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SEPTEMBER 1987 CONTENTS

The Helms State Department 25 Bill Arthur A handful of the senator’s staffers seek to implement his conservative agenda The U.S. Needs a World Bank Loan 32

Cover: In this issue, we look at subjects from the Larry Thompson past, present, and future. On page 35, historian Jesse H. Stiller describes the budget and bu¬ reaucratic battles of New Deal Washington. On page A scenario in which benefits would accrue 25, reporter Bill Arthur looks into the minds of to both our country and the Third World Senator Jesse Helms’s skilled but controversial staf¬ fers. And on page 32, a Foreign Service officer projects the world-wide impact of a hypothetical structural-adjustment loan to an unneedv client. Messersmith’s Big Fight 35

Colophon: All the type for this issue (except for Jesse H. Stiller the ASSOCIATION NEWS) has been set using the JOURNAL’S new Superpage electronic pagination The bureaucratic battles of 50 years ago have a system. The system should save AFSA more than $30,000 over the next five years while allowing disturbingly familiar ring for greater design control and more timely mate¬ rial. We have taken advantage of the conversion to change our typeface to Galliard, which we hope Journal: Saying It with Flowers 44 our readers will find more legible and attractive. Marjorie Smith An artful arrangement improves cross-cultural communications in northern Japan

Association Views 3 10-25-50 24 Letters 6 Scholarships 46 Editor: STEPHEN R. DUJACK Books 14 People 52 Associate Editor: NANCY A. JOHNSON Reprints 18 Assistant Editor: WlLLLAM E. WlCKERT III Foreign Exchange 53 Clippings 23 Association News 56 Editorial Board

Chair: A. STEPHEN TELKINS Vice Chair: ANDREW STEIGMAN Members: JlM ANDERSON THOMAS DOWLING “The Independent Voice of the Foreign Service”

STEPHEN EISENBRAUN The FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL is the magazine Second-class postage paid at Washington, D.C., and LINDA JEWELL for professionals in foreign affairs, published monthly at additional post office. POSTMASTER: Send WILLIAM B. NANCE except August by the American Foreign Service Asso¬ address changes to FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, JOHN D. PIELEMEIER ciation, a private non-profit organization. Material appear¬ 2101 E Street NW, Washington, D.C. 20037. ing herein represents the opinions of the writers Microfilm copies: University Microfilm Library Ser¬ BERNARD REICH and does not necessarily represent the official views vices, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 (October 1967 to of the foreign affairs agencies, the U.S. govern¬ present). Indexed by PAIS. ment, or AFSA The Editorial Board is responsible The JOURNAL welcomes manuscripts of 1500- for general content, but statements concerning the 4000 words for consideration by the Editorial Board. polio,' and administration of AFSA as employee rep¬ Author queries are strongly urged, stamped enve¬ resentative under the Foreign Service Act of 1980 lope required for return. All authors are paid on International Advertising Representative in the ASSOCIATION NEWS and the ASSOCIATION publication. VIEWS, and all communications relating to these, are © American Foreign Service Association, 1987. JOSHUA B. POWERS, LTD. the responsibility of the AFSA Governing Board. 2101 E Street NW, Washington, D.C. 20037. Phone (202)338-4045. 46 Keyes House, Dolphin Square, JOURNAL subscriptions: One year (11 issues), $15. London SW1, 01-834-5566 Overseas subscriptions (except Canada), add $3 per year. Airmail not available. September 1987. Volume 64, number 8. ISSN 0015-7279.

2 SEPTEMBER 1987 ASSOCIATION VIEWS aF5a

A Demanding Agenda AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE ASSOCIATION Governing Board

President: PERRY SHANKLE TX he AFSA Governing Board election is over, and I would State Vice President: EVANGELINE MONROE AID Vice President: HENRY MERRILL like to extend my thanks to the membership for its support. USIA Vice President: A. STEPHEN TELKINS After the first meetings of the new board, it is evident that Secretary: JAMES A. DERRICK Treasurer: SAMUEL MOK the members of the Renewal Team and the other board mem¬ State Representatives: WARD BARMON bers are prepared to work together constructively. This is of JONATHAN FARRAR BARBARA HUGHES utmost importance, for these are dangerous times for the For¬ GERALD LAMBERTY eign Service and for AFSA. SANDRA ODOR AID Representatives: DAVID GARMS Our board plans a renewed emphasis on those professional MICHAEL ZAK issues confronting the Service. Perhaps the most important prob¬ USIA Representative: JOHN WALSH Retired Representatives: L. BRUCE LAINGEN lem in this area concerns the budgetary pressures from Capitol EARL D. SOHM Hill. As Americans, Foreign Service employees certainly under¬ JOHN THOMAS stand the reasons for economy in federal spending. But, as Staff

