Graphic maps, Melanesian, 435-38, 439, on map in Codex Kingsborough, 189 Goddesses, 310, 337. See also Gods 440, 441 Mesoamerican pictographs for, 198, 200 Godeffroy Collection, 490 Grasslands, 129 southern African rock art and, 15 Godfrey, Edward Lee, 514, 514 n.86 Grates, diffusion, 478, 479 n.93 Tiwanaku and, 280 God of origin, 310, 312 Graticules, 176, 178 General Index 599

Graves. See also Burials; Tombs on khipus, 290, 291, 293 Hamlin, Elijah L., 86 Australian Aboriginal, 354, 358 map of Inka empire, 295-96, 298-99 Hammerton, William, 101 Eurasian Arctic and Subarctic, 331-32 representation of pontifical world, 295, Hanan (upper) Cuzco, 286, 288, 297 Gray, Fred, 414 297, 299 Handprints, 14 Gray, W. ]., 411 and tocapu designs, 294 Hanson River, 406-7 Grease, 176. See also Bear grease use of European conventions, 294 Hapu (subtribe), 497, 503 n.45, 528, 529, Great Barrier Island, 500, 501 Guanin (magic alloy of gold and copper), 530 Great Basin, 108-9, 113-14 313, 315, 324 Harbors Great Bear, 95. See also Ursa Major Guatemala, 183, 195 n.37, 196 on Maori maps, 531 n.125 Great Bear Lake, 144 Gua village, 436 by Hone Tiihawaiki, 516, 517, 533, Great Britain. See Britain; England Guayupia (Land without Evil), 313, 322 534 Great Caiman, 272-73 Gudkova, I. S., 343 of South Island, 513, 513 n.82, 514 Great Caiman of the Sky, 272, 273 Gueacala, 187 Maori toponyms for, 493 Great Caiman of the Water and Gugadja language group, 395, 395 n.26, on native North American birchbark Underworld, 272, 273 397 maps, 80 Great Committee of Rotorua, 528 Guiana, 323 Hare Indians, 143 Greater Antilles, 313, 315 Gulf Coast Harlem River, 68 Greater Australia, 419 on Chickasaw map, 100 Harley, J. B., 3, 35, 56 Great Father, 53 on Cortes's map of Tenochtitlan, 195 Harman, Richard James Strachan, 523 Great Indian River. See Thelon River on map of Motecuhzoma's domain, 228, Harman Pass, 523 Great Khan, troops of, 324 228 n.121 Harper River, 524 Great Lakes, 77, 103. See also specific on "Nations Amies et Ennemies des Harpoons, 347 lakes Tchikachas," 103 Harrington, J. T., 62 n.45, 65 Great Ocean of Kiwa in the West, 497 de Soto's map of, 95, 96, 97-98 Harrington, John, 47 , 119-20, 122, 136. See also Gulf of Boothia, 152, pl.8 Harrison, Simon, 423 Plains Gulf of Paria, 324 Harvard College, 74 Great Slave Lake, 144 Gulf of St. Lawrence, 136 Harvey, P. D. A., 193 Great triggerfish. See Triggerfish Gull Bay, 151 Harwood, Frances, 427 Great Washing ceremony, 125 Gull River, 151 Hatun init (sun at noon motif), 268 Great Zimbabwe tradition, 17 Gumadir River, 395, 398, 399 Hau-raki. See Thames Greece, 29 n.31, 539 Gumatj clan, 376 Hauraki Gulf, 501, 525 Green, Roger, 419 Gunggoilma, 398 n.34 Hauroko, 505-6, 506 n.62 Green Lake, 268. See also Lake Guns, 169. See also Weapons Hausa states, 35, 38 Rotokakahi Gupapuyngu clan, 358 Hawai'i Greenland Gurrumuru Dhalwangu, 402-3 gourds as navigational instruments from, Ammassalik wooden maps, 167-68, 169, Gurrumuru River, 402-3, pl.21 486-87 176 Guzman, Eulalia, 184, 184 n.6, 191 legendary wind gourd from, 487 n.111 Inuit perception of European maps of, Gyallipert, 409 modern canoe voyage to Tahiti from, 461 159 Gypsum, 370, 385 n.51, 468, 474 maps of, 167-68, 169 as part of Polynesia, 445 Greenstone, 234, 234 n.140, 493 Haast, Julius von, 505 n.52, 523, 523 "sacred calabash" from, 485-86 Gregor, Thomas, 320-21 n.103, 524 settlement of, 420 Grey River, 498 Haast Pass. See Tioripatea Hawaiian Board of Missions, 491 Griaule, Marcel, 26, 26 n.11, 27, 28 Haburi, 308, 313, 317 Hawea. See Lake Hawea Gridiron town plans, Mesoamerican, 244, Hachuring Hawikuh, 108, 172 251 on Maori maps, 514, 520, 531 n.125 Hawkes Bay, 530 Grids on Toongalook's map, 170 Hay, A. W., 409 in Andean cartography, 294, 295, 297 Haile, Bernard, 65 Haysquisrro, 295 n.180 in Andean spatial organization, 262, Halle Mariam, 38 n.68 Headdresses, 333, 333 n.21, 334 262-63, 263 n.25, 264 Haiti, 318 Headlands on map of Tetliztaca, 246 Hakatere River. See Ashburton River on Hone Tiihawaiki's map, 516 on native North American maps, 124, Hakluyt, Richard, 68 on Maori map of South Island, 514 176,178 Halach uinic (high lord), 209 Maori toponyms for, 493 on Sami drum, 337 Halchidhoma Indians, 108, 172, 177 on native North American maps, 168, Grieder, Terence, 63, 176, 181 Halcombe, Henry, 525 n.115 178 Griffin-Pierce, Trudy, 109, 110 n.195 Hale, Herbert M., 356 Heads, severed Griffiths Stream, 524 Hale, Horatio, 449-50, 450 nn.23, 24 on Nasca pottery, 277-78, 278 n.94, 297 Grolier Codex, 240 Haley, Harold B., 184-85 n.6 on Paracas gourd, 274 Gros Ventre Indians, 133 Halifax, Nova Scotia, 52, 68-69 on Paracas polychrome mantle, 273 Ground paintings. See Sandpainting Hall, John, 523 as soul motif, 299 Guam, 467, 468, 470 Halpern, Michael, 489 Headtaking, 273, 273 n.71 Guaman Poma de Ayala, Felipe, 285 Halswell, Edmund Storr, 494, 494 n.7, Health drawing of Andean planting season, 513, 514 in Eurasian Arctic and Subarctic cosmo­ 262-63,264 Hambruch, Paul, 478 graphy, 339 on Inka road system, 289, 290 Hamilton Inlet, 136 Mesoamerican epidemics, 240 600 General Index

Heaphy, Charles of Tetliztaca, 246 The Historie of Travaile into Virginia Bri­ and E Kehu, 496-97 n.15, 498-99 on tomb in Rio Azul, 234 tannia (William Strachey), 90 and E Mare, 503 Maya, 209, 235 n.131 and Te Horeta te Taniwha, 500, 501, 501 as place-names, 190-91, 204, 244 Histories n.39 Hikurangi Channel, 511 cartographic (see Cartographic histories) Hearne, Samuel, 146, 146 n.291, 149 Hilinama (month), 486 itinerary (see Itinerary histories) Heart Butte, 132 Hillier, H. J., 383 n.98, 385 Historiography Hearths, 232, 234 Hill-in-profile pictographs of Mesoamerican cartography, 189-91 Heart Mountain, 132 on Ki 00 Cus's map, 132 of native North American maps, 55-56 of monkeys, 339 on Lewis and Clark's transcripts of History Indian maps, 114, 114 n.214 ceque system and, 286, 286 n.133 in Andean cosmography, 272 on Meatonabee and Idotlyazee's map, included on Mesoamerican maps, 190 in Mesoamerican cosmography, 234 146 khipus and, 290, 293 n.138, 235 Hills. See also Foothills and myth in Inka oral tradition, 295 in Codex Rios, 236 in Andean cartography n.180 on Lord Pacal's sarcophagus lid, 235 map of Cuzco Valley, 285 Hoa, Hoahoa (layout, plan), 494-95 on Maya plate, 233 Nasca pottery, 278 Hobahi, Land of the Warao, 313 Heckewelder, John Gottlieb Ernestus, 91, Nazca geoglyphs and, 276, 276 n.80 Hobahi akari (where the earth breaks off), 93 on Australian Aboriginal maps, 389, 390, 313 Heikai Pomare. See E Mare 399, 407 Hobson, William, 514 Heizer, Robert Fleming, 61 on Australian Aboriginal paintings, 367 Hochstetter, Ferdinand von, 510-12, 523 Hell Gate, 68 in Mesoamerican landscape painting, 256 n.103, 531, 535 Hennepin, Louis, 99 n.163 on Mesoamerican maps, 198 Hocken Library, University of Otago, He noti (low saddles), 518 of Amoltepec, 214 Dunedin, 532, 534 Henriksen, Georg, 142 of Atlatlahuacan, Morelos, 242 Hodges, Chris, 399 Henry, John Joseph, 84 in Codex Kingsborough, 189 Ho?eva-ho?xe?estoo?o (map), 52 Henry Lake, 62 Mapa de Santa Cruz, 244 Hoffman, W. J., 113 Heraldry, 295 pictographs for, 199-200, 203, 205, Hoffman, Walter James, 346 n.66, 348 Hercus, L. A., 383 206, 209, 219, 231, 243, 244, Hogans, Navajo, 53, 181 Herding, reindeer, 329, 348 244,246 Hogenberg, Georg, 244 Herring, Elbert, 129, 129 n.249 of Teozacoalco, 212 Haggar (Ahagger) Mountains, 36-37 Herschel Island, 157 on native North American maps Hokeo (gourd or hula drum), 486 Hesperus Peak, 110 Bering Strait Eskimo map, 159 Hoku, 486 Hester, Thomas R., 61 Comanche ephemeral, 128-29 Hoku hele (planets), 486 Heuglin, Hofrath von, 29-30 by Lahontan, 127-28 Hoku i ka lewa a me ka lepo (stars over Heuheu Tukino II, Te. See Te Heuheu Map Rock petroglyph, 62 the deep ocean), 486 Tukino II on route map between Njoya's farm and H6kiile'a (Arcturus), 460 Hexagons, 306, 308 Fumban,42 H6kiile'a (canoe), 451, 451 nn.26-28, 30, Hidatsa Indians, 133 n.255 on Te Ware Korari's map, 535 457 n.42, 460 n.48, 461, 461 Hieroglyphs, Mesoamerican, 183, 185, on Tukano petroglyphs, 308-9 n.51, 468, 474, 475 n.81, 487 198-99 Hind, Henry Youle, 136, 138 Hokuloa (Venus), 486 on maps, 193, 242-43 Hind, William George Richardson, 138 H6kii-pa'a (Polaris), 459, 486 of Amoltepec, 214 Hin-mah-too-yah-Iat-kekht. See Joseph, Hokuula (Mars), 486 of Atlatlahuacan, Morelos, 242 Chief Holm, Gustav Frederik, 168 Aztec military maps, 228 Hipana, 319,320 Holoholopinaau (), 486 cartographic histories, 215 Hiquligjuaq, 5-6 Holroyd, Bob, 390, 390 n.12 in Codex Boturini, 218, 221 Hirst, William, 498 Holub, Emil, 35 in Codex Kingsborough, 189 Hispaniola, 319-20 Holy People, 109 in Codex Madrid, 232, 233, 255 Historia chichimeca (Fernando de Alva Holy Trinity, 337 in Codex Nuttall, 215 n.92 Ixtlilxochitl), 190 Homesteads. See also Settlements in Codex Vienna, 218 Historia tolteca-chichimeca on Australian Aboriginal mud maps, 408 in Codex Xolotl, 205, 206-7, 208, pl.9 boundary pictographs in, 246-47 in southern African agriculturalist engrav­ of Cuauhtinchan, 206 footprints in, 210 ings, 18-19, 19 n.22, 20-22, 23 of Don Miguel Damian's property, 225, maps of Cholula in, 215, 225, 252-53 Hometeule (Ometeotl), 236 226 maps of Cuauhtinchan in, 205, 206, 207, Honanistto. See Howling Wolf the Nostal- in Historia tolteca-chichimeca, 220, 247 220, 248-49 gic Humboldt Fragment 2, 222 palace complexes on maps in, 225 n.115 Honaunau, 460 Lienzo of Zacatepec 1, 203, 207-8, rectangular maps in, 196 Hone Mokehakeha. See E Kehu 209, 213 Historical and Statistical Information Hone Mokekehu. See E Kehu Mapa de Santa Cruz, 244 respecting the History, Condition, Hone TUhawaiki Mapa de Sigiienza, 218 and Prospects of the Indian Tribes and land dispute, 498 Metlatoyuca, 184, 184 n.6, 189 (Henry Rowe Schoolcraft), 79, 80, on Maori map of South Island, 513 Plano en papel de maguey, 187, 224 81 maps by, 495-96, 513-14, 516, 517, of Tenochtitlan, 193, 194 Historical Atlas of New Zealand, 494,494 533, 534 of Teozacoalco, 212 n.7 Honey Ant Dreaming, 362 General Index 601

Honey collecting, 15 Hudson Bay on Sami drum, 337 Honey Lake, California, 112-13 on Andrew's map, 149 in Iatmul mai ritual, pl.23 Hoofprints, 331 on Chippewa map of western Canada, in Mesoamerican cartography Hooper, W., 346 136, 140-41 cosmographic, 185, 234, 237 Hopewell, Treaty of, 105 on Knight's map, 152 landscape painting, 256 Hopewellian period, 94-95 maps of coastline, 165-66 Lienzo of Zacatepec 1, 208 Hopi Indians, 53, 66, 109 n.193 Meliki's map, 160-61 Mapa de Santa Cruz, 244 Horeta te Taniwha, Te. See Te Horeta te Teseuke's map, 162-65 map in Codex Boturini, 221 Taniwha Wetalltok's map, 155, 164, 165 map of Amoltepec, 214 Horizon on York Factory Indian's map, 146, 147 map of Apoala Valley, 216 in Carolinian navigation, 472-73 Hudson River, 68, 77, 77 n.81, 78-79, map of Cuauhtinchan, 205 Chimu surveying instruments and, 284 178 map of Tenochtitlan, 194 in Luiseiio and Diegueiio sandpainting, Hudson's Bay Company map of Teozacoalco, 212 112 and Auld's map, 166 n.327 Metlatoyuca, 189 on Tahitian compasses, 497 exhibition of native North American Plano en papel de maguey, 224 in traditional cosmography, 539 maps of, 56 n.26 in native North American cartography, in Warao cosmology, 310, 313, 315 and Fidler's native North American maps, 108-9, 179 Horn, map on, 114-15 129, 130, 132 n.253 late twentieth-century Inuit art, 169 Horomona Patu. See Soloman and Knight's map, 149 map by Howling Wolf, 120 Horse Creek, 134 native North Americans who drafted map by Meliki, 161 Horses maps for, 56 map by Miguel, 126 in Howling Wolf's ledger art, 118 and Norton's native North American map by Sitting Rabbit, 124 on Mapa de Santa Cruz, 244 map, 137, 141, 149 message maps, 84 map of Hidatsa mission to steal, 133 Subarctic Indian maps in archives of, 143 in Navajo Male Shootingway, pl.5 n.255 Huerfano River, 132 Navajo sandpainting, 109 Horticulture, 442 Huexotzinco (Uexotzinco), 207, 251 in pictographs, 79, 80, 81 Hospitals, 320 Hugh-Jones, Stephen, 320 Purgatoire River petroglyph, 66 Hostains, Jean, 36 Huihui (Pleiades), 486 on wampum belts, 89 "House of the hills," 312 Huitzilopochtli sacrifice of, 183, 227, 232, 233 "House of the waters," 312 in Culhua-Mexica mythology, 218 in South American and Caribbean carto- Houses. See also Architecture; Buildings on Mapa de Sigiienza, 219 graphy on Australian Aboriginal maps, 403, 406, on map in Primeros memoriales, 227 in "Bericht" of Jeptha, 323 409-10, 413 on map of Tenochtitlan, 193, 194 constellations visualized as, 304-5 Macassan, 411, 412 Huitzlampa (thorny land), 231 Tukano cosmic fertility map, pl.13 in Melanesian cosmography, 434 , 430 Humboldt, Alexander von, 55 Yupno, 435 Humans Humboldt Fragment 2, 200, 222, 222-23, Howells Point, 516 in African cartography 252-53 Howling Wolf the Nostalgic (Honanistto), agriculturalist engravings, 19 Humu (Altair), 486-87 118,119,120,121,179 Kongo, 27 Hunter-gatherers, and rock art, 14-17, 18, Howloko. See Hauroko lukala maps, 32 23, 538 Hoyle, Fred, 64 rock art, 14, 15, 16 Hunters Hua (section of land, outline), 494-95 in Andean cartography on Chukchi decorated paddle, 347 Huaca Prieta, 262 on Bennett Stela, 282 on Eurasian Arctic and Subarctic canoe Huacas (sacred things), 258, 265-68, 269, in Inka origin myth, 265-66 benches, 346 297 in Moche art, 278 on Eurasian Arctic and Subarctic maps, in ceque system, 287-88, 289 on Nasca pottery, 277 341, 342, 344 in drawing of house of Manco Capac, on Paracas textiles, 273 on Nivkhi ritual vessels, 347 295 rock art, 271 Hunting Inka system of, 285, 286 on Santa Cruz Pachacuti's drawing, 297 in African rock art, 15 at Kalasasaya, 282 in Australian Aboriginal cartography, in Eurasian Arctic and Subarctic and khipus, 291, 294 390, 391 cartography, 329, 348 and mapping rites, 269, 270 and Dreamings, 360 on birchbark, 342 on Nasca pottery, 277, 278 map of Macassar, 413 on bleached sealskin, 346, 349 at Old Temple at Chavfn de Huantar, as painting medium, 355 on canoe benches, 346, 346 n.62, 348 271 paintings, 363-64 n.43 Khant signs, 343 Pacariqtambo as, 295 n.180 in Eurasian Arctic and Subarctic Mansi wooden board maps, 342 at Tiwanaku, 281 cartography Nivkhi, 344-45, 347 and tocapu designs, 294 on birchbark, 344 rock art, 331, 332 water and location of, 286 on bleached sealskin, 346, 349 in native North American cartography, Huahua (sketch out a pattern), 494-95 on Chukchi decorated paddle, 345, 347 135, 172-73, 179 Hualapai Mountains, 63 on decorated canoe benches, 346 on animal hides, 115 Huanacauri, 286 n.133, 287 on Ket drum, 337 on Cree message maps, 84 n.l08 Huantasan, 271, 272, 272 n.57 Khant signs, 343 glyph suggested for use during, 61 Huaqaq, 272 n.59 Mansi wooden board maps, 342 on map of journey to hunt musk oxen, Huarochiri Manuscript, 266 rock art, 331 161-62, 164-65, 179, 180 602 General Index

Hunting, in native North American carto­ Ica River, 274 made for Geological Survey of Canada, graphy (cant.) Ica Valley, Peru 152 on maps compiled for Inuit Land Use khipu from, 291, 292-93, 293, 299 used in land negotiations, 73 and Occupancy Project, 170 textiles and pottery from, 273 n.67 and pictography, 52-53 on "Nations Amies et Ennemies des Ice and de Soto expedition map, 95, 96, Tchikachas," 103 on Illigliak's map, 159-60 n.320, 160 97-98 on Purgatoire River petroglyph, 66 in northern Eurasia, 329 stages of cartography, 51-52 scapulimancy, 141, 142 Ice fishing, 346 use of circle-cross symbol, 540 in Papua New Guinea, 440, 441, 442 Icons and Velasco map, 70-71 in South American and Caribbean carto­ Andean, 262, 295 and words for "map," 52-53 graphy, 309, 313, 319 Australian Aboriginal, 362-64, 365, 381, on Yuman map of Colorado River, 177, Hurin (lower) Cuzco, 286 387, 405 178 Huron Indians Spanish, 295 Indian Territory, 118 on Iroquois message map, 85-86 n.113 Icxicohuatl, 218-19, 222 "Indigenous," defined, 183 n.4 on "Nations Amies et Ennemies des Idaho, Map Rock petroglyph, 62, 64, 65 Indonesia, 421, 488, 488 n.113 Tchikachas," 103 Idaho Statesman, 62 Infant mortality, 311 possible maps by, 67 n.60 Ida ritual, 440, 441 Information and war preparations, 69 Idols, 317, 318 documents regarding transmission of, Hurtado de Mendoza, Andres, 258 Idotlyazee, 114, 146, 146 n.291, 149, 93-94 Huru (Huru Kototi Toha Mahue?), 508, 150-51, 165 on native North American maps, 168, 508 n.63, 509 al-IdrIsI, 35, 38 n.67 178-79 Huruhuru, Te. See Te Huruhuru Ifa (Orunmila), 27-28 n.21 and pictography, 85-86 n.113 Huruku River, 268 Igloos, 161 Ingenio River, 275 Hutchins, Edwin, 472-73 Iglulik Eskimos Inkarri, 266, 267, 299 Hyades, 273 and cartography, 157 Inkas, 284-97, 298-99 Hyde, Rev. C. M., 491 maps of coast of Melville Peninsula, 157 and Andean cultural change, 271 Hydrographic Office, Taunton, 531-32 Meliki's maps, 160-62, 179, 180 and body-landscape metaphor, 268 Hydrography. See also Water Teseuke's map, 162-65 ceque system, 285-87 on Eurasian Arctic and Subarctic maps, Ihuitlan, Lienzo of, 250-51 city modeling in clay, 320 342 Ihuraua Block, 498, 499 and Guaman Poma's map, 264 of Gero-Schunu-Wy-Ha's map, 133, 135 Ihuraua River, 498, 499 and huacas, 265, 266, 287-88, 289 on map from Codex Xolotl, pl.9 I Ki Ha Wa He (Little Owl). See Sitting khipus, 1, 289-94 of Non-Chi-Ning-Ga's map, 137 Rabbit lack of surviving maps from, 257-58 on printed maps of Canadian Shield, 145 Ikmallik, pl.8 ledger of trade with Europeans, 293 Hydrology. See also Water Ilg, M., 47 n.173 Andean Ilinka River, 338 map of empire, 295-96, 298-99 and ceque system, 286 Illigliak, 159, 160, 164-65 marriage and residence rules, 260 huacas and, 265 Illinois, 90-91, 92, 93 mifa system, 277 on Nasca pottery, 277 Illinois Indians, 11 7 native manuscripts, 294-97, 298-99 Santa Cruz Pachacuti's drawing and, Imago Mundi, 191 origin myths, 265-66, 280, 280 n.103, 295 Imperial Russian Geographical Society, 286 n.133, 287 in Taypikala, 280 342, 344 and Poquen Cancha, 258 n.8 on Eurasian Arctic and Subarctic maps, India, 421, 488 resettlement of Cochabamba Valley, 262 343 Indiana, 90-91, 92, 93 road system, 288-89, 290 on Maori maps, 531, 531 n.125 "Indian and Inuit Maps" (G. Malcolm social classes, 286 on Map Rock petroglyph, 65 Lewis), 56 n.29 Inka Yupanque, 288 on native North American maps, 179 Indian Department, 79 Inlets, 531 n.125 and scapulimancy, 142 Indianische Karten Nordamerikas (Rainer Inosagur, 470 South American and Caribbean maps Vollmar), 55 Insects, 200 regarding, 320 , 421, 488 Institut und Sammlung fur V6lkerkunde, Indians. See also specific tribes Universitat G6ttingen, 490 Iatmul people and van den Bosh map, 95-96 n.156, 97 Instruments artistic and ritual maps, 438-40 on Chickasaw and Catawba maps, 101 musical, 32 and genealogy, 428 and cosmography, 53-54 navigational, 485-87 mai ritual, 439, p1.23 extend European maps of rivers and surveying, 283, 284 maps, 4-5 coastlines, 180 Inti chinkiapushan (sunset motif), 268 and stars, 428 languages, 53 n.6 Inti Illapa, 287 tsagi-mboe, 428, 429 map media (see Map media, native North Inti lloqsimushan (sunrise motif), 268 villages depicted on Chambri maps, 436, American) Inti motifs, 266-67, 268 437-38, 441 maps by Intotto. See Entotto women forbidden some paths, 441 cartobibliography of, 56 Inuit, 149, 154-70. See also Eskimos; and world map drawn in dirt, 435 exhibitions of, 56 n.26 specific tribes Iba (rear or lower areas), 434 made during interactions with and cartography, 5-6 Iberville, Pierre Le Moyne d'. See Le Europeans, 71-79, 80, 81, 143-54, Euro-American perceptions, 157-59 Moyne d'Iberville, Pierre 155, 156 influence on European and Euro-Ameri- General Index 603

can maps, 145 on Maori maps, 514, 529, 531 n.125, Jade, 493 and mapping of coastlines, 146, 178, 180 533 Jaguar-caterpillar constellation, 320 maps by on Murik baskets, 440 n.48 Jaguars, 308, 312 cartobibliography of, 56 names for, 324, 493 Jalanu, 388-89 ephemeral, 159 in native North American cartography, Jaliarna area, Central Australia, 388 exhibitions, 56 n.26 178 Jaluit Gesellschaft, 490 on ivory and wood, 166-69, 176 Ammassalik three-dimensional maps, Jaluit Island, 480, 482, 484 in late twentieth-century art and social 168, 169 James, Edwin, 129 policy, 169-70 Bering Strait Eskimo map, 159 , 151-52, 154, 156, 165, 173, made for Geological Survey of Canada, Chickasaw map, 100 n.167 179 152 Lahontan's map, 128 Jameson, Robert, 166 n.327 on paper, 159-66 map by Toongalook, 170 James River, 68, 68 n.64, 90 n.129 used in land negotiations, 73 map by Wetalltok, 155 Jansen, Maarten E. R. G. N., 191,215 representations of territory west of Lake maps engraved on walrus tusks, 167 n.92 Superior, 145 n.287 Ojibwa pictographs for, 82 Jansz, Willem, 414 and shamanistic rituals, 6 on Oceanic maps Japan, and Caroline Islands, 462 and understanding of European maps, by Klein, 452, 453 Java, 449 157-59 by Tupaia, 447, 448, 449-50 Jeffreys, Mervyn David Waldegrave, 42, 43 words for "map," 52 in Oceanic navigation, 444, 461 Jelat ai, 482 Inuit Land Use and Occupancy Project, Carolinian, 444, 465-66, 467 Jeljelat ai, 482 170 reference islands, 470-71, 473, 474 Jenness, Diamond, 158 Investigator (ship), 157 and triggerfish, 470 Jennings, Edmund, 99 n.162 Iokhel'son, V. I., 343, 344, 345 Marshallese, 477, 479 Jeptha, 322-23 Indians, 134-35, 136, 137, 177-78 on South American and Caribbean maps, Jeronimus de la Croix, 68 Ipanore, Falls of, 306, 308 319-20 Jerusalem, 29 n.31 Irarte, Pedro di, 99 n.166 Isthmus of Tehuantepec, 183, 196 Jesuit Relations (1837), 85-86 n.113 Irian Jaya, 8 n.35, 541 Italian language Jesuits, 142 n.280, 451-52, 453 Irmer, Dr., 491 on map from Codex Rios, 236, 254-55 Jet, 110 Iron ore, 164, 165 on Ras Makonnen's map, 45 Jila Japingka (Peter Skipper), 367, pl.16 Iroquois Confederacy, 69, 142 n.280 Itineraries Jima. See Gimma and birchbark maps, 80-81 Cossack, 330 Jirijirimo Falls, 306, 308 contact with Europeans, 66-67 influence on Dupuis's maps, 38 Joao II (Portugal), 319 and Five Nations belts, 89, 90 in Middle Ages, 4 n.9 John Scotts Lake, 154 languages, 96, 99 n.165 traditional cartography and, 537 Johnson, R. Townley, pl.1 map of Lachine Rapids and upper St. Itinerary histories, Mesoamerican, 187, Johnson, Ruby Kawena, 486-87 Lawrence River, 172 218-20, 221, 222 Johnson, Vivien, 399, 400-401 map of St. Lawrence River, 67-68 frequency of survival, 196 Johnstone, ]. ]., 523 map of Susquehanna River, 77 related to trade, 228-29 Jolliet, Louis, 124 n.231 message maps, 85-86 n.113 supplied by Motecuhzoma, 228, 228 Jones, Hugh, 86 on "Nations Amies et Ennemies des n.121 Jorko (earth), 333 Tchikachas," 103 Itu, 170 n.336 Joseph, Chief, 106 relations with Canadian Indians, 93-94 Itzas, 237, 237 n.148 Jubilee History of South Canterbury and wampum belts, 88-89 Ivanov, S. V., 346, 346 n.62, 348 (Johannes Carl Andersen), 494 word for "map," 52 Ivory Judicial system. See Legal system Irrigation, Andean, 257, 260 n.14, 295 maps on, 166-68, 169, 176, 541 Juksakka, 337 n.180 Neo-Eskimo tradition of engraving, 171 Jula, 38 associated with pumas, 285 Iwi (nations or peoples), 493, 497, 500, Juniata River, 74, 179 and Chicama-Moche canal, 283-84 501, 503 n.45, 508-9, 512, 528, Jupiter, 291, 486 and division of Quinua, 264 529, 530 Jur in okme (stakes or posts) swells, 478, on Guaman Poma's map, 262-63, 264 Ix (year bearer), 203 478 n.89, 479, 480 on Moche pottery, 278, 279 Ixtapalapa, 200, 201 Nazca geoglyphs and, 276 Ixtlilxochitl, Fernando de Alva, 190, 190 Kaata community, 268-69, 270, 299 on Piedra Cansada, 288 n.17, 205 n.67, 206, 208 Kaawela (Jupiter), 486 on Q'inku Stone, 288 Izapa, stela at, 185, 234, 235, 254-55 Ka cba,29 on Quinua pottery, 265 Izara-we (jealous and dangerous women), Kabi (water), 389 on Santa Cruz Pachacuti's drawing, 297 434 Kadu, 454 n.36 Isbell, William Harris, 257 n.6 Iztaccihuatl (White Lady), pl.9 Kaejaegoehe, 75 Ishi, 115, 118, 172, 172 n.351 Kaelib (western) swells, 476, 477, 478, Islam, 29, 39, 539 "J. B. Tyrrell, Explorer and Adventurer" 479, 480, 482, 484 Islands (exhibition) (Thomas Fisher Rare Kaffe. See Caffa in Australian Aboriginal cartography, Book Library, University of Kafuruurh, 470 367, 397 Toronto), 56 n.26 Kahika te Aroaro, 524 on Chukchi wooden board map, 341 Jabmeaimo (realm of the dead), 337 Kahiki groups, 486 European exploration of, 444-45 Jabu (hill), 389 Ka Hoku Hookekewaa (Sirius), 486 in Inka creation myth, 280 Jabwot Island, 484 Kaiapoi, pl.24 604 General Index

