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Vivianite (ferrous phosphate) alleviates iron chlorosis in grapevine
I. DÍAZ, V. BARRÓN, M. C. DEL CAMPILLO J. TORRENT
D C R A F , U C , E C , C , S
Summary F . E , - , , ,
Synthetic vivianite [Fe3(PO4)2·8H2O] has been re- REYES et al. . ported to alleviate iron (Fe) chlorosis in crops growing M M on calcareous soils. To test the effectiveness of vivianite F . S - in grapevine we carried out three-year (2003 to 2005) BAVARESCO et al. experiments in vineyards located in six different areas F . T of Spain with Denomination of Origin (Rioja, Ribera A Vitis del Duero, La Mancha, Montilla-Moriles, Condado de , Huelva, and Jerez), which differed in grapevine root- . H , stock/variety, climate, and soil properties. In all cases F - there was at least one treatment in which a suspension . T F - of vivianite was injected into the soil at the beginning ; , of the experiment in spring, one control (“–Fe”, no Fe . . fertilizer added) treatment, and one or more treatments . P S I - with Fe chelate (FeEDDHA) or an Fe(II) salt applied yearly. The concentration of chlorophyll per unit leaf F PO H O area was estimated with a portable chlorophyll meter F EYNARD et al. (readings in SPAD units). The SPAD value and the , DEL CAMPILLO et al. , trunk perimeter increment of the vines fertilized with ROSADO et al. , ROMBOLÀ et al. . vivianite were significantly higher than those of the con- M , F , trol (-Fe) vines through the three years in all fields ex- DEL CAMPILLO cept the Jerez one. Vivianite was not significantly more et al. , ROSADO et al. . T effective than Fe-sulfate (in Rioja field) or Fe chelate (in - - - La Mancha field). Our results suggest in summary that F . T , vivianite is effective in improving the Fe nutrition of - . vine and has a significant long-lasting effect of at least three years. This is ascribed to vivianite being incon- gruently dissolved to produce a poorly crystalline Fe Material and Methods oxide phase (lepidocrocite), which is considered to be a good source of Fe to plant. Vivianite is effective, readily S prepared in the field, not easily leached from the soil, T cheap, and environmentally safe, constituting thus an D O S , adequate Fe fertilizer for grapevine. R , R D , L M , M - M , C H J . T K , , , - , - , . - , , T . . O R D - L . I Introduction , F I F - . . T F - C - , . - S - , . G BAVARESCO et al. GEE BAUDER , - , GRUBER KOSEGARTEN , OC, ; WALKLEY . NIKOLIC RÖMHELD - BLACK , H . - - EC, . T
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OLSEN, S. R.; COLE C. V.; WATANABE, F. S.; DEAN, L. A.; E ROSADO, R.; DEL CAMPILLO, M. C.; MARTÍNEZ M. A.; BARRÓN, V.; TORRENT, - J.; L - - . USDA C US G P O W - . P S 241, - . , DC . SCHWERTMANN, U.; D E B REYES, I.; TORRENT, J.; C - - E A -L . Z. P . . S S . S . A . J. 61, B . 105, - . - . VAN WESEMAEL, J. C.; D - REYES, J. M.; DEL CAMPILLO, M. C.; TORRENT, J.; S . C W 51, - . M WALKLEY, A.; BLACK, I. A.; A D - M A , S S . C . S S . P A . 37, - . . S S . 37, - . REYNIER, A.; M V M P M . WINTERMANS, J. F. G. M.; DE MOTS, A.; S - ROLDÁN, R.; BARRÓN, V.; TORRENT, J.; E . . C M . 37, B . B . A 109, - . - . YANGUAS, R.; DEL CAMPILLO, M. C.; TORRENT, J.; P ROMBOLÀ A. D.; TOSELLI, M.; CARPINTERO, J.; AMMARI, T.; QUARTIERI, M.; TORRENT, J.; MARANGONI, B.; P - . A 41, - . Actinidia deliciosa - ZAZOSKI, R. J.; BURAU, R. G.; A - - . J. P N . 26, . C . S S . P - . A . 8, - .
Received January 27, 2009