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地理学論集 Geographical Studies №86（2011) №86（2011) Current Status of Tourism and Roles of a Proposed Local

Guide Association in Pasu, Northern Areas of

Teiji WATANABE＊, Yasuhiro OCHIAI＊＊, Kazuo MIZUSHIMA＊＊, Shuji IWATA＊＊＊and Hermann KREUTZMANN＊＊＊＊

Abstract Most local guides believe that they understand ecotourism and that they have experiences in conducting ecotours (9.7 times on average). Ecotourism development in Pasu, however, was found not to be even at an early stage. The local guides are not ready to translate the interpretation into action in the field although they tend to overrate their understanding and knowledge of ecotourism. This great gap is attributed to lack of their actual interpretive skills and knowledge. This study proposes the creation of a local guide association in Pasu, which would have the four functions: (1) ecotourism- programme development; (2) environmental conservation; (3) fund raising; and (4) negotiation and communication functions.

Key words：ecotourism development, environmental conservation, local guide association, guide training programme, Northern Areas of Pakistan, Pasu

Ⅰ . Introduction to become a valuable resource for income Tourism has grown to become an generation in a combined mountain agriculture industry, which regional planners and advisers system (cf. Ehlers and Kreutzmann, 2000). The have been suggesting as a valuable resource question is whether the tourism structure is to improve income-generation conditions in eco-friendly and whether an adaptive strategy deficient areas. Thus it is not surprising that has to be qualified in a way that shows how mountain tourism in attractive locations is a natural assets are incorporated into the tourism prime target region for tourism activities. Since enterprises, how local entrepreneurs participate the 1980s a special form of tourism has been in income-generating opportunities, and how promoted as ecotourism. Ecotourism attempts to the dependency on these external resources be in line with sustainable development. Nature develops. protection, intervention with consideration and In the Valley of the Northern local participation in the value chain are key Areas tourism was brought in only after concepts of ecotourism. With the establishment the opening of the (Karakorum) of in 1975 the Hunza Highway (KKH) in 1978, the upper valley up Valley has experienced quite some interventions to Pasu () was incorporated by 1982 and in the tourism sector, which has grown trans-boundary tourism through Khunjerab

＊ Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Japan ＊＊ Department of Geography, College of Humanities and Sciences, Nihon University, Japan ＊＊＊ Faculty of Tourism, Rikkyo University, Japan ＊＊＊＊ Centre for Development Studies - Geographic Sciences, Free University Berlin, Germany

－41－ National Park to PR of was permitted for bordering China, is famous for glaciers (Batura, international travelers after 1986 (Kreutzmann, Pasu, and Ghulkin) and prominent mountain 2003a). After a boom of tourism in the 1980s and peaks (e.g., Batura, Shishpare, and ). 1990s the events connected to the '9.11' incidence Kreutzmann (1996) examined tourism in the had severe and detrimental effects on tourism upper Hunza area until the first half of the1 980s, in Northern Pakistan. With the widening of the and found that the Pasu village is one of the KKH as a bilateral Pak-Chinese project increased villages that can be directly affected by tourism interest of Chinese tourists can be expected and development. Tourism in the upper Hunza area a number of international tourist groups already including Pasu with a high tourism-development approach the Hunza Valley from China only. In potential (Butz, 1995; Mock and O'Neil, 1996), addition improved infrastructure will facilitate a however, has been less studied so far. further increase of domestic tourism. The important components for ecotourism The Government of Pakistan and IUCN development include infrastructure (hotels and published in 2003 a strategy for sustainable restaurants), natural as well as historical/cultural development in which 'sustainable tourism' attractions (tourism resources), porters, guides, pays an important role. They state: "…tourism and tour companies. Among these, infrastructure activities in the region have been heavily based is slowly but steady increasing, attractions are upon the NAs outstanding landscape and very rich, porters have an association system dramatic mountain scenery; … Tourism in the (will be described later), and tour companies Northern Areas is also associated with a number are linked with local guides in many cases in of environmental impacts. Tourism development Pasu. The local guides, therefore, are key to is largely unplanned, and there are no land-use ecotourism development in Pasu. Many guides or zoning schemes in place to guide or control in actual contribute to (eco)tours in mountainous activities" (GoP and IUCN, 2003: 45). Among developing countries such as (e.g., Gurung their recommendations we find: "Diversify et al., 1996; Nepal, 2001) and Kenya (Christ, 1994). the tourism product by promoting activities There are, however, the roles of the guides in such as wildlife viewing, low altitude trekking Pasu have not been studied at all. and cultural tourism; … establish a Tourism This study, focusing on the village of Training Institute within the Northern Areas, in Pasu and local guides, first examines the current order to enhance human resource development" status of tourism and guide system. A guide (GoP and IUCN, 2003: 47). It is surprising that is expected to play a large number of roles no mention of ecotourism is made here and in ecotourism (Weiler and Ham, 2001). A local that the local entrepreneurs such as hotel and guide is defined in this study as a guide of Pasu guesthouse owners, guides and porters are not origin regardless of residence, who is employed mentioned. These developments could enhance on a paid basis. This study then examines the prospects for ecotourism and it seems local guides' views to ecotourism and discusses high time to consider an improved and sound shortcomings in the capabilities of local guides; structure of providing local tourism services. and finally proposes a creation of a local guide Most previous studies on tourism association to develop ecotourism in the area. development in the Northern Areas have been The Pasu villagers have shown interests in conducted in the lower Hunza area, ie, and wildlife conservation, on 15 August 2004 they Karimabad (e.g., Kreutzmann, 1995, 1996, 2003a). established Pasu Community Conservation Area The upper Hunza area, also known as , (PCCA). Pasu has an advantage in ecotourism