Kaiapoi Maoris, 523 Kaygas (shovel-nosed shark), 428 Kirugu cords, 428, 429 Kaika (village), 506 n.62, 508 Ke alanui a ke Ku'uku'u (the road of the Klah, Hosteen, rug by, 111 Kaikoura Peninsula, 530 Spider), 486 Klamath Indians, 113 Kaimai range, 512 Ke alanui i ka Piko 0 Wakea (the way to Klamath River, 113 Kainga (villages), 493, 499, 508 n.69, 531 the navel of Wakea), 486 Klein, Father Paul, 452, 453, 489 n.125, 535 Ke alanui maaweula a Kanaloa (the much Knife River, 124 Kaingaroa Harbor, 511 travelled highway of Kanaloa), 486 Knight, James, 149, 152 Kaipoi, 505 Ke alanui polohiwa a Kane (the black shin­ Knives, used to make maps, 85, 531 Kaituna River, 529 ing road of Kane), 486 Knots Kaizheosh, 81 Ke ala'ula a Kane (the dawning or bright khipus and, 290-94 Kakarook family, 167 road of Kane), 486 as Melanesian maps, 428, 429 Kakekayash, Henry, 137-38 n.265 Keating, John W., 79 Knowledge Ka:kelbi, 389 Kebra Nagast, 28, 29, 30, 30 n.35 importance of in Melanesian society, 425 Kak-ste'namickcipic (Black Beaver River), Keen, Ian, 371 Maori sharing of, 493 142 Keewatin District, 161-62, 164-65, 179, Knowledge and Secrecy in an Aboriginal Kalala Ilunga, 33 180 Region (Ian Keen), 371 Kalasasaya, 282 Keewhoee (town), 89 Koa alakai maluna (guide above you), 487 Kalitamena ipigapigabu (in the sea it is Kehu, E. See E Kehu Koatohee. See Corn Tassel sparkling), 434-35 Ke kamaihulipu (art of righting upset Kochab, 465 Kaloa, 486 canoes), 487 Koch-Grunberg, Theodor, 308, 320 , 434 Kel Adagh, 41 Kogi-n-Kalem, 40 Kalunga (horizontal line), 27 Kel Ahagger, 39 Kohklux, 115, 116-17, 180 Kamakau, Samuel Manaiakalani, 487 Kelsey, Theodore, 486 Kohl, Johann Georg, 55 n.110 Kendall, Thomas, 494-95 Kokatja language group. See Kukatja lan- Kamchatka, 457 Kenko Stone. See Q'inku Stone guage group Kamehameha I, 487 n.110 Kennebec dialect group, 84 Kokoiki, 486 Kames, 146 Kennings, 273 n.63 Kola Peninsula, labyrinth on, 331 Kamloops, 114 Keoe (?), 486 Kolata, Alan L., 280 nn.103, 104 Kan (year bearer), 203 Kepelino Keauokalani, 459 Koloi, Catherina, 304 Kanaga mask, 27 Kepple Island (Niuatoputapu), 450, 451 River, 345 Kandire, 313 Ket people, 335, 337 Kombrangowi Mountain, pl.23 Kane (god), 486 Kettle River, 85 Kongos, 27, 541 Kaneakaho'owaha, 487 n.110 Keymis, Lawrence, 324-25 Kooti Arikirangi te Turuki, Te. See Te Kaneloa (god), 486 Keys, map, 126. See also Legends, map Kooti Arikirangi te Turuki Kangarjuatjiarmiuts, 157 Khakasiya. See Esino Kopua (subtribal boundary mark), 496 Kaniere (Mount Harman, Mount Kaniere), Khant signs, 343, 346 Kopua-tama, 496 524, 525 Khipucamayo (khipu secretary), 291 Kordt, Dr., 490 Kano, 35 Khipus (), 1, 258 n.8, 289-94, 299. Koreti. See Oreti Kaolin, 366 See also String Korkodon River, 345 Kap Dan, 168 Khoisan, 6, 26 n.11, 13-14 Korokoro. See Korra-korra Kapea, 486 Khomosha, 47 Korosameri River, 428 Kapi (water), 389 Kikaigem (to mark, to inscribe), 86 Korra-korra (Korokoro?), 501 Kapon, 305 n.8 Kikaigon (mark, inscribed bark), 86 Koryaks, 171, 333-34, 336, pl.14 Kapuarangi (fishing ground), 497 Kili Island, 480, 482, 484 Korzybski, Alfred, 10 Karai (prophet-shamans), 313 Kili Kilu Ag Najim, 40 Kosrae (Kusaie), 455 Karakia (incantation), 496 Killer whales, 347 Kosslyn, Stephen M., 4 n.10 Karelia, petroglyphs from, 331, 332 Kindred Tribe, 416 Kosy (braids), 333 Kariara Country, 390 King, Philip Gidley, 508, 508 n.65, 531 , twin platform mounds in, 262 Karipuna, 317 Kingsley, Mary H., 36 Kotzebue, Otto von, 485 Karoshimo (Red Neck), 312, 313 Kingston Arm, Lake Wakatipu, 505 chart of Caroline Islands, 454 n.36 "Karty pervobytnykh narodov" (Maps of King William's War, 94 chart of Marshall Islands, 453-54, primitive peoples) (Bruno F. Kinre (chest), 268 456-57 Adler), 330 n.8 Ki 00 cus (the Little Bear), 114, 129-32, Kottebue Soun~ 167 Kasai,40 161, 179 Kowara River. See Niger River Kashita Indians, 103 Kiowa Indians, 118 Koz'minskiy, 1. 1., 336, 339 Kasyga, 346, 348 calendar, 173, 174 Kramer, Augustin, 455, 476, 478, 482, 485 Katbulka, 388 cosmography, 53 Kraus Virginia map, 69-70, 72 Katsina, 35 map drawn for James, 129 Kroeber, Alfred L., 108 n.189, 112, 118 Kaulua (month), 486 Kiowee Indians, 89 Kropp, Manfred, 30 Kaurehe (monster), 520, 520 n.98 K'iraqey puntas (toothlike points), 266, Kubler, George, 184 n.5, 191, 279 Kauri trees, 531 n.125 267 Kuehn, David D., 63 Kawarau River, 518 Kirchhoff, Paul, 191 Kukatja language group, 395, 397 Kawatiri River. See Kiribati archipelago (Gilbert Islands), 420, Kula system, 430-31, 434 Kayaks, 349 421, 485 n.105 Kumaka tree, 303 Kayapo peoples, 311, 317, 319 Kiripaka (flint), 493 Kumi (unit of measurement), 496 General Index 605

Kunit, 168, 168 n.334, 169 on Mississauga boundary map, 77, 79 Inuit representations of territory west of, Kupka, Karel, 364 n.44 on Velasco map, 70 n.76, 71 145 n.287 Kuril Islands, 338-39 Lake Pateriki, 511 map of coastline, 85 n.112 Kus, James S., 284 n.121 Lake Polgu, 392 on Ojibwa migration scroll, 83 Kuwai, 317 Lake Rangitai, 511 Lake Tahoe, 109 Kuyujani, 322 Lake Rotoehu, 528, 530 Lake Tanganyika, 31 Kwajalein Island, 484 , 496-97 n.15 Lake Taupo (Taupo), 501, 503, 512, 530 KwaZulu-Natal region, 19, 20, 22 Maori map of, 536 Lake Te Anau, 521 n. 101 Kyselka, Will, 468 on Ngati Pikiao land-claim map, 528 Lake Titicaca, 280 n.l04 on Te Arawa Maori map, 512 in Inka origin myth, 280 n.l03 Labov, W., 4 n.9 Lake Rotokakahi (Green Lake), 510-12, maps of shoreline, 263-64, 264 n.27, Labrador, 136, 138, 152 531, 535 265, 297 Labyrinths, 331-32, 333 Lake Rotoma, 528 on stone shrine of Atojja, 270 n.48 Lac de Tecacamiouen. See Rainy Lake Lake Rotoroa, 496-97 n.15 as taypi, 280, 281 Lachine Rapids, 67-68, 172 Lake Rotorua, 512, 528, 536 Lake Victoria, 41 Lac Ouinipigon. See Lake Winnipeg Lakes Lake Waikaremoana, 512 Lac Saint-Jean. See Lake St. John in Eurasian Arctic and Subarctic cosmo­ Lake Wairarapa, 509, 509-10, 534 Lacuso, Manuel, 112 graphy, 339 Lake Wakatipu (Wakatipu Wai Maori) Lac Vieux Desert, 79, 81 on Eurasian Arctic and Subarctic maps, on Mantell's map, 521 n. 101 Ladders, 333 344, 346 Rakiraki's map of, 520, 534 Lafferty, Robert H., 103 on European maps, 145 on Reko~ map, 505 Lafitau, Joseph-Fran<;ois, 80-81 by Cortes, 194 on Te Huruhuru's map, 518 La France, Joseph, 144-45 Smith's 1612 map of Virginia, 69, 71 Lake Wanaka (Wanaka, Oanaka), 516 La Galgada, 262 on Maori maps, 531 n.125 on Hone Tiihawaiki's map, 516-18 n.92 Lagediack, 453 of , 534 on Mantell's map, 521 n. 101 Lagoons, 531 n.125 von Haast's map, 523 Rakiraki's map of, 520, 534 Lahontan, baron de (Louis Armand de of Lakes Wairarapa and Onoke, 534 on Reko's maps, 505 Lorn d'Arce), 80, 126-28, 179 by Mantell, 521 n. 101 on Te Huruhuru's map, 518 Lake Alexandrina. See Takamoana by Ngati Pikiao, 528, 529 Lake Winnipeg (Lac Ouinipigon), 71 n.77, Lake Athabasca, 149, 152-53, 177, 178 of River headwaters, 535 144 Lake Baikal, 331 n.16 by Rakiraki, 534 Lakota Sioux Indians, 58. See also Sioux Lake Boya, 33 by Reko, 505 Indians Lake Browning, 525 of Rotorua lakes, 536 celestial maps, 125, 171 Lake Catherine, 524 of South Island, 514, pl.24 cosmography, 55 Lake Champlain, 70 n.76, 71 by Te Huruhuru, 518, 534 and mirroring, 120-21, 125, 176 (Whakamatau), 524 by Te Ware Korari, 535, 537-38 Lamar River, 114 Lake Erie, 69, 71, 77 n.81 Maori toponyms for, 493 La Marteblanche, 145 Lake Eyre, Australia, 369, 370, 383-84, on Mesoamerican maps Lambayeque River, 262, 264 385 in Codex Xolotl, 205, p1.9 Lamhatty, 96-99 Lake George, 70 n.76, 71 Mapa de Sigiienza, 218 Lamotrek Atoll, 452, 470, 471, 472 Lake Gregory toa, 385 pictographs for, 200 Land Lake Hawea (Hawea), 516, 518 of Tenochtitlan, 193 Andean on Mantell's map, 521 n. 101 on native North American maps huacas and, 265 Rakiraki's map of, 520, 534 by Andrew, 149 organization, 258-70, 266 on Reko's maps, 505 birchbark, 80 and society, 260-62 on Te Huruhuru's map, 518 of California and Great Basin, 113 native North American ownership of, 73 , 524 of Charlton Island, 151, 152, 152 Ojibwa pictographs for, 82 , 511 n.296 Land claims Lake Huron, 77 n.81 by Franklin, 143-44 Australian Aboriginal maps and, 405, Lake Kaniere, 524 by Lahontan, 127, 128 408, 413 , 524 by La Verendrye, 144 Maori maps relating to, 525-30 Lake McDonald (MacDonald), 382 by Montagnais, 136 South American and Caribbean, 321 n.49 Lake McGregor. See Wakarukumoana Navajo sandpainting, 110 Lander Creek, 407 Lake Michigan, 136 Ojibwa message map, 86 Landfall, making, 460 Lake Minnewanka, 132 Ojibwa pictographs for, 82 Landforms, South American and Caribbean Lake Nipigon, 149, 151, 154, 155, 177 wampum maps, 89 modeling of, 320-21 Lake Nipissing, 77 n.81 on Writing Rock, 63 n.46 Land grants, Mesoamerican, 241, 243, 245 Lake of the Woods, 144 Lake Selfe, 524 Land Information New Zealand, 531-32, Lake Onoke, 509, 509-10, 534 Lake St. John (Lac Saint-Jean), 142 534 Lake Ontario Lake St. John Montagnais Indians. See Landing strips, 320 map of drawn in dirt, 142 n.280 Montagnais Indians Landmarks on map of St. Lawrence, Connecticut, Lake Superior in Achuar system of giving directions, Hudson, and Susquehanna Rivers, in cartographic pictograph, 80 303 77 n.81 in false geography of the Northwest, 71 in Melanesian song maps, 434 on map of Susquehanna River, 77, 179 n.77 as native North American references, 53 606 General Index

Landowners, 529 La Salle, Robert Cavelier de, 95, 96 n.156, on Orochi cosmography, 337 Land rights, Andean, 258-59, 262, 262, 103 purposes of, 380 264 Las Minas quebrada, 271 on Smith's 1612 map of Virginia, 71 Landscape Las Vegas, Paiute map of location of, 113 on Tupaia's chart of Polynesia, 448 n.19 Andean Later Stone Age, 13 Lejean, Guillaume, 38 n.68 and economy, 259-60 "Late white" series paintings, 14 Le Jeune, Father Paul, 85-86 n.113 huacas and, 266 Lathrap, Donald Ward, 272-73 Le Maire, Jakob, 445 Inka carved models of, 287-88, 289 Latin Le Mercier, Fran~ois, 89 metaphors for, 268-69 alphabet, 199, 244 Le Moyne d'Iberville, Pierre, 99 n.166, in Moche art, 278 learned in Mesoamerica, 242 103, 105 in rock art, 271 maps in, 252-53 River, 330 n.5, 343 on Mesoamerican maps, 212, 244 Latitude Lenni Lenape Indians. See Delaware Indi- Landscape drawings, 267 n.38 Arabs use Polaris to measure, 489 ans Landscape painting, Mesoamerican, 184, in "Bericht" of Jeptha, 323 Lenticels, 83-85 184 n.5, 197, 256 on Guaman Poma's map of Inka empire, Leo Africanus, 38 n.67 Land tenure, 213, 213 n.84, 221 295, 299 Leo Hollandicus (Nicolaes Visscher), 285 Land titles, 220, 220 n.l02, 241 on modern Caroline Island nautical n.130 Lane, Ralph, 67 n.60 charts, 469 Leon, Nicolas, 250 Langemui, 453-54 Oceanic instruments and, 485 Leon-Portilla, Miguel, 193 Languages omitted from native North American Levi-Strauss, Claude, 9, 360 Austronesian, 423, 434 birchbark maps, 80 Lewa ngu, 43, 43 n.82 Chocho, 207, 248-49, 250-51 and solar zenith passages, 291 Lewis, D., 356 Chocho-Popoloca, 250-51, 252-53 Latour, Bruno,S n.16 Lewis, David, 380-81 Indian Laushkin, K. D., 331, 331 n.15 on Polynesian navigation, 459-60 Algonquian, 99 n.165, 135 Laval University, Quebec, 136 on Tahitian compasses, 497 Athapaskan, 135, 149 La Venta (Olmec site), 234 n.140 and traditional Indonesian navigational Caddoan, 99 n.165 La Verendrye, Pierre Gaultier de Varennes practices, 488 n.113 Chibchan-Paezan, 98 et de We, the Navigators, 455 Chickasaw, 99 n.166 composite map of southern Manitoba, and "zenith star" navigational method, Iroquoian, 96, 99 n.165 144, 145-46, 179 460 n.48 Mobilian, 99-100 n.166 Cree maps and geographical intelligence Lewis, G. Malcolm, 56, 56 n.29, 57 Muskogean, 99 n.165 collected by, 71 n.77 Lewis, Meriwether, 114-15 Na-Dene, 171 Laws. See Legal system Lewis and Clark expedition, 114-15 Siouan, 99 n.165 Layers, cosmic, 229, 255 Lewis Range, 132 and spatial deixis, 53 n.6 in Codex Borgia, 253 Lewis-Williams, J. David, 13, 15-16 Timucuan, 96, 97 n.158 on map from Codex Rios, 236 Libby, Orin G., 173 Towasa, 96, 97 n.158, 98 on Mesoamerican ceramics, 232-34, 235 Lib Island, 484 Western Muskogean, 99 n.166 Layouts, gridiron, 244, 251 Lidana (ideal), 319, 320, 322 and words for "map," 52-53 Layton, Robert, 357 Liddle, Arthur, 408 Italian, 236, 254-55 Leadership, Melanesian, 424 Liebler, Oskar, 383 Latin League (unit of measurement), 79 Lienzos (indigenous community maps), alphabet, 199, 244 Leather 184, 191, 195 n.37, 203, 204 learned in Mesoamerica, 242 cadastral maps on, 91 n.133 n.60, 207, 208 n.72, 215, 245-46, maps in, 252-53 tools made of, 65 247 Maori, 494-95 Leaves, coconut A (see Codex Meixueiro) Maya, 208, 248-49, 254-55 in Carolinian star compass, 462, 463 Antonio de Leon (see Lienzos, of Tlapil­ , 187, 187 n.12 in Marshallese stick chart, 479, 480 tepee) maps in, 248-49, 252-53 Le Clercq, Chretien, 79-80 of Coixtlahuaca 1 (Codex Ixtlan), 196, and Zacatepec, 209 Lederer, John, 68 250-51 Nahuatl (see Nahuatl) Ledger art, 115, 118, 120, 121 of Coixtlahuaca 2 (SeIer 2), 250-51 in New Guinea, 423 Leech Lake, 83 de Cuauhquechollan, 196 Papuan, 423 Leech River, 83 de Santa Marfa Nativitas, 252-53 Wahgi, 434 Leeway, 457, 458, 465, 469 of Ihuitlan, 250-51 Lanzon deity, 272 Legal system of Petlacala, 246-47, pl.12 Lanzon Gallery, 272 Australian Aboriginal maps and, 408-13 of Tequixtepec 1, 250-51 La Paz, Bolivia, amulet from, 269 khipus and, 290 of Tequixtepec 2, 250-51 La Paz River, 260 Mesoamerican maps and, 220, 220 of Tlapiltepec (Lienzo Antonio de Leon), La Perouse, Jean-Fran~ois de Galaup, n.l02, 224, 225, 226, 241, 242, 219, 250-51 compte de 5 n.16, 338 243 of Tulancingo 1, 250-51 Lapita, 419 Legends, map. See also Keys, map of Tulancingo 2, 251 Large-area maps, 177, 177 nn.358, 359 on map of Barnum, 43 n.82 of Zacatepec 1, 108 n.72, 196,201, Largeau, Victor, 36-37 on map of Pequot country, 73 202-3, 207-8, 209, 213, 241, Largo Canyon, , 65-66, 67 on map of Zolipa, Veracruz, 243 248-49 Larrtjannga Ganambarr. See Ganambarr, on Meliki's map of Keewatin District, of Zacatepec 2, 213, 248-49 Larrtjannga 162 Life zones, 259-60, 262, 267, 297 General Index 607

Light, 460, pI.5 Catawba map, 99, 101 Lokonos, 303, 303 n.4, 317 Lighthouses, 119 Chickasaw map, 99 Lolo, 486 Lightning, 297 Delaware cosmographical map, 91 Lomas pastures (fog-supported coastal veg­ Limestone escarpments, 146 Hearne's map, 146 etation), 277 Linde, C., 4 n.9 Inuit, 178 London, England, Inuit perception of, 159 Lindis Pass, 505 Lahontan's map, 128 Longhouses Lineages map by Ac ko mok ki, 132 native North American, 53 Andean, 274, 286 map by Gero-Schunu-Wy-Ha, 132 South American and Caribbean, 306-7, and Iatmul body painting, 438 map by Howling Wolf, 118, 119 309, 316 Melanesian, 423, 423 n.2 map by Illigliak, 160 Longitude Linear measurement, Maori, 495-96 map by Jimmy Anderson and Curly in "Bericht" of Jeptha, 323 Linen Head, 146, 148 on Guaman Poma's map of Inka empire, as Australian Aboriginal painting map by Ki 00 Cus, 129-30, 130, 132 295, 299 medium, 359 map by Lamhatty, 97-98 on modern Caroline Island nautical native North American maps on, 152 map by Meatonabee and Idotlyazee, charts, 469 Lines, 6-7 146 omitted from native North American in African cartography map by Meliki, 162 birchbark maps, 80 in Kongo cosmography, 27 map of Indiana and Illinois, 91 Loops, 170 on lukasa, 32 map of Rangeley Lakes region, 85 Lopa, Baharuddin, 488 n.113 on map drawn for Largeau, 36-37 map of western Canada, 137-38 Lopez, Barry, 56 on map of Barnum, 43 map on Quapaw painted bison hide, Loquo, 303 on maps of Tuareg grazing areas, 40 pl.6 Lords Harbor, 517 rock art, 14, 15, 538 Map Rock petroglyph, 64 Lots, 184, 187 in Tabwa scarification, 30, 31 maps compiled for Inuit Land Use and Louis (guide), 136, 138 in Andean cosmology, 274 Occupancy Project, 170 Lowie, Robert, 491 on Andean maps message maps, 84 Luba kingship by Guaman Poma, 295, 299 Mississauga boundary map, 77, 79 and Iukala maps, 31-32 Moche landscape vessel, 279 Mohave Rock petroglyph, 63 and Iukasa memory boards, 1, 5, 10, regarding Lake Titicaca reed beds, 265 of northern interior, 149 32-33, 48, pI.2 rock art, 271 petroglyphs from Nevada, 61, 62 and mnemonic maps, 31-33 in Australian Aboriginal cartography, pictograph at Rancho El Tajo, 61 Lucayos. See Bahamas 390-91, 397, 539 pictorial map, 117 Luisefio Indians, 112 map of body of Australia, 415 Nazca, 257 n.6, 275-78, 297 Lukala maps, 31-32 map of Gumadir River area, 399 on de Soto expedition map, 97-98 Lukasa memory boards, 1, 5, 10, 32-33, map of Margulidjban, 401 on South American and Caribbean maps, 48, pI.2 mud maps, 406, 407-8 310 Lunar World, 339 paintings, 363 n.41 in Warao cosmology, 315 Lupaqa, kingdom of, 280 rock engravings, 374 The Lines of Nazca (Anthony F. Aveni), Lu pongank (in the middle and athwart), toas, 370 275 n.76 470 Warlpiri, 365 Linevskiy, A. M., 331, 331 n.15 Lydenburg District, eastern Transvaal, 19, in Eurasian Arctic and Subarctic Lintels, 201 21-22,22 cartography, 344 Linton, Ralph, 125 Lynn Canal, 117 on Chukchi decorated paddle, 347 Linton panel, 15 Lyon, G. F., 159 on Dolgan drum, 336 Listas (bands), 267, 269 Lyttelton. See Port Cooper on Ket drum, 337 Literacy, 242-44 petroglyphs, 332 Little Bear. See Ki 00 cus Maam, 470 on Sami drum, 337 Little Beaver Creek, 124 Maasina,35 on Hawaiian navigation gourd, 486 Liverpool River, clan estates on, 395, 397, Mabuiag Island, 399 in Inka system of huacas, 285 400, 401 Macassar on Maori maps Livingston, Robert Australian Aboriginal plans of, 412-13, of Lakes Wairarapa and Onoke, 510 and map of St. Lawrence, Connecticut, 414, pl.22 by Ngati Pikiao, 529, 530 Hudson, and Susquehanna Rivers, rock arrangements representing boats and by Tuki, 509 77, 78-79 houses from, 411-12, 413 on Marshallese stick charts, 479, 480 map of Susquehanna River obtained by, Macaw god, 310 on Mesoamerican maps 74-77, 138, 177, 179 McGrath, Robin, 169 of Atlatlahuacan, Morelos, 242 Liwukang Bukurlatjpi. See Bukurlatjpi, Mackay, James, 525, 525 nn.115, 117, Lienzo of Zacatepec 1, 209 Liwukang 528, 531 Maya cosmographical plate, 235 Lizards, 288 Mackenzie, Alexander, 143, 144 Metlatoyuca, 189 Llama "dark cloud" constellation, 277 Mackenzie River, 143 Plano en papel de maguey, 187 Llamas, 269, 281, 282 McKerrow, James, 505-6, 508 in native North American cartography, Lodges Macknight, C. C., 411 138 n.265, 149 earth, 53, 54, 124, 125 McLean, Donald, 512 Beaver Indian cosmography, 139 in native North American rock art, 181 Macqueen, James, 35, 41 birchbark message map, 84-85 Loendorf, Lawrence L., 63 Macrae, Roderick, 505 cartographic pictograph, 80 Logographs. See Hieroglyphs McRae, Tommy, 411 608 General Index

Madagascar, 8 n.35, 421, 541 Manganese oxide, 404 by Tuki, 493, 494-95, 501, 506, 507, Magaliesberg, 21 Mangareva Island, 461 508-9, 509 n.70, 531, 533 Magellan, Ferdinand, 444, 445, 451 Manggalili clan, 373, 374 on waka paddle, 531 n.126 Magellanic Clouds, 457, 457 n.42 Manggudja, 395, 398, 399 and place-names, 498-500, 539 Maggs, Tim, 538, 539 Manhattan Island, 68 and traveling, 530 Magnetic compasses, 465 Manl, map of, 197, 197 n.43, 209-10, women and cartography, 518 n.92 in Caroline Islands, 463-64, 469 210-11, 241, 248-49 Mapa circular de Cuauhquechollan, 196, used by Bugis, 488 Maningrida, 395, 397, 400, 401 210, 212, 539 Maguey fiber, 184, 186-87, 194-95, 196, Manioc plant, 272 Mapa de Cuauhtinchan 1, 250-51 224, 541 Manitoba Mapa de Cuauhtinchan 2, 218-19, 222, Maguire, Rochfort, 157-58 Jimmy Anderson and Curly Head's map 250-51 Magur, 467, 468, 469 of, 146, 148 Mapa de Cuauhtinchan 3, 250-51 Mahakane, Northern Cape, 18 La Verendrye's map of, 144, 145-46, 179 Mapa de Cuauhtinchan 4, 250-51 Mahamaes (cultivation sites), 273, 274 map of Qu'Appelle River, 129 Mapa de la Provincias de los Aruacas, Mahele (portion, division, section), 495 York Factory Indian map of, 146, 147 323-24, 325 Mahelona, John Kaipo, 486-87 Manker, Ernst, 336 Mapa del Golfo y costa de Nuevo Espana, Mahere (plan, portion, division, section), Manoa, 325 95,96 494-95 Mansi people, 342, 344 Mapa de Metlatoyuca, 184, 184 n.6, Mahia Peninsula, 530 Mantell, Walter Baldock Durrant 188-89, 248-49 Maidu Indians, 115 map of New Zealand, 521, 521 n.l0l, Mapa de Santa Cruz, 244, pl.11 Maiirgulidj clan estate, 395, 398, 399 pl.24 Mapa de Sigiienza, 218, 219, 220, 222, Maine, 173 and Map of the Colony of New Zealand 246, 248-49, 539 map of Rangeley Lakes region, 85, 86 from Official Documents by John Mapa de Teozacoalco, 190, 220, 244 maps of coastline, 68, 90, 91, 180 n.364 Arrowsmith, 521 n.l02 Mapa Pintado, 248-49 Mai ritual, 439, pl.23 and Te Ware Korari's maps, 494, 499, Mapa Quinantzin, 190 n.17, 205 n.66, Maize. See also Corn 520-23, 535, 537-38 225 n.115 on Andean textiles, 267 Mantles Mapas, 245-46 in Mesoamerican diet, 183 Paracas polychrome, 273-74, 297 Mapa Tlotzin, 190 n.17 Mesoamerican pictograph for, 199 tocapu designs on, 294 "A Map Describing the Situation of the in Warao cosmology, 313 Manu' Whata-Te Runanganui 0 Ngati Several Nations of Indians between Makalii (the twins), 486 Pikiao, 529 South Carolina and the Massisipi Makarenko, A. A., 343 Man with Legs Ajar (constellation), 65, 67 River," 99 n.164 Makarere (Makarora) River, 516-18 n.92 Manyet, 409 Mapi (map), 495 Maketu, 512 Maoris, 493-536. See also New Zealand Mapmaking. See Cartography Makonnen, Ras, 45, 47, 48 cultural attributes, 495-500 Map media Malagasy, 421 and environment, 530 African Malangan funerary art, 438-39 n.47 geographical orientation, 496-98 European influence on, 47-48 Malangi, David, 371-73, pl.17 linear measurement, 495-96 sand, 38-40, 41 Malaria, 427 map media, 531 tapestry, 45, 46 Malawi, Lake, 38, 38 n.68 maps Andean Malay Peninsula, 421 European accounts, 500-506, 508 ceramics, 264-65, 266 Mali, Bozo cartography, 28 extant and derivatives, 508-30, 533-36 clay, 285 Mdlikai chants, 316-17 by Hone Tiihawaiki, 495-96, 513-14, cloth, 266-68, 269 Malinowski, Bronislaw, 430 516, 517, 533, 534 pallays, 266-68, 269 Mallery, Garrick, 173 language concepts for, 494-95 pebbles, 285 Maloelap Atoll, 453 made for Cook, 500-501, 530, 531 sticks, 285 Maltese crosses made for Europeans, 531 Australian Aboriginal, 354-55, 366-67, in Codex Fejervary-Mayer, 229, 230, by Ngatai, 525, 526, 534 539,541 231, 232, 253 of North Island, 501, 503, 509-13, acrylic, 359, 362, 379, 382, 405, 405 in Codex Madrid, 232, 233, 255 534, 535, 536 n.49 Mamaku Plateau, 512 obtained by von Haast, 523, 524 bark, 354, 355, 359, 364, 364 n.47, Mamalhuaztli (the Drill) (constellation), by Rakiraki, 520, 531, 534 366, 367, 370, 372, 377-79, 379 239 by Rangitane tribe, 499 n.33, 503 n.88, 403, 404, 405, 405 n.49, Mamarika, Minimini, 369, 369 n.61, 370 by Reko, 504-5 pl.18 Mana (influence, prestige, power), 503, 531 relating to land claims, 525-30 boards, 364, 366 Manam Island, 440 by Ropoama te One, 525, 525 n.115, bull-roarers, 539 Mananalo, 486 526-27, 531, 535 canvas, 359, 379 Manca, 280, 281 sources for, 531-32 crayon, 359, 362, 368, 369, 387, 388, Manchus, 338 of South Island, 494, 499 n.33, 503-6, 390, 391, 392, 393, 396, 397, Manco Capac, 294-95, 299 508, 514, 533, 534, 535 398, 40~ 401,410,411,412,412 Mandala, 181 by Te Arawa iwi, 528-30, 536 n.68, 413, 414, 415 Mandan Indians, 121, 123, 124, 133, 173, by Te Huruhuru, 514, 516, 518-20, dishes, 539 179 531, 534 earth pigments, 411 Mandarka (bleached sealskin), 346 by Te Ware Korari, 494, 499, 520-23, gypsum, 370, 385 Man-fish, 80 535, 537-38 linen, 359 Manganese, 370 by Toiawa, 495, 500, 500 n.37 manganese, 370 General Index 609