Secretary Shultz has pointed out, the foreign affairs agencies Director for seem to be singled out for especially harsh cutbacks. In AID, Administration: SUE B. SCHUMACHER General Counsel: SUSAN Z. HOLIK this means eliminating or reducing critical programs at a critical Director of time, such as the situation faced by Corazon Aquino in the Phil¬ Member Services: SABINE SlSK Member Services ippines. In State, we are an agency of personnel, not programs, Representative: NEAL M. CALLANDER and for us reductions in funding mean reductions in people. Controller: ELLEN TENN Membership Coordinator: MYRIAM DUNCAN To say that this comes at a time of increasing international diffi¬ Executive Assistant: DENISE BYERS culties is obvious; along with the secretary, we too question whe¬ Legal Assistant: CHRIS BAZAR Law Clerk: RICHARD M. PRICE ther cutbacks in this area are really cost-effective in the long Executive Secretaries: BONITA CARROLL run. We will have to convince both the Congress and die public PAT REYNOSO HALL that the Foreign Service is the first line of defense, and that Congressional Liaison ROBERT M. BEERS a well-funded first line is in the national interest, returning RICK WEISS dividends in a more favorable trade environment, reduced Scholarship Programs defense costs, and increased peace of mind. In this area, DAWN CUTHELL Face-to-Face Program management can expect our full cooperation. STEVEN PHILIP KRAMER

Our work on bread-and-butter and personnel issues will be The American Foreign Service Association, of equal importance—and of equal difficulty. Some of these founded in 1924, is the professional association of the Foreign Service and the official repre¬ problems come from within the department itself, such as the sentative of all Foreign Service employees in the Department of State and the Agency for Interna¬ difficult issue of threshold and time-in-class restrictions faced tional Development under the terms of the For¬ eign Service Act of 1980. Active membership in by the FSO-ls and senior officers. Elsewhere, Congress is AFSA is open to all current or retired profession¬ looking to effect economies by looking at the very benefits als in foreign affairs overseas or in the United States. Associate membership is open to persons that make an overseas profession possible, such as taxing our having an active interest in or close association with foreign affairs who are not employees or retirees allowances. Within the State Department and AID, we are going of the foreign affairs agencies. Annual dues: Active to have to hold the line on these while stopping talk of fur¬ Members—$65-143; Retired Members—$30-45; Associate Members—$35. Dues include $9.50 alloca¬ loughs and reductions-in-force in its tracks. As diplomats, we tion for subscription to the JOURNAL and ASSOCIATION NEWS. All AFSA members are know that the only way to reach an agreement is to meet the members of the Foreign Service Club.

legitimate needs of both parties. It is in this spirit that we are AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE ASSOCIATION prepared to sit down at the bargaining table, and we expect 2101 E Street NW, Washington, D.C. 20037 Membership inquiries, controller, equally good faith on the part of management. scholarship programs, insurance programs, There are other issues on our mind, and probably on your JOURNAL offices: (202)338-4045 Governing Board, standing committees, general counsel, mind too. If we are to succeed in this very difficult agenda, labor-management relations, member services, we will need all the ideas and other help from the member¬ grievances: (202)647-8160 ship we can get. Perry Shankle, President Foreign Service Club: (202)333-8477

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Vouching for State I have read with interest your inter¬ view with Representative Dan Mica [D.- Florida] in the April issue [“Money and Management”]. The issues discussed are of great importance and, I assure you, are receiving the close scrutiny of the department's senior management. My purpose in writing you, however, is not to comment on these issues, but rather to provide you with additional facts concerning Representative Mica’s comment—and your banner headline— that the department has owed him a travel voucher for two years. My office was unaware of any prob¬ lems with the representative’s travel vou¬ cher until the JOURNAL article. Further to my amazement, the facts of the ar¬ Now that you’re moving abroad ticle were not confirmed before they were headlined on your cover. you may have some questions about Our records show that Representa¬ tive Mica was authorized two round trips getting your things there— between Washington and New York during the period September 17 call District’s “moving abroad through December 21, 1985, in con¬ nection with his appointment as a dele¬ telephone information service” gate to the United Nations’ 40th gen¬ eral assembly. to get the answers. Representative Mica, according to travel vouchers filed with us, made four separate trips. One round trip was Even if you’re a seasoned D.C. area, for the answers to made by airline and paid for by a gov¬ foreign service family the your questions. While you’re ernment transportation request. A overseas move isn’t some¬ at it ask for a free copy of second round trip was claimed on a thing you do every day But, “Moving Overseas: The New travel voucher for rail transportation, for which we reimbursed him. Two addi¬ it is something we do every Assignment Abroad Check¬ tional travel vouchers were filed, claim¬ day. list.” It is full of good ideas ing only per diem in New York City, That’s why we are offering on how to make you move for which he was reimbursed. He also filed a fifth travel voucher claiming our new “Moving Abroad easier. round trip air transportation for a third Telephone Information Serv¬ round trip, which was supported by ice” - to assist you quickly Select District Moving and copies of the airline ticket and govern¬ ment transportation request that was orig¬ Storage for an easier moving with any questions you may inally claimed and paid on a previous have about yoqr move that experience. voucher. relates to planning, schedul¬ This fifth claim was disallowed due ing, packing, air freight, ac¬ to the lack of proper authorization and valid receipts. Representative Mica companied baggage or any should have received the traveler’s other moving subject that is copy of the voucher with an explana¬ MOVING 6s STORAGE , INC. troubling you. tion of the disallowance and a request 3850 Penn Belt Place to refile with the proper receipts. Call (301) 420-3300, a Forestville, Maryland 20747 While this action may be considered local call in the Washington, 301-420-3300 bureaucratic, it is also a legal require¬ ment. Obviously, a misunderstanding exists regarding further claims for authorized