－42－ development not only because of the newly sparse vegetation cover. created PCCA, but also because of the 'Batura The inhabitants of the village belong to National Park Proposal', which was suggested the Wakhi speakers. The population consists 872 in the presidential speech to the Alpine Club persons with 112 households (as of 2006). The of Pakistan in December 1995 (Snow Leopard local economy is characterized by combined Trust, 1997). Nevertheless, Pasu fails to meet mountain agriculture. Crop cultivation focuses even the rudimentary status of ecotourism as on grain crops and potatoes as a cash crop. In will be described later. addition, orchards contribute fruit harvest of Field observations and interviews with apples and apricots, which only partially are the community representatives and local marketed while the main contributes to the guides were conducted between 2001 and 2008. staple diet (Ochiai and Mizushima, 2004). In Questionnaire to local guides, which consists addition animal husbandry is combined with crop of 14 questions, was prepared in English to cultivation, natural pastures along the Batura determine: (1) local guides' definition and glacier provide ample fodder grounds while the expectations of ecotourism; (2) their perception animals need to be stall-fed during nine months of ecotourism and relationship between of the year. Eighty-seven households sent a herd ecotourism and local resources; and (3) their of 282 yaks, 356 cattle/cows, 1,547 goats, and 468 perception of necessity in non-personal (non- sheep to the pastures along the in verbal) interpretation sources for ecotourism 1998 (Kreutzmann, 2006). Income diversification in Pasu. The questionnaire was distributed to is augmented by the remittances of migrants all accessible 22 local guides out of 37 in Pasu, who substantially contribute to the household Gilgit, and Islamabad by hand, as well as in incomes. Tourism is therefore mainly another, foreign countries by e-mail in 2007. Twenty- nevertheless for some households significant one guides responded to the questionnaire. In resource of income diversification. Up to 2007 addition, questionnaire survey was conducted investments have been made into seven small with 61 Pasu residents other than the local hotels/lodges (hereafter collectively referred guides to learn their views on tourism in to as 'hotels'), five shops, and two independent September and October 2008. The questionnaire restaurants. In addition domestic handicraft sheet (10 questions) was distributed to the production, provision of food items to restaurants residents under the guidance of a local leader. and hotels and other services are indirectly linked to tourism. In fact tourism could act as Ⅱ . Study area one of the few job opportunities locally. Pasu village (2,500 m) is located close to the three glaciers of Batura, Pasu, and Ghulkin Ⅲ . Current status of tourism and guide (Fig. 1), which terminate approximately at system in Pasu 2500 m asl and are easy to access from KKH 1. Current status of tourism (Fig. 2A). These three glaciers have different Table 1 shows the number of the characteristics (Owen and Derbyshire 1993), so overnight tourists at five out of seven hotels in that the glacial-landscape diversity is a great Pasu, from which data were provided. These potential in glacier tourism to be developed hotels include top-end, moderate, and inexpensive (Iwata and Watanabe, 2007). Geological structure hotels. This area attracts tourists from all over as well as depositional landforms as 'geotour' the world, among which Japanese contribute the resources can be clearly visible because of highest number followed by Germany and the

－43－ Fig. 1. The village of Pasu (centre) and the three glaciers of Batura (right), Pasu (centre), and Ghulkin (left), viewed from Abdegar. (Photo by Teiji Watanabe, 2007)

Fig. 2. Study area (A) and the major existing trekking routes in the Pasu area (B). BG: Batura Glacier; PG: Pasu Glacier; GG: Ghulkin Glacier.