manganese oxide, 404 charcoal, 68, 69, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, social discourse function, 48 Masonite, 403-4, 407 114, 129, 13~ 138, 143 solicited, 33-37 "mud," 405-8, 409 coal, 95 symbolic value, 44 ochers, 357, 370, 372, 378, 385, 404, colored pencil, 115 Andean p1.15, pl.17, p1.18, pl.20 corn, 68, 69 of Chuwa Chuwa, 263 pencil, 399, 402, 411 cornmeal, 69 of Cuzco Valley, 285 pipe clay, 404 crayon, 77, 78-79, 122, 123, 162 generated from Huarochiri Manuscript, posts, 366, 539 dirt/ground, 99, 108 266 rocks, 539 grease, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 176 by Guaman Poma, 262-63, 264, shields, 539 horn and bone, 114-15 295-96, 298-99 spear-throwers, 355, 357, 364 ivory, 166-68, 169, 176 of Inka empire, 295-96, 298-99 wash, 411 linen, 152 khipus as, 293-94 watercolor, 409, 410 ocher, 84 of Lake Titicaca shoreline, 263-64, 264 wood, 359, 366, 370, 385 paint, 85 n.27, 265 Eurasian Arctic and Subarctic parchment, 138 of Lambayeque River, 262, 264 bleached sealskin, 346, 349 pencil, 73 n.79, 84, 85, 115, 118, 137, Nazca lines as, 257 n.6 blood, 341 148, 149, 151, 154, 161 n.322, Q'ero pallay, 266-67, 267 n.38, 268, coal, 343, 345 162,164, 173,176 297 paint, 345 rocks, 68, 69, 79, 159 Qheswa pallay, 267-68, 269, 297 pencil, 339, 339 n.34, 346 sand, 112-13, 159, 172, 180 n.365 San Andres de Machaca, 263 snow, 339 snow, 159 astronomic (see Astronomy) wood and bark, 340-44, 345, 346, 348 sticks, 67-68, 69, 159 Australian Aboriginal, 387-416 European, 197 wash, 154, 160 of Anmatyerre Country, 399-401, 402 Maori, 531 watercolor, 115, 118, 120, 121, 138 of Arnhem Bay, 403, 404, 405 chalk, 503, 508 wood, 166-68, 169 of clan estates, 395, 397, 398, 399, charcoal, 500, 501, 530, 531 Oceanic 400, 401 dust, 531 coral, 443, 453, 457 defined, 364 flax stalks, 525 sand, 443, 453 distinguished from icons, 362-64, 387, knives, 531 South American and Caribbean 405 pencil, 505, 508, 510, 520, 521, 531, beans, 319-20 distinguished from plans, 408-9 533, 534, 535 colored pencil, 308 n.18 of Elcho Island, 397 sand, 505, 505 n.52, 511, 525, 531 ocher, 308 European influence on, 389 sticks, 531 "Map of Native Encampment" (Galliput), of Fitzroy River, 390, 391 waka paddle, 531 n.126 409 of Goromuru River, 402-3, pl.2l watercolor, 499, 515, 533 Map of the Colony of New Zealand from of Gave Peninsula, 397-98 wood, 531 Official Documents by John identifying, 4 Melanesian Arrowsmith, 521 n.l02 of Jaliarna area, Central Australia, 388 animal bones, 429, 430 A Map of Virginia, with a Description of in land claims era, 405, 408 cords, 428, 429 the Country, the Commodities, of Mabuiag Island and reefs, 399 dirt, 435, 435 n.43, 436 n.44 People, Government and Religion major collections, 387-99 knots, 428, 429 (John Smith), 69, 71 Berndt Collection, 392-99, 400, 401 palm fronds, 428, 429 Mappaemundi, 1-2, 538 South Australian Museum, 387-92, shields, 431, 432, 433 by Guaman Poma, 295, 297, 299 393, 401, 415-16 Mesoamerican, 194-97 Mesoamerican words for, 185, 185 n.l0, by Mowaljarlai, 413-14, 415 amatl paper, 187, 196, 218, 222, 224, 187 mud maps and sand drawings, 405-8 248-49, 250-51, 252-53, 254-55, temporal aspect of, 193 n.29 of Murganella floodplain, 397 pl.9 Mapping. See Cartography of Murrinh-patha countryside, 403-5, animal skins, 194, 195-96, 248-49, "Mapping the " (exhibition) (Uni­ 407 252-53 versity of Essex Exhibition Gallery, of Napperby Station area, 401 carved stone, 254-55 England), 56 n.26 and Nicholson River land claim, 405, ceramics, 254-55 Map production 408 cloth, 187, 189, 194-95, 195 n.37, Australian Aboriginal, 366-67 plans, 408-13 203, 207, 215, 228, 248-49, Mesoamerican, 197-98 and politics and law, 408-13 250-51, 252-53 in Oceania, 443 purposes of, 365 gesso, 195-96, 248-49 Yupno, 436 n.44 smaller scholarly collections, 399-405 maguey, 184, 186-87, 194-95, 196, Map Rock, Idaho, 62, 64, 65 of south-central Australia, 394-95, 396 224 Maps of transformations, 364-65 parchment, 194 African of Yalangbara, 413, 414 walls, 194, 254-55 of Barnum, 42-44, pl.3 boundary (see Boundary maps) native North American, 51, 174-76 by Bello, 34-35 cadastral (see Cadastral maps) animal skins, 68, 99, 108, 114, 115, of Cameroon, 42, 44, 45 Caribbean (see Maps, of South America 117, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, of Ethiopia, 45, 47, 48 and Caribbean) 151, 173, 176, pl.6 of Njoya's kingdom, 42-44 celestial (see Celestial maps) bark, 77, 79-86, 142, 172, 173, oral, 41 circle (see Circular maps) 175-76, 180 of Ouzzeine Valley, 41 cosmographic (see Cosmography) chalk, 68, 69, 94, 144 political uses of, 43, 48 cross-cultural comparisons of, 8-9 610 General Index

Maps (cont.) 508-9, 509 n.70, 531, 533 in Historia tolteca-chichimeca, 196, defined, 1-2, 6, 24-25, 51, 258, 301, on waka paddle, 531 n.126 205, 206, 207, 215, 220, 225, 537, 537 n.1 Maori language concepts for, 494-95 246-49, 252-53 displayed, 3 Melanesian, 4-5, 425-42 palace complexes on, 225 n.115 dream (see Dream maps) artistic and ritual, 438-40, 441, pl.23 on Humboldt Fragment 2, 200, 222, ephemeral (see Ephemeral maps) Chambri maps of land claims, 436-38, 222-23, 252-53 of Eurasian Arctic and Subarctic 440,441 itinerary histories, 218-20, 221, 222 Amur estuary, 339 existence of, 425 lienzos (see Lienzos) by Antonov, 340 gendered, 440-42 of Manl, 196, 197, 197 n.43, 209-10, Chukchi wooden board maps, 341-42, genealogies and society as, 428 210-11, 241,248-49 343 gift exchange as, 429-31 Mapa de Santa Cruz, 244, pl.ll by Enkachan, 340 graphic and written, 435-38, 439, 440, Mapa de Sigiienza, 218, 219, 220, 222, Gilyak kingdom, 339 441 246, 248-49, 539 Kurile Islands, 338-39 Iatmul world map drawn in dirt, 435 Mapa Quinantzin, 190 n.17, 205 n.66, Maya River and Sea of Okhotsk, 339 kirugu cords, 428, 429 225 n.115 n.36 myth as, 426-28 Metlatoyuca, 184, 184 n.6, 188-89, Russia, 339, 340 n.36 objects as, 428-34 248-49 Russian Arctic, 330 n.8 representational, 425-26 n.9 of northern Yucatan, 210 Tartary, 330 shields as, 431, 432, 433 Oztoticpac lands map, 196, 252-53 European songs as, 434-35 Plano de San Andres Sinaxtla, 196 of Benue River system, 40-41 tsagi-mboe, 428, 429 Plano en papel de maguey, 184, of central Sahara, 38, 38 nn.69, 70 using animal bones, 429, 430 186-87, 196, 224, 252-53 of eastern and central Africa, 41 verbal, 434-35 in Primeros memoriales, 225, 225 of Lake Malawi region, 38, 38 n.68 mental (see Mental maps) n.116, 227, 252-53 medieval, 29 n.31 Mesoamerican, 221-29 property plans, 221-24, 224-25, 226, of southern Ethiopia, 41 of Amoltepec, 196, 240-43, 248-49 252-53 stylized political boundaries on, 285 cartographic histories, 204-18, 248-51 in Relaciones geognificas, 196, 200, n.130 categories of, 187, 189 201, 244-45, 246, 248-49 of Tuareg grazing areas, 38-40, 41 celestial, 237-40, 254-55 related to pochteca, 227-28 usage of, 182 census of, 248-55 relations between permanent and gestu­ of Wangara, 38, 39 of Cholula, 215, 219, 222, 225, 250-53 ral cartographic histories, 220-21 gestural (see Gestures, as maps) in Codex Aubin, 196, 252-53 of Sotuta, 196, 210 Inka in Codex Borbonicus, 200 of Tenochtitlan, 192-93, 193-94, 195, lack of surviving, 257-58 in Codex Borgia, 196, 200, 201, 241, 225,225 n.116, 227, 228 n.121, in native manuscripts, 294-97, 298-99 252-53 235-37, 244, 252-53 itinerary (see Itineraries; Itinerary histo­ in Codex Boturini, 218, 218 n.98, 219, of Teozacoalco, 196, 210, 212, 213, ries) 220, 221, 246, 248-49 220, 244, 248-49 Maori in Codex Florentine, 252-53 of Tepetlaoztoc, 184, 189, 244, 250-51 drawn for Cook, 500-501, 530, 531 in Codex Meixueiro, 250-51 of Tetliztaca, 245, 246 European accounts of, 500-506, 508 in Codex Mendoza, 190-91, 192-93, for trading and war, 225-29, 252-53 extant, 506, 507, 508-30, 533-36 193-94, 193 n.32, 196 n.38, 198, types of, 204-40 by Hone Tuhawaiki, 495-96, 513-14, 199, 200, 225, 225 n.115, of urban centers, 225, 227, 252-53 516,517,533,534 235-37, 244, 252-53 words for, 185 made for Europeans, 531 in Codex Nuttall, 200, 201, 215-18, of Zolipa, Veracruz, 243, 244 by Ngatai, 525, 526, 534 242, 248-49 message (see Message maps) of North Island, 501, 503, 509-13, in Codex Selden, 200, 201 mnemonic (see Mnemonic maps) 534, 535, 536 in Codex Vienna, 200, 201, 204, 218 native North American, 51-182 obtained by von Haast, 523, 524 in Codex Xolotl, 190, 196, 196 n.38, access and conservation, 54-55 by Rakiraki, 520, 531, 534 200, 205-7, 208, 210, 218, 220, approach, 57 by Rangitane tribe, 499 n.33, 503 248-49, 539-40, p1.9 Arctic, 154-70 by Reko, 504-5 of Coixtlahuaca, 250-51 ephemeral maps, 159 relating to land claims, 525-30 Coixtlahuaca group, 184-85 n.6, 207, Euro-American perceptions, 157-59 by Ropoama te One, 525, 525 n.115, 207 n.70, 219, 250-53 maps in late twentieth-century Inuit 526-27, 531, 535 of Coixtlahuaca Valley, 250-51 art and social policy, 169-70 sources for, 531-32 by Cortes, 244 maps on ivory and wood, 166-68, of South Island, 494, 499 n.33, 503-6, of Cuauhquechollan, 196, 210, 212 169 508, 533, 534, 535 of Cuauhtinchan, 205, 206, 207, maps on paper, 159-66 by Te Arawa iwi, 528-30, 536 218-19, 220, 222, 248-49, cartobibliography of, 56 by Te Huruhuru, 514, 516, 518-20, 250-51, 253 cartographic affinities between Eurasian 531, 534 Cuauhtinchan group, 250-51 and American Artie and Subarctic by Te Ware Korari, 494, 499, 520-23, defined, 184-89 , 170-72 535 of Don Miguel Damian's property, 225, far western, 106, 108-15, 116-17, 118 by Toiawa, 495, 500, 500 n.37 226,252-53 early mapping encounters: Spanish, toponyms used without, 498 hieroglyphs used for toponyms on, 106, 108 by Tuki, 493, 494-95, 501, 506, 507, 190-91 ephemeral maps, 113-14 General Index 611

Lewis and Clark expedition, 114-15 Arctic Bay (Cape Dorset), 169-70 Pequot country, 73, 179 modeled maps, 112-13 Belcher Islands, 155, 164, 165 by the Pheasant, 68 other maps on paper, 115, 116-17, Black Hills, 55, 120-21, 123, 176, 179 Pokanoket land to be sold, 73-74, 179 118 British Columbia, 115, 116-17 Qu'Appelle River, 129 ritual and cosmographic maps, Bull Creek valley, 68 Rocky Mountains, 132, 133 108-12 canoe route from Lake Athabasca to route from Richmond, Virginia, to the Great Plains and , Thelon River, 149, 152-53 Appalachians, 68 115, 116-35, 136, 137 Cape Ann, 68 by Skiko, 67 n.60 celestial maps, 123-25, pi. 7 Cape Fullerton, 160-65 St. Lawrence, Connecticut, Hudson, and made for Euro-Americans: seventeenth Catawba map, 99, 101, pl.4 Susquehanna Rivers, 77, 77 n.81, century, 125-28 Charlton Island, 151-52, 154, 156, 78-79, 178 nineteenth-century ephemeral maps, 173, 179 St. Lawrence-Great Lakes, 82, 83 128-29 Chesapeake Bay, 67, 67 n.60, 68, St. Lawrence River, 67-68, 71-72 nineteenth-century maps made on 69-70, 72 de Soto expedition map, 95, 96, 97-98 paper, 129-35, 136, 137 Chickasaw map, 99-101,115 n.217, Susquehanna River, 74-77, 138, 177, pictorial maps, 117-23, 124 173,176 179 historiography, 55-56 Colorado River, 61-62, 63, 108, 172, territory west of Lake Superior, 145 importance of cosmography, 53-54 177 n.287 indigenous roles of, 179-82 Coteau des Prairies, 126-28 Velasco map, 70-71 information content, 178-79 Cumberland Sound, 170 n.336 Victoria Island, 157 large-area, 177, 177 nn.358, 359 forest-tundra boundaries in northern Virginia, 69-70, 70 n.76, 71, 72 northeastern, 66-94 interior, 149 western Canada, 136-38, 140-41, 149 birchbark maps, 79-86 Greenland, 167-68, 169 Yukon Territory, 115, 116-17, 143 on blazed trees, 87-88 - Hudson Bay coastline, 165-66 Oceanic, 418 ephemeral, 67-71, 72 by Huron Indians, 67 n.60 by Cantova, 453, 454 made for Europeans, 71-79, 80, 81 Indiana and Illinois, 90-91, 92, 93 by Klein, 452, 453, 489 message maps, 84-86 James River, 68, 68 n.64 by Kotzebue, 453-54, 456-57 on skin, 90-94 from John Scotts Lake to Wikusko modern map of Caroline Islands, 455 wampum maps, 88-90 Lake, 154 modern map of Marshall Islands, 457 physical attributes (media), 174-76 Keewatin District, 161-62, 164-65, settlement of Remote Oceania, 420 precontact, contact, and postcontact, 179, 180 by Tupaia, 446-51 51-52 Kraus Virginia map, 69-70, 72 pictorial (see Pictorial maps) relating to Beothuk Indians, 73 n.79 Lachine Rapids, 67-68 reference (see Reference maps) rock art, 57, 61-66, 64, 65, 67 Lachine Rapids and upper St. Lawrence reversing marginalization of, 9-10 southeastern, 94-106, 107 River, 172 route (see Route maps) boundaries and mapping, 105-6, 107 Lake Nipigon, 149, 151, 154, 155, 177 of South America and Caribbean early mapping encounters, 95-99 Lake Ontario, 142 n.280 Caribbean islands, 319-20 made for colonial authorities, 99-103, by Lamhatty, 96-99 Hipana village, 319, 320 104, 105 land between Repulse Bay and Prince Mapa de la Provincias de los Aruacas, other mapping encounters, 103, 105 Regent Inlet, 159, pi.8 323-24, 325 structure, 176-78 Maine, 68, 85, 86, 90, 91, 180 n.364 by Ralegh, 324-25 Subarctic, 135-54, 155, 156 Manhattan Island, 68 Ye'cuana historical-cultural map, on bark and skin, 135-39, 140, 141 Manitoba, 144, 145, 145-46, 147, 148, 321-22 design biting, 142-43 179 territorial (see Territorial maps) made during European-Indian interac­ by Martinez, 126, 126 n.240 Maps and Dreams (Hugh Brody), 56 tion, 143-54, 155, 156 by Meatonabee and Idotlyazee, 146, "Maps of Territory, History, and Commu­ scapulimancy, 139, 141-42 146 n. 291, 149, 150-51, 165 nity in Mesoamerica" (Elizabeth three-dimensional, 168, 169, 176 Melville Peninsula, 157 Hill Boone), 56 n.29 usage of compared with European map Melville Peninsula and Baffin Island, Maquetas (models of architectural usage, 182 159, 160, 164-65 compounds), 279, 279 n.l01, 299 words for, 52-53 Mississauga boundary map, 77, 79, 179 and layout of Cuzco, 285 of New Zealand Mississippi and Missouri Rivers, of temple upper court at Moquegua, Maori toponyms on, 499-500 134-35, 136, 137 Peru, 282 North Island (see North Island, maps Mississippi River, 129, 130 yupanas as, 291 n.165 of) Missouri and South Saskatchewan Marcus, Joyce, 215 relating to Maori land claims, 525-30 Rivers, 129-32 Mardarrpa clan, 376 repositories, 531-32 Moisie River, 136, 138, 180 Mare, E. See E Mare South Island (see South Island, maps of) New Hampshire, 91 n.133 Marginalization of maps, 9-10 by Te Ware Korari, 537-38 New Mexico, 125-26, 127, 177,179 Margulidjban, 395, 397, 400, 401 by Tuki, 493, 494-95, 501, 506, 507, northeastern California, 115, 118 Mariana Islands, 420, 421, 451, 474 508-9, 509 n.70, 531, 533 northern and central Plains, 132-33, Marika, Mawalan, 398 n.34, 410 of North America 134, 135 drawing of Macassan prau, 412 n.68 Acktis Island, 112, 113, 180 northwestern Canada, 143-45, 149, map by, 413, 414 by Aikon Aushabuc, 52, 68-69 152 Marika, Wandjuk, 398, 403, 406, 410 Alaska, 143, 157, 158 by Oneida Indians, 68 Maritime Chukchi/Asian Eskimos, 171 612 General Index

Markers, on Inka roads, 289, 290 Mauss, Marcel, 423 Meddo (medo) stick charts, 479, 480, 482, Maro (unit of measurement), 496 Mauwalan Marika. See Marika, Mawalan 483, 484, 485, 491 Marquesas Islands Mawalan Marika. See Marika, Mawalan Medicine, 172-73 European exploration, 445 Mawari (swallow-tailed kite), 311 Medicine wheels, 54, 63 n.46 and finding Rapa Nui, 461 Mawhera River. See Grey River Medieval Christian maps, 539 as reference for modern canoe voyage, Maxwell, Thomas, 525 Mediterranean, 330 474 Maya Indians, 109 n.193 Meeting houses, 485 n.l05 settlement, 420 Maya River, 339 n.36, 340 Mehinaku people, 311, 320-21 on Tupaia's chart, 448 n.19, 450 Mayas, 183 Mejia Xesspe, Toribio, 274 Marquette, Jacques, 124 n.231 and cartographic histories, 208-10, 211 Mejprat people, 435 Marriage celestial mapping, 237-38 Mekeo people, 441 in Codex Xolotl, 539-40 and circular maps, 539 Melanesia. See also Oceania; and specific in ida ritual, 440, 441 cosmography, 203, 232, 233 islands Inka rules for in Cuzco Valley, 260 on ceramic plate, 233-34, 235, 254-55 cultural diversity, 423 and village positioning, 305 representations of earth's surface, 200 defined, 419 Mars, 237-38, 255, 486 n.54 influence on Australian Aborigines, 354 Marshall, James A., 95 n.148 and hieroglyphs, 199 n.4 Marshall Islands and landscape painting, 256 on map of Oceania, 418 cartography in, 4 language, 208, 248-49, 254-55 map production, 540 Kotzebue's chart of, 453-54, 456-57 and lienzos, 195 n.37 maps from, 4-5, 425-42 location, 476 Lord Pacal's sarcophagus lid, 234-35, artistic and ritual, 438-40, 441, pl. 23 modern map of, 457 237, 254-55 celestial, 427-28 persistence of traditional navigation, 454 map media used by, 196-97 Chambri maps of land claims, 436-38, piloting by swell pattern, 475-85 and map of Mani, 197, 197 n.43, 241 440,441 settlement, 420, 421 Maya-Spanish dictionary, 185 n.9 existence of, 425 stick charts, 1, 6 n.22, 443, 444, 475, petroglyphs from Planch6n de las Figuras, gendered, 440-42 476, 479-85, 487, 489-92 225 n.115 genealogies and society as, 428 women and navigation in, 455 Quiche, 204, 236-37 gift exchange as, 429-31 Marshes, 80, 531 n.125 reference map of region of, 210 graphic and written, 435-38, 439, 440, Martens, 80 and spoken boundary maps, 220 n.l0l 441 Martin, David, 377 n.82, 379 n.87 surviving maps from, 196 Iatmul world map drawn in dirt, 435 Martinez, Enrico, 126, 126 n.240 and trade maps, 228-29 n.124, 228 kirugu cords, 428, 429 Marutse empire, 35 n.123, 229 myth as, 426-28 Mary's River, 113 writing, 198, 209 objects as, 428-34 Mask of Black God, 65 zodiac, 237 n.150 shields as, 431, 432, 433 Masks, 274, 275, 299 Maymurru, Narritjin, 361 n.38, 373, 374, songs as, 434-35 Masonite, 403-4, 407 398 n.34 tsagi-mboe, 428, 429 Massa, Isaac, 330 n.8 Maymuru, Banapana, 366, 373,374, pl.18 using animal bones, 429, 430 Massachusetts, Pokanoket land to be sold, Mayor Island (Tiihua), 501 n.41 verbal, 434-35 73-74, 179 Mayu (celestial river) (Milky Way), 260, settlement, 420, 423 Massachusetts Indians, 68, 74, 180 n.364 260 n.14, 261 social life, cosmology, and politics, Massim region, 427 n.14, 430-31 Mayviimbiit Mountain, pl.23 423-25 Master of Animals, 308, 309 Mazes, 274, 275 Meliki Masts, 470 n.74 Mbima alphabet, 42 map of Cape Fullerton Harbor by, Matacuni tributary, 321 M'bo,36 160-61 Mata (flint or obsidian), 493, 501 n.41 Mbouemboue, King, 43 n.87 map of Keewatin District by, 161-62, Mataiva, 474 Mburu, 428 164-65, 179, 180 Matara (obsidian), 493 Mdewakanton Indians, 58 Melka Zadek, 30 , 505, 517 Meadows, 80 Melville Peninsula Matau (Matou) River (Molyneux, Clutha), Measurement, 538 on Auld's map of Hudson Bay, 166 505, 505 n.56, 518, 520 Inkas and, 289, 289 n.156 Iglulik maps of, 157 Material cartography,S Maori, 495-96 Illigliak's map of, 159, 160, 164-65 Materiales para una cartografia mexicana on Mesoamerican maps, 203-4, 226 omitted from native North American (Manuel Orozco y Berra), 190 units of, 538 maps, 146 Mathaman, 398 n.34 Carolinian, 473 Memory boards. See Lukasa Mathes, W. Michael, 61 Inka, 289 n.156, 290 Men. See also Gender Mathias River, 524 league, 79 and Eurasian Arctic and Subarctic mal1s, Matienzo, Juan de, 291 Maori, 496 342-43 n.51 Matinino, 324 Mesoamerican, 203 South American and Caribbean, 305 Mato tipi paha. See Devils Tower (Bear miles, 79 and southern African engravings, 22-23 Lodge Butte) native North American, 176 Mendafia de Neira, Alvaro, 445 Matou River. See Matau River on Woleai Atoll, 465 Mendoza, Antonio de, 108, 258 Mattang stick charts, 479-80, 481, 484, Meatonabee, 114, 146, 146 n.291, 149, and Codex Mendoza, 193 n.32 485 150-51, 165 and maps to prove land claims, 241, 242, Ma!tjugi, 402-3, p1.21 Mecca, 29, 39 243,245 Mauli, 486 Medallions, 43, 43 n.82 Menelek,30 General Index 613

Menelik, Emperor, 47 circumambulation ritual and, 4 in Relaciones geograficas, 196, 200, Mensuration. See Measurement in Codex Aubin, 196, 252-53 201, 244-45, 246, 248-49 Mental maps, 3-4, 4 nn.9, 10, 443-44, in Codex Borbonicus, 200 related to pochteca, 227-28 488 n.116 in Codex Borgia, 241, 252-53 Sotuta, 196, 210 Mental Maps (Peter Gould and Rodney in Codex Boturini, 218, 218 n.98, 219, Tenochtitlan, 192-93, 193-94, 195, White),4 220, 221, 246, 248-49 225, 225 n.116, 227, 228 n.121, Mercator projection, 453-54, 469 in Codex Florentine, 252-53 235-37, 244, 252-53 Merced (land grant), 241, 245 in Codex Kingsborough, 250-51 Teozacoalco, 196, 210, 212, 213, 220, Mercury, 291, 486 in Codex Meixueiro, 250-51 244,248-49 Meridians in Codex Mendoza, 190-91, 192-93, Tepetlaoztoc, 184, 189, 244, 250-51 on Bad Heart Bull's map of Black Hills, 193-94, 193 n.32, 196 n.38, 198, Tetliztaca, 245, 246 120, 123 199, 200, 225,225 n.115, trade maps, 225-29, 252-53 on diagram of Chickasaw map, 101 235-37, 244, 252-53 types of, 204-40 on map drawn for Largeau, 36-37 in Codex Nuttall, 200, 201, 215-18, urban, 225, 227, 252-53 Merlan, Francesca, 357 242, 248-49 Zolipa, Veracruz, 243, 244 Merlo J., Eduardo, 184-85 n.6 in Codex Selden, 200, 201 mensuration, 203-4 Merrimack River, 68 in Codex Vienna, 200, 201, 204, 218 petroglyphs, 225 n.115 Mertz, Henriette, 62-63 n.46 in Codex Xolotl, 190, 196, 196 n.38, pictographs, 198-200, 201 Mesa de Maya, 129 200, 205-7, 208, 210, 218, 220, scripts from compared with Mide writing Mesas (arrangements of power 0 bjects), 248-49, 539-40, pl.9 and Southwestern sandpainting, 269, 269 n.46, 270 Coixtlahuaca, 250-51 109 n.193 Mesoamerica, 183-256 Coixtlahuaca group, 184-85 n.6, 207, spatialization of time, 191-204 alphabets, 242-44 207 n.70, 219, 250-53 stelae, 184, 185, 234, 235, 254-55 architectural pictographs, 198, 201 Coixtlahuaca Valley, 250-51 timekeeping, 183 blending of map and itinerary, 539-40 by Cortes, 244 writing, 198-200, 201 cartographic conventions, 198, 242-44 Cuauhquechollan, 210, 212 Message maps cosmography, 229-37, 238, 252-55 Cuauhtinchan, 205, 206, 207, 218-19, Eurasian Arctic and Subarctic, 342-43, architecture and, 197 220, 222, 248-49, 250-51, 253 344, 345 on ceramics, 232-34, 235 Cuauhtinchan group, 250-51 native North American, 84-86, 180, 180 cities in, 235-37 Don Miguel Damian's property, 225, n.362, 342 in Codex Borgia, 232 n.132, 241 226, 252-53 Messages, 290 in Codex Fejervary-Mayer, 234, European influence on, 212 n.83, 247 Metacom. See Philip, King 235-37, 240, 241 formats, 196 Metaphors in Codex Madrid, 232, 233 hieroglyphs used for toponyms on, in Andean cartography, 258, 268-69, in Codex Rios, 234, 234 nn.136-38, 190-91 278, 295, 299 237, 239, 240, 241 in Historia tolteca-chichimeca, 205, in Chavin art, 273 n.63 diagram of, 229 206, 207, 215, 220, 225, 225 Metlatoyuca (Metlaltoyuca) region, 184 Olmec, 234, 234 n.140 n.115, 246-47, 248-49, 252-53 n.6. See also Mapa de Metlatoyuca and religious conversion, 241 on Humboldt Fragment 2, 200, 222, Mexico. See also Mesoamerica; Valley of rulers and, 234 222-23, 252-53 Mexico sculptures and, 197 itinerary histories, 187, 218-20, 221, circumambulation ritual and mapping, 4 on Tizoc stone, 235, 238, 254-55 222 Comanche raids into, 128-29, 180 defined, 183, 183 n.4 lienzos (see Lienzos) cosmographic stela at Izapa, 185, 234, demography, 240-41 Mani, 196, 197, 197 n.43, 209-10, 235,254-55 dictionaries, 185, 187 210-11, 241, 248-49 Mapa de Santa Cruz, 244, pl.ll geographic pictographs, 198, 200 Mapa de Santa Cruz, 244, pl.ll maps of, 62 n.46, 196 historiography, 189-91 Mapa de Sigiienza, 218, 219, 220, 222, on Miguel's map, 126 judicial system, 241, 242, 243 246, 248-49, 539 as part of Mesoamerica, 183 lack of influence on Western cartography, Mapa Quinantzin, 190 n.17, 205 n.66, rarity of lienzos in, 195 n.37 191 225 n.115 reference map, 207 landscape painting (see Landscape paint- Metlatoyuca, 184, 184 n.6, 188-89, systems of land tenure, 213, 213 n.84 ing, Mesoamerican) 248-49 , 183, 213 land tenure system, 221 military maps, 225-29, 252-53 on Mapa de Santa Cruz, 244, pl.ll map media, 194-97 northern Yucatan, 210 on Miguel's map, 126 map production, 197-98 Oztoticpac lands map, 196, 252-53 Mfemfe alphabet, pl.3 maps of, 98 Plano de San Andres Sinaxtla, 196 Miami Indians, 96 n.156 Amoltepec, 240-43, 248-49 Plano en papel de maguey, 184, Mica, 152, 154 cadastral, 221-24, 252-53 186-8~ 196, 224, 252-53 Michigme, 348, 349 cartographic histories, 204-18, 220-21, in Primeros memoriales, 225, 225 Mickey of Ulladulla, 411 248-51 n.116, 227, 252-53 Micmac Indians, 52, 68-69 categories, 187, 189 property plans, 221-24, 224-25, 226, . See also Oceania; and specific celestial (see Celestial maps, Mesoameri- 252-53 islands can) reference, 184 cartography in, 4 census, 248-55 Cuauhtinchan lands, 207 and contact with islands to the west, 489 Cholula, 215, 219, 222, 225, 250-53 Maya region, 210 defined, 419 circular, 539 Mixtec region, 209 on map of Oceania, 418 614 General Index