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WRITE TO: DIPLOMATIC SALES FORD MOTOR COMPANY 815 Connecticut Avenue, N.W ADDRESS. Washington, D.C. 20006 CITY Tel: (202) 785-6047 expenses. We are in touch with Repre¬ convenience for die family. They just sentative Mica’s office to resolve any announced their intentions. remaining problems. Beware, professional spouses, and I am extremely concerned that my don’t believe a word about any con¬ office received this negative, unsub¬ cern for you or the Service. Be assured stantiated publicity by the JOURNAL at a when power-for-power’s-sake wants to time when several major improvements exert itself, you too are invisible. have been established to promptly accommodate travelers. The goal is to BARBARA ZUCROW COHEN minimize errors and delays in spite of Foreign Service spouse the heavy rate of travelers and va¬ Mogadishu, Somalia cancies experienced over the years. Travel vouchers are now being pro¬ Moscow Revisited "There was the cessed in 30 days or less. The depart¬ ment has entered into an agreement Pointing the finger of blame at those door to which I with the National Finance Center in guilty of the Moscow embassy-security found no key....’’ New Orleans to process travel vouchers lapse appears to be simple. Actually, Pan¬ in 20 days or less. A task force is in dora’s Box has scarcely been opened. Edward Fitzgerald place to confirm, account for, and col¬ As the wife of a retired USIA For¬ lect outstanding travel advance balances. eign Service officer, I have seen the With these and other efforts taken finger pointed repeatedly when prob¬ ATTENTION... to satisfy our travelers, I find no humor lems arise. One must expea that in the in the JOURNAL’S cover, which leaves the highly competitive “club” of senior of¬ PEOPLE on the reader with an erroneous impression ficers who must compete for the dwin¬ of anticipated negligence on our part. dling number of coveted assignments. MOVE... I hope this can be rectified in some The scramble has been, for good manner. reason, most frantic during recent years. A deeper look into that box will find We specialize in sales JOSEPH H. LINNEMANN the policies of the most honorable Acting Comptroller, Department of State Henry Kissinger, who assuredly will go and property Washington, D.C. down in political history as one of our management in the most outstanding statesmen. Yet his lack Metropolitan When asked to reply to the letter above, a of humility and portentous ego occa¬ spokesman for Representative Mica declined sionally clouded his judgment. Never Washington area. to comment.—ED. one to seek advice with alacrity, he rarely welcomed it. And open disagree¬ The Invisible Spouse ment from a subordinate could bring a Cathie Gill has the key Carrollian “off with his head.” to care-free services for My husband will retire soon. He will For decades there existed an exclu¬ leave this East African country and take sive group of Foreign Service officers all your real estate to the hills to relax and wait for me. whose entire careers were dedicated needs. He will leave me with no support system to U.S.-Soviet affairs, and to other because he will no longer be an AID areas of intense East-West struggle. We employee posted to this country; he need to think about why one of those will leave me because, for the powers most experienced and expert in Soviet that be in AID’S Africa bureau, I don’t affairs was not in charge of the Moscow Personal attention exist. Twenty-seven years and I still embassy in such critical times. Would gets results. don’t exist. he have forestalled the scandal? I have lived through the demeaning Ambassador Arthur Hartman, whom years before 1972 and I have listened I know only by reputation, must assume since to the vocal concerns about his share of the blame. But the blame Call spouses—and how the Foreign Service goes well beyond. Who made the judg¬ is suffering, but trying hard to make ment that Ambassador Hartman was, of wives count. What is really meant—if all persons available, the best qualified? CathieMtumc. you are not a tandem couple—is that And, if so, where were those elite REALTORS' you should be a part-time, intermittent, men and women who had been so me¬ and temporary secretary or a teacher, ticulously prepared for just such a duty? positions that don’t require any concern Well, some 10 years ago, one of 4801 Massachusetts from AID in Washington. And better them was our ambassador to Cambodia. Ave., N.W. yet, why don’t you take your three He had served in Moscow several degrees, bake cookies, and serve tea. times, as well as in Vientiane, and China. Suite 400 As a private consultant with work com¬ He was one who understood the Rus¬ Washington, D.C. mitments that can’t be terminated on sian bear in all its dimensions. However, short notice, I am of no concern to AID. because he dared to disagree with Mr. 20016 So I will be here alone to finish my Kissinger’s policy on Cambodia, he was work in a very difficult country. This sent back to the Navy War College. His (202) 364-3066 post is considered so difficult that per¬ expertise largely wasted, he resigned sonnel get two R&Rs. I will be here from the Service, disillusioned by the alone without house, car, commissary, institution to which he gave so much and mail facilities, etc., because people in had so much more to give. AID’s Africa bureau never asked about We are now paying the price for deci-

8 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL HOME LEAVE: A Survival Plan