－44－ Table 1. Overnight tourist number at five hotels in Pasu.

UK. In recent the number of domestic visitors enlarges risks in local economies. Village seems to be increasing and cannot be ignored. communities in the Hunza Valley are well aware Figure 3A shows the total number of of the fact that they mainly have to depend on tourists staying overnight at the two selected themselves. Consequently we find in all villages hotels in Pasu. One of the hotels examined was a of Gojal quite a number of institutions, which top-end hotel, and the other was an inexpensive reflect self-governance. In fact, Pasu was one hotel. The changing trends of the tourists of the pioneering villages in accessing formal staying at each hotel were similar (not shown in education as a means to diversify incomes. the figure): these can be representative of Pasu When the Aga Khan Rural Support Programme as a whole although the data were collected only (AKRSP) started its activities in Hunza, by at the two hotels. The number of tourists staying the mid-1980s Pasu developed to be a leading at the hotels had increased at a high rate until village organization (VO) (AKRSP, 1988) which 2001. The number, however, suddenly decreased proactively developed the newly irrigated area of after the incidence of '9.11' in 2001. This decrease Janabad Das. Therefore it is not surprising that since October 2001 is attributed not only to Pasu villagers have acted in the tourism sector the '9.11' incidence, but also to a growing social similarly. From an early stage villagers were unrest in the -Pakistan border area, concerned to approach an equitable distribution the Kargil conflict, and an outbreak of Severe to enable several persons to share the proceeds Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) in China from accompanying trekkers and climbers along in 2003 although the upper Hunza area has been glacier walks and on the approach paths to high safe and has not been affected by SARS. peaks. Since the '9.11' incidence, the number has The Batura Glacier trekking has been gradually increased but the absolute number managed by a village organization of the Pasu still remains small (Fig. 3A). This demonstrates Reform Panel (PRP) since 2001. It is the most that great reliance to tourism has a great risk popular among the trekking activities around to the local economy. Kreutzmann (2003b) Pasu: the PRP president said that 12-15 groups warns that complete dependency on tourism went to the Batura Glacier trekking out of 18

－45－ Fig. 3. Change of the total number of persons with overnight stay at the selected two hotels among seven in Pasu from 1998 (A), and the increase in the number of hotels in Pasu (B). (Source: visitors' books at the hotels for A, and interview for B)

Table 2. Availability of non-personal interpretation sources, and the raking of their necessity perceived by the local guides in Pasu.

－46－ groups that stayed in Pasu in 2005. Other major number of employment: 32.6 times in their life). trekking routes are: Werthum Pass and Lupdor As a result, most interviewed residents (86.9%) (long treks); Abdegar, Yashpirt, and Patundas provided a positive answer to the question, (medium treks); and Yunz (day treks). Many "is the current tourism in Pasu economically tourists visit the Borit Lake and the suspension benefitial to the Pasu community?". bridges of Pasu and Hussaini. The number of registered porters attained Availability in the non-personal (non- 45 in the summer of 2000 (Ochiai, 2001), and verbal) interpretation sources (Table 2) was increased to approximately 60 in the summer of assessed by interviewing with tour companies 2004. They are mountain farmers and herders and representatives of the local community, when they are not engaged as porters. A salary, as well as by observing in the field. Table 2 which is fixed according to 'stage' (padow in suggests that most tourists have to rely on ) or a standardized section, was Rs 310 (Rs guidebooks and website as information sources 60 = US$ 1) per stage in 2003 (Paley 2005) and before visiting the area, and that they learn Rs 350 in 2006. One way from Pasu to Lupdor no more kinds of non-personal interpretation along the Batura Glacier (Fig. 1B) is assigned sources are available when they arrive in the six stages, and one way to Guchesm (Gutshem, area. This means that roles of the local guides Gutches, Guchem) is five stages. One percent of are essential for ecotourists visiting Pasu: the their salary goes to the PTP. local guides are stakeholders to satisfy visitors Guides, on the other hand, have no local to Pasu as well as to develop ecotourism in Pasu. association: the local community organization of PRP has no effectiveness in managing the 2. Current guide system guides. They are always paid per day, including Pasu has a local porter association system rest days. The salary to be paid to guides varies, but no local guide association system to date. A with the general earning of Rs 600 per day for guide association would be more complex than a 1-3 clients, Rs 900 per day for 4-6 clients, and Rs porter association. Nevertheless, the local porter 1,200 per day for 7 or more. The questionnaire association system is briefly described first for survey shows that 62.5% of the answered discussion of possibilities in a creation of a local local guides (N=21) have other jobs, and that guide association in the future. the percentage of income from other jobs is The local porter association of Pasu was 21.4% (range = 0-50%). One local guide said established by PRP in 1994-1995, with which that a guide association is not necessary at this local residents can be registered as a porter to moment but will be necessary in the future. He be hired on a rotational basis (Ochiai, 2001). Each admitted that the attitude of most local guides participating household can be given an equal is just to earn money by guiding, which differs share in the porter business (Kreutzmann, 1996). from the common responses from the guides This means that no outside porters are allowed in an area at the minimal stage of ecotourism to work when trekking is practiced in the development such as in Madagascar, eg, 'to help territory of Pasu. Such a porter system exists in with the protection of the environment' (Ormsby the adjacent community of , where Butz and Mannle, 2006). (2006) examined portering labour relations. The A professional guide (tour guide, questionnaire survey in 2008 with 61 residents trekking guide, and climbing guide) in Pakistan (52 males and 9 females) shows that 77.0% (all is required to obtain a governmental license. were males) have experiences in portering (mean A list prepared by the local guides had 37