Micronesia (cant.) Missionaries Mnemonic maps, 25, 30-33 persistence of traditional navigation, 454 and "Bericht" of Jeptha, 322 Mobile, Alabama, 103 settlement, 420-21 lack of in Soviet Union, 330 Mobile Bay, 100 n.167 Spain establishes outpost in Mariana and Lapp drums, 336 Mobilian language, 99-100 n.166 Islands, 451 in Philippines, 451-52, 453 , 278-79, 280, 288 Mictiampa (land of the dead), 230 and Sami drum, 337 Models, 3, 5, 112-13 Middle East, 330 and South American and Caribbean Andean (see also Maquetas), 282, Middle Island. See South Island petroglyphs, 309 287-88, 289 Midewiwin (Mide) (grand medicine and stick charts, 491 South American and Caribbean, 320 society), 82-83, 84 n.107, 109 Mississauga Indians, 77, 79, 179 Moe-hau. See Cape Colville n.193, 177, 181 nn.365, 366 Mississippian period, shell cup from, 57, Mohave Rock, 61-62, 63 Midjau-Midjawu, 364 n.44 103,103 n.172, 105 Mohawk Indians, 89, 90 Miertsching, F. A., 158-59 Mississippi River Mohawk River, 77 Migration on Chickasaw map, 100, 100 n.167, 101 Mohegan Indians, 73 in Arctic and Subarctic Eurasia, 329 La Moyne d'Iberville and, 103, 105 Mohi Turei, 497 Mesoamerican, 204, 218-20, 221, 222 maps of, 95 Moieties, 261-62 in Warao cosmology, 311 by Non-Chi-Ning-Ga, 134-35, 136, on Bolivian amulet, 269 Migration scrolls 137, 177-78 and cosmology, 311 Delaware, 82 n.99 Wahpekute, 129, 130 drawing of house of Manco Capac and, Ojibwa, 55, 82-84, 177, 181 nn.365, on Ojibwa migration scroll, 83 295 366 Missouri River, 133 n.255 on khipus, 293 Miguel, 125-26, 127, 177, 179 on Ac ko mok ki's map, 133 in Pacariqtambo, 270 Milbrath, Susan, 239 n.155, 240 on Gero-Schunu-Wy-Ha's map, 132, 134 Q'ero, 263 Miles, Robert, 151 in Howling Wolf's ledger art, 118, 120 on Qheswa pallay, 269 Miles (unit of measurement), 68, 79 maps of Quinua, 264 Miles, nautical, 469 by Ki 00 Cus, 129-32, 161, 179 in San Andres de Machaca, 262, 263 Milgari Creek, 392 by Non-Chi-Ning-Ga, 134-35, 136, Tiwanaku and, 280 Mili Island, 480, 482 137, 177-78 Moinun River. See Noun River Milirrpum, 398 n.34 by Sitting Rabbit, 121, 123, 124, 133, Moisel, Max Militarism, 257 173, 179 and mapmaking in Bamum, 41, 42 n.77 Military maps, Aztec, 225-28, 252-53 on Writing Rock, 63 n.46 maps of Cameroon, 42, 44, 45 Milkfish, 377, 377 n.81, 378 Missouri River Commission, 121, 123, Moisie River, 136, 138, 180 Milkimadlentji, 370 124, 173 Moki/mokihi (rafts), 530 Milky Way Mistassini Cree Indians. See Cree Indians Mokoia Island, 528 and Andean spatial organization, 262 Mifa system, 277 Molina, Alonso de, 187, 187 n.11 apparent rotation of, 261 Mitjimanamana, 370 Molina, Cristobal de, 265, 284, 291 Boigu view of, 428 Mitlantongo region, 248-49 Molyneux, Robert, 505 n.56 on Koryak dancing coat, 334, 336, pI.14 , 183 Molyneux River. See Matau River in Navajo Male Shootingway, p/.5 architectural pictographs, 201 Monacan Indians, 68 in Navajo sandpainting, 109, 110 and circular maps, 210, 212, 213, 214, Money, 489 on Nasca pottery, 277 539 Monkeys, 288, 339 on Pawnee celestial chart, pI. 7 and cloth maps, 195 Monongahela River, 88 in Quechua celestial organization, 260, and Codex Fejervary-Mayer, 229 Monowai, 505-6, 506 n.62 261 and Codex Nuttall, 215-18 Monsters in South American and Caribbean celes­ and Codex Vienna, 204 "beavers," 520, 531, 534 tial mapping, 304, 305 and hieroglyphs, 199 celestial, 233, 235, 255 in South American and Caribbean hill pictograph, 200 earth cosmology, 310, 318 language, 187, 187 n.12 in Codex Borgia, 240, pI.l0 in Tabwa scarification, 31 maps in, 248-49, 252-53 on map of Zolipa, Veracruz, 243 on Tello Obelisk, 272, 273 and Lienzo of Zacatepec 1, 201, 202-3, on Tizoc stone, 235, 238 Mill Creek, 118 207-8, 209, 213 Underworld, 233 Miller, William C., 64 manuscripts compared with landscapes in Montagnais Indians Milligan, Robert Roy Douglas, 494-95, Temple of the Warriors, 184 n.5 and design biting, 142 508, 508 nn.67, 69 and Mapa de Teozacoalco, 244 map by, 136 Milmich (field of fish), 224 map of Amoltepec, 240-41 and scapulimancy, 139, 141-42 Milmindjarr', pI.17 and measurement, 204 and war preparations, 69 Minerals, 301 and pictographs, 199-200, 200 n.53 "Montagne de pierre brillante," 145, 179 Mingo Ouma, 101, 103 reference map of region of, 209 Montejo Xiu, Don Francisco de, 209-10 Minimic, Chief, 118 rock pictographs, 200 Monterrey, Mexico, 129 Minimini Mamarika. See Mamarika, Mini­ screenfold manuscripts, 190, 208 n.72 Montesclaros, marques de, 245 mini study of maps by, 191 Montezuma II. See Motecuhzoma Xocoy- River, 126-28, 179 and Texupa, 204 otzin Mirroring (cosmographical principle), water pictographs, 200 Months, 240, 282 120-21, 125, 176 and Zacatepec, 209 Montreal, 52, 68-69, 94 General Index 615

Monuments, 229, 299 on Andean maps Australian Aboriginal maps collected by, Moochinnick, 112 by Guaman Poma, 295 38~ 388, 38~ 393, 416 Moodie, D. Wayne, 156-57 Moche landscape vessel, 279 Nomads of the Australian Desert, 391-92 Moolench, 377, 379, 379 n.87 on Moche pottery, 278, 279 and Orion and the Pleiades, 369 n.61 Moon on Nasca pottery, 278 Mountford-Sheard Collection, State Library on African map, 43 Q'ero pallay, 266, 267 of South Australia, 391-92, 401 in Andean cosmography, 272, 297 rock art, 271 Mount Harman. See Kaniere in Australian Aboriginal mapping, 369 by Santa Cruz Pachacuti, 297 Mount Illimani, 280 n.l04 in Eurasian Arctic and Subarctic cosmo- in Andean timekeeping, 267 n.37 Mount Kaata, 270 graphy, 334, 337 as boundaries, 262, 263 Mount Kaniere. See Kaniere on native North American pictorial map, ceque system and, 286, 286 n.133 Mount Ngauruhoe, 503 117 in Eurasian Arctic and Subarctic cosmo­ Mount Ruapehu, 503 in native North American rock art, 63, graphy, 339 Mount Taylor, 110 64-65 on Eurasian Arctic and Subarctic maps, Mount Tongariro, 503 in Navajo Male Shootingway, pl.5 339, 340 Mowaljarlai, David, 361 n.38, 413-14, in Navajo sandpainting, 110 von Haast's map, 523 415 South American and Caribbean ideas as huacas, 265 Mozeemlek Indians, 126-27 n.241 about, 304 in Iatmul mai ritual, 439, p1.23 Mubi River, 441-42 in Tahitian native navigation, 446 importance to Caribbean natives, 324 Mubi Valley, 441-42 Mooney, James, 174 in Inka mapping rite, 287, 288 Muckatamishaquet, Chief, 79 Moore, H. F., 492 in Kaata body-landscape metaphors, 268 Muckaty cattle station, Australia, 374 Moore, Omar Khayyam, 142 on Maori maps, 531 n.125 Mud Lake, 83 Moose, 141 of Browning Pass, 523-24 Mud maps, Australian Aboriginal, 400, Moose Tail, 82 by Hone Tiihawaiki, 514 405-8,409 Moquegua, Peru, 282 by Ngati Pikiao, 529 Muina, 285 Morap, 435 of Rakaia and Ashburton River Mulalambo line, 30, 31 Morgan, ]., 409 headwaters, 535 MuItibranch networks, 177, 178 Morley, Sylvanus Griswold, 237 n.148 by Rakiraki, 520, 534 Muluc (year bearer), 203 Morphy, Howard by Te Huruhuru, 516, 534 Mummies, 265, 277, 278 Ancestral Connections, 371 Maori toponyms for, 493 Mundy, Barbara, 4 on Australian Aboriginal clan designs, on Mesoamerican maps Munggeraui (Munggurrawuy), 398 n.34, 376 Codex Xolotl, 206, pl.9 412, p1.22 on Australian Aboriginal conceptions of by Cortes, 187 Munn, Nancy D., 359 time and space, 371 landscape painting, 256 Australian Aboriginal maps collected by, on indeterminacy of Australian Aboriginal on map of Tabasco compared with 401 paintings, 373 Temple of the Jaguars, 184 n.5 "The Transformation of Subjects into on meanings of Yolngu paintings, 364 Olmec cosmogram, 234 Objects," 365 on "primitive" art, 2 n.4 on native North American maps on Warlpiri representations of trees, 412 on toas, 384, 385 by Ac ko mok ki, 132 on Warlpiri "sand stories," 408 "Morte or River Longue." See Minnesota by Bering Strait Eskimos, 159 Munoz Camargo, Diego, 190 River birchbark, 80 Munsee Indians, 68 Moseley, Michael E., 284 n.121 by Corn Tassel, 106 Munyuku clan, 376 Mosna River, 271 by Kohklux, 115, 117 Murals, Mesoamerican, 197. See also Mosques, 28 n.21 by Lamhatty, 96 Walls, Mesoamerican maps on Motecuhzoma Xocoyotzin (Montezuma II), La Verendrye's map, 145-46 at Bonampak, 237-38, 254-55 222, 228, 228 n.121, 253 made for Lewis and Clark, 114 and cartography, 184 Mother Earth, 109, 111 by Meatonabee and Idotlyazee, 146 landscape paintings, 256 Motifs, pl.13. See also Designs; Patterns Navajo sandpainting, 110 Muramuras, 383, 384 Andean Ojibwa pictographs for, 82 Muranji rock hole area, 380, 381 circle and dot, 277 by Paiutes, 113 Murdock, George Peter, 9 organization of, 262 Velasco map, 70 n.76 Murganella floodplain, 397 on Q'ero pallay, 266, 267, 268 wampum maps, 89 Murik people, 440 n.48 on Quinua pottery, 264-65 in native North American rock art Muri-whenua. See Reinga severed head, 273, 274 Map Rock petroglyph, 65 Murra, John V., 259 n.12 for sun, 266-6~ 268 Mohave Rock petroglyph, 62 Murray, John, 34 South American and Caribbean, 303-4 pictograph at Ranch El Tajo, 61 Murrinh-patha countryside, Australia, Motutapu Island, 525, 526, 534-35 Writing Rock, 63 n.46 403-5,407 Motutawa Island, 512 on Smith's 1612 map of Virginia, 71 Musee de I'Homme, Paris, 491 Mougoulacha Indians, 103, 105, 105 n.175 on South American and Caribbean land­ Museum fur Volkerkunde, Basel, 489 Mounds, 51, 94-95, 280 form model, 320 Museum fur V6lkerkunde, Berlin, 170 Mountain of Creation, 112 in Yupno worldview, 436, 437 n.336, 489 Mountain-Ok peoples, 427 Mount Aqhamani, 270 Museum fur V6lkerkunde, Burgdorf, Mountains Mount Arrowsmith, 524 Switzerland, 490 on African maps, 36, 42, 43 Mountford, Charles Pearcy Museum fur Volkerkunde, Freiburg, 489 616 General Index

Museum fur Volkerkunde, Hamburg, maps in, 248-49, 250-51, 252-53, Wellington, 531-32, 534-35, 536 490-91, 492 254-55 "Nations Amies et Ennemies des Museum fur Volkerkunde, Vienna, 492 in Codex Florentine, 228 Tchikachas," 103, 104 Museum of Anthropology, San Francisco, in Codex Rfos, 236 Native Department, 525, 531 118, 172 Plano en papel de maguey, 224 Natouaque Indians, 103 Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography in Primeros memoriales, 239 Nature, 259 of Peter the Great, St. Petersburg, and measurement, 203 Nature Conservancy, 540 341 in Petlacala, 246 Nautical cartography, Oceanic, 443-92 Museum of Victoria, Melbourne, 359 speakers of Nautical charts. See also Stick charts Music, 303. See also Song and cloth maps, 195 early European charts of Caroline Islands, Musical instruments, 32 and itinerary histories, 218-19, 222 451-53, 454, 455 Muskingum River, 88 on map of Cuauhtinchan, 205 English, 90, 90 n.131 Muskogean Indians, 99 n.165, 105 n.175 and map of Don Miguel Damian's Kotzebue's chart of Marshall Islands, Musk oxen, 159-60 n.320 property, 226 453-54,456-57 map of journey to hunt, 161-62, 164-65, in Xicalango, 228 n.123 in modern Carolinian navigation, 468-69 179, 180 and Zacatepec, 209 by Pokomoke Indians, 68, 69, 69 n.72 Muskrats, 139 Nairn, Charles James, 521 n. 101 and stick charts, 485 Mutch, James, 160 n.321 Naisoot River, 79 Tupaia's chart of Polynesia, 446-51 Mwila drainage divide, 31 Na Kao (Orion), 486 Nautical miles, 469 Myers, Fred, 383 Nakota Sioux Indians, 58 Navajo Indians, 171 My Eskimo Friends (Robert Joseph Na Lalani 0 Pililua, 486 and celestial rock art, 65-66, 67 Flaherty), 165 n.325 Names, personal cosmography, 53 Mysticism, 331 and hieroglyphs, 199 hogans, 53, 181 Myths on Humboldt Fragment 2, 222 Male Shootingway, 110, pl.5 Andean, 265-66, 288, 295 n.180 in Iatmul genealogy, 428 sandpainting, 106, 109-11, 175 in Arctic and Subarctic Eurasia, 329 on Mesoamerican maps, 187, 198, 224, and spatial representations, 176 Australian Aborigines and, 357, 360, 225 Navamuel, Ercilia, 271 377-79, 380, 389, 539 Names, place. See Place-names Navel of the world, 317 and Maori mapping, 518, 531 Namibia, rock art from, 26 n.11 Navigation, Oceanic, 443-92 as Melanesian maps, 426-28 Namorik Island, 480, 482, 484 Bugi, 488 origin Nampitjinpa, Sonder, pl.19 Carolinian, 458, 461-75 Desana, 305-6 Namponan, Angus, 377-79, 379 n.88 and gender, 455 Inka, 265-66, 280, 280 n.l03, 286 Namu Island, 482, 484 Hawaiian, 486-87 n.133, 287 Namut (bear) (constellation), 112 Indonesian, 488, 488 n.113 on South American and Caribbean map Nancie, 112 instruments, 485-87 of routes between divinity and Nandu prints, 309 Marshallese, 475-85 humanity, 311 Nanfan, John, 93-94 Polynesian, 458-59, 493 n.2 Tukano, 309, 310 Nanook of the North, 165 n.325 Tahitian, 458 South American and Caribbean, 305 Na Nupepa Ku'oko'a (newspaper), 487 Trengganu, 488 n.116 n.110 "Navigation Gourd Notes" (Theodore Na alanui 0 na hoku hookele (the Nanyin, 398 n.34 Kelsey), 486 highways of the Navigation stars), Naparima Hill, Trinidad, 313 Nawi motif (hole for planting), 269 486 Narragansett Indians, 73 Nay hik til 10k, 165, 166, 166 n.326 Naang (heaven or sky), 463 Narritjin Maymurru. See Maymurru, Nar­ Nazca lines, 6, 257 n.6, 275-78, 287, 290 Nabarima (Father of the Waves), 312, 313 ritjin n.159, 297. See also Nascas Nabokov, Peter, 53, 56 n.29 Narvaez expedition, 172 Nazca River, 275 Na-Dene Indians, 52, 171 Nascas. See also Nazca lines Near Oceania, 418, 419 Nadir, 53, 310 ceramics, 275-78 Nebenzahl, Kenneth, Jr., Lectures, 56, 56 Na Hiku (Dipper), 486 chieftain vessels, 297 n.29,57 Na hoku-ai-aina (the stars which rule the defined, 275 n. 75 Nebulae, 63 land),486 importance of metaphor to, 268 Neches River, 95 Na hoku 0 ka lewa (foreign, strange, or and severed heads, 277-78, 278 n.94 Necklaces, 431 outside stars), 486 and trophy headtaking, 273 n.71 Necropolis of Cerro Colorado, 273-74 Na hokupaa 0 ka aina (fixed stars), 486 Nash, David, 374 Neich, Roger, 531 Naskapi Indians, 136, 138, 142 Nelson, 503 and Don Miguel Damian's property map, Nassur, Mohammed ben, 38 Nelson, E. W., 166-67 n.328 226 Nastapoka Islands, 165 Nelson Examiner and New Zealand extant terrestrial map, 197, 197 n.43 Natal, homestead plans from, 17 Chronicle, 503 and Historia tolteca-chichimeca, 248-49 Natal Drakensberg range, 15 Nelson Province, 505 n.52 and migration histories, 218 n.97 Natanis, 84 Nelson River, 146, 147 Nahuatl, 183, 185, 187, 204 Natchez Indians, 101, 103, 177, 178 Nelu, Chief, 491 architectural pictographs, 201 National Anthropological Archives, Natural Nentsy, 330 n.8 dictionaries, 187 History Museum, Smithsonian Neo-Eskimos, 171 and hieroglyphs, 190-91, 199 Institution, 170 n.336, 173 Neolin (the Enlightened One), 54, 91, 93 hill pictograph, 199-200, 200 n.53 National Archives of New Ze~ bnrl 'f\.TpnhrltP 49i General Index 617

Nerchinsk Evenks, 333, 335 Ngati Porou iwi, 497, 513 graphy, 339 Netherlands, 324 Ngati Tama, 518 n.92 far western, 106, 108-15, 116-17, 118 Netsiliks, 159, pl.8 Ngati Tiiwharetoa, 501, 503 early mapping encounters, 106, 108 Networks, 177, 178 Ngaymil clan, 403, 404 ephemeral maps, 113-14 Nevada, petroglyphs from, 61, 62 Nguni societies, 21, 23 Lewis and Clark expedition, 114-15 Nevel'skoy, G. I., 339 Niagara Falls, 77 n.81 modeled maps, 112-13 Nevermann, Hans, 455, 476, 482, 485 Nicholas, John Liddiard, 501 other maps on paper, 115, 116-17, 118 Newberry Library, Chicago, 56, 56 nn.26, Nicholson, Francis, 99-101, 99 n.163, 173, ritual and cosmographic maps, 108-12 29,57 pl.4 Great Plains and Canadian prairies, 115, Newcomb, Franc ]., 109, 110, pl.5 Nicholson River land claim, 405, 408, 413 116-35, 136, 137 A New Discovery of a Vast Country in Nicollet, Joseph N., 86 celestial maps, 123-25, pl.7 America (Louis Hennepin), 99 Niger, grazing areas in, 38-40, 41 nineteenth-century maps, 128-35, 136, n.163 Niger River, 28, 34-35, 41 137 Newe (Southern Cross), 486 Night pictorial maps, 117-23, 124 New Edinburgh. See Dunedin in Mesoamerican cosmography, 237 seventeenth-century maps, 125-28 New England, 67 in Navajo sandpainting, 110 historiography, 55-56 Newfoundland, 73 n.79 Night Chant (Navajo), 65 maps of Newfoundland Museum, St. John's, 73 Nile River, 35 access and conservation, 54-55 n.79 9 Crocodile, 215, 216 Acktis Island, 112, 113, 180 New France, 67 9 Tochtli, 221 by Aikon Aushabuc, 52, 68-69 New Galicia, 108 n.184 Niobrara confluence, 134 Alaska, 143, 157, 158 New Guinea, 541. See also Papua New Nit in kot (a hole) swells, 478, 478 n.89, Arctic Bay (Cape Dorset), 169-70 Guinea 479,480 Belcher Islands, 155, 164, 165 on map of Oceania, 418 Niuatoputapu. See Kepple Island and Beothuck Indians, 73 n.79 settlement, 419, 420, 423 Nivkhi peoples, 339, 339 n.34, 344-45, Black Hills, 55, 120-21, 123, 176, 179 New Hampshire, 91 n.133 347 British Columbia, 115, 116-17 New Ireland, 438-39 n.47 Njien, 368-69, 410, 411 Bull Creek valley, 68 "A New Map of Part of North America" Nji Mama, 42-43 canoe route from Lake Athabasca to (Arthur Dobbs), 144-45 Njoya, King, 41-45, 48, pl.3 Thelon River, 149, 152-53 New Mexico Njoya, Ibrahim, 43, 43 n.82 Cape Ann, 68 Largo Canyon rock art, 65-66, 67 Nkongolo,33 Cape Fullerton, 160-61, 162-65 Miguel's map of, 125-26, 127, 177, 179 Nodes, 62, 101 Catawba map, 99, 101, pl.4 New York, 4 n.9, 434 Nodules, 168 celestial, 64-66, 67 on Micmac gestural map, 52, 68, 69 Nomads of the Australian Desert (Charles Charlton Island, 151-52, 154, 156, New Zealand (Aotearoa). See also Maoris; Pearcy Mountford), 391-92 173, 179 North Island; South Island Nombres geograficos de Mexico (Antonio Chesapeake Bay, 67, 67 n.60, 68, climate, 530 Pefiafiel), 190-91 69-70, 72 maps of Nomsa, 435 Chickasaw map, 99-101, 115 n.217, made for Cook, 530, 531 Non-Chi-Ning-Ga, 134-35, 136, 137, 173,176 Maori toponyms on, 499-500 177-78 coastline, 62 n.46 North Island (see North Island, maps Nonoti Raureka. See Browning Pass Colorado River, 61-62, 63,108,172, of) N66kitikiit, 470 177 relating to Maori land claims, 525-30 N66napanap, 470 Coteau des Prairies, 126-28 repositories, 531-32 Nootka Indians, 112, 113, 180 country from John Scotts Lake to South Island (see South Island, maps of) Norfolk Island, 508, 508 n.66 Wikusko Lake, 154 by Te Ware Korari, 537-38 North Cumberland Sound, 170 n.336 by Tuki, 493, 494-95, 506, 507, on Bernus's maps, 40 decorative ceremonial, 171 508-9, 509 n.70, 531, 533 in Mesoamerican cosmography, 203, 230, forest-tundra boundaries, 149 as part of Polynesia, 445 231, 233 Greenland, 167-68, 169 reference maps, 502, 509 on native North American birchbark Hudson Bay, 165-66 settlement, 420, 493 maps, 80 by Huron Indians, 67 n.60 Tupaia pilots Endeavour to, 449 in Navajo sandpainting, 110 Indiana and Illinois, 90-91, 92, 93 New Zealand Company, 505 n.56, 509, North America, 51-182 indigenous roles, 179-82 513, 520 Arctic, 154-70 information content, 178-79 New Zealand Journal, 513 ephemeral maps, 159 James River, 68, 68 n.64 Ngadadjara Tribe, 416 Euro-American perceptions, 157-59 Keewatin District, 161-62, 164-65, Ngahere (forest), 513 late twentieth-century Inuit maps, 179, 180 Ngai Tahu iwi, 498, 504, 513, 514, 516, 169-70 Kraus Virginia map, 69-70, 72 518 n.92, 521 maps on ivory and wood, 166-68, 169 Lachine Rapids, 67-68, 172 Ngakumal (Dreaming sites), 404 maps on paper, 159-66 Lake Nipigon, 149, 151, 154, 177 Ngatai, 525, 526, 534 cartographic affinities between regions, Lake Ontario, 142 n.280 Ngati Awa iwi, 525, 530 170-72 by Lamhatty, 96-99 Ngati Kahunugunu iwi, 510 and Chinese book of travels, 62-63 n.46 land between Repulse Bay and Prince Ngati Mutunga hapu, 503 n.45 cosmography, 53-54, 64-66, 67 Regent Inlet, 159, pl.8 Ngati Pikiao hapu, 528-30 in Eurasian Arctic and Subarctic cosmo- Maine, 68, 85, 86, 90, 91, 180 n.364 618 General Index

North America, maps of (cant.) official maps made for colonial authori­ Oanaka. See Lake Wanaka Manhattan Island, 68 ties, 99-103, 104, 105 Manitoba, 144, 145, 145-46, 147, 148, other mapping encounters, 103, 105 cloth maps made near, 195 179 standard regional divisions, 99 n.165 establishing of boundaries, 220 by Martinez, 126, 126 n.240 Subarctic, 135-54, 155, 156 on Lienzo of Tlapiltepec, 219 Melville Peninsula, 157 on bark and skin, 135-39, 140, 141 lienzos from, 191 Melville Peninsula and Baffin Island, design biting, 142-43 maps from, 196 159, 160, 164-65 European-Indian interaction, 143-54, Oaxtepec, 200 message maps, 342 155, 156 Obelisk, Tello, 272-73 Mississauga boundary map, 77, 79, 179 scapulimancy, 139, 141-42 Oblique perspective, 120, 244 Mississippi and Missouri Rivers, words for "map," 52-53 ababa (upper and frontal areas), 434 134-35, 136, 137 North Auckland Peninsula, 508 Observatories, astronomical, 237 Mississippi River, 129, 130 North Cape. See Reinga Obsidian, 171, 493, 501 n.41 Missouri and South Saskatchewan North Cheyenne River, 120 Oceania, 443-92. See also Melanesia; Rivers, 129-32 Micronesia; Polynesia; and specific Moisie River, 136, 138, 180 Sitting Rabbit's map of Missouri River, islands New Hampshire, 91 n.133 121, 123, 124, 133, 173, 179 Caroline Island navigation and New Mexico, 125-26, 127, 177, 179 Writing Rock, 63 n.46 cartography, 461-75 northeastern California, 115, 118 Northern Cape, engravings from, 21 colonization, continuity, and connections, northern and central Plains, 132-33, Northern Pipeline Agency, 138 487-89 134, 135 Northern Sotho societies, 21-22 charts drawn by explorers and missionar- northwestern Canada, 143-45, 146, North Island (Te Ika a Maui). See also ies, 446-54, 455, 456-57 146 n.291, 149, 150-51, 152, 165 New Zealand Caroline Islands, 451-53, 454, 455 by Oneida Indians, 68 exploration, 493 Kotzebue's chart, 453-54, 456-57 Pequot country, 73, 179 Maori population, 493 Tupaia's chart, 446-51 by the Pheasant, 68 on map drawn for Cook, 500 divisions of, 419 physical attributes (media), 174-76 maps of, 501, 503, 509-13, 534, 535, European penetration of, 444-46 Pokanoket land to be sold, 73-74, 179 536 maps of, 418, 420 Qu'Appelle River, 129 obtained by von Hochstetter, 510, 512 Marshall Island piloting, 475-85 Rocky Mountains, 132, 133 related to Te Kooti, 512-13 mental cartography, 443-44 route from Richmond, Virginia, to the in Tiffen's field book, 509-10, 511 navigational accuracy, 460-61 Appalachians, 68 on waka paddle, 531 n.126 settlement, 419-22, 487 by Skiko, 67 n.60 rainfall, 530 stick charts in museums, 489-92 St. Lawrence, Connecticut, Hudson, and surveying, 496 use of navigational instruments, 485-87 Susquehanna Rivers, 77, 77 n. 81, and toponyms, 499 An Ocean in Mind (Will Kyselka), 468 78-79, 178 on Tuki's map, 508, 509 . See also St. Lawrence-Great Lakes, 82, 83 vegetation, 530 in Algonquian cosmography, 52, 69 St. Lawrence River, 67-68, 71-72, 172 North Star. See Polaris on map of "Yurok idea of the world," de Soto expedition map, 95, 96, 97-98 Northwest Coast culture, 115 181 Susquehanna River, 74-77, 138, 177, Northwest Territories, 146, 149, 152-53 in Navajo sandpainting, 109 179 Norton, Moses Ojibwa pictographs for, 82 territory west of Lake Superior, 145 map of western Canada made for, on Smith's 1612 map of Virginia, 69, 71 n.287 136-38, 140-41, 149 in Warao cosmology, 313, 315 Velasco map, 70-71, 71-72 and Meatonabee and Idotlyazee's map, Ochers Victoria Island, 157 146, 149, 151 Australian Aboriginal maps in, 404, Virginia, 69-70, 70 n.76, 71, 72 Norton Sound, 167 pl.15, pl.17, pl.18 western Canada, 136-38, 140-41, 149 Norwood, Henry, 68, 69, 69 n.72 Australian Aboriginal paintings in, 357, Yukon Territory, 115, 116-17, 143 Noun (Moinun) River, 43 n.82 366, 370, 372, 378, 385 native map usage compared with Nowa (sacred being), 358 native North American maps in, 84 European map usage, 182 Nugumiuts, 170 n.336 South American and Caribbean northeastern, 66-94 Numbers, symbols for, 221 petroglyphs in, 308 birchbark maps, 79-86 Num Lake, 343, 346 toas in, pl.20 ephemeral maps, 67-71, 72 Nunez Cabeza de Vaca, Alvar, 172 Oconee, 96 made for Europeans, 71-79, 80, 81 Nunez Jimenez, Antonio, 271 Octagons, 95 maps on blazed trees, 87-88 Nur, Hadji Moammed, 35 Octopuses, 278 maps on skin, 90-94 Nuremberg, map printed in, 194, 195 Odena Giiema, Lina, 191 message maps, 84-86 Nurtunja poles, 359 Oeno, 461 wampum maps, 88-90 Nuu, 200 n.53 Offerings, 276 precontact, contact, and postcontact, Nuuanu, 486 Oglala Sioux Indians. See also Sioux Indi­ 51-52 Nyapililngu, 374 ans reference map, 58-60 Nyapukxaua (mountain where people were Bad Heart Bull's maps, 119-21, 122, rock art, 57, 61-63, 64, 64-66, 65, 67 created), 112 123, 176, 179 southeastern, 94-106, 107 Nyffee, 35 cosmography, 53, 55, 538 boundaries and mapping, 105-6, 107 Nyi, rock of, 308, 309,314 tipis, 181 early mapping encounters, 95-99 and use of circle, 539 General Index 619