Life in the Foreign Service, though often GLENDALE YEAROUND was de¬ challenging, has some benefits. One of veloped by a small group of your fellow these benefits is “HOME LEAVE”, a Foreign Service colleagues who wanted to chance to remain current with socio-politi¬ solve the “HOME LEAVE" problem by cal changes back home and let your family building a community in an environmen¬ rediscover their own nationality. But this tally sound manner and selling our product golden opportunity is not without its logisti¬ ethically and with pride to our colleagues. cal problems. Where to establish “home All facilities are now complete*! and approx¬ base” for the two to three months in the imately 900 families now own one of our U.S.? subdivided lots. GLENDALE YEAR¬ You may own a house in the Washington OUND continues to be owned and man¬ area, but it’s probably rented. Staying with aged by the original group that founded it family and friends for long periods has very in 1970. large drawbacks. (Guests are like fish; after We have only 200 fully developed home a couple of days they begin to smell.) Hotels sites and campsites remaining and offer are prohibitively expensive. these at prices ranging from $4,000 to The Solution: GLENDALE YEAR- $14,500. Financing is available! OUND, a privately managed, security con¬ A short video tape (VHS or BETA), de¬ trolled community in the Allegheny moun¬ scribing GLENDALE YEAROUND can tains, just an easy four hour drive from be mailed to interested persons. Complete Washington, offers cottages and perma¬ the coupon below and send it, together with nent campsites for sale. Take advantage of a check for $10 for a copy of the videotape. It -|5<' one of the few remaining tax shelters for in¬ will explain how you can purchase property terest payments. Purchase one of our while overseas so that it will be available homesites and we will build to your specifi¬ for use on your next home leave. Or visit us cations. (Central Pennsylvania still enjoys next time you are in the U.S. some of the lowest home construction costs in the U.S.). Or purchase a campsite and lo¬ * Obtain HUD property report from developer and read it before signing anything. HUD neitlfcr approves the merits of the offer cate a park model trailer on it, connected to mg nor the value of the property as an investment, if any. central sewer and water systems. All utilities, including cable TV, are available

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SEPTEMBER 1987 11 tion inspired confidence in the truthful¬ ness of his message. As a result of his leadership, public diplomacy became an important element in the foreign policy process. He inspired a generation of Foreign Service officers. “and well call My third source of inspiration was John Crimmins, ambassador in Brazil, whom I served as public affairs officer Guardian and deputy chief of mission from 1972-75. He represents to me every¬ thing one looks for in a successful dip¬ Storage. lomat: linguistic and area expertise, and enthusiastic management ability. He Theyll take played his embassy sections like a violin, knowing exactly when and how to bow his political, economic, USIS, AID, and care of military strings and to produce perfectly pitched and rhythmic harmony. He was also a workaholic who derived greatest everthing.” pleasure in crisis management. I shall never forget a 3 a.m. session preparing for the expected arrival of Secretary Kissinger the next morning. In the midst of shouting instructions to exhausted When you are subordinates and editing drafts pre¬ selected as a pared by sleepy colleagues perched on member of the couches in his smoke-filled office, he suddenly looked up and exclaimed, Foreign Service, “I’m having fun!” you become one of To Crimmins, the protection of an elite group: human rights was a sacred trust. I know dependable, experienced, that he saved an American imprisoned and efficient. So choose in Recife by the local military from fur¬ ther torture and probable death by a moving and storage company protesting personally to the foreign min¬ that displays these same qualities; ister in such strong language that there a company that has been chosen by other was a question as to whether the Brazi¬ Foreign Service members and their families lian government would permit him to for over twelve years. remain. His simple explanation was that his career was unimportant compared with his obligation to protect the life Choose Guardian Storage. of an American citizen. You can trust Guardian to protect My final role model, the recendy your family's possessions. deceased Arthur Bums, was ambassador to the Federal Republic of Germany from 1981-85. He proved that a 78- year-old non-career appointee in his fourth profession could become an outstanding ambassador. Dr. Burns im¬ pressed me with his thirst for knowl¬ GUARDIAN STORAGE, INCORPORATED edge, his intellectual open-minded¬ OLD WASHINGTON ROAD. WALDORF, MARYLAND 20601 • TIL. (3011 646-4040 ■ (WASH. TOLL PREil 643-6606 ness, his deep humanity, and his innate sense for pursuing a responsible course of action. His was a major contribution to international understanding and WASHINGTON, D.C. BOUND? comity, a contribution recognized by gov¬ ernments, but most of all by those who worked closely with him. I credit these four men with pro¬ DRIVE A BARGAIN viding the beacon to guide me and RENT-A-NEW CAR many of my colleagues through the some¬ from $19.95* per day times acute frustrations and disappoint¬ Ideal When Shipping POV or on Home Leave ments that one must expect in any 'Economy car, subject to availability. Monthly rates lower. career, and for making my life in the Foreign Service a satisfying and some¬ FREE PICK UP AT NATIONAL AIRPORT & METROS times exhilarating experience.