－47－ names in 2007 although an interview with climbing guides (including one hunting guide in the PRP representatives suggested that the winter); and five guides are mostly practicing number of licensed guides of Pasu origin was tour/culture guides. Their guiding destinations 16-18. A trekking company based in Islamabad are not limited to the Gojal area. The average also provided the same number. Among experience period as a professional guide of 21 21 interviewed guides, 16 guides have the interviewed guides is 10.3 years (range = 3-20 governmental license, and 5 have no license. The years). license does not require specialized trainings of ecotourism. 3. Local guides' views to ecotourism Ten out of 31 local guides live in Pasu All interviewed local guides have heard throughout year, 22 seasonally live either in the term, ecotourism, and they answered that Pasu (October to April) or in a large city such they know the definition of ecotourism (Table as Islamabad (May to September), and five live 3A). About 85% of them (18 guides out of 21) abroad (two reside in UK, one in Chile, one in have conducted 'cotours' (Table 4A), taking their Australia, and one in Japan). Ten guides always clients to the surrounding areas (Table 4B). living in Pasu (they have no governmental Eighteen local guides (about 85%) also believe license) are trekking/climbing guides and that ecotourism is important in Pasu, and 15-18 mainly guide to the Gojal area (Batura, Pasu, local guides (about 83-100%) answered that and Khunjerab National Park). Among 22 interpretation of natural and social resources is guides seasonally living in Pasu and the large important for ecotourism (Table 3B). city, 17 guides are mostly practicing trekking/ Further questionnaire survey, however,

Table 3. Summary of the local guides' answers to the questions related to ecotourism in Pasu.