Ogooue River, 36 Tigrean, 29-30 of Yupno maps, 436, 437 Ogoula Tchetoka, 101 of Andean maps, 265 "Orientations from Their Side" (Peter Ohakea (Patterson Inlet), 513 n.83 of Australian Aboriginal maps, 397, 400, Nabokov), 56 n.29 O'Hanlon, Michael, 434 406,408 Origin, god of, 310, 312 Ohau (Ohau; Ohou), pl.24 of buildings at Chavfn de Huantar, Origin myths Ohio River, 70, 72 271-72 Desana, 305-6 Ohou. See Ohau celestial, 340 on South American and Caribbean map, Ojibwa Indians of days in Codex Fejervary-Mayer, 232 311 birchbark message map, 85 of early European maps of Americas, 302 Tukano, 309, 310 and boundary maps, 79 of engraved shell cup, 103 Orinoco River, 317 and design biting, 142 of Eurasian Arctic and Subarctic maps, destruction of native society in basin of, lack of access to migration charts, 55 334, 340 301 mapmaking techniques, 83-84 of Foi concept of Mubi Valley, 441 Ralegh's journey along, 319, 322 n.51 map repositories, 82 and language, 434 on Ralegh's map of Guiana, 325 and pictography, 86 Maori geographical, 496-98 serpentine imagery for, 324 and shamanistic rituals, 6 of Maori maps on South American and Caribbean maps, and types of rapids, 137-38 n.265 of Chatham Island, 534 321 Windigo's map, 149, 151, 154, 155, 177 by Hone Tuhawaiki, 516, 517, 533, Warao people from of, 308, 313, Okak. See Okkak 534 315 Okar (root), 477-78, 479-80, 482 of Lake Rotokakahi, 512, 535 Orion (constellation), 237 Okfuskees Abeka Indians, 103 of Lakes Rotorua and Rotoiti, 512, 536 on AitiJ duho, 318 Okhotsk, Sea of, 339 n.36 of Lakes Wairarupa and Onoke, 534 in Australian Aboriginal mapping, 369, Okkak (Okak), 159 by Ngatai, 526, 534 370 Old Swan. See Ac ko mok ki by Ngati Pikiao, 528, 535 and Carolinian and Arab star compasses, Old Woman Mountains, 63 plan of Ihuraua Block, 499 488 Olimarao Island, 467, 468, 470 of Rakaia and Ashburton Rivers, 524, and Carolinian navigation, 465, 474 Ollone, Henri d', 36 535 on Diegueiio sandpainting, 112 , 183-84, 189, 234, 234 n.140 of headwaters, 525, 535 and etak, 471 The Olmec World, 234 n.140 by Rakiraki, 520, 534 in Eurasian Arctic and Subarctic cosmo- Omaguas, 313, 324 by Ropoama Te One, 526, 535 graphy, 339 'Omar ibn Nedjat, 41 by Ruka te Aratapu, 535 on Hawaiian navigation gourd, 486 Ometeotl, 236 of South Island, 514, 515 longhouse identified as, 309 Omitl (unit of measurement), 203 of South Island and Stewart Island, 533 in Navajo rock art, 65, 67 Omo site, 282 by Te Arawa Maori, 512 and navigation, 457 n.42 Onate, Juan de, 125, 126 by Te Huruhuru, 518, 534 in Primeros memoriales, 239 1 Acatl, 221 by Te Ware Korari, 520, 535 South American and Caribbean myths 1 Crocodile, 232 in Tiffen's field book, 509, 510, 511 about, 305 1 Flower, 215 by Tuki, 494 n.7, 506, 533 in Tabwa scarification, 31 1 Ocelot, 232 of Map Rock petroglyph, 64 Orion and the Pleiades (Minimini Oneida Indians, 68, 89, 90 of Mesoamerican maps, 198, 203 Mamarika), 369, 369 n.61, 370 Ong, Walter J., 425, 538-39 in Codex Borgia, 240 Orlove, Benjamin, 263 Onondaga, 81, 89 in Codex Boturini, 218 Orochi people, 336-37, 338, 339 Onondaga Indians, 89, 90 in Codex Madrid, 232, 233 Orozco y Berra, Manuel, 190 Opatoa (Apato'a), 449-50, 450 n.23 in Codex Xolotl, 205, pI.9 Ortloff, Charles R., 283-84, 284 n.121 Opatoarow (Apato'erau), 449-50, 450 of Mani, 209 Orunmila (Ifa), 27-28 n.21 n.23 of Milky Way, 261 Oshcabawis, 80 Oral maps, 41 of native North American maps, 176 Ostrovskikh, P. Ye., 344, 346 Orchards, 253 cartographic pictograph, 81 Oswego River, 77 Oreti (Koreti)lNew River estuary, 516, 517 message maps, 84 Otago, 518 n.92 , 505 Navajo sandpainting, 110 Otago Association, 505 n.56 6rgano (red and white rectangles), 267, by Non-Chi-Ning-Ga, 137 Otago Harbour, pl.24 269 by Windigo, 149 Otago Peninsula, 514 Orientation of native North American mounds, 95 Otahuhu Point. See Tahuhu of African maps of Ngati Porou wind compass, 497 Otakou, 514 of Barnum, 43, 43 n.82, 44 in Oceanic navigation and cartography, Otata, 108-9 by Bello, 34 455, 457-59 Otematakou (Otematata) River, 521 by Bernus, 39-40 personal, 40 Oto Indians, 132-33, 134, 135, 180 Dogon cosmographic map, 26 of Ralegh's map of Guiana, 325 , maps in, 248-49 European influence on, 47-48 and scapulimancy, 141 Otsego Lake, 76 by Ras Makonnen, 45, 47 of South American and Caribbean buri- Ottawa River, 77 n.81 route map between Njoya's farm and als, 306 Ottawa River-Lake Huron watershed, Fumban,42 of Swahili buildings, 28 n.21 84-85, 343 by Sabatele, 37 of Tabwa villages, 31 Otters, 151, 342 southern African agriculturalist engrav­ of triggerfish, 467 o Tiiroto. See Lake Heron ings, 19-20 of Ye'cuana roundhouse, 316 Oudney, Walter, 35 620 General Index

Ouzovtovovi, 117 conventions, 367-68 Paria, Gulf of, 324 Ouzzeine Valley, 41 finger, 391 Parietal art. See Rock art Ovals interpretations of, 373 Parime (lake), 324-25 on Andrew's map, 149 media used, 354-55, 359, 366-67 Paris Codex, 237 n.150, 240 on Australian Aboriginal paintings, 363 from northeast Arnhem Land, 375-76 Parishes, 101 n.41 rock art, 354, 356-57, 374-75 Pariwhakaoho, 526 in Eurasian Arctic and Subarctic cosmo­ from western Cape York Peninsula, Pariwhakaoho River, 525 graphy, 337 377-79 Park, Mungo, 35 in Yupno worldview, 436, 437 from Western Desert, 379-84, 388-89 Parmenter, Russ, 191 in Zimbabwean rock art, 16-17 Khoisan, 26 n.ll Parrot fish, 468 Ovoappa, 117 Mesoamerican landscape, 184, 184 n.5, Parrots, 281 , 511 197,256 Parry, William Edward, 157, 159, 160 Oxley, John, 355 Plains Indian, 133 Parssinen, Martti, 293, 294 Oztoc (cave), 189 and South American and Caribbean Partridge, Thomas Mitchell, 513 n.80 Oztoticpac lands map, 196, 252-53 cartography, 301 Pasa, 428 in southern African rock art, 14 Passamaquoddy Indians, 173 Pa (forts), 493, 499, 501, 508 n.69, 525, Paiute Indians, 106 n.183, 112-14 Passes, mountain, 523, 531 n.125, 535 526, 531 n.125, 535 Pajpara, pl.16 Pastoralism Pa (unit of measurement), 496 Pakana, Captain of, 101,102,103,177, African, 14 Paasch Eylandt. See Easter Island 178 Bennett Stela and, 281, 282 Pacal, Lord, 234-35, 237, 254-55 Pakehas (Europeans), 501, 521 n. 101, Patalapiri (representational form), 320-21, Pacariqtambo, 294-95, 295 n.180 525, 531 322 chhiutas mapping rites in, 270, 276, 297, Pakihi (open grassland), 518, 531 n.125 Patamona, 320, 321 299 Palaces Patea River, 496 Pacasmayo Valley, 293-94 on Mesoamerican maps, 225, 225 n.115, Patea-Waipuku Block, 496 Pachacuti Inka Yupanque, 285, 286 227 Paths. See also Trails Pacha mama (earth mother), 297 tapestry with map of, 45, 46 on Andean maps, 280, 288 Pachayachachic, 287 Palau. See Belau on Chukchi wooden board map, 341 Pacific Arts Festival, 475 n.81 Palenque, 234-35, 237, 254-55 in circuit networks, 177 Pacific Basin, traditional cartography, Palingawi, 429 in Melanesian mythology, 426-27, 428 417-536 Palkarakara, 370 in Melanesian song maps, 434 introduction, 419-22 Pallays (two-sided cloths), 266-68, 268, on Mesoamerican maps, 203, 219 Maori, 493-536 269,297 on native North American maps, 101, Oceanic nautical and traditional naviga­ Palliser Bay, 509, 530 103, 161 tion, 443-92 Palm fronds, 428, 429, 541 on Nivkhi ritual vessels, 344 in Papua New Guinea, 423-42 Palomans, 266 in South African rock art, 538 , 4, 280 Palta, 293, 294 in South American and Caribbean and Austronesian expansion, 421 Pampa, 276 cosmology, 311 in "Bericht" of Jeptha, 323 Pamuri-mahse (the creator), 311, 312 Patterns. See also Designs; Motifs in false geography of the Northwest, 71 Panaramitee style engravings, 374, 375 dot, 14 n.77 Pandak, Nym, 403-5, 407 on shell cup, 103,103 n.172, 105 on Smith's 1612 map of Virginia, 69, 71 Pankalangu Ceremonies at Yamunturnga, Patterson Inlet. See Ohakea Pacoecoe Tlacaya, 236 pl.19 Paul, Anne, 273 Padama tributary, 321 Panlog, 452 Pausi River, 263 Paddles Panorama Guth, Alice Springs, 359 Pawnee Indians Asian maps on, 171 Panoramic views, 194 celestial map by, 54, 123-25, pl.7 as Australian Aboriginal painting Papa (potatoes), 293, 294 contact with Europeans, 124 n.231 medium, 357 Papako, 518 n.92 cosmography, 53, 54 Eurasian Arctic and Subarctic maps on, Papi, 399 and mirroring, 176 345, 347, 348 Papua New Guinea, 423-42. See also New Pawprints, 344, 347 Maori map on, 531 n.126 Guinea Pawtucket Indians, 68, 180 n.364 on map of Yalangbara, 413 coverage of, 8 n.35 Payan (honorary Inka), 286 Pafu (star paths), 465 reference map, 424 Paytiti, 324 Paheas, 450 Trobriand Islands, 6-7, 10 Peabody Essex Museum, Salem, Mass., 492 Pahi, 450, 451 n.27 Paracas, textiles and artifacts, 273-74, 275, Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Eth- Paint 297, 299 nology, Harvard University, 490, Eurasian Arctic and Subarctic maps in, Parajes (resource zones), 258, 265-68, 269, 492 345 299 Pebbles. See Rocks in Iatmul body painting, 438 Paracas and, 273, 274 Peccaries, 237, 303, 313 native North American maps in, 85 Quinuas and, 264 Peck, Edmund J., 160 n.321 in sacred bundles, 125 on Sayhuite Stone, 288 Pecos Valley, 126 Painter-scribes, Mesoamerican, 197-98 Parallels, 101 Pegnlatite, 154 Painting, 3, 5. See also Rock art; Parallel structure of Andean landholdings, Peirce, Charles S., 9 Sandpainting 262-65, 266, 297 Pekarskiy, E. K., 339-40 n.36 Australian Aboriginal, 364 n.43, 366-83, Parchment, maps on, 138, 194 Pelly Mountains, 157 539 Parcialidades, 261 n.19, 262, 264 Pemon, 305 n.8 General Index 621

Peiiafiel, Antonio, 190-91 Caroline Islanders in, 451-53, 489 Pilgrimages, 276 Pencil Spain colonizes, 451 Pillars, 281 n.110 Australian Aboriginal maps in, 399, 402, traditional navigation, 488 Pillcomayo River, 297 411 Phonics, 199 Piloting, 475-85 Eurasian Arctic and Subarctic maps in, Phosphorescent light, 460 Pima Indians, 108 339, 339 n.34, 346 Piailug, Mau, 468, 474, 487 Pinax, 1-2 Maori maps in, 505, 508, 510, 520, 521, Piankashaw Indians, 91, 92, 103 Pinching Stars, 67 531, 533, 534, 535 Pibil, 208 Pine Point, 83 native North American maps in, 73 n.79, Pickersgill, Richard, 447, 448, 450 Pine Ridge escarpment, 119 84, 85, 115, 118, 137, 148, 149, Pictoglyphs, 57 n.34. See also Rock art Pinisi, 488 151, 154, 161 n.322, 162, 164, Pictographs. See also Rock art; Signs; Sym- Pintharra (patrilineal totems), 383 173, 176 bols Pinturas (paintings or pictures), 185, 222, South American and Caribbean maps in, defined, 57 n.34, 198 n.48 241,258 n.8 308 n.18 Eurasian Arctic and Subarctic Pinxten, Rik, 176 Peneha Mangu, Te. See Te Peneha Mangu on blazed trees, 345 Pipe clay, 404 Peninsulas, 149 on bleached sealskin, 346, 348, 349 Pipes, 125 Pennsylvania, Bull Creek valley, 68 on wooden board maps, 342, 344 Pipes, Tom, 156 Penutian Indians, 52 Mesoamerican, 198-200, 201 Piraparana River, 306, 308, 314 People. See Humans architectural, 198, 201 Pisac, Peru, 267-68, 269 Pepet dz'ibil (circular paintings or in Codex Nuttall, 215 Pisco River, 274 writings), 185, 210, 539 geographic, 198, 200 Pitcairn Island, 461 Pequot Indians, 73, 179 and hieroglyphs, 199 Pitjandjara people, 416 Perabo, 36 for hills (see Hills) , 503 Percy, George, 69-70, 72 on map of Cuauhtinchan, 205, 206 Pitt Rivers Museum, School of Anthropo­ Performance cartography, 4-5, 537, 540 on Mixtec circular maps, 210 logy and Museum of Ethnography, Performances, ceremonial, 365, 365 n.54, on Plano en papel de maguey, 224 Oxford, 346, 348, 348 n.68, 349, 410-11 native North American, 52-53 491 Performers, 275, 358-59 on Ac ko mok ki's map, 132 Pittsburgh, 88, 88 Perkins, E. T., Jr., 62, 65 on bark maps, 85-86, 176 Place-names Peron, Fran<;ois, 354 on birchbark message maps, 85-86 on African maps Perpendicular views, 410 on Chickasaw map, 99, 101, 115 of Barnum, 43, 43 n.82 Persians, 330 n.217, 173 by Bernus, 38-39 Personal names. See Names, personal and Chippewas' petition, 79, 79 n.91, by Dupuis, 38, 39 Personification of stars and constellations, 80, 81 on Njoya's map of Barnum, pl.3 305, 305 n.8 on Gero-Schunu-Wy-Ha's map, 132, by Ras Makonnen, 45 Perspectives. See also Views 133 route map between Njoya's farm and bird's-eye, 264 n.27 hill-in-profile, 114, 114 n.214, 132, 146 Fumban,42 in Carolinian navigation, 470 in Howling Wolf's ledger art, 118 of Tuareg grazing areas, 40 frontal, 228, 265 on Ki 00 Cus's map, 130, 132 Andean, 267-68, 267-68 n.41 oblique, 120, 244 on Kiowa calendar, 173, 174 animals and, 299 planimetric (see Planimetric perspective) on Lewis and Clark's transcripts of khipus and, 291, 293, 294 profile (see Profile) Indian maps, 114, 114 n.214 on Moche landscape vessel, 279 radial, 229 on map of western Canada, 137-38 on Sayhuite Stone, 288 used by European explorers, 363 n.42 Neo-Eskimo tradition of, 171 using puma anatomy, 285 vertical, 340 n.42 Ojibwa, 82, 86 and Arawakan Wakuenai cosmology, 317 Peru, rock art from, 271 omitted from Wahpekute map of upper on Australian Aboriginal maps, 371, 389, Peruvian National Forestry Center, 265 Mississippi Valley, 129 394, 39~ 402, 40~ 40~ 408 Pesa Mbili, 37 and quantitative information, 85-86, 86 Caribbean, 324 Peschel, Oscar, 55 n.113 Eurasian Arctic and Subarctic, 330, 340 Peten, 237 on Sitting Rabbit's map, 124 on European maps, 41 Peters, Anne, 277 on Teseuke's map, 162, 164 Maori, 493, 493 n.1, 498-500, 530, Peterson, Nicolas, 364 in Walam alum, 82 n.99 537-38, 539 Petlacala, Lienzo of, 246-47, pl.12 South American and Caribbean, 301, in Waitaki River area, 521, 521 n. 102, Petrie, Tom, 355 308-9 522, 523 Petroglyphs. See also Rock art Pictorial images, 183, 193 on Maori maps, 531, 531 n.125 Andean, 271 Pictorial maps, 115, 115 n.217, 117-23, of Browning Pass, 525 defined, 57 n.34 124 von Haast's map, 523, 524 Eurasian Arctic and Subarctic, 343 Pictorial narratives, 262 of Lakes Wairarapa and Onoke, 510, Mesoamerican, 225 n.115 Picture writing, 183, 185, 191, 198 534 South American and Caribbean, 303, Picture Writing from Ancient Southern of Motutapu and Rangitoto Islands, 308-9, 314, 315 Mexico (Mary Elizabeth Smith), 526 The Pheasant, 68 191 by Ngatai, 525, 534 Philip, King, 73-74 Piedra Cansada (Tired Stone), 288 by Ngati Pikiao, 529, 530 Philip II (Spain), 212, 214, 244 Pierre (guide), 136, 138 of Rakaia and Ashburton River Philippines, 541 Pierre, South Dakota, 132 headwaters, 535 Austronesians and, 421 Piko 0 Wakea (equator), 486 of Rakaia River headwaters, 535 622 General Index

Place-names, on Maori maps (cant.) and map of Qu'Appelle River, 129 and Mesoamerican cosmography, 229, of Rotorua lakes, 536 and pictorial maps, 115 n.217 235 by Te Arawa Maori, 512 sun dance lodge, 181 on Sayhuite Stone, 288 by Te Huruhuru, 516, 518 Planch6n de las Figuras, 225 n.115 Pleasant River, 173 by Te Ware Korari, 521, 523, 537-38 Planets. See also specific planets Pleiades (constellation) by Tuki, 533 on Bonampak mural, 237-38, 255 in Australian Aboriginal mapping, 369, in Melanesian mythology, 426 on Evenk tyngirin, 335 370 on Mesoamerican maps, 183 n.2, 198 on Hawaiian navigation gourd, 486 and Carolinian navigation, 463, 465, of Amoltepec, 214, 242-43 Mesoamerican interest in, 237 474,475 of Atlatlahuacan, Morelos, 242, 243 in rock art, 63 in Eurasian Arctic and Subarctic cosmo- Aztec military maps, 228 on Santa Cruz Pachacuti's drawing, 297 graphy, 339 cartographic histories, 204, 215 "Plan et Scituation des Villages on Hawaiian navigation gourd, 486 in Codex Aubin, 253 Tchikachas," 101,102,177,178 in Lakota cosmography, 121 in Codex Boturini, 218, 221 Planimetric perspective Mesoamerican interest in, 237 in Codex Kingsborough, 189 in Andean cartography in Navajo rock art, 65, 67 in Codex Nuttall, 215, 215 n.92, 216, map of Lake Titicaca shore, 265 in Navajo sandpainting, 109 217 on maquetas, 279 n.l01 and navigation, 457 n.42 in Codex Xolotl, 205, 206-7, 208, pl.9 in Moche art, 278 Nazca geoglyphs and, 276 of Cuauhtinchan, 205 in Peruvian rock art, 271 observed from Coricancha, 286 n.133 of Don Miguel Damian's property, 225, in Australian Aboriginal cartography, 367 Old Temple at Chavin de Huantar and, 226 ground paintings, 391 272 hieroglyphic, 184, 184 n.6, 190-91, map of de Pury's vineyard, 409 in Primeros memoriales, 239 198-99, 19~ 205, 206-~ 20~ map of Lake Polgu and Milgari Creek, in South American and Caribbean celes­ 244 392 tial mapping, 304, 305 in Historia tolteca-chichimeca, 220 map of Mabuiag Island, 399 in South American and Caribbean Lienzo of Zacatepec 1, 203, 207-8, map of Muranji rock hole area, 380 cosmology, 305, 318 209, 213 map of Yirrkala village, 410 on Tello Obelisk, 273 of Manl, 209, 210 stone arrangements, 387 Plover (ship), 157 Mapa de Cuauhtinchan 2, 222 in Eurasian Arctic and Subarctic Plover Bay, 348, 349 Mapa de Santa Cruz, 244 cartography, 343, 344 Plumas. See Ihuitlan Mapa de Sigtienza, 218, 219, 220 in Maori cartography, 531 n.125 Plymouth Colony, 73-74, 179 Metlatoyuca, 184, 184 n.6, 189 in Mesoamerican cartography, 196, 219 Pochteca (long-distance Aztec traders), Mixtec circular maps, 210 Codex Xolotl, 206, 208 225-28 reference map of Cuauhtinchan lands, Mapa de Cuauhtinchan 2, 222 Podgorbunskiy, V. 1., 340 207 Mapa de Sigiienza, 218, 219 Podkamen Tunguska, 343 of Teozacoalco, 212, 213 in native North American cartography, Pohl, John M. D., 191 of Tepetlaoztoc, 244 142 n.280 Point Barrow, 157 of Tetliztaca, 246 on Andrew's map, 149 Pointe aux Barils, 79 Mixtec, 191, 201, 213 in Howling Wolf's ledger, 120 Points, 132 on native North American maps Inuit, 155-56, 169 Poisons, 319 by Ac ko mok ki, 133 on Ki 00 cus's map, 130 Pokanoket (Wampanoag) Indians, 73-74, by Bad Heart Bull, 123 map by Kakekayash, 138 n.265 179 Chickasaw map, 176 on Meliki's map, 160 Pokomoke Indians, 68, 69, 69 n.72 engraved on walrus tusks, 167 mounds, 95 Poko Poko, 392 Inuit, 159 in pictographs, 82 Polaris. See also Pole Star by Ishi, 118 on Quapaw bison hide, 117 and Carolinian and Arab star compasses, by Kohklux, 115 rock art, 61, 181 488, 489 by Lamhatty, 96 in Oceanic cartography, 470, 471 in Carolinian navigation, 463, 465 of Manitoba, 148 in Papua New Guinea cartography, 435, on Hawaiian navigation gourd, 486 by Meliki, 162 436 and native North American mounds, 95 Ojibwa migration scroll, 82-83 Plano de San Andres Sinaxtla, 196 in Navajo sandpainting, 109 pictorial map, 117 Plano en papel de maguey, 184, 186-87, on Pawnee celestial chart, pl.7 Pokanoket land to be sold, 74 n.80 196, 224, 252-53 in Polynesian navigation, 459 western Canada, 137 "Plan of Camp" (Njien), 410, 411 and "sacred calabash," 485 by Windigo, 154 "A Plan of Captain Carver's Travels" "Pole charts," 467 on Oceanic maps, 448, 449-50 (Jonathan Carver), 145 n.287 Poles, 359 in song maps from Tubetube, 434 Plans, Australian Aboriginal, 408-13 Pole Star, 80, 333, 339 on toas, 383, 384 Plants. See Vegetation Politics Trobriand, 431 Plaster, 254-55 Andean, 263-64, 265, 265, 294 Plains, 118. See also Great Plains Plateau Culture, 114 Australian Aboriginal mapping and, Plains Indians Plates, Maya cosmography on, 233-34, 408-13 on Bad Heart Bull's picture map, 119 235, 254-55 Chickasaw map and, 101 celestial map by, 123-25, pl.7 Platforms, 282, 288 Codex Xolotl and, 205-6 in Howling Wolf's ledger art, 118 Playdon, George, 484-85 and Inuit mapping, 169-70 influence on Great Basin cartography, Plazas in Melanesia, 423-25 114 on Bolivian landholding amulet, 269 and "Nations Amies et Ennemies des General Index 623

Tchikachas," 103 493 n.3, 516, 523, 524 and South American and Caribbean land Powell, John Wesley, 62 cloth maps made near, 195 claims, 321 n.49 Power, 414 itinerary histories in, 218 Polk, James K., 79 "The Power of Maps" (exhibition), 56 n.26 maps of, 196, 205, 206, 207, 250-51 Pollux, 306 Powhatan, 69-70, 70 n.76, 72 Pueblo Indians, 53 Poloahilani, 486 Powhatan Indians. See Algonquian Indians Pueblos. See also Settlements Polo de Ondegardo, Juan, 284, 291 Powwows, 179 on Mesoamerican maps, 187 Polynesia. See also Oceania; and specific Pozdnyakov, F. I., 339, 340 n.36 on Miguel's map, 126 islands Prahu, 450 Zuni map of, 108 alignment of burials in, 497 Prairie hens, 85 Pukahereka. See Coal Island Cook discovers, 445 Prairie River, 83 Pukaki (Piikaki), pl.24 decline of traditional navigation, 454 Pratt, Captain, 118 Pukekohe pa, 526 defined, 419 Praus, Macassan, 411-12, 413 Puketakauere pa, 526 disappearance of traditional navigation, "Pre-Columbian," defined, 183 n.4 Pulap Atoll, 470 451 "Pre-Hispanic," defined, 183 n.4 Pulleine, R., 416 East, 420 Preservation Inlet (Rakituma), 516, 533 Puluwat, 469, 471 on map of Oceania, 418 Pretty Cloud, Dollie, 119 n.225, 123 Puluwat Atoll, 468 modern map of, 449 Primeros memoriales, 252-53 Pumap Chupan (puma tail), 285 navigational practices, 458-59 Aztec constellations in, 238, 239 Puma Punka, 282 settlement, 420 celestial maps in, 254-55 Pumas settlers from in New Zealand, 493 map of Tenochtitlan in, 225, 225 n.116, as metaphor, 285, 285 n.129 and stick charts, 485 227 on Sayhuite Stone, 288 Tupaia's chart of, 446-51 Primogeniture, Melanesian, 424, 424 n.6 Pumaurqu, 295 n.180 West, 419 Prince Alexander Mountains, 440 Pumice, 501 n.41 wind rose from, 458-59 Prince Regent Inlet, 159 Punaruku Island, 512 Ponam Islanders, 429-30 Procyon, 121, 306 Puna zone, 278, 279 Ponce Sangines, Carlos, 281 n.ll0 Production. See Map production Punchau, 287 Ponce Stela, 280 Proes, 450 Puoho 0 te Rangi, Te. See Te Puoho 0 te Ponds, 28 Profile Rangi Pontifical world, drawn by Guaman Poma, in Andean cartography Puquios (underground canals), 277-78, 295, 297, 299 Moche art, 278 277 n.93 Pookmoosh, 68, 69 Nunez jimenez's catalog of Peruvian Purce, Jill, 331 n.16 Pools, 303 rock art, 271 Purgatoire River, 61, 63, 66 Popocatepetl (Smoking Mountain), pl.9 Santa Cruz Pachacuti's drawing, 295, Purunaminali, 317 Popoluca, 207 296, 297 Pury, Samuel de, 409-10 Papal Yuh, 204, 236-37 Tello Obelisk, 273 Puwepa, 486 Poqoq, 272 n.59 in Eurasian Arctic and Subarctic Puysegur (Tawhitiwhitiroro) Point, 516 Poquen Cancha (House of the Sun), 258 cartography, 331, 345, 346 Pwuupw (triggerfish or Southern Cross), n.8, 265-66 in European cartography, 90, 90 n.131 467 Portages in Maori cartography, 523 Pwuupwunapanap (great triggerfish), 467 on Andrew's map, 149, 152, 178 in Mesoamerican cartography, 224 Pyramid Lake, 113 in circuit networks, 177 in native North American cartography Pyramids on Domenique's map, 136 in Howling Wolf's ledger, 120 Andean, 279, 282 on map of Rangeley Lakes region, 85 Inuit, 166, 169 Mesoamerican, 225, 225 n.115, 229, 234 on map of St. Lawrence, Connecticut, on Lamhatty's map, 98-99 Pyramid temple, 189 Hudson, and Susquehanna Rivers, map by Kohklux, 115, 117 Pyromancy, 142 n.280 77 n.81 map of Maine coastline, 90, 91 Pyroscapulimancy, 139, 142. See also on map of Susquehanna River, 76, 77 on Meliki's map, 160 Scapulimancy on de Soto expedition map, 95 n.152 mounds, 95 on wampum maps, 89 pictographs, 82 Q'ero River, 267 Port Bradshaw, Australia, 413, 414 rock art, 61 Q'ero Valley Port Cooper (Lyttelton), 503 Projections agricultural landholdings, 263 (Whangaroa Harbor), 511 Mercator, 453-54, 469 Inkarri on modern textile from, 299 Port Jackson (Sydney), 513 and native North American mapping, 176 pallay from, 266-67, 267 n.38, 268, 297 Port Moresby, 434 Promontories, 413 radial organization of landscape holdings Portola, Gaspar de, 113 Promyshlenniki (traders), 330 n.6 in, 299 PortoIan charts, 538 Property maps, Mesoamerican, 187, Qheswa pallay, 267-68, 269, 297 Ports, 80 252-53 Qibla, 28 n.21 Portugal, 324 cadastral maps, 221-24, 252-53 Qibla maps, 29 Posnansky, Arthur, 282-83, 283 n.119 frequency of survival, 196 Q'inku (Kenko) Stone, 288, 289 Postcards, 118, 119 individual properties, 224-25, 226 Qoipa, 270 Posts, 366, 379, 539 shape of, 196 Quadrangle, 463, 464 Potatoes, 267, 293, 294 Protomaps, 426 n.9 Quadrants Potomac River, 69, 71 Psychocosmograms, 181 in Andean organization of sky, 260, 261 Pottery. See Ceramics Public Record Office, London, 93-94, 509 in Eurasian Arctic and Subarctic cosmo­ Pounamu (nephrite or greenstone), 493, n.70, 531-32, 533 graphy, 333, 336 624 General Index