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\ Citizen Summitry and Securing Our Planet. Edited by Don Carlson and Craig Comstock. Jeremy P. Tarcher, Inc., 1986. How Peace Came to the World. Edited by Earl Foell and Richard Henneman. MIT E am 2 1 Press, 1986. \3I Through a variety of methods, citizens “DON'T LET THE NAME FOOL YOU!"* of rival countries have long maintained contact with each other when formal diplomacy between their respective gov¬ DISCOUNTS TO ernments falters. While these personal initiatives are not new, what makes them STATE DEPT. & AID EMPLOYEES noteworthy today is their overfly polit¬ ical nature and the increasing numbers and diversity of the people involved. (200 Feet From Subway) CALL: 527-2445 Practicing what is known variously as cit¬ * We do not rent junk — New cars to 3 or 4-year cars only. izen or “track two” diplomacy, they claim

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(202)234-5600 1701 Florida Avenue NW Washington DC 20009 to bring new perspectives to the pur¬ citizen diplomats’ actions and accountabil¬ suit of peacemaking. ity for results. Concerns about Soviet Merrill Lynch Realty These three books add to the lit¬ intransigence—glasnost notwithstanding— erature that is detailing the growth of are often glossed over with vague evoca¬ Welcomes " the movement. Each complements and tions of inherent human goodwill and supplements the others, covering the overcoming through good example. Roberta main types of citizen diplomacy: per¬ Although citizen diplomacy will prob¬ McLean sonal diplomacy through visits or other ably only affect the institutions of tradi¬ exchanges, which is often aided by sat¬ tional diplomacy at the margins, its im¬ Uptown Office ellite bridges and computer technology; portance should not be underesti¬ 966-1000 efforts to alter current institutions—or mated. Outside influences of serious, create new ones—that better the well-informed citizens, if not wel¬ Roberta, a top producer chances for peace; and identifying the comed, should at least be recognized with over $5 million in sales underlying psychological components of and considered for their useful po¬ last year, thanks the numer¬ conflict and developing methods to tential. New ideas, generated more ous friends within the move beyond them. quickly and profusely than through Foreign Service who have How Peace Came to the World taps die bureaucratic channels, could conceivably populist roots of the movement. The be refined for wider application by provided a broad referral book grew out of a 1984 contest spon¬ government officials. All of the essays network. Her 25 years as a sored by the Christian Science Monitor. in these books presume a government- Foreign Service wife make Readers submitted scenarios on how citizen partnership. It is precisely at this Roberta particularly adept at peace could be achieved within the intersection between the enthusiasm helping families relocate. If next 25 years. The newspaper’s edi¬ and creativity of the citizen activist and tors exhorted readers to move beyond the Foreign Service employee’s knowl¬ you have any questions, unfocused good intentions and utopian edge of process and limitations that write or call Roberta at thinking. The pithiest of the 1300 sub¬ fruitful possibilities can be developed Merrill Lynch Realty, missions were collected for this volume. toward a common goal. 4114 River Road, NW, Citizen Summitry and Securing Our —GERRI WILLIAMS Washington, DC 20016, Planet are companion volumes produced by an alternative think tank, Arc Insti¬ (202)966-1000 or tute. Citizen Summitry demonstrates that Imposing Aid: Emergency Assistance to Ref¬ (202) 363-8854. people who have not thought of them¬ ugees. B. E. Harrell-Bond. Oxford University selves as activists often generate the Press. 1986. $12.95. JftS Merrill Lynch m most innovative ideas for action in die Realty grCB foreign affairs arena. Refugees from the political struggle Securing Our Planet focuses on ana¬ in Uganda started streaming into the lysis. In one of the book’s most provoca¬ Sudan in 1979. From March 1982 to Sep¬ tive essays, two contributors assert that tember 1983, the period of the author’s peace cannot replace recourse to war on-the-spot observation, they increased unless it can be devised as a system from 9,000 to 90,000. A case study in VOLVO of mutually reinforcing processes and refugee assistance, Imposing Aid concen¬ institutions—a “better game” than war. trates on a district in the southern Factory-Set Discounts Other essayists contribute detailed Sudan bordering Uganda. Harrell- disarmament plans. The book also ex¬ Bond, a social anthropologist, analyzes To Diplomats amines the implications of shifts in key the interaction of international and pri¬ Here and Abroad institutions in society: What would the vate agencies on the one hand and the world look like with a global peacetime refugees and host country on the other. economy? What would be the new roles The author argues that international U.S., U.K., European, or of the military and technological estab¬ assistance, while needed, is the pro¬ lishments if their vast resources could duct of aid givers’ preconceptions and Overseas Specs be applied in conditions of peace? prejudices. They give little attention Like many anthologies, these three to who the refugees are, Harrell- Overseas and Domestic suffer from an unevenness in tone and Bond writes, or their skills and their Deliveries quality. For books that promote the idea desire to participate. “Selfless” aid is of citizen activism, they too often resort not free of organizational and career to supportive quotes from government self-interest; quite the contrary. She officials. In How Peace Came to the World, also contends refugee assistance does KELLY COGHILL intrusive forewords by the editors and best when integrated into a local devel¬ DIPLOMA TIC SALES SPECIALIST empty introductions by Kurt Waldheim opment effort. and Ronald Reagan make a hollow con¬ Her story is one of blunders, incom¬ trast to the sometimes naive, but vivid petence, and botched enterprise. The dbDon Beyer Volvo and authentic voices of the “amateur” reader might well conclude, as half- contributors. suggested by the author, that the best The inevitable question for the pro¬ assistance is food delivered to a cross¬ 1231 W. Broad Street fessional reading these books is how roads to be picked up by the refugees, Falls Church, VA 22046 this movement will affect him or her. who can then decide what to do with The prospect of overwhelming infu¬ it. Harrell-Bond recoils from this as a sions of outsiders’ suggestions into the matter of policy, but in the end is am¬ (703) 237-5020 foreign policy lifeblood must be of con¬ bivalent about what the international com¬ cern. Little is presented to establish a munity can or should do. standard for judging the efficacy of —MILES WEDEMAN