－48－ Table 4. Characteristics of 'ecotours' conducted by Ⅳ . A creation of a local guide association the local guides (N = 21). for ecotourism development Number of It would take long years to change the answer existing governmental policies or the attitudes of A) Number of ecotour experiences already-developed tour companies based in large 20 times or more 5 6 - 19 times 7 cities such as Islamabad. A creation of a local 1 - 5 times 6 guide association in a small community such None 3 as Pasu would be easier and faster to develop Average 9.7 ecotourism. As described earlier Pasu created B) Ecotour destinations the VO with the assistance of AKRSP. It also Pasu village 16 has the Pasu Development Organization (PDO) Batura Glacier 5 Shimshal village and pass 5 created by the community residents themselves Khunjerab National Park 3 for institutional and economic development. The PRP was created under the umbrella of C) Tourism resources interpreted Environment 2 the PDO. None of the existing organizations, Nature 2 however, functions exclusively for ecotourism/ Vegetation 2 tourism development. A new social structure of Wildlife 1 Glacier 1 the local guide association to exclusively handle Geography 1 ecotourism/tourism is preferable in Pasu. The Agriculture 2 local guide association can take a responsibility Culture 1 in ecotourism development, whereas the PRP History 1 Responses to B and C weregathered through or the POD, overseeing the guide association, open-ended questions during conducted interviews. may find its major roles in supervising the guide association. suggests that the local guides are likely to This study proposes the creation of a local overrate their understanding and knowledge guide association because the association has the of ecotourism. Table 4A shows that five local potential to serve the following four functions guides have more than 20 times of 'ecotour' (e.g., Black et al., 2001; Weiler and Ham, 2002; experiences (average = 9.7 times) in the past. Stone and Wall, 2003; Ormsby and Mannle, 2006): The number, however, is too large if the annual (1) ecotourism-programme development function number of group trekkers was 18 in 2005 and if (guide training and ecotours); (2) environmental the average experience period as a professional conservation function; (3) fund raising function; guide is 10.3 years as stated before. The local and (4) negotiation and communication function. guides are most likely to misinterpret definition of 'ecotourism'. 1. Ecotourism-programme development One of the most important roles of tour function guides for ecotourism is interpretation (e.g., Tables 2 and 4C show that development of Weiler and Ham, 2001). Local guides understand ecotourism programmes is preferable. Table the importance of interpretation (Table 3B); 3B shows that most local guides suggest the however, the tourism resources actually importance in the development in Pasu. The 'interpreted' (explained) by the 21 local guides to ecotourism programmes to be developed should their clients in and around Pasu are very limited include guide training programmes and ecotour (Table 4C). programmes.

－49－ The local guides are well qualified 2. Environmental conservation function to conduct ordinary tour guiding, such as The Pasu village shows interests in arrangement of accommodations and local wildlife conservation by establishing PCCA. The transportation. Although the local guides conservation area, however, seems to rely on understand the importance in interpretation trophy hunting as observed in the surrounding (Table 3B) they are not ready to translate the areas such as the Khunjerab Community interpretation into action in the field (Table 4C) Conservation Area in the north of Pasu. PCCA due to lack of interpretive skills and knowledge. should not be placed as an income generating Guide training programmes can fill this gap structure from foreign hunters through trophy being provided equally to all local guides by the hunting. local guide association. The association needs Instead of leaning towards trophy hunting, to identify necessary contents of the training wildlife safari may be a key consideration programmes including the interpretation skills as a conservation-oriented programme to be and site knowledge of fauna, flora, ecology, developed. Wildlife such as ibex and snow glacier, landform, geology, agriculture, culture, leopard is observed mainly in winter seasons, so and history. developing wildlife-related programmes creates The local guides also lack ecotour job opportunities for the local guides as well as programmes, which result in less practices other Pasu residents including local porters in of actual resources interpretation (Table 4C). winters when they usually have no/less works Ecotour programmes should be developed and when tourists are rare (Fig. 3A). as a part of commercial package. Ecotour The current tourism activities have not programmes to be developed are concrete, contributed revenues towards conservation in standardized personal (verbal) interpretation Pasu to date. The similar status is observed in programmes in the individual ecotour (trekking) the Northern Areas of Pakistan (Haroon, 2002) routes. The Pasu area has a great advantage as well as in other parts of the world such in developing programmes of glacier tours as Hainan, China (Stone and Wall, 2003). The (Iwata and Watanabe, 2007) and 'geotours'. local guides should understand the connections It is important that glacier-tour and geotour between environmental conservation and programmes are included as a part of ecotour ecotourism. Ormsby and Mannle (2006) programmes. The local guide association will emphasize that a guide association has the develop concrete interpretation programmes ability to bring conservation and development in the individual routes with the help from together and to act not only as guides to a outsiders. This will provide better quality of protected area but also as guides to a local experiences and satisfaction to tourists. community and culture. Once created the association needs to find potential trainers first from outsiders and 3. Fund raising function then from the local guides: there will be a need The local guide association would serve for train-the-trainer programmes (Black et al., as a structure to collect funding to develop 2001) to be developed soon. Such identification and implement the ecotourism programmes. is difficult if individual guides or governmental The current tourism does not raise funds organizations have to take responsibilities. for programme development or resource conservation in Pasu. Successful ecotourism development requires both trained staff and