Quadrants (cant.) Raisz, Erwin, 38 n.68 in Carolinian navigation, 449, 469, on map of Tenochtitlan, 193, 194, 236 Raka (god of winds), 459 470-71 in Mesoamerican cosmography, 229, 231, Rakah. See Racka etak, 471-75, 489 232, 233 Rakaia River (Rakaia Waiki), 523, 524, H6kule'a and, 461, 461 n.51 Quahog clams, 88 535 in Oceanic navigation and cartography, Quahuitl (unit of measurement), 203 Rakaia Waipakihi. See Mathias River 459-60 Quapaw (Arkansas) Indians Raki (north), 497 Reclus, Elisee, 35 on "Nations Amies et Ennemies des Raki, Te. See Te Raki Rectangles Tchikachas," 103 Rakiraki, 520, 521 n.l01, 531, 534 in Andean rock art, 271 on native North American pictorial map, Rakituma. See Preservation Inlet on Eurasian Arctic and Subarctic map by 117 Rakiura. See Stewart Island Antonov, 340 painted hide, 117, 172, 180, pl.6 Rakohu. See Chatham Islands on Mesoamerican maps, 210, 236 Qu'Appelle River, 129 Ralegh, Walter, 319, 322 n.51, 323, and native North American mounds, 95 Quartsoppy, 112 324-25 in Navajo sandpainting, 110 Quartz Peak, 108 Ralik chain, 453-54, 456-57, 480, 482, on Q'ero pallay, 266-67 Quaxochamatl (term for mappamundi), 490 on Qheswa pallay, 267 187 n.11 Ranautagin, 345, 347 in southern African agriculturalist engrav­ Quebec Rancho El Tajo, Baja California, 61 ings, 19 map of Moisie River, 136, 138, 180 Rangatiratanga (kingdom), 501 Rectangular maps, Mesoamerican, 196, on map related to King William's War, Rangeley Lakes region, Maine, 85, 86 210 94 Rangga (sacred posts), 359, 366 Red Bird, Stanley, 125 on Micmac gestural map, 52, 68-69 Rangiauria. See Pitt Island Red Deer River, 130, 161 Micmac birchbark mapping, 79-80 Rangihaute. See Pitt Island Red Kangaroo Dreaming, 405, 408 survey maps of, 152 Rangi Hiroa, Te. See Te Rangi Hiroa Red River, 71 n.77, 100, 105 Quebradas, 271. See also Ravines Rangitane tribe, 499 n.33, 503 Red Sky, 82, 83 Quechuan Indians. See Yuman Indians Rangitoto Island, 525, 526, 534-35 Reed beds, 263-64, 264 n.27, 265, 297 Quechuas Rapa, Te. See Te Rapa Reefe, Thomas Q., 32 and body-landscape metaphors, 268-69 Rapa Nui. See Easter Island "Reef Hole Probing," 468 celestial organization, 260, 260 n.14, 261 Rapids Reefs. See also Coral language, 283 n.119 and Andrew's map, 149 on Australian Aboriginal maps, 397, 399 and maps regarding Lake Titicaca reed on Eurasian Arctic and Subarctic maps, and Carolinian navigation, 465-66, 467 beds, 263-64, 265, 265 n.27 343 on Maori maps, 511,514,531 n.125 Pacariqtambo ritual mapping, 266-67, on Jimmy Anderson and Curly Head's and triggerfish, 470 267 n.38, 268, 270 map, 148 Reference islands, 470-71, 473, 474 Queen Charlotte's Sound, 501 on Maori maps, 518, 531 n.125 Reference maps , 152 on map of St. Lawrence River, 67-68 of Africa, 13, 25, 38 Queiros, Pedro Fernandez de. See Quiros, on map of western Canada, 137-38 of Australia, 352, 379 Pedro Fernandez de types of, 137-38 n.26 Arnhem Bay, 405 Quenepenon, 77, 79 Rarohenga (Underworld), 497 of Djarrakpi area, 375 Quetzalcoatl, 237, 239, 240, pl.10 Rarotonga, 475 n.81 Goromuru River, 403 Quetzaltehueyac, 218-19, 222 Rasgufio de las Provincias del Nuevo Mex­ south-central, 396 Quiche Mayas. See Mayas, Quiche ico (Enrico Martinez), 126, 126 of central Andes, 258 Quimsachta range, 280 n.240 of Eurasian Arctic and Subarctic, 328 Quinipissa Indians. See Bayogoula Indians Ratak chain, 453, 454, 456-57 of lowland South America and Quinua, Peru, 264-65, 266, 297 Rats, 461 Caribbean, 302 Quipus. See Khipus Rattles, 311, 314 of Mesoamerica, 184 Quiros, Pedro Fernandez de, 445 Rauaruhe (fern), 513 Cuauhtinchan lands, 207 Quispe, Lorenzo, 263 Raureka, 524 Maya region, 210 Rautenstrauch-Joest Museum, Museum fur Mixtec region, 209 Rabbits, 393 Volkerkunde, Cologne, 490 , 207 Rabbit Tracks (constellation), 65, 67 Ravdonikas, V. I., 331, 331 n.15 of New Zealand, 502 Race Track (constellation), 121 Ravines, 128-29, 285. See also Quebradas Chatham Islands, 511 Racka (Rakah), 35 Rawhiti (east), 497 Lake Wairarapa and Lake Onoke area, Radial perspective, 229 Rays, 278. See also Nazca lines 509 Radial structure of Andean landholdings, Razsokha River, 345 Stewart Island, 517 262-65, 266, 275-76, 290 n.159, Real Academia de la Historia, Madrid, 225 Waimakariri, Rakaia, and Ashburton 291 n.169, 297, 299 n.116 Rivers, 524 Rae, Mr., 157 Realism, 278 Waitaki and Clutha drainage, 518 Rae Isthmus, 166 Rear (east), 477, 479 of North America, 58-60 Rafters, 485 n.105 Rebbelib (rebbelith) stick charts, 479, of Papua New Guinea, 424 Ra'iatea, 450 480-82, 484, 485 of Yupno settlements, 439 Rain, 316, 530 Rebukae, 482 Registers, Mesoamerican, 215, 224 n.106 Rainbow Snake, 357 Rebuses, 198-99 Reichard, Gladys, 110 Rain forests, 430 Recitations, 467-68 Reichel-Dolmatoff, Gerardo, 308-9 Rainy Lake (Lac de Tecacamiouen), 144 Reckoning, dead Reindeer General Index 625

in Eurasian Arctic and Subarctic cosmo­ Riese, Frauke Johanna, 209 Mexico, 126 n.240 graphy, 335, 336, 337 Riesenberg, Saul H., 466 Smith's 1612 map of Virginia, 71 herding, 329, 348 Rigel, 121 de Soto expedition map, 95, 95 n.152, Reinga (North Cape), 500, 501, 509, 531 Rilib (backbone, eastern) swells, 476-77, 97-98 Reinhard, Johan, 280 n.104 478, 479, 480, 482, 484 Velasco map, 70 n.76 Reko, 504-5 Rincon-Mautner, Carlos, 251 Evenk knowledge of, 339, 340 Rekohu. See Chatham Islands Ringatii Church, 512 as huacas, 265 Relaciones (Fernando de Alva Ixtlilxochitl), Rings, 311, 317, 320. See also Circles Inka association with pumas, 285, 285 190 Rio Azul, 197, 234, 254-55 n.129 Relaciones geograficas, 244-45, 246 Rio Branco, 324 Inuit concern with, 145 maps in Rio Seco, 262 in late twentieth-century Inuit art, 169 of Amoltepec, 196, 210, 214, 248-49 Ripples, 85 on Maori maps, 531 n.125 of Coatepec Chalco, 201 Rites, cartographic, 3 von Haast's map, 523 of Ixtapalapa, 200, 201 Andean, 258, 269-7~ 299 of Lakes Wairarapa and Onoke, 534 of Oaxtepec, 200 ephemeral maps constructed during, of Rakaia and Ashburton River of Teozacoalco, 196, 210, 212, 213, 287 headwaters, 535 244,248-49 huacas and, 287, 288 by Rakiraki, 534 of Tetliztaca, 245, 246 Inka, 287-88, 289 by Reko, 505 The Relation of a Voyage into New khipus and, 290 by Ropoama te One, 535 England (James Davies), 90, 90 Moche, 278-79 of Rotorua lakes, 536 n.131 Nazca geoglyphs and, 276 of South Island, 505, 514 A Relation of the Second Voyage to at Old Temple at Chavin de Huantar, by Te Huruhuru, 534 Guiana (Lawrence Keymis), 271 by Te Ware Korari, 535, 537-38 324-25 Pachacuti Inka Yupanque and, 286 Maori toponyms for, 493 Religion. See also Christianity Paracas, 273-74 on Mesoamerican maps Andean, 265, 269-70 Santa Cruz Pachacuti's drawing and, of Amoltepec, 214 and Australian Aboriginal topographic 295 of Apoala Valley, 216 representations, 360-61, 388 at Tiwanaku, 282 of Atlatlahuacan, Morelos, 242 and cardinal directions, 27-28 n.21 Navajo, 109 in Codex Fejervary-Mayer, 236 Maori, 531 Nivkhi bear hunting, 344-45 in Codex Kingsborough, 189 and Melanesian mapping, 425 in South American and Caribbean carto­ in Codex Nuttall, 215, 216 in Mesoamerica, 241 graphy, 303 by Cortes, 187 Aztec, 236 Rittscher, Adolf, 490, 492 Metlatoyuca, 189, 249 Catholicism, 240, 241, 244 Ritual maps of Motecuhzoma's domain, 228 and naming of Caribbean islands, 324 from Melanesia, 438-40, 441, pl. 23 of Zolipa, Veracruz, 243 native North American, 82-83, 84 n.107, native North American, 108-12 in Mesoamerican pictograph, 201 109 n.193, 177,181 nn.365, 366 and South American and Caribbean cos­ on native North American maps, 176, shamanistic, 13-14, 15, 16 mology, 316-18 179 Remote ()ceania Rivas, Martin de, 99 n.166 by Andrew, 149 defined, 419 Rivers, 322. See also Water birchbark, 79, 80 difficulty of navigating to isolated islands, on African maps, 35, 36, 43 on blazed tree, 86 461 on Andean maps, 269, 278, 278, 285 Chickasaw map, 101, 176 European penetration, 444-46 in Andean rock art, 271 Comanche ephemeral maps, 128-29 on map of Oceania, 418 on Australian Aboriginal maps, 390, 391 by Corn Tassel, 106 settlement, 419-22, 487, 489 as boundaries, 262, 263, 286 by Howling Wolf, 118 Renata Kawepo Tama ki Hikurangi, 501 in circuit networks, 177 Indiana and Illinois, 91, 93 Repo (swamp), 513 Cossack routes following, 330 n.5 by Ishi, 115 Representational maps, Melanesian, 425-26 on early European maps of Americas, by Lamhatty, 96, 97-98 n.9 302 La Verendrye's map, 144, 145 Repulse Bay, 159 in Eurasian Arctic and Subarctic cosmo­ made for Farfan de los Godos, 108 Repulse Sound, 162 graphy, 339 made for Lewis and Clark, 114 Reservoirs, 262, 264, 297 on Eurasian Arctic and Subarctic maps by Miguel, 126 Residence, Inka rules for, 260 by Antonov, 340 by Non-Chi-Ning-Ga, 135, 177-78 Resource zones. See Parajes on birchbark, 343, 344, 345 by Paiutes, 113 Reuther, J. G., 369, 383-84, 385 on blazed trees, 345 Shuswap map, 114 Reyes Garcia, Luis, 191 Chukchi wooden board maps, 341-42, Susquehanna River, 74, 77, 179 Reyes y reinos de la Mixteca (Alfonso 343 wampum maps, 89 Caso), 190 by Enkachan, 340 Nazca geoglyphs and, 276 Rhimweniwenipwukuw, 470 by Evenks, 339, 339 n.36 Ojibwa pictographs for, 82 Rhode Island, 73, 179 of Maya River and Sea of Okhotsk, 339 in South African rock art, 538 Rhumb lines, 474 n.36 in South American and Caribbean carto­ Rice, wild, 80 on European maps, 145 graphy, 303, 320, 323 Richards, Rhys, 510 van den Bosh map, 97 in South American and Caribbean Richmond, Virginia, 68 by Percy, 70, 72 cosmology, 311 Ridges, 434 Rasguiio de las Provincias del Nuevo in Yupno worldview, 437 626 General Index

Riverton, 508 in ceque system, 287 Rowe, John Howland, 273 n.63 "Riviere au VermilIon," 145, 179 depicted on Murik baskets, 440 n.48 Royal Geographical Society, 324 Road belts. See Wampum, belts as huacas, 265 Ruahikihiki, Te. See Te Ruahikihiki Roads. See also Streets Inka carved landscapes on, 288, 289 Ruamahanga River, maps of, 509-10 Andean on Maori maps, 514, 531 n.125 Ruapuke Idand, 513 as boundaries in San Andres de in Melanesian mapping, 427 Rubber, 301 Machaca, 262, 263 on Mesoamerican maps, 189, 193 Rugs, 111, 181, 355 ceque system and, 286 Mesoamerican pictographs for, 200 Ruka te Aratapu, 513, 536 Inka system of, 288-89, 290 native North American maps using, 68, Rulers, 101 on Moche landscape vessel, 279 69, 77, 159 Rumihuasi Stone, 288 Nazca geoglyphs as, 276 in New Zealand, 493, 493 n.3 Rundstrom, Robert A., 5-6, 154 n.299 on Qheswa pallay, 269 on Sayhuite Stone, 288 Rupununi River, 323, 324 on Sayhuite Stone, 288 and sleeping circles, 63 Rurutu, 448 at Tiwanaku, 283 South American and Caribbean maps on, Russia and Russians labyrinths as, 332 301 maps of, 330 n.8, 339, 340 n.36 on Maori maps, 529, 531 n.125 in Taypikala, 280 Pacific explorers from, 445 on Mesoamerican maps Rock-shelters, 15, 65, 520 in Eurasian Arctic and Subarctic cosmo­ of Atlatlahuacan, Morelos, 242 Rocky Mountains graphy, 339 in Codex Kingsborough, 189 Ac ko mok ki's maps of, 132, 132 on Eurasian Arctic and Subarctic maps, Humboldt Fragment 2, 222 nn.251, 253, 133 349 Metlatoyuca, 189, 249 Indian maps from, 114 reopening to West of museum collections, military map from Codex Florentine, on Ki 00 Cus's map, 130, 132 171 228 scant evidence of maps and mapmaking and study of Eurasian Arctic and Subarc­ Plano en papel de maguey, 187, 224 in, 106 tic cartography, 330, 348 of Tetliztaca, 246 Rodman, Admiral Hugh, 485-86 Ruta, 518 n.92 on native North American maps, 80, 89, Rodriguez, Juan, 126, 126 n.240 101 Roes Welcome Sound, 161, 162 Sabatele, 37 symbols for on Eurasian Arctic and Sub- Roggeveen, Jacob, 445 Sabatis, 84 arctic shamans' costumes, 333 Rolok (something lost) swells, 478, 478 , 114-15 Roanoke Island colony, 67 n.60 n.89, 479, 480 Sackatu (Sokoto), 35 Roberts, Allen F., 31 Rongelap Island, 484 Sacramento River, 115 Roberts, Henry, 508 n.64 Rongerik Island, 484 Sacred bundles, 124-25 Roberts, Mary Nooter, 32 Rongowhakata, 512 "Sacred calabash," 485-86 Roberts, W. H. Sherwood, 521, 521 n.102 Roop Lake, 268 Sacred Hoop (constellation). See Race Robinson, Michael, 399 Ropes, 203, 204, 286 Track (constellation) Robinson-Huron Treaty, 79 Ropoama te One, 525, 525 n.115, 526-27, Sacred Places at Milmindjarr' (David Robinson-Superior Treaty of 1850, 151 531, 535 Malangi), 371-73, pl.17 Rocha River, 262 Ropononowini, 324-25 Sacrifice, 183, 227, 232, 233 Rock art, 3, 5, 7, 541. See also Petroglyphs Rorty, Richard, 2 n.3 Saddles, 531 n.125 African, 8 n.35, 13-23, 26 Rose, Deborah Bird, 356 Saelgeaedne, 337 Andean, 270-71 Rose, Frederick, 408 Sagos, 313 Asian and North American, 171 Roseires, 47 Sahagun, Bernardino de, 212 n.83, 225, Australian Aboriginal, 354, 355-57, 359, Ross, John, 159, pl.8 238 366, 374-75, 379 Rotation of Milky Way, 261 Sahara, 38, 38 nn.69, 70 difficulties in dating, 61 Rotorua. See Lake Rotorua "Sailing days," 473 difficulties in interpreting, 57 Rotuma, 450 Salr (buzzard star) (constellation), 112 Eurasian Arctic and Subarctic, 329-31, Roundhouses, 311, 316 Saint Augustine, Florida, 118 348 Route maps St. Johns River, 118, 119 native North American, 51, 181 native North American, 68, 149, 152-53, St. Lawrence Bay, 348, 349 from Baja California, 61 177, 178 St. Lawrence River, 77 from California, 61 Njoya's farm to Fumban, 42 on map related to King William's War, cosmographical and celestial subjects, Routes 94 63-66,67 on Aztec military maps, 228 maps of, 67-68, 77, 77 n.81, 78-79, and cosmography, 54 Cossack records of, 330 172,178 difficulties in interpreting, 66 between divinity and humanity, 311 sketches of obtained by Champlain, Mohave Rock petroglyph, 61-62, 63 on Eurasian Arctic and Subarctic maps, 71-72 from Nevada, 61, 62 342, 344 on Velasco map, 70 n. 76 terrestrial maps, 57, 61-63, 64, 65 in Eurasian Arctic and Subarctic rock art, St. Louis River, 83 South American and Caribbean, 301 331 Saint Michael, Alaska, 166-67 n.328, 167 Rockland, Archie, 408 importance to Caribbean natives, 324 Saint Thomas (Tome), 309 Rocks on native North American maps, 179, Saipan, 467, 468, 469 and Amerindian medicine wheels, 54 pl.6 Sak (rain forests), 430 Andean maps using, 285 as native North American references, 53 Sakhalin Island,S n.16, 338, 339 and Australian Aboriginal maps, 397, Nazca geoglyphs as, 276 Salishan Indians, 52 399, 411-12, 539 on single-path maps, 177, 178 Salmon, 162, 181 General Index 627

Salmond, Anne, 495, 508, 508 nn.67, 69 and etak, 471, 472 in Eurasian Arctic and Subarctic cosmo- Salmon River, 62 star compass from, 462, 463, 464 graphy, 337, 339 Salt, 95 n.152, 129, 179 Saturn, 237-38, 255, 486 in Mesoamerican cosmography, 185 Salta, Argentina, 271 Sauk Indians, 136 on Smith's 1612 map of Virginia, 69 Salt Fork, Arkansas River, 129 Saussure, Ferdinand de, 9 in Warao cosmology, 310 Salt licks, 303 Savannah River, 83, 96, 118, 119 Seasons Samar, 452-53 Savannas, 303 Australian Aborigines and, 371 Sam Chief, 109-10 Saveliy, 336-37, 338, 339 in Navajo sandpainting, 109 Sami people, 329, 330, 337, 348 Savinov, D. G., 331 n.17 and Navajo star ceilings, 66 Samoa, 419, 420, 451 Savvateev, Yu. A., 331, 331 n.15 Section views, 363-64 n.43, 391, 392, 399, Samoan Islands, 450 Sawtooth Mountains, 63 409-10 Samoyeds, 330, 330 n.8 Saya, 139 Seidou, Sultan, 44, 44 n.90, 45 San. See Khoisan Sayhuite Stone, 288 SeIer, Eduard, 239 n.155 San Andres de Machaca, Bolivia, 262, 263, Scale SeIer 2. See Lienzos, of Coixtlahuaca 2 299 on Andean maps, 285 Sel'kup people, 333, 343-44, 346 San Andres Sinaxtla, 210 of Australian Aboriginal maps, 394 Selmo, Sapiel, 173 San Bernardino Mountain, 112 on engraved shell cup, 103 Selwyn, George Augustus, 501 Sanctuaries, royal, 288 on map drawn for Kingsley, 36 Semen, 304 Sand, 541 on Mesoamerican maps, 200-203, 208, Semicircles African maps in, 38-40, 41 219 on Ac ko mok ki's map of Rocky Moun- Australian Aboriginal drawings in, 391, of native North American maps, 56, 137, tains, 132 408 176,177 on Andean maps, 263 as Australian Aboriginal painting by Howling Wolf, 119 on Ket drum, 337 medium, 354 map of Pokanoket land to be sold, 74 on Ki 00 Cus's map, 132 Australian Aboriginal sculptures in, 357, Susquehanna River, 77 on Percy's map, 72 358 on traditional maps, 538 in southern African agriculturalist engrav- Lagediack's map drawn in, 453 Scapulimancy, 139, 141-42, 176 ings, 19 Maori maps in, 505, 505 n.52, 511, 525, Scarification, 25, 30, 31. See also Body art; Seneca Indians, 53, 89, 90 531 Tattoos Sepik Hills, 440, 441 native North American maps in, 112-13, Schele, Linda, 237-38 Sepik River, 426-27, 439 159, 172, 180 n.365 Schematization, 379, 380-81 Sepopo, 35 Oceanic maps in, 443 Schomburgk, Richard, 320 Serov, S. la., 333 n.21 South American and Caribbean maps in, Schomburgk, Robert, 324 Serpentine, 493 320 Schoolcraft, Henry Rowe, 79, 80, 81, 85, Serpents. See Snakes Sandbars, 341, 345,347 85 n.112 Setakanim, 112 Sandpainting, 5, 180 n.365. See also Schools, 320 Settlement Ephemeral maps; Painting Schooners, 349 Oceanic, 487-89 lack of information about origins and Schouten, Willem, 445 South American and Caribbean maps evolution of, 109 n.193 Schouten Islands, 427 regarding, 320 native North American, 175 Schroeder, Albert H., 61-62, 63 Settlements, 539. See also Homesteads; and cartography, 109 n.193 Schubert, W., 491 Pueblos Navajo, 65, 106, 109-11, 118 Schuyler, David, 94 African from southern California, 111-12 Scorpio (constellation), 239, 304, 305 in KwaZulu-Natal region, 20 "Sand stories," 365 n.54, 408 Scorpius, 65, 67 layout as maps, 25 Sandy Lake, 83, 85 Screenfolds, 109 n.193, 196, 196 n.38, on map for d'Ollone, 36 San Francisco Peaks, 110 197, 203, 208 n.72, 215, 222, on map for Kingsley, 36 San Gorgonio Peak, 112 230,240 on map of Barnum, 43 Santa Barbara channel, 113 Scrolls, 55, 82-84, 82 n.99 in Njoya's survey of kingdom, 42 Santa Catalina Island, 112 Scrying, 142 n.280 northern Sotho patterns of, 21-22 Santa Cruz, Alonso de, 95, 96, 244 Sculpture, 541 on Ras Makonnen's map, 47 Santa Cruz Islands, 455 Australian Aboriginal (see Toas) on route map between Njoya's farm Santa Cruz Pachacuti Yamqui Salcamayhua, earth, 354, 541 and Fumban, 42 Juan de, 285, 294-95, 295, 296, Mesoamerican, 197, 225, 241 in southern African agriculturalist 297 sand, 357, 358 engravings, 18-19 Santa Maria Nativitas, Lienzo de, 252-53 S-designs, 98 Tabwa,31 Santa Rosa de Tastil, 271 Sea charts. See Nautical charts Tswana patterns of, 21 Santee Sioux Indians, 58, 127 n.241 Seal rookeries, 531 n.125 Andean Sao Jose, Chief, 317 Seals, 159, 347, 349 on Guaman Poma's maps, 295, 299 Saqsahuaman, 288 Sea of Okhotsk, 339 n.36 khipus and, 293 Sarakka, 337 Sea of the drowned, 339 in rock art, 271 Sarfert, E., 472 Sea of the "master of waters," 339 on van den Bosh map, 97 Sarmiento de Gamboa, Pedro, 284, 285 Seas. See also Oceans on Eurasian Arctic and Subarctic maps, Saskatchewan River, 133 Australian Aboriginal conception of, 369, 343, 349 Sassamon, John, 73-74 371 in Gawan mapping, 429 n.23 Satawal Atoll, 467 n.69, 470 on Australian Aboriginal maps, 390 Maori, 493, 531 n.125, 534 628 General Index

Settlements (cant.) and native North American mounds, 95 celestial, 43 on Melanesian maps, 430 on Piedra Cansada, 288 on Guaman Poma's map of Inka empire, in Mesoamerican landscape painting, 256 of Quinua pottery, 265 295 on Mesoamerican maps, 244 Shargorodskiy, S., 343 labyrinth, 331-32, 333 of Atlatlahuacan, Morelos, 241, 242 Shark (spirit), 404 Mesoamerican, 183, 193, 198, 253 Aztec military maps, 228 Sharks, 466 V-shaped, 30, 31 cartographic histories, 204 Shark totem, 377, 377 nn.83, 84, 378 Sigiienza, Mapa de, 218, 219, 219, 220, in Codex Kingsborough, 189 Sharp, Andrew, 461 222 in Codex Xolotl, 206, pl.9 Shaula, 471 Siliceous stone, 171 cosmographical, 235-37 Shawanaga Inlet, 79 Silver, 283 of Manl, 209, 210 Shawnee Indians, 89, 96 Silverman, Eric, 4-5, 540 Metlatoyuca, 189 and van den Bosh map, 96 n.156, 97 Silverman, Helaine, 278 n.94 of Tetliztaca, 246 and Lamhatty's map, 99 n.162 Silverman-Proust, Gail P., 263, 267, 269 on native North American maps, 69, 179 Sheard, L. E., 392 Simpson, John, 157 Acktis Island, 112 Shells Simpson, Thomas, 157 Bering Strait Eskimo map, 159 cups made from, 103, 103 n.172, 105 Single-branch networks, 177, 178 Chickasaw and Catawba maps, 101 on Iatmul dancers and art, 439 Single-path maps, 177, 178 by Gero-Schunu-Wy-Ha, 133 in kula system, 430-31 Sininiyo, 470 by Ishi, 118 on lukasa memory boards, 32, 48, p1.2 Sinu, 324 Lahontan's map, 128 maps using, 541 Sio Island, 428 made for Farfan de los Godos, 108 on Marshallese stick charts, 479, 480, Siouan languages, 99 n.165 "Nations Amies et Ennemies des 482 Sioux Indians, 58, 86-87, 126-27 n.241. Tchikachas," 103 on Tello Obelisk, 272 See also Lakota Sioux Indians by Non-Chi-Ning-Ga, 135 and wampum, 88, 176 and mirroring, 176 pictorial map, 117 Shelters, 118 Wahpekute map of upper Mississippi Val­ on Quapaw painted bison hide, pl.6 Sherbondy, Jeanette, 287 ley, 129, 130 Rasgufio de las Provincias del Nuevo Shields, 541 word for "map," 52 Mexico, 126 Australian Aboriginal maps on, 539 Sirius, 121, 459 n.46, 486 by Sitting Rabbit, 124 Australian Aboriginal paintings on, 355, Sisseton Indians, 58 on Pacific Basin maps, 436, 440, 441 357, 379 Site-path framework, 381-83 South American and Caribbean on map of Tenochtitlan in Codex Sitting Rabbit (I Ki Ha Wa He, Little Chief Sao Jose's ideal layout for, 317 Mendoza, 193 Owl), 121, 123, 124, 133, 173, and cosmology, 303-4, 308, 311, 313 as Melanesian maps, 431, 432, 433 179 on landform model, 320 Ship Mountains, 63 Size layout of and celestial events, 305 Ships of Bello's map, 34 and mapping of celestial entities, 304 on Guaman Poma's map of Inka empire, of lienzos, 215 on Ralegh's map of Guiana, 325 299 of native North American birchbark in Yupno worldview, 436, 437 Iglulik sketch of location of, 157 scrolls, 84, 84 n.107 7 Tecpatl, 221 in late twentieth-century Inuit art, 169 of wampum belts, 89 Severed heads on Meliki's map, 160 Sketches, 3 on Nasca pottery, 277-78, 278 n.94, 297 Shipwrecks, 514 Skidwarres, 90, 90 n.131 on Paracas gourd, 274 Shirokogoroff, S. M., 333 "The Skies" (sandpainting by Franc J. on Paracas polychrome mantle, 273 Shoals, 465-66, 470 Newcomb), 110, pl.5 as soul motif, 299 Shona aristocracy, 17 Skiko, 67 n.60 , 167 Shorelines. See Coastlines Skinner, T. K., 496 Sexual intercourse Shortland, Edward Skinner, William Henry, 496 of Boa and Pleiades, 304 on Maori linear measurement, 495-96 Skins, animal depicted on Melanesian shields, 431, 432, Maori maps published by, 513-14, 514 Eurasian Arctic and Subarctic maps on, 433 n.86, 516-20, 533, 534 346, 349 in ida ritual, 440, 441 and Mantell's map, 521 n. 101 Koryak celestial map on coat made from, Sezemabidi (arboreal tree spirits), 434 and Map of the Colony of New Zealand 333-34, 336, pl.14 Shadows from Official Documents by John Mesoamerican maps on, 194, 195-96, and Andean timekeeping, 266-67 n.37 Arrowsmith, 521 n. 102 248-49, 252-53 in Desana origin myths, 305-6 Shoshone Indians, 65, 114-15 native North American maps on, 51, 56, on Q'ero pallay, 266, 268 Shrines, 5 90-94,108,114,115,117, Shadrin, Mr., 345 Shrubs. See Vegetation 123-27, 135-39, 140, 141, 173, Shafts, granite, 272 Shternberg, L. Ia., 339 n.34 176, pl.6 Shaman-bird, 316 Shuswap Indians, 114 Quapaw painted, 117, 172, 180, pl.6 Shamanism Siassi traders, 428 rug, 355 in Eurasian Arctic and Subarctic, 329, , 171 in sacred bundles, 125 330, 332-33, 333 n.21, 334, 348 cosmography, 330, 333, 335, 340-41 value of, 113 and southern African rock art, 13-16 Sierra de Guadalupe, 61 Zuni painted, 172 Shanawdithit, 73 n.79 Sierra Nevada, 61, 106, 113, 115 Skipper, Peter, 367, pl.16 Shape Signs,S. See also Pictographs; Symbols Skiri Indians. See Pawnee Indians of Mesoamerican maps, 196 cartographic, 48 Skis, 331, 332, 344 General Index 629