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SEPTEMBER 1987 19 “I climbed die flight of stairs and met Paul Federman, manager of die shop. IBM Selectrics are totally mechan¬ ical, he explained, except for a drive motor to slide the type ball back and forth horizontally. A complex system of levers, gears, and other elements spins There Is Only One Place^ and tilts the type ball correctly to print the letter you strike. This mechanical To Stay In Washington motion, however, is quite simple to trans¬ form into an electrical signal that can YOUR PLACE be transmitted out of the building and used to recreate anything typed on the machine. “Federman had a partially dis¬ “A Hotel Alternative For The Prudent Spender.” SHORT OR LONG TERM LUXURY APARTMENTS. TOWNHOUSES. mantled Remington typewriter sitting PENTHOUSES on the bench. Its operating principle, I All Suites Tastefully Furnished & Fully Equipped Kitchens * Telephone * Cable learned, was similar to the Selectric’s, Television * Security Intercom System Complete Health Spa * Concierge * Parking and the same technique could be used Laundry and Valet * Maid Svc (optional) * to bug both. ‘We discovered a good Convenience Store way to bug the typewriters,’ Federman SPECIALIZING IN RELOCATIONS said, attaching a cookie-sized rubber SERVING CORPORATIONS * PENTAGON THE STATE DEPARTMENT * INSURANCE wheel to the side of die machine. Turn¬ INDUSTRY * EXTENDED TRAVEL CONVENIENT METRO LOCATIONS AT ing the wheel enabled him to slowly ROSSLYN cycle through one keystroke. Fie CAPITOL HILL TLC Development Corporation GEORGETOWN pressed a key, then turned the rubber 1700 N Moore St. Suite 714 Art. Va. 22209 FOGGY BOTTOM wheel slowly. Fie pointed to a thin DUPONT CIRCLE metal strip just below the keys. Six REAL ESTATE * SALES * RENTALS narrow bars from deep inside die type¬ MANAGEMENT [* (703)527-4441J writer protrude dirough small holes in i * Visa and Master Card Honored the strip. Pressing any key on the key¬ board causes the six bars to assume a configuration peculiar to that key alone. For example, press an ‘m,’ and two of the bars might be stationary' while four others would protrude 1 /4 inch from the strip. Put six sensors—simple micro¬ POLAR BEAR WATiR DISTILLBRS switches would do—where the bars come out of the strip, and transmit this "We care about the water you drink" information to a receiver nearby. By simply reading the combination of ups and downs, you can tell which key has Millford D. Greene been struck and thereby re-create the The Cleanest, purest water for cooking and drinking economically message. “Microswitches would be pretty easy produced at home and available through pouch. to spot, of course, but a skilled elec¬ trical technician could embed tiny mag¬ (804)431-2522 • (800)222-7188 • In VA 1 (800)523-6388 netic or other advanced motion sen¬ sors deep within the machine where 829 Lynnhaven Pkwy., Suite 119, Virginia Beach, VA 23452 they would be highly difficult to spot. Residential / Commercial Distillation Systems Electrical power would be no problem; Distributorships Available the bug could be wired into the type¬ writer’s electrical supply.” These and many other kinds of bug¬ ging devices were obviously used in the new embassy in Moscow. But it’s been hard to tell what; in their outrage U.S. officials shed a lot of heat but ciperbcicks little light over exactly what they had discovered. They charged that the ■ illustrated monthly newsletter ' Fast service on book orders entire building might have to be demol¬ listing over 300 new releases, ' Discount prices categorized with synopses ■ Not a book club ■ no purchase ished, so packed is it with spy devices ■ Trade and mass market required that they can probably never all be found and destroyed. Yet putting to¬ Subscribe today • send check or money order gether the background information, it’s for $9.95 (S18.00 foreign) for one full year to: possible to deduce what must have hap¬ pened. PAPERBACK PREVIEWS According to news reports, bugging P.0. BOX 8368-s is such a fact of life that U.S. officials Albuquerque, NM 87198 simplv weren’t too concerned about it. FREE sample copy on request They counted, the reports said, on