－50－ sufficient funds (Stone and Wall, 2003). The local Pasu community if the local guides residing in guide association is a structure that could easily Pasu throughout the year take coordinative collect a portion of tourism revenues to raise roles in the community. With the creation of such funds. the local guide association in Pasu, exchange of information and manpower between Islamabad 4. Negotiation a n d communication and Pasu will become much easier and more function effective. The guide training programmes may be developed with the help from international Ⅴ . Conclusions universities and organizations working in the The KKH is now under improvement area even on a voluntary basis. Many studies as stated in the beginning (Fig. 4). Once the emphasize that international universities improvement of the present KKH is completed, and organizations can provide assistance to it could provide a great boost to the tourism ecotourism development (e.g., Weiler and industry although the expected tourism boost Ham, 2002; McGahey, 2006). Negotiation and needs to be validated in the future because communication with international universities the political conditions have greatly changed. and organizations, however, may be difficult for Even if the number of tourists would increase individual guides. The association is an effective as the lower Hunza area and Gilgit area had structure to negotiate and communicate experienced before (Kreutzmann, 1995, 1996). with foreign bodies to organize the ecotour Pasu could loose tourism revenue because it programmes and training programmes. has less developed (eco)tourism. Otherwise, not Guides working for tour companies may only monetary leakage but also environmental be able to use website to obtain international deterioration may occur if foreign capitalists clients. Table 2 shows that website is most turn their attention to the possible tourism importantly ranked. A guide is not a principal market in Pasu. This study, focusing on the local occupation for most guides in Pasu, for whom guides, provided limited discussion on the views it is very difficult to develop an international of local residents other than the local guides. market. Further studies are needed in this regard. The association would be expected This study identified a local guide as a to develop international market to increase stakeholder. A guide acts as a mediator between the number of tourists as well: the number tourists and a host (local community) especially of tourists to Pasu is still small (Fig. 3). The in the context of ecotourism (Black et al., 2001; continuation of the small number of tourists Weiler and Ham, 2001). The creation of a local is to some extent due to underdevelopment of guide association can be a vital key to increase international marketing. ecotourists to Pasu, which results in enhancing It is advantageous for the local guides to sustainability in Pasu. stay seasonally in Islamabad and take clients to Natural and cultural resources as the any destinations in Pakistan to maximize their targets of ecotourism are diverse and sufficient income, so it may not be easy for them to reside in Pasu, but their interpretation is not well in Pasu throughout the year. There seems practiced. This study showed that the local to be a tendency that potential key guides in guides of Pasu origin do not necessarily provide the local guide association seasonally reside in interpretation of nature as well as culture/ Islamabad. It is, however, advantageous for the history despite the fact that they have a number

－51－ Fig. 4. Measurement of (KKH) for widening by a Chinese team in the Hunza valley (A) and a row of Chinese trucks transporting construction materials for the KKH upgrading in Pasu (B). The Chinese government supports Pakistan to improve KKH, through which not only the Pakistan- China trade but also tourism would become much more active. (Photos by Teiji Watanabe, A: August 2006, B: May 2007) of 'ecotour' experiences (9.7 times on average). Haroon (2002) states that tour operators The questionnaire survey demonstrates that in large cities decide the fate of areas without there is a great gap between their talks about involving the locals, when they send tourist ecotourism and their actual interpretation groups to the Northern Areas of Pakistan. Pasu practice, suggesting that most local guides lack composed of the residents of Wakhi with the interpretive skills and knowledge. strong identity, however, seems to be different. Outside assistance, if descended into 'ad They can make decision of the tourism direction hocism', may result in minimal communication without outside interference. Future studies, and coordination in community-based therefore, are needed to focus on the perception development as observed in Nepal (Gurung of the Pasu residents regarding the relationship and DeCoursey, 2000). Creating a permanent between the existing PCCA and (eco)tourism structure, therefore, is important, and creating development. Environmental conservation will a local guide association is the first priority become more important issue in Pasu after the step to take, which can develop guide training KKH Improvement Project is completed. programmes and ecotour programmes. International universities and organizations Acknowledgements This study was funded by the Nihon University can assist the training programmes. The local International Research Grant (2003-2004; leader: K. community itself should develop ecotourism, but Mizushima), the Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research community involvement in ecotourism in Pasu is (2005-2007, Grant No. 17401002; leader: T. Watanabe), minimal. Training local people to be interpretive Grant for Environmental Research Projects, Sumitomo guides helps achieve not only ecological Foundation (2005-2006; leader : T. Watanabe), and Heiwa sustainability but also economic sustainability Nakajima Foundation (2007-2008; leader: T. Watanabe). (Weiler and Ham, 2002). We are indebted to Mr. Muhammad Asraf Khan, Vice

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