Skvortsov, E. F., 340 as Melanesian maps, 428 South Australian Museum, Adelaide, 359, Sky Tukano, 305 387-92, 393, 401, 415-16 Australian Aboriginal conception of, 369, Society Islands South Carolina, 99, 101, pl.4 371 burials in, 497 South Dakota, 55, 120-21, 123, 176, 179 on Australian Aboriginal toa, 370 disappearance of traditional navigation, Southeast Asia, 421 in Eurasian Arctic and Subarctic cosmo­ 451 Southern Alps, 523, 524, 530 graphy, 333, 335, 339 settlement, 420 Southern Cross (Crux), 457, 457 n.42, in Kiowa cosmography, 53 Tupaia pilots Endeavour to, 448 463, 465, 467, 486 on map of "Yurok idea of the world," on Tupaia's chart, 450 Southern Island. See Stewart Island 181 Sokoto. See Sackatu South Island (Te Wai Pounamu). See also in Mesoamerican cosmography, 229 Solar disks, 238 New Zealand in Codex Fejervary-Mayer, 229-30 Solar path, 271, 280 burials on, 497 in Codex Rios, 234, 236 Solar World, 339 exploration, 493 on Lord Pacal's sarcophagus lid, 237 Solar years, 291 Maori population, 493 on Maya plate, 235, 255 Soloman, 505-6, 508 maps of, 533, 534, 535 on stela at Izapa, 185, 234, 255 Solomonic kings, 30 made for Halswell, 494, 494 n.7 on Tizoc stone, 238 Solomon Islands, 419 Maori, 503-6, 508, 513-25 in native North American cosmography, Solstices, 286 n.133, 316 by Hone Tiihawaiki, 513-14, 516, 53, 139 Sommay (Sume), 309 517 on Nasca pottery, 277 Songlines, Australian Aboriginal, 360, 361, by Mantell, 521, 521 n.101, pl.24 in Navajo sandpainting, 109, 110 384 obtained by von Haast, 523, 524 as reflection of terrestrial relationships, The Songlines (Bruce Chatwin), 360, 360 by Te Huruhuru, 514, 516, 518-20 301 n.37 by two Rangitane, 499 n.33 symbols for, 181 Songs, 3, 4-5. See also Music rainfall, 530 Sleds, 162, 164, 344. See also Dogsleds Australian Aboriginal, 360, 384 and toponym~ 498-99 Sleeping circles, 63 in Carolinian navigation, 467-68 on Tuki's map, 508 Sleigh boards, 333, 335 as Melanesian maps, 434-35 vegetation, 530 Smallpox, 339 and South American and Caribbean South Saskatchewan River, 129-32, 179 Smith, John cartography, 325-26 Space and Algonquian cosmography, 52, 69, and South American and Caribbean cos­ Andean conceptions of, 258-70, 261, 70, 175, 181 n.367 mology, 311, 313, 316 274,280, 281 A Map of Virginia, 69, 70 n.76, 71 transmission of information through, 322 Australian Aboriginal depictions of time and Percy's map, 70, 72 Sonqocha lines, 267 in, 371 and Powhatan's map, 69-70 Sorokin, Pitirim Aleksandrovich, 2, 2 n.4, and ida ritual, 440, 441 and Velasco map, 70, 70 n.76 3 n.6 on Mesoamerican maps, 190 Smith, Mary Elizabeth, 187 n.12, 191 Sotho societies, 23 in Mixtec codices, 191 on European influence on Mesoamerican Soto, Hernando de, 95, 96, 97-98 schematic depiction of on Metlatoyuca, maps, 212 n.83 Sotuta, 196, 210 184 and Lienzo of Zacatepec 1, 207-8 South and time in Mesoamerican cartography, on Mesoamerican cartographic histories, on Bernus's maps, 40 191-204, 232, 247 204-5 in Mesoamerican cosmography, 203, Spain and Spaniards Smith, Nicholas N., 84 n.l08 231-32, 233, 234 and Andes Smithsonian Institution, 166-67 n.328, 492 in Navajo sandpainting, 110 cultural change, 271 Snake of being, 310, 315 South Africa, 16. See also Africa on Guaman Poma's map of pontifical , 62, 64, 65 South America, 301-26. See also Andes world, 295,297 Snakes celestial maps, 304-18, 319 lack of surviving Inka maps, 258 on Australian Aboriginal maps, 393 cosmography, 304-18, 319, 540 and Mapa de la Provincia de los Arua­ in Australian Aboriginal myths, 539 coverage of, 8 n.35 cas, 323 in Codex Nuttall, 215, 216 in Eurasian Arctic and Subarctic cosmo­ reliance on geographic knowledge of in Eurasian Arctic and Subarctic nether- graphy, 339 Inka officials, 285 world, 333 Europeans' inclusion of native and Mesoamerica, 210, 240-47 on Nasca pottery, 277 information from, 322-25 and Cha1ca rebellion against Tenochtit­ and native North American mounds, 95 historical reports of indigenous mapmak­ lan, 228 on Ojibwa migration scroll, 83 ing, 319-22 conquistadores, 183, 196, 229 on Sayhuite Stone, 288 maps of and destruction of Motecuhzoma in South American and Caribbean Hipana village, 319, 320 Xocoyotzin's empire, 222 cosmology, 310, 324 lack of permanent, 257 influence on circumambulation, 220, on Tukano cosmic fertility map, pl.13 Mapa de la Provincias de los Aruacas, 220 n.102 in Tukano origin myth, 309 323-24, 325 land grants, 245 Snow, maps in, 159, 339 Ralegh's map of Guiana, 324-25 legal system, 213, 224, 225, 226 Snow houses, 160 reference map, 302 and Lienzo of Zacatepec 2, 213 Social classes, Inka, 286 Ye'cuana historical-cultural map, on Mapa de Santa Cruz, 244 Social life, Melanesian, 423-25 321-22 preservation of Aztec maps, 208, 221 Society Southampton Island, 162 and North America, 106, 108 Andean, 259, 260-62 South Asia, 181 Chickasaws and, 101 630 General Index

Spain and Spaniards, and North America Stags, 346 Stevenson, Robert Louis, 491 (cont.) Stairways, 282 Stewart, Paddy Japaljarri, 362 contact with Pawnee Indians, 124 n.231 Stakes, wooden, 275, 275 n.77 Stewart Island (Rakiura) settlements on van den Bosh map, 97 Standing Rock Indian Reservation, 124 Cook failed to visit, 513 n.83 Pacific explorers from, 445 Stanner, W. E. H., 360, 403-5, 407 maps of, 513-14, 517, 533, 534 and Philippines, 451 Star ceilings, Navajo, 65-66 omitted from Tuki's map, 493, 508 and South America and Caribbean, 313, Star charts. See Celestial maps reference map, 517 324 Star compasses, 458, 539 Stick charts, Marshallese, 1, 6 n.22, 475, Spanish language accuracy of, 460 476, 479-85, 487, 489-92 on Andean maps, 265 Arab, 488 Stick rattles, 314 in Codex Florentine, 228, 252-53 Carolinian, 462, 463-65, 487, 488-89 Sticks, 541 learned in Mesoamerica, 242 Oceanic, 443 Andean maps using, 285 prevalence of documents in, 245 "Star compass rose," 458 as Australian Aboriginal painting terms for map, 185 Star courses, 466 medium, 355 Spatial constructs, 3 "Star path" compass, 463, 464 Maori maps using, 531 Spatial deixis, 53 n.6, 434 Star paths for measuring latitude, 485 Spears, 162, 164 Bugis and, 488 native North American use of, 67-68, 69, Spear-throwers, 355, 357, 364, 541 Carolinian learning of, 465 84, 128-29, 159 Speck, Frank G., 141-42, 142 n.277 of celestial anaconda, 308 Stingray (spirit), 404 Speech, 3 on map of Barasana cosmos, 307 Stippling, 320 Spiders, 221, 278 Milky Way, 304, 305 Stokes, John F. G., 485-86 Spink, John, 156-57 on South American and Caribbean maps, Stolbovaia River, 345 Spirals 320 Stone. See also Rock art in Eurasian Arctic and Subarctic, 331 Star People, 319 Mesoamerican cosmographic maps carved n.16, 332, 333 Star Plan (Njien), 368-69 in, 241, 254-55 on lukala maps, 32 Stars settlements in KwaZulu-Natal region, 20 on Maya representations of earth's in African cartography, 27, 43 as southern African building material, surface, 200 n.54 in Andean cartography, 260, 261, 297 17-18 Spirit maps, Andean, 274, 275, 299 in Australian Aboriginal cartography, Stone Age, 13 Spiro, , 57, 103, 103 n.172, 105 369, 370 "Stoney Mountains," 146 Spondylus shell, 272 in Eurasian Arctic and Subarctic Strachey, William, 90 n.131 Spoons, ritual, 344 cartography Streams. See also Water Spring Mountain, 113 celestial maps, 334, 336, pl.14 African, 42 Springs. See also Water cosmography, 333, 337, 340 on Andean maps, 263-64, 285 Andean Iatmul view of, 428 in Andean rock art, 271 associated with pumas, 285 on Mesoamerican celestial maps, 187, on Maori maps, 531 n.125, 534, 536 as huacas, 265 239, 255 Maori toponyms for, 493 on map by Guaman Poma, 262, 264 in native North American cartography in Melanesian song maps, 434 in rock art, 271 Navajo, 65, 67,109-10,111,181, pl.5 on Micmac maps, 79 on Sayhuite Stone, 288 Pawnee celestial chart, 125, pI. 7 on native North American maps, 106, on Maori maps, 531 n.125 rock art, 63, 181-82 113, 128-29 on Te Ware Korari's maps, 535 in Oceanic navigation, 455, 457, 457 on Sel'kup fishing drawing, 346 Sprites, water, 108-9 n.42, 458 Streets, 285. See also Roads Spy maps, Aztec, 225-28 Carolinian, 444, 462, 463, 464-65 Strehlow, T. G. H., 361 n.37, 384 Square maps, Mesoamerican, 196 on Hawaiian gourds, 486 Strehlow Research Center, Alice Springs, Squares Indonesian, 488, 488 n.113 359 on Delaware cosmographical map, 91 mental, 443, 444 Strelov, E. D., 343 in drawing of house of Manco Capac, Polynesian, 458-60 String. See also Khipus 295 Tahitian, 446 Australian Aboriginal art using, 359, 385 on Mowaljarlai's map, 415 in South American and Caribbean carto­ Nazca geoglyphs and, 275, 275 n.77 and native North American mounds, 95 graphy Stripes, 333 in Ye'cuana cosmology, 319 celestial, 304, 305, 320 Strips, of Andean landholdings, 262-65, Squid, 371, 372 cosmology, 304, 316 266,297 Squid and Turtle Dreamings (Liwukang Star Woman (Pleiades), 307 Struck, Bernhard, 42, 42 n.77 Bukurlatjpi), 371, 372 State Historical Society of North Dakota, Struve, B. V., 339 n.36 Squirrels, 342 121, 173 Stuart Highway, 400 Sri Lanka, 421, 488 State Library of South Australia, 391-92, Stucco, painted, 197 Staatliches Museum fur Volkerkunde, Dres­ 401 "The Study of Indian and Inuit Maps: Pre­ den, 490 Statues, 280-81 sent and Future" (G. Malcolm Staatliches Museum fur Volkerkunde, Stelae Lewis), 56 n.29 Munich, 491 Mesoamerican, 184 Stylization, 101, 123, 145 Stack, James West, 498, 523-24 at Izapa, 185, 234, 235, 254-55 Subarctic Staehelin, Felix, 322 Maya, 198 Eurasian, 329-49 Stafford, D. M., 529 at Tiwanaku, 280-82, 281 n.110, 299 native North American, 135-54, 155, Staffs, 284, 306, 337 Stephen, W. H., 521 n. 101 156 General Index 631

Subterranean views, 363 n.41 at Tiwanaku, 282-84 map by Ki 00 Cus, 130, 132 Sudan, 38 and Toronto Purchase, 77 rnap by Lamhatty, 98-99 Suede, 333, 334 and Wahpekute map of upper Mississippi map of Rangeley Lakes region, 85 Sulawesi (Celebes) Island, 488 Valley, 129 Rasguiio de las Provincias del Nuevo Suma y narraci6n de los Incas (Juan de Susquehanna River, 71, 74-77, 77 n.81, Mexico, 126 Betanzos), 258 78-79, 138, 177, 178, 179 rock art, 181 Sume (Sommay), 309 Susquehannock Indians, 74-77 Symmetry Sun Susquehannocks castle, 76 and Australian Aboriginal mapping, 389, in African cartography, 27, 43, 541 Sutton, Peter, 4, 541 401 in Andean cosmography Suyus (subdivision of ayllu), 261 on Australian Aboriginal paintings, 379, in Inka origin myths, 286 n.133 and ceque system, 286 381 on khipus, 291, 293 on Guaman Poma's map of Inka empire, on Bennett Stela, 281-82 moti& fo~ 266-6~ 268 297,299 of Tello Obelisk, 273 Nazca geoglyphs and, 276 and Inka resettlement of Cochabamba Szabo, Joyce M., 118 on Santa Cruz Pachacuti's drawing, 297 Valley, 262 on Tello Obelisk, 272 roads as boundaries between, 289 Tabasco, 184 n.5, 210, 228 in Australian Aboriginal cartography, 369 Sverbeev, N., 339 Tablas (picture boards), 258 n.8 on Cortes's map, 195 Swahili, 28 n.21 Table shrines, 269, 269 n.46, 270 in Eurasian Arctic and Subarctic Swamps Tablets, abacal maize, 291, 291 n.165, cartography on Australian Aboriginal maps, 397, 399 293, 297 on Chukchi decorated paddle, 347 on Maori ambush map, 513 Tabwa, 30, 31 cosmography, 333, 334, 335, 337, 340 on Te Ware Korari's maps, 535 Tacchigis, 145 in Melanesian cosmography, 431, 431 in Valley of Mexico, 221 Tacking, 474-75 n.32 Sweat baths, 201 Ta~on, Paul S. C., 356-57 in Mesoamerican cosmography, 201, 229, Sweetgrass, 125 Tafahi. See Boscawen Island 232, 240 Swells, ocean Tahiti in Codex Fejervary-Mayer, 230 in Carolinian navigation, 462, 463, 464, compasses from, 497 on Lord Pacal's sarcophagus lid, 237 467 Cook visits, 445-46 on Tizoc stone, 238 defined, 476 modern canoe voyage, 461 n.51, 468, in tomb in Rio Azul, 234 in Indonesian navigation, 488 474 in native North American cartography Marshallese piloting by, 444, 475-85 navigational practices, 458 on Delaware map on blazed tree, 88 and Oceanic navigation, 443, 457-58, Sirius passes directly over, 459 n.46 Kiowa cosmography, 53 460 on Tupaia's chart, 446-51 Navajo, 110, pl.5 Sydney, Australia, 434 Tahoata (pumice), 501 n.41 pictorial map, 117 Sydney, New Zealand. See Port Jackson Tahuhu (Otahuhu Point), 526 rock art, 63 Symbols, 10. See also Designs; Pictographs; Taiari. See Chalky Inlet in Oceanic navigation, 457-58 Signs Taiga, 340, 342, 343 Carolinian, 464 Andean Tainui (Veritas), 505 n.52 Hawaiian, 486 cosmological, 274 , 324 Tahitian, 446 organization of, 262 Taiwan, 421 in South American and Caribbean carto- on Santa Cruz Pachacuti's drawing of Takamoana (Lake Alexandrina), pl.24 graphy Coricanch~ 295, 297 Takapo. See Tekapo cosmology, 304, 315 Spanish failure to recognize, 258 "Taking up the Land" (exhibition) (Canada rnap of vision quest, 31 0 in Australian Aboriginal cartography, house, London), 56 n.26 Tukano cosmic fertility map, pl.13 377, 377 nn.78, 79, 379 Tak-roor (Tekrur), 35 Ye'cuana roundhouse and, 316 on Cortes's map of Tenochtitlan, 194 Taliaferro, Lawrence, 129, 129 n.249 Sun dance lodge, 181 cosmological, 274, 540-41 Tallapoosa River, 96 Sunlight, 266, 268 defined, 198, 198 n.48 Tama Mokau te Rangihaeata, 498-99 Sunrise, 268, 316 in Eurasian Arctic and Subarctic Tamarod Indians, 103 Sunset, 268, 286 n.133 cartography, 340 Tambourines, 347 Sun-wind compasses, 497 hill (see Hills) Tambunum, 428 Supernovas, 64-65 on Maori maps, 531 Tampu T'oco cave, 295, 295 n.180 Surveying on Melanesian shield maps, 431 Tan, 462 and Bad Heart Bull's map of Black Hills, on Mesoamerican maps, 185,244 Taniiio nee cutu iiuu iiuyevui (Mixtec term 123 of Amoltepec, 241 for mappamundi), 187, 187 n.12 and cadastral map of New Hampshire, cartographic histories, 215 Taniwha (monster residing in deep water), 91 n.133 Mapa de Sigiienza, 219 518 Chimu kingdom and, 283-84 pictorial, 215 Tanna, 427 n.14 and indigenous mapping, 173 of Tenochtitlan, 193 Tanner, Adrian, 141 Inka, 286 in native North American cartography Tanzania, 37 and native North American mapping, Hearne's map, 146 Tapestries, 45, 46 151-52, 154, 156 Hidatsa map, 133 n.255 Tapirs, 305 and Nazca geoglyphs, 275, 275 n.77 Lahontan's map, 127-28, 179 Tapschoka, 338 in New Zealand, 496, 528 map by Bad Heart Bull, 119, 122 Tapu (under religious or superstitious and Njoya's map of his kingdom, 42, 48 map by Gero-Schunu-Wy-Ha, 132-33 restriction), 525 632 General Index

Tarang Bank, 468 Metlatoyuca, 189, 249 Te Ruahikihiki, 524 Tarapuhi, 505 n.52 in Primeros memoriales, 227 Teseuke, 162-65 Tararua Range, 509 spy maps, 227 Te Teira, 528 Tardits, Claude, 42 n.77, 43 n.82 of Tenochtitlan, 194, 225, 227 Tetliztaca, 245, 246 Tartars, 330 Mixtec pictographs for, 201 Teton Indians, 58 Tartary, 330, 338 Old Temple at Chavfn de Huantar, Teton Peak, 132 Tassenocogoula River, 105 271-73 Teton River, 132 Tatou, 520 Poquen Cancha, 258 n.8 Te Wai Pounamu. See South Island Tattoos, 25, 462 n.53. See also Body art; 10 Acatl, 221 Te Ware Korari Scarification Tenamitic, 208 and Mantell's map, 521, pl.24 't3 Eridani, 306 , 205, p1.9 and Map of the Colony of New Zealand Taua (hostile expedition, war party), 503 Tendwa kia nza-n'kongo (the four from Official Documents by John n.48, 512, 513, 516-18 n.92 moments of the sun), 27 Arrowsmith, 521 n. 102 Taumata (resting place and brow of hill), Tenoch, 193, 194 maps by, 494, 499, 520-23, 535, 537-38 530 Tenochtitlan, 183, 199, 218, 228, 244, 539 , 511 Taunga ika (fishing ground), 497 Chalca rebellion against, 228 Texcoco, 205, 218, 252-53 Taupo. See Lake Taupo in Codex Xolotl, 205, 208 Text. See also Words Tauranga, 512 on Mapa de Santa Cruz, 244, pl.11 on Bello's map, 35 Tauranga Harbor, 512 on Mapa de Sigiienza, 219, 249 on Gero-Schunu-Wy-Ha's map, 132 Tawa inti qocha (sun at midnight motif), maps of, 225, 228 n.121, 252-53 and image in Andean manuscripts, 294 266-67, 268 in Codex Mendoza, 192-93, 193-94, on Inuit maps, 159 Tawa t'ika qocha motif, 267, 269 235-37,244 on map of Maine coastline, 90 Tawatinsuyu (land of the four parts), 261 by Cortes, 194, 195, 225 on map of Manf, 209-10 Taylor, Luke, 359, 392 Nuremberg map, 244 on map of Zolipa, Veracruz, 243 Taylor, William A., 523, 523 n.109, 525, in Primeros memoriales, 225, 225 on Ras Makonnen's map, 45 535 n.116, 227 Textiles, 3, 5, 10. See also Cloth; Clothing Taymi canal, 264 Plano en papel de maguey and, 224 dancers on, 273 n.69 Taypi (place in the middle), 280, 281, 282 population, 204 from Ica Valley, 273 n.67 Taypikala, 279-80, 282 Tenochtli, 194 Paracas, 273-74, 275 Te Aitanga a Hauiti people, 513 Tents, 337, 343, 344, 345 Texupa, 204 Te Arawa iwi, 512-13, 528-30, 536 Tenuch. See Tenoch Tezalge, 40 Te Ati Awa iwi, 503 n.45 Tenure, land, 213, 213 n.84, 221 Tezcatlipoca (creator god), 231, 232, 232 Teben'kov, Mikhail Dmitrievich, 157 , 256 n.132 Tecali (Tecalli), 207, 222, 250-51 Teotl Cocauhea (Yellow Sky), 236 Thalbitzer, William Carl, 167-68 Technology, Aborigines and, 354 n.4 Teotl Tlatlauhea (Red Sky), 236 Thames, 500 Tecoylqualoya, 236 Teotl Yztaca (White Sky), 236 Thelon Plain, 146 Tecpatl (Flint Knife) (year sign), 203, 232 Teozacoalco, 196, 210, 212, 213, 244, Thelon River (Great Indian River), 149, Te Heuheu Tukino II, 501, 503, 531 248-49 152-53, 177, 178 Te Horeta te Taniwha, 500, 501, 501 n.39 , 205 Theresia, 305 Tehuacan, 250-51 Tepantitla palace complex, 256 Therianthropes, 14, 16 Tehuantepec, Isthmus of, 183, 196 Tepe, 200 13 Flower, 215 Te Huruhuru Tepeaca. See Tepeyaca 13 Wind, 203 and Mantell's map, 521 n. 101 Tepechichilco (Red Hill), 246 Thomas, Stephen D., 464 maps by, 514, 516, 518-20, 531, 534 Tepehua, 248-49 and etak, 472, 474 Te Ika a Maui. See North Island Te Peneha Mangu, 496 on "seamarks" in Carolinian navigation, Teira, Te. See Te Teira Tepetl (hill), 189, 199-200, 200 n.53, 201, 466 Tekapo (Tekapo; Takapo), pl.24 206,244 and segmenting of course line, 471 Te Kooti Arikirangi te Turuki, 509, Tepetlaoztoc, Mexico, 184, 189, 244, sketch of Carolinian star compass, 462, 512-13, 536 250-51 463 Tekrur. See Tak-roor Tepetli Monana Mycia (the Mountains Thompson, John Eric Sidney, 184 n.5, 209, Tello, Julio, 273, 274 That Clash), 236 228 n.123 Tello Obelisk, 272-73, 297, 299 Tepeyaca (Tepeaca), 207, 222, 250-51 Thompson, Nainoa, 468, 487 Temimina Loya (Place Where One Shoots Tepeyacac, 197 n.43 Thompson River, 114 Arrows at Oneself), 236 Te Puoho 0 te Rangi, 518 n.92 Thomson, John Turnbull, 505, 505 n.54 Temple of Agriculture, Teotihuacan, 256 Tequixtepec, Lienzos of, 250-51 Thread, 290, 290 n.162 Temple of the Inscriptions, Palenque, 234 Te Raki, 516-18 n.92 Three-dimensional maps, 168, 169, 176 Temple of the Jaguars, Chichen Itza, 184 Te Rangi Hiroa, 486 Thule people, 171 n.5, 256 Te Rapa, 501 Thum-merriy, 379 Temple of the Sun, Inka. See Coricancha Te Reinga. See Reinga Thunderbirds, 63 n.46 Temple of the Warriors, Chichen Itza, 184 Termite mounds, 379, 391 Thunder ceremony, 125 n.5, 256 Terraces, 282, 288 Tiagashu, pl.8 Temples. See also specific temples Terracing, irrigation, 257 Tianguismanalco (Place of the Market), on Aztec military maps, 228 Territorial maps, Mesoamerican, 241, 242, 246 on Cortes's map, 195 243 Tides on Mesoamerican maps Territory. See Land depicted on Murik baskets, 440 n.48 General Index 633

in Hawaiian navigation, 487 Tnoho (to pluck, as birds), 215 on map in Codex Xolotl, p1.9 on Maori map of South Island, 514 Tnuhu (lineages), 215 omitted from Ojibwa message map, 86 Tiffen, Henry Stokes, 509-10, 511, 534 Toad god, 310, 315 Topology, 537-38 Tifinag script, 38-39 Toanacaaxilohuaaquitobiladyoo (Zapotec Toponyms. See Place-names Tiger River, 339 term for mappamundi), 187, 187 Toqua. See Chota Tiger Sea, 339 n.13 "The Torch of the Lagoon at Anuufa," 468 Tigray, 28, 29 Toas, 1, 10, 358-59, 369, 370, 383-84, Toronto Purchase, 77, 79 Tikal, 234 385, p1.20 Torres Strait Islanders, 353 n.1 Tilantongo, 212, 248-49 Tobacco, 125 Tortoises, 85 Tilbrook, Lois, 409 Tobias, Nelle, 62 n.45 Totems Tiles, engraved, 331, 331 n.17 Tobolsk, 330 n.5 on Ac ko mok ki's map, 132, 133 Timber. See Trees Tocapu designs, 297 Australian Aboriginal, 354-55 (see also Timbira peoples, 311 Tochtli (Rabbit) (year sign), 203, 232 Toas) Timbuktu. See Tombouctou Toenga (remnant), 501 matrilineal, 383-84 n.100 Time Toetoes Harbor, 517 patrilineal (pintharra), 383 Andean methods of telling, 266-67 n.37 Togo, 26-27 in cartographic pictographs, 79, 80, 81 and Carolinian navigation, 469, 473-74 Tohu (signs, landmarks), 497 and Iatmul body painting, 438 in Mesoamerican cosmography, 191-204, Tohunga (tribal experts, priests), 493, 496, on map by Howling Wolf, 119 232, 247 499, 508, 508 n.63 Melanesian, 423-24, 426, 428, 429, 432 on Q'ero pallay, 266-67, 268 Toiawa, 495, 500, 500 n.37 on native North American cosmographi- and space, 191-204, 232, 247, 371 Tolaga Bay. See Uawa cal maps on drumheads, 141 Timucuan languages, 96, 97 n.158 Tolmachev, I. P., 340 on Ojibwa message map, 86 Tindale, Norman B., 356, 389 n.11, 392 Tolman, Edward Chance, 4 n.10 on Sitting Rabbit's map, 124 Australian Aboriginal maps collected by, Tolpetlac (Place of the Reed Mats), 221 Totomihuacan (Totomiuaquerrotomiuacan), 387, 389, 395, 39~ 415-16 Indians, 109 n.193, 218 207,248-49 on Australian Aboriginal mud maps, Tombouctou, 36-37 , 248-49 407-8 Tombs. See also Burials; Graves Tototl (bird), 199 Tingarri (ancestral men), 382 Mesoamerican, 234 Tourmaline, 152 Tinker, John, 73, 179 Swahili, 28 n.21 Tovarimon, 117 Tinline, John, 503 Tome (Saint Thomas), 309 Towasa Indians, 96-99 Tioripatea (Haast Pass), 518 n.92 Tonalquizayampa (place of dawn), 230 Townsend, Charles H., 492 Tipis Tonga, 419, 420, 451 Toxcatl festival, 232 n.132 Evenks and, 340 Tonga (south), 497 Tracks on Gero-Schunu-Wy-Ha's map, 133 Tongan Islands, 450 on Australian Aboriginal maps, 389 on Ki 00 Cus's map, 130 Tongariro (active volcanoes), 501, 531 Dreaming, 360-61, 394 Oglala Sioux, 53, 181, 539 Tongariro National Park, 503 human, 395,399, 414 Tipua (goblin, demon, object of terror), Tonkinson, Robert, 393, 399 mythological, 395, 395 n.28 518, 520, 531 Tonty, Henri de, 99 n.166, 105 snake, 393 Tira (long strip), 196, 218 Tooke-Titter-a-nui Wari Pedo. See Tuki on Australian Aboriginal rock engravings, Tira de la peregrinaci6n. See Codex Toolemak, 157 374 Boturini Tools, 65, 84 on Eurasian Arctic and Subarctic petro­ Tired Stone. See Piedra Cansada Toongalook, 169-70 glyphs, 331, 332 Titahi. See Howells Point Tooulou,36 on Mansi maps, 342 Titles, land, 220, 220 n.102, 241 Topa Inka, 287, 288, 293, 299 on Maori maps, 531 n.125 Tiwanaku, 265, 279-84, 286 n.133 Topileta, 431, 433 map of Rotorua lakes, 536 Tiyanquiztli (the Marketplace) Topo. See Tupu Ngati Pikiao land-claim map, 529, 530 (constellation), 239 Topock, Arizona, 63 by Te Huruhuru, 534 Tizoc stone, 235, 238, 241, 254-55 Topography on Mantell's map, p1.24 Tjapaltjarri, Clifford Possum, 399-401, 402 in African cartography, 21, 23 on map of Acktis Island, 112 Tjapaltjarri, Tim Leura, 400, 401, 401 Australian Aboriginal representations of, Trade. See also Fur trade n.41 353-86, 381, 395, 395 n.28 Andean, 257, 293 n.173 Tjuburrula, Big Peter, 364, 380, 381 means and interpretations, 366-73 Anglo-French rivalry over, 180 Tjurunga, 359, 359 n.27, 365 range of artifacts, 354-59 and Bare cosmology, 31 7 Tlacatecatl (military commander), 228 regional examples, 375-84 Cossack, 330, 330 n.6 Tlacochcalcatl (military commander), 228 desert, 379-84 and Eurasian Arctic and Subarctic carto­ Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli (Dawn Lord), 239-40 northeast Arnhem Land, 375-76 graphy, 344-49, 349 Tlaloc (rain-agriculture deity), 227 western Cape York Peninsula, 377-79 Mesoamerican maps related to, 196, Tlaltic Pac (the Earth), 236 rock paintings and engravings, 373-74 225-29 Tlalticpac (cultivated earth), 236 ceque system and, 286, 286 n.133 on Mowaljarlai's map, 415 Tlapallacuilolpan (colored painting or writ- on Eurasian Arctic and Subarctic maps, as purpose of map of Susquehanna River, ing), 185 340 n.42 74-77 Tlapiltepec, Lienzo of, 219, 250-51 on birchbark, 342 Trading posts, 124 Tlatelolco, 204, 244, p1.11 on blazed trees, 343, 345 "Traditional cartography," defined, 2 Tlingit Indians. See Chilkat Indians rock art, 331 Trail maps, 61 Tnatantja poles, 359 on Maori maps, 531, 531 n.125 Trails. See also Paths 634 General Index