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SEPTEMBER 1987 21 sweeping the premises to get rid of ... the 1987 issue is the bugs. “Our assumption was that we could rectify whatever the Soviets had 800+ pages of informa¬ done once we took control of die build¬ POLITICAL tion and analysis. ing,” said a senior State Department Political, economic, and official. ‘That may have been too opti¬ social trends. Late- mistic.” HANDBOOK Official statements make it clear that breaking developments. sweeping teams found huge numbers OF THE All in one compact of bugs, microphones, and other sus¬ volume. $84.95. picious devices. They were stunned by the complexity of the bugging. What WORLD Call 607-777-2116 or write: could the Soviets have put in the build¬ CSA Publications, Box 4, ing that could have produced such a 1987 SUNY-Binghamton, reaction? Practically everything: there Binghamton, NY 13901. were cables apparently connected to nothing, and reinforcing rods arranged in peculiar ways, possibly to form anten¬ nas. There were cavities of wire mesh, and small empty metal cones. All of these may well be passive units queried by microwave. An elaborate network apparently cov¬ ered the most sensitive area of the chancellery, a windowless floor obvi¬ ously intended for secret operations. Hundreds of tiny microphones were apparently cleverly hidden every where. “Normally they could spot the wires leading to microphones,” says Harry A. Augenblick, an electronics expert. “But what the Soviets appear to have done is to put the wires inside steel reinforcing bars and other metal¬ lic objects that X-rays don’t penetrate.” That wasn’t the end. Charles Taylor, an expert on counter-surveillance, says one thing the Soviets probably did that FOREIGN threw such consternation into the U.S. security forces was to bury thousands V* SHOPPERS of tiny diodes in the concrete used The Ultimate Service for the building. Such diodes, which From Argyles to Zippers . . . . could be pinhead-sized and cheap in or whatever you’re missing or wanting, we will buy, pack, and ship to addition, could be mixed in the con¬ you. We’re the biggest “catalog” in the United States; because we’ll find crete by the thousands or even tens of thousands. Then a sweep would get anything you want and send it to you, properly packed and promptly! back thousands of signals from every Our services featured in Washingtonian magazine, March 1987. Please place—completely masking the real bugs send for an order form and ask about our Flower Power Plan. that undoubtedly lay hidden behind FOREIGN SHOPPERS this electronic camouflage. “It’s hard to understand how we Suite 703, 1510 N. 12th St. could have put ourselves at a tactical Arlington, VA 22209 disadvantage like this,” said a White House staffer. “It’s a bugger’s dream,” echoed Hal Lipset, the famed “mar¬ Coming home—Going overseas? tini olive” bug maker. ‘The whole build¬ ing is nothing but an eight-story micro¬ Buy from the phone,” echoed a statement subse¬ Washington area’s largest quently reported to have been made by Lipset, Representative Dick Armey [R.-Texas], and Representative Connie Jeep • Renault Mack [R.-Florida], Dealer The future of the embassy? One se¬ curity man said we’d have to “destruc¬ Choose from our complete line of tively search” the building to find all 4-wheel drive Jeeps, and the all new the bugs. That’s a euphemistic way of nCOURTESY Medallion and Premiere. Local or saying we’d have to tear it apart brick overseas delivery. Diplomatic corps by brick. Jeep • Renault discounts. Phone or write Christo¬ pher Zourdos (301) 424-1700 Reprinted from Popular Science with per¬ 755 Rockville Pike, Rockville, Md. 20852 mission. © 1987, Times Mirror Magazines, Inc.

22 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Incompetence

“It seems impossible for us to visualize the possibilities of [political and mili¬ tary] situations in which we place our¬ selves, the dangers we face as a world CLIPPINGS power, and the vigilance and timely ac¬ tions which these situations demand.... ‘The incompetents of the Office of Management and Budget...have for decades so clamped down on the Uncle Sam’s Nephews known better’ since he was a lawyer.... State Department and Foreign Service “In a subsequent letter to Hal, the they cannot do their job of defend¬ “As we waited to board a flight home director of the State Department’s Cit¬ ing the country in times of supposed out of Lima...the three of us...all red- izens’ Emergency Center, Jack Adams, peace. For years, funds have been blooded American yuppies... were in¬ said he was sorry our cable had not denied even to make our missions vited by a polite customs officer into been sent. He said the message had secure from terrorist attack and forc¬ a small room behind the airline ticket been forgotten in the ‘confusion.’ As ing the closure of consular posts and counter. The next thing we knew, two for our complaints about the informa¬ now embassies, thereby reducing our customs officials were rummaging tion our families got from die citizens’ listening posts and centers of influence, through our suitcases, and I was being assistance officer, he asked us to ‘under¬ leading to the gradual ossification of strip-searched. An officer took out sev¬ stand’ that such briefings ‘will always be our diplomacy. eral vials of clear liquid. [The liquid less informative than those directly “What’s the matter with us? Are we from some of my pre-soaked towel- from our embassy because diey are work¬ really a nation of incompetents? Can’t ettes turned the vial blue.] The room ing only with the information received we possibly use our heads?” exploded in pandemonium. ‘Tengo by telegram and short telephone con¬ Smith Simpson in the gringo con cocainaP the agent shouted versations.’ ” Richmond Times-Dispatch, June 2 exultantly into a walkie-talkie. A gringo John Jameson in the New Republic, with cocaine. More customs men burst May 25 Tempting the Bear in, handcuffed me, and pushed me against the wall. [A sample from a cast “Gone were the couple’s passports, “In past years, the Soviets were suffi¬ on my friend Hal also tested positive.] money, travelers checks, and plane tick¬ ciently behind us that we were able to “A couple of hours later, two con¬ ets....A desk officer at the [London] detect penetrations, and neutralize sular officials from the U.S. embassy embassy listened to the story politely. them. That was the assumption in build¬ arrived. They had heard a radio broad¬ But he said there was nothing he could ing [the new Moscow embassy]. We cast about us. At last, we thought: do. The embassy doesn’t make emer¬ now face a rising curve of Soviet tech¬ friends. The embassy officials listened gency loans under any circumstances, the nology, with no gap between what die to our story, then responded that ‘the desk officer said. It doesn’t arrange Soviets can do and what we can do; State Department is not here to act as emergency credit. It doesn’t reissue indeed, in some areas they have been advocate for Americans arrested plane tickets, or help American citizens ahead of us. abroad.’...they said all they could do find a way to do that. And it doesn’t ‘That should not be surprising. The was try to ensure that we were treated act as a lost and found. The desk offi¬ Soviets work at these problems 24 hours no worse than Peruvian prisoners (not cer said the embassy would gladly let a day, 365 days a year....If one permits reassuring), contact a lawyer (whom we the theft victims use an embassy phone the Soviets to precast concrete columns had to pick from an embassy list—a to call their bank in the United States— and beams off-site, the prime party to more specific recommendation would as long as the victims paid for the blame is not the Soviets, but ourselves. have violated their no-advocacy rule), call....The victims were mightily annoyed We have presented them with too and notify our families.... at the attitude of the embassy.... much opportunity, too much temptation ‘The local U.S. consul came to visit “Actually, State Department people for them to resist.” us in jail....She did not seem inter¬ tell me that the victims probably would James Schlesinger before the ested in our story that a mistake had have done better in an embassy that Senate Budget Committee, June 29 been made. She told me I would be was less busy. ‘London is notorious,’ said held in detention for 15 days, then one State Department hand, who has Professional Courtesy transferred to a prison for two to four served in that embassy twice. ‘Some¬ years awaiting trial. The ultimate sen¬ times you get 100 people a day coming “In the course of criticism by Democrats tence would be for another 10 to 15 through there who’ve lost passports, of administration policy in Central Amer¬ years. She seemed to relish her descrip¬ money, what have you. You can’t bend ica, [Representative Gerry] Studds [D.- tions of the brutal conditions that over backwards for every one of them.’ Massachusetts] seemed about to zero awaited me in prisons of Peru....The By contrast, this man said, a lost wallet in on [Central America special envoy] consul did agree to send a cable— in Dar Es Salaam would probably pro¬ Philip Habib with a personal attack. Said collect—to our families and duce quick, personal attention, includ¬ Mr. Studds: ‘You are a professional dip¬ friends....The consul never sent this ing an immediate cash advance.... lomat....! might ask what you’re doing cable. She told me later that she with¬ “I really don’t see why each embassy meddling in the foreign policy of this held it because we were ‘distraught’ couldn’t routinely pop for a $100 loan, administration.’ when we wrote it. Anyway, a ‘citizens’ as long as the borrower signed an agree¬ “Mr. Habib: ‘Now diat’s not fair.’ assistance officer’ from the State ment to pay it back. Even a busy em¬ “Mr. Studds: ‘I know, that’s why I’m Department had already visited our bassy like London ought to be able to not going to say that.’ families and told them that Hal and I handle the piddling paperwork that this “Mr. Habib: ‘In that case I won’t re¬ had been arrested with over a kilo¬ would involve.” spond.’ ” gram of cocaine....The official told Bob Levey in the Washington Post, John Elvin in the Washington Times, Hal’s mother that her son ‘should have July 15 July 14

SEPTEMBER 1987 23 SHOP IN AN AMERICAN DRUG STORE BY MAIL! Have An ice cream soda is one of the sfi Wc few items we cannot mail. Drugs, 10-25-50 A cosmetics, sundries mailed to every coun¬ Wiy With Words try in the world. We wa maintain permanent Foreign Service Journal, September 1977: he y you pjjjSSj say something is family prescription “AFSA has asked Congressman Dante 11^”™. almost as impor- B. Fascell of the House Subcommittee records. SEND NO tant as what you say. on International Operations to amend MONEY — pay only after satis¬ That’s why people have Section 444 of the Foreign Service factory receipt of order. trusted Brewood for Act to permit Americans as well as aliens uncompromising quality to be hired locally outside the United engraving and printing for States for service outside the United more than 90 years. States. We expressed, by letter and Brewood helps you select by testimony, our support for the prin¬ the most fitting phrases. ciple of employment of spouses to the And then crafts every word extent that it does not interfere with of every line with meticu¬ or replace career positions or career lous care. people.” Association News * Invitations * A nnouncements * Foreign Service Journal, September 1962: * Stationery * Business Cards * “The Foreign Service officer corps does not, insofar as I can see, offer a unified and coherent career of serv¬

24 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL THE HELMS STATE DEPARTMENT

The senator’s dedicated aides are frequently embroiled in controversy while they pursue a conservative agenda

BILL ARTHUR

DEBORAH