Trails (cant.) of Mani, 210 ecological practices, 308-9 and design biting, 142 Mapa de Santa Cruz, 244 and shamanistic rituals, 6 on native North American maps, 176 Mapa de Sigiienza, 219 Tuki (Tuki te Terenui Whare Pirau?), 493, Chickasaw map, 176 of Tetliztaca, 246 494-95, 501, 506, 507, 508-9, Indiana and Illinois, 91, 93 in Zimbabwean rock art, 16, 17 508 n.63, 509 n.70, 531, 533 by Ishi, 118 Trengganu, 488 n.116 Tuki Tahua. See Tuki by Miguel, 126 Trezise, P. ]., 356 , 218 by Paiutes, 113 Triangles Tulancingo, Lienzos of, 250-51 on Te Arawa Maori map, 512 in A'iti} cosmology, 318 Tuma, 431, 433 "The Transformation of Subjects into on Australian Aboriginal paintings, 379, Tumong, 305 Objects" (Nancy Munn), 365 379 n.86 Tumuli, 354 Transformations, maps of, 364-65 on cosmographic stela at Izapa, 185 Tuna (eels), 510, 510 n.72, 514 Transverse profiles, 98-99 on Eurasian Arctic and Subarctic blazed Tundra Transylvanus, Maximilian, 445 n.7 trees, 345 Evenk orientation in, 340 Trapezoids, 110 on Lakota celestial maps, 125 on Jimmy Anderson and Curly Head's Trapping, 179 on Rasgufio de las Provincias del Nuevo map, 146, 148 Traveling, 493, 493 n.4, 498-99, 530, 531 Mexico, 126 map of boundaries with forests in north­ n.125 Trigger, David S., 405 ern interior, 149 Travels in West Africa (Mary H. Kingsley), Triggerfish, 467, 468, 469, 470 on Meatonabee and Idotlyazee's map, 36 ' Trigo Mountains, 108 146 Treasuries, 290 Trinity River, 126 on Subarctic Indian maps, 178 Treaties Tripoli, 36-37 Tungus. See Evenk people in Howling Wolf's ledger art, 118, 120 Trobriand Islands Tunics, 294 between Iowa Indians and United States, conception of lines in, 6-7 Tunnels, 435 134-35 indication of compass points, 435 n.40 Tupaia, 453, 454, 473 between Iroquois and Canadian Indians, mythology, 427 chart of Polynesia, 446-51 93-94 shields as maps in, 431, 432, 433 as Maori interpreter, 500 n.37 map of Mani and, 249 symbolic codes in shields from, 10 Tupi-Guaranis, 301, 309, 313 Robinson-Huron Treaty, 79 Troike, Nancy P., 184-85 n.6 Tupu (tapa) (Inka unit of measurement), Robinson-Superior Treaty of 1850, 151 Trois-Rivieres, 94 283 n.119, 289 n.156, 290 Treaty of Hopewell, 105 Trotter, Michael Malthus, 497 n.22 Tupua. See Tipua of Waitangi, 503 Truckee River, 113 Turahuka, 518 Tree of Life, 335, 538 Truk. See Chuuk Tiiranganui (Gisborne), 512 Trees. See also Bark Tsagi-mbae, 428, 429 Turas (world trees), 333 on Australian Aboriginal maps, 391, 392, Tschopik, Harry, 270 n.48 Turnbull, Alexander, Library, Wellington, 393, 397, 409-10, 413 Tsvetkov, V. P., 339-40 n.36 513, 51~ 532, 533, 535, 536 as Australian Aboriginal painting Tswana societies, 21 Turquoise, 110 medium, 354-55 Tu, 1-2 Turquoise Prince (sun), 232 on Australian Aboriginal paintings, Tuamotu Archipelago, 474 Turtle Mountains, 63 363-64 n.43 and finding Rapa Nui, 461 Turtles on Bad Heart Bull's picture map, 119, on Tupaia's chart, 448 n.19, 450 in Australian Aboriginal cosmography, 122 Tuan, Yi-Fu, 4 n.l0 371, 371 n.65, 372 blazed Tuareg in Australian Aboriginal rock art, 357 Eurasian Arctic and Subarctic, 342, and African indigenous mapmaking, on Delaware map on blazed tree, 88 343, 345, 348 36-37 in Mesoamerican constellations, 237-38 native North American maps on, Bernus's maps of grazing areas, 38-40, as Ojibwa land pictograph, 82 87-88, 176, 180 41 x-ray image of from Western Arnhem on Chukchi wooden board map, 341 and Duveyrier's map, 38, 38 n.69 Land, pl.15 in drawing of house of Manco Capac, Tua River, 431 n.32, Tuscan crosses, 70 n.76 . 295 Tubetube, 434-35 Tuscarora Indians, 79, 96 on Evenk shaman's costume, 333, 334 Tubul,462 Tusks, 541 on Hearne's map, 146 Tuckett, Frederick, 520 Tussock, 530 as huacas, 265 Tuhi (delineate, draw), 494-95 Tuturau, 504, 505 on Jimmy Anderson and Curly Head's Tuhituhi (draw), 494-95 Tututepec, 201 map, 146 Tithua (obsidian), 493 Twilight, 110 on Maori maps, 514, 531 n.125 Tiihua. See Mayor Island Twins, 272, 273 in Melanesian song maps, 434 Tukanos, 301 Two Men Dreaming, 394 in Mesoamerican cosmography cartography, 320 Tyngirin (pendant), 333, 335 in Codex Fejervary-Mayer, 229-32 constellations, 306, 308 Tyrrell, Joseph B. Mixtec, 215 cosmology, 311 canoe-route map made for, 149, 152-53, on stela at Izapa, 185, 234 Bia's fertility map, pl.13 177,178 on Mesoamerican maps hexagonal social organization, 306, 308 exhibition of maps collected by, 56 n.26 of Apoala Valley, 216 mythic boa, 305 and Jimmy Anderson and Curly Head's in Codex Kingsborough, 189 origin myths, 309, 310 map, 146, 148 Lienzo of Zacatepec 1, 209 and rock of Nyi, 309, 314 map obtained by, 152, 154 General Index 635

Tywerrenge, 359, 359 n.27 134-35, 136, 137 Mesoamerican maps of, 187, 196, 225, Tzitzitl (demon of the dusk), 230-31 Mississippi River, 129, 130 227,252-53 Tzompantli (skull rack), 227 Missouri and South Saskatchewan Urea (high-elevation settings), 280, 281, Rivers, 129-32 297 Uabe River, 47 New Hampshire, 91 n.133 Ureosuyu, 281 Uap (Yap), 420, 421,454,455 New Mexico, 125-26, 127, 177, 179 Urewera country, 512-13 Uawa (Tolaga Bay), 513 northeastern California, 115, 118 Ursa Major. See also Big Dipper Uda Valley, 339 northern and central Plains, 132-33, in Carolinian navigation, 465, 466 Udskoye, 339 134, 135 and native North American mounds, 95 Uexotzinco. See Huexotzinco by Oneida Indians, 68 Urton, Gary, 271-72, 276-77, 295 n.180 Ugidunda (upper world), 333 Pequot country, 73, 179 Uru (west), 497 Ujae Island, 480, 482, 484 by the Pheasant, 68 Uruguay, 8 n.35, 541 Ujelang, 480, 484 Pokanoket land to be sold, 73-74, 179 USSR. See Russia Ukali (Mercury), 486 Rocky Mountains, 132, 133 Usuman dan Fodio, 35 Ulietea. See Ra'iatea route from Richmond, Virginia, to the Utensils, 354-55 Ulloa, Francisco de, 108 n.184 Appalachians, 68 Uto-Aztecan Indians, 52 Uloksak, 158 St. Lawrence, Connecticut, Hudson, and Uurel',346 Uma (low-elevation tropical biomes), 280, Susquehanna Rivers, 77, 77 n.81, 281,297 78-79, 178 Vacecha Indians. See Bahacecha Indians Umari fence constellation, 308, 320 St. Lawrence-Great Lakes, 82, 83 Valley of Mexico, 191, 244, 539, pl.9. See Umasuyu, 281 St. Lawrence River, 67-68, 71-72 also Mexico Umbilical cords, cosmic, 317 by Skiko, 67 n.60 changes in native maps in, 244 Umeda people, 440, 441 de Soto expedition map of Florida and in Codex Boturini, 221 Umiaks, 346, 347 Gulf Coast, 95, 96, 97-98 in Codex Xolotl, 205, 206 Underworld, 538 Susquehanna River, 74-77, 138, 177, in Culhua-Mexica migration, 219 in Eurasian Arctic and Subarctic cosmo- 179 on Humboldt Fragment 2, 222 graphy, 332, 333 territory west of Lake Superior, 145 itinerary histories in, 218 on drums, 334-35, 337 n.287 on Mapa de Santa Cruz, 244, pl.ll on Evenk shaman's costume, 333, 335 Velasco map, 70-71 map media used in, 196-97 Orochi, 337 Virginia, 69-70, 70 n.76, 71, 72 maps of, 184, 186-87, 189, 196, 248-49, in Mesoamerican cosmography, 203, 229 Pacific explorers from, 445 252-53 on ceramic vessels, 197 United States Bureau of Ethnology, 62 property, 203, 224 in Codex Rios, 234, 234 n.137, 236 United States Fish Commission, 490, 492 reference, 207 on Lord Pacal's sarcophagus lid, 235, United States National Park Service, 61 terrestrial, 221 237 United States Signal Service, 166 n.328 palace complexes in, 225 n.115 on Maya plate, 233, 235, 255 Universe. See also Cosmography; Cosmo- systems of land tenure, 213 n.84 Venus in, 240, pl.l0 logy Valleys in native North American cosmography, in Amerindian cosmography, 53 on Bad Heart Bull's map of Black Hills, 53, 139, 141 on map of "Yurok idea of the world," 179 in South American and Caribbean 181 in Comanche ephemeral mapping, cosmology, 309, 310, 311, 312 symbolized in native North American 128-29 United States buildings, 181 on Moche landscape vessel, 279 maps of Universiteitsbibliotheek, Amsterdam, 489 on wampum maps, 89 by Aikon Aushabuc, 52, 68-69 University Museum, University of Pennsyl­ in Yupno worldview, 436 Alaska, 143, 157, 158 vania, Philadelphia, 491 Valverde, Don Francisco de, 125-26, 127 Black Hills, 55, 120-21, 123, 176, 179 University of California, Berkeley, 115, Vansittart Island, 164, 166 Bull Creek valley, 68 118, 172, 172 n.351 Vasiliev, V. N., 333 n.22 Cape Ann, 68 University of Essex, 56 n.26 Vega, 463, 465, 486 Catawba map, 99, 101, pl.4 University of Toronto, 56 n.26 Vega, Garcilaso de la, 285 Chesapeake Bay, 67, 67 n.60, 68, University of Western Australia, 392-99, Vegetation 69-70, 72 400, 401 in Achuar system of landmarks, 303 Chickasaw map, 99-101,115 n.217, Unuroa. See Arrowsmith Mountains on Andean maps 173, 176 Upper New York Bay, 68 Bennett Stela, 282 Colorado River, 61-62, 63, 108, 172, Upperworld, 538 by Guaman Poma, 262-63, 264 177 in Eurasian Arctic and Subarctic cosmo- khipus, 293, 294 Coteau des Prairies, 126-28 graphy, 332, 333 Paracas textiles, 273 Indiana and Illinois, 90-91, 92, 93 on drums, 334-35, 337 Tello Obelisk, 272, 273 James River, 68, 68 n.64 on Evenk shaman's costume, 335 and Australian Aboriginal paintings, 354, Kraus Virginia map, 69-70, 72 Orochi, 337, 339 367 Lake Ontario, 142 n.280 in Mesoamerican cosmography, 203, 240 on Chukchi wooden board map, 341 by Lamhatty, 96-99 on native North American drumheads, in Mesoamerican cosmography, 236 Maine, 68, 85, 86, 90, 91, 180 n.364 141 on Mesoamerican maps Manhattan Island, 68 Ural Mountains, 330 Mapa de Sigiienza, 219 by Martinez, 126, 126 n.240 Urban centers. See also Settlements Relaci6n geografica map of Amoltepec, Mississippi and Missouri Rivers, Andean, 260 214 636 General Index

Vegetation, on Mesoamerican maps (cant.) Vision quests, 310 Walker, John, 96-97, 99 n.162 of Tetliztaca, 246 Visita (inspection tour), 262 Wallis, Samuel, 445, 450 of Zolipa, Veracruz, 243, 244 Visscher, Nicolaes, 285 n.130 Walls, 541 in Moche art, 278 Volcanoes lukalas on, 31-32 in Mountain-Ok mythology, 427 in AltiJ cosmology, 318 on maquetas, 279 n.l0l on native North American maps, 73 Iatmul people and, 440 Mesoamerican maps on, 194, 254-55 by Bad Heart Bull, 119, 122 on Korra-korra's map, 501 (see also Murals) by Ki 00 Cus, 129, 179 on Te Heuheu Tukino II's map, 501 in southern African agriculturalist engrav­ Nazca geoglyphs shaped like, 275 Vollmar, Rainer, 55, 57 ings, 19 in New Zealand, 530 V-shaped signs, 30, 31 Walruses Quechuas equate with constellations, 260 Vyg River, 331, 332, 343 on Chukchi decorated paddle, 347 n.14 on Eurasian Arctic and Subarctic maps, in Zimbabwean rock art, 16 Wabash Land Company, 91 349 Vehicles Wacheksta River, 271 on Illigliak's map, 159 on Mapa de Santa Cruz, 244 Wager Bay, 161, 162 maps engraved on tusks of, 166-67, 176, on native North American message maps, Wagner, Roy, 431, 431 n.32, 434 541 84 Wahgi language, 434 on Teseuke's map, 164 Velasco map, 70-71 Wahpekute (Wah paa Koo ta) Sioux Indi- Walrus sea, 339 Venard, Etienne de, sieur de Bourgmont, ans, 58, 129, 130 Walsingham, Thomas Lord, 348 n.68 124 n.231 Wahpeton Indians, 58 Wampanoag Indians. See Pokanoket Indi- Venezuela, 322 Waiariki, 516 ans Venice, 195 , 505, 506, 506 n.62 Wampum Venus Waihapu, 513, 536 belts, 81, 88-90, 94, 176 in Codex Borgia, 239-40, 253, pl.l0 Waihola. See Waihore Lagoon native North American maps on, 51, Cook observes, 446 Waihore (Ellesmere), 514 88-90 in Eurasian Arctic and Subarctic cosmo- Waihore Lagoon (Waihola), 514 Wampumpeage (white beads made from graphy, 335, 339 , 523, 524 shell), 88 on Hawaiian navigation gourd, 486 Waimate North, 501, 503 Wanaka. See Lake Wanaka on Maya cosmographical plate, 235 Waiparera inlet. See Waituna Lagoon Wandjina, 390 Mesoamerican interest in, 237 Waipuku River, 496 Wandjuk Marika. See Marika, Wandjuk as morning star, pl.l0 Waipurua Bay, 511 Wanganui, 501, 503 in native North American rock art, 65 Wairarapa, 530 Wangara, 38, 38 n.67, 39 in Navajo sandpainting, 109 Wairau Bar, 497 Waninga (Wanigi) string crosses, 359 in Primeros memoriales, 239 Wairaurahiri River, 506 Wanuk. See Lake Wanaka in tomb in Rio Azul, 234 Wairewa (Forsyth), 514 Wanukurduparnta, 362 in Tukano night sky, 308 Wairua (spirit), 497, 501, 509, 531 War. See also Battles Verbal maps, Melanesian, 434-35 Waistbands, 294 depicted on native North American ani­ Verde River, 108 Waitaha, 8, 524 mal hides, 115 Verticality, 260 n.12 Waitaki River, 514, 516 Maori maps relating to, 509, 512-13, Vertical perspective, 340 n.42 on admiralty chart, 519-20 531 n.125 Vessels, ritual, 345, 348 and place-names, 521, 521 n.l02, 522, Mesoamerican maps related to, 225-29, Victoria Island, 157 523 252-53 Victory (ship), pl.8 reference map, 518 cartographic histories and screenfold Vietnam, 421 on Reko's maps, 505 manuscripts, 204, 215 Views, 412. See also Perspectives on Te Ware Korari's maps, 520-23, 535, in Codex Mendoza, 194 aerial, 363 n.41 537-38 frequency of survival, 196 panoramic, 194 Waitangi Bay, 511 native North American maps associated perpendicular, 410 Waitara, 535 with, 117, 172, 180, pl.6 section, 363-64 n.43, 391, 392, 399, Waitawhiri River. See by Gero-Schunu-Wy-Ha, 132-33, 134, 409-10 Waituna Lagoon (Waiparera inlet), 517 180 subterranean, 363 n.41 Waja (flat, round basket), 318, 319 Nootka map, 112, 113, 180 Vilcanota, 286 n.133 Waka (canoes, whaling boats), 493, 501, preparation for, 69 Vilcanota River, 260 n.14 513, 530 Warao people, 301 Villages. See Settlements Waka (unit of measurement), 496 cosmology, 309-13, 315, 317 Villasur, Pedro de, 124 n.231 Wakarihariha, 516-18 n.92 ecological and mythological criteria used Vineyards, 409-10 Wakarukumoana (Whakarukumoana, Lake by, 308, 313 Vinnicombe, Patricia, 13 McGregor), pl.24 War Department, 124 Viracocha, 280 n.l03, 281, 286, 287 Wakatipu (Wakatepa), 514, 516 Ware Korari, Te. See Te Ware Korari Viracocha Inka, 289 Wakea (sky father), 486 Wareyang, 470 Virginia Wakuenai, Arawakan, 316-17 Warhus, Mark, 56, 57 Algonquian cosmography from, 52, 69, Walam Olum (Red Record), 7-8, 82 n.99 Warlpiri people, 365, 408, 539 70, 175, 181 n.367 Wales, Prince of, 99, pl.4 Warriors, 235, 238 Percy's map of, 69-70, 72 Walka (marks), 387-88 Waselkov, Gregory A., 88 n.120, 94, 99 route map to the Appalachians, 68 Walkaln-aw (Milkfish Totemic Center), 377 n.162 Smith's 1612 map of, 69, 70 n.76, 71 n.82 Wash, maps in, 154,160,411 Virti Valley, 283, 284 Walker, J. and C., 34 Washauwenega Bay. See Shawanaga Inlet General Index 637

Washington, George, 68, 105 Watson, Helen, 364, 364 n.47 n.125 Washoe Indians, 109 Watun ("shooting" constellation), 112 Whare (unit of measurement), 496 Wassen, Henry, 291 Waves, 185, 234. See also Swells, ocean Whare Kauri. See Chatham Islands Wassman, Jiirg, 435 n.43, 436 n.44 Wayfinding, 187 Wheeler, George M., 113 Watchtowers, 119 Waymarkers. See Toas Wheels, medicine, 54, 63 n.46 Water. See also Hydrography; Hydrology; We, the Navigators (David Lewis), 455 Whenua, 494-95 and specific types of bodies of Weagamow Lake Ojibwa Indians. See Whipple, Amiel Weeks, 106 n.183, 177, water Ojibwa Indians 177 n.360 in Achuar system of landmarks, 303 Weapons. See also specific weapons Whistles, 282 in African cartography Australian Aboriginal paintings on, White, John, 498 n.25, 500, 501, 501 n.39 on Bernus's maps, 39 354-55, 357 White Bird, 53 Bozo cosmography, 28 on Chukchi decorated paddle, 347 White-Eyes, 88, 88 n.120 Kongo cosmography, 27 maps on, 541 Whitehead, Neil,S, 540 rock art, 16 on Sayhuite Stone, 288 White Island, 162 in Andean cartography Weather, 287, 288, 299 White Island (Whakari), 501, 501 n.41 associated with pumas, 285, 285 n.129 Weber, Max, 442 White Mesa, 64 and ceque system, 286 Weirs, 343 White River, 119, 122 on maps regarding reed beds, 263-64, Wellington, 501 Whites, in cosmology, 317, 319 265 Wellman, Klaus, 57, 61 Whitianga, 500 metaphors for, 299 Wells Wichita Indians, 173, 174 on Nasca pottery, 278 on Australian Aboriginal paintings, 367, Wigenund, 88 Nazca geoglyphs and, 276, 277 377, 378, 379 Wikaiyai (San Bernardino Mountain, San at Old Temple at Chavin de Huantar, on Bozo cosmographical map, 28 Gorgonio Peak), 112 272 n.57 on maps of Tuareg grazing areas, 38, 40 Wikhegan (maps incorporating recent on Santa Cruz Pachacuti's drawing, 297 Wenua (land, country), 494-95 events and immediate intentions), in Taypikala, 280 Wernerian Society, 166, 166 n.327 86 n.116, 173 at Tiwanaku, 283 Werowocomoco, 70, 72 Wik region, 377 in Australian Aboriginal cartography, Wessell Islands, 371, 372 Wikusko Lake, 154 389, 407 West Wilberforce (Waitawhiri) River, 524, 525 on map of Angas Downs cattle station, on Bernus's maps, 40 Wilbert, Johannes, 312-13 408 in Mesoamerican cosmography, 203 Wild Honey (Australian Aborigine ancestral on map of day's hunt, 393 in Codex Fejervary-Mayer, 230, 231 being),376 on map of Gumadir River, 399 in Codex Madrid, 233 Wild rice, 80 on map of Lake Polgu and Milgari in Navajo sandpainting, 110 Williams, Denis, 309 n.23 Creek, 392 Westall, William, 355 Williams, Herbert William, 494-95 on map of Margulidjban and environs, Westen, Thomas von, 336 Williams, Nancy M., 401-3, 406, pl.21 395, 397, 400, 401 Western Desert, Australia, 379-84, 388-89, Williamson, James, 525 paintings, 367 539 Winchenem ceremonial group, 377, 377 on Eurasian Arctic and Subarctic Khant Western Muskogean languages, 99 n.166 n.81, 378 signs, 343 Western Sioux Indians. See Lakota Sioux Windigo, 149, 151, 154, 155, 177 in Melanesian cosmography, 431, 431 Indians; Sioux Indians Windows, 295, 316 n.32 West Fayu, 471, 472 Wind roses in Mesoamerican cartography West Polynesia, 419 from Cook Islands, 465 cosmography, 229, 235, 255 West Siberian Plain, 330 n.5, 342 Polynesian, 458-59 Mapa de Sigiienza, 219 West Wood Cree Indians. See Cree Indians on Tigrean maps, 29, 29 n.32 map of Amoltepec, 214 Wetalltok, 155, 164, 165 Winds map of Apoala Valley, 216 Wetherill, Louisa Wade, 110 and etak, 474-75 pictographs for, 200, 200 n.54 Weule, Karl, 37 gourds used to symbolize, 459, 487 n.l11 in native North American cartography, Whakamatau. See Lake Coleridge in Indonesian navigation, 488 82, 142 n.280 Whakarewa. See Lake Browning and Marshallese sailing, 476 Watercolor, maps in, 409, 410 Whakari. See White Island during modern canoe voyage, 461 n.51 Maori, 499, 515, 533 Whakariki, 524 and Oceanic mental navigation, 443 native North American, 115, 118, 120, Whakarukumoana. See Wakarukumoana in Oglala Sioux cosmography, 53 121, 138 Whales, 162 and Polynesian navigation, 450-51, 451 Waterfalls. See also Falls in Carolinian navigation, 466 n.27 on map of Apoala Valley, 216 on Chukchi decorated paddle, 347 on Tahitian compasses, 497 in South American and Caribbean carto­ on Eurasian Arctic and Subarctic canoe Winkler, Captain [Otto?], 476-79, 479 graphy, 303 benches, 346 n.94, 480-82 in terrestrial hexagon, 306 on Eurasian Arctic and Subarctic maps, Wiremu Kingi Rangitakei, 525, 528 on wampum maps, 89 349 Wisconsin, 79, 79 n.91 Water holes, 128-29 on Illigliak's map, 159 Wisconsin glaciation, 146 Water-lily pads, 200 n.54 Whale sea, 339 Wisconsin River, 81 Waterman, T. T., 118, 181 Whaling, 329, 348 Wise Solar Elder Brother, 273 Water rights, Andean, 258-59, 262 Whaling stations, 531 n.125, 534 Wissman, Hermann von, 36 Watersheds, 65, 179 Whangaroa Harbor. See Port Hutt Witsen, Nicolaas, 330, 340-41, 342 Water sprites, 108-9 Whare (houses), 493, 505, 513, 520, 531 Wofiilu (star courses), 466 638 General Index

Wogeo Island, 440 on Olmec cosmogram, 234 Years Woleai Atoll, 454 n.36, 467 n.69 on stela at Izapa, 185, 234, 255 in Mesoamerican cosmography, 203, 231, measurement systems, 465 on Tizoc stone, 238 232, 232 star compass from, 463, 464 World Wildlife Fund, 540 on Mesoamerican maps star courses from, 466 War n'su (tunnel system), 435 in Codex Boturini, 218, 221 Wolf, Aggan, 138-39 Wotho Island, 480, 484 of Tenochtitlan, 193, 194, 236 Wolf, Ludwig, 36 Wotje Atoll, 453 Year signs, 231 Woliagwi Mountain, pl.23 Wright, Robin, 319, 320 Yeba, 307-8 n.18, 310, 311, 312 Wolverines, 342 Writing Ye'cuanas Women. See also Gender Inka lack of, 258 n.8 basketry, 318, 319 Amazon, 324 Mesoamerican, 183, 185, 198-200, 201, cosmology, 311, 316 Australian Aboriginal art by, 389, 392, 209 and Western forms of cartography, 393 Writing Rock, North Dakota, 63 n.46 321-22 on Australian Aboriginal maps, 393 Written maps, Melanesian, 435-38, 439, Yee Hecaya, 236 and birchbark message maps, 342-43 440,441 Yellowknife Indians, 143 n.51 Wuben, 377, 377 n.82 Yellowstone Lake, 114 and design biting, 142 Wukari,40 Yellowstone Park, 114 Maori, 518 n.92 Wuriang, 470 n.74 Yellowstone River, 114, 124 and Mesoamerican map production, 197 Wurrawurraoi, 412 ¥embii (path), 426 Murik, 440 n.48 Wuthelpal, 379 n.87 Yirritja , 376 and Oceanic navigation, 455 Wyandot Indians, 89 Ylhuicatl Huix Tutla, 236 in Pankalangu Ceremonies at Wyman, Leland, 110 Ylhuicatl Mamaluacoca, 236 Yamunturnga, pl.19 Ylhuicatl Tlalocaypanmeztli, 236 and southern African agriculturalist (Place of the Spiders in the Sand), Ylhuicatl Tunatiuh, 236 engravings, 22 221 Ylhuicatl Tztlalicoe, 236 and Warlpiri "sand stories," 408 Xatea (Pleiades), 112 Ylhuicatl Xoxouhca (Green Sky), 236 Yupno, 436 n.44 Xavante peoples, 311 Ylhuicatl Yayauhea (Green and Black Sky), Wood Xawitai (grass snake or blue garter snake) 236 as Australian Aboriginal art medium, (constellation), 112 Yolngu people 355, 357-58, 359, 366, 370, 385 Xibalba (Underworld), 235, 237, 237 design elements of paintings, 364 boards, maps on, 330, 340-42, 343, 541 n.148 maps by, 401-3, 404, 405, 406, 407, carvings, 31, 531, 531 n.126 Xicalango, 228, 228 n.123 pl.2l Eurasian Arctic and Subarctic maps on, Xilkalr (red racer snake) (constellation), and secrecy, 371-73 340-44, 345, 346, 348 112 Yon (gardens), 430 in lukasa memory boards, pl.2 Xilotepec, 199, 201 Yoneda, Keiko, 191, 221-22 n.l04 Maori maps on, 531 Xilotl (maize), 199, 201 York Factory Indians, 146, 147 native North American maps on, 166-68, Xiuhtecuhtli (Fire Lord), 232, 234 Yoruba, 7, 27-28, 28 n.21 169 Xochimilco, 225, 226, 252-53 Young, Thomas, 478 stakes, geoglyphs and, 275, 275 n.77 Xolotl, 205 n.67, 207, 208, 218, 220, 249, Youri,35 tools made of, 65 539-40, pl.9. See also Codex Yu, Emperor, 63 n.46 Wood, Denis, 2 n.3 Xolotl Yucatan Peninsula Woodworking, 301 Xolotl (monstrous canine), 239-40 maps from, 196, 210 (see also Manl, Woodworth, W. McM., 490, 492 Xonecuilli (Staff) (constellation), 239 map of) Wopkaimin people, 429, 430 Maya spoken boundary map in, 220 Words. See also Text Yahi Indians, 115, 118,172,172 n.351 n.l0l Maori, 494-95 Yahui coo maa (Deep Cave of the Serpent), place-names on correlated with map of native North American, 52-53 215 Manl, 210 and South American and Caribbean Yaje trance, 307 rarity of lienzos in, 195 n.37 cartography, 303 Yakurrukaji, 362 Yucatec Maya, 185 transmission of information through, 322 Yakuts, 333, 345 Yucca leaves, 65 Worhanimoos, 470 Yakutsk Museum, 333 Yuchi Indians, 103 Worhankayusomw, 470 Yalangbara, 413, 414 ¥ucu (hill), 199-200 Worhayiniyarhurhan, 470 Yamparlinyi, 362 ¥ucu nama (Hill of the Soap Plant). See World, pontifical, 295, 297, 299 Yana Indians, 115 Amoltepec World disks. See Disks, earth Yanktonai Indians, 58, 127 n.241 Yucu satuta (Hill of Seven Waters). See World Resources Institute, 540 Yankton Indians, 58 Zacatepec World sea, 310 Yap. See Uap Yuendumu, 362 World trees, 187, 229, 234 Yapu (hill), 389 Yukagirs, 340, 342, 348 in Codex Borgia, 232 n.132 Yarangas, 347 Yukon Territory in Codex Fejervary-Mayer, 230, 231, 253 Yarapat, 436-38, 440, 441 map of Kohklux's route in, 115, 116-17, in Codex Madrid, 233 Yarisque, 295 n.180 180 in Eurasian Arctic and Subarctic cosmo­ Yarn, 290, 290 n.162 survey maps of, 152 graphy, 333, 334, 334 Yavapai Indians, 108, 113 Yulyupunyu, 362 on Lord Pacal's sarcophagus lid, 234-35, Yaye,310 Yuman (Quechuan) Indians, 106 n.183, 237 Yayua, 323 108 n.189, 177, 177 n.360, 178 on Maya plate, 233 Yazoo River, 101 ¥ungas zone, 278 General Index 639

Yupanas (abacal maize tablets), 291, 291 Zacatlan, 208 Zigzags, 340 n.165, 293, 297 Zagwe kings, 30 Zimbabwe, 16-17, 18 Yupno people, 435-36, 437, 438, 439 Zaire. See Democratic Republic of Congo Zodiac, 29, 237 n.150 Yupno River, 435, 436 Zalavruga II, 331, 332 Zolipa, Veracruz, 243, 244 Yurok Indians, 53, 181 Zambezi River, 35 Zones, life, 259-60, 262, 267, 297 Yurts, 345 Zantwijk, R. A. M. van, 191, 193 n.33 Zoomorphs, 62, 62 n.45, 64 Yuta ndua nama (River of the Barranca of Zapotecs, 183, 187, 187 n.13 Zorita, Alonso de, 187 the Soap Plant), 215 and circumambulation, 220 Zoyatl (palm), 246 Yuta tnuhu (River of the Lineages), 215 and cloth maps, 195 Zuidema, R. Tom Yves d'Evreux, 320 and hieroglyphs, 199 on Bennett Stela, 282 Yzmictlan Apochcaloca, 236 language, 187, 187 n.13 on ceque system, 287 Yztapal Nanazcaya (Sky of the Roses), 236 Zaria, 35 on Inka use of puma image, 285 Yztepetl (the Mountains of the Knives), Zeilik, Michael, 65 on khipus, 291 236 Zenith on Nasca pottery, 277 gods of, 315 on tocapu designs, 294 Zacatepec 1, Lienzo of, 196, 201, 202-3, in native North American cosmography, Zuni Indians, 108, 172 207-8, 208 n.72, 209, 213, 241, 53 Zverinye znaki (beast signs), 342 248-49 "Zenith star" navigational method, 460, Zacatepec 2, Lienzo of, 213, 248-49 460 n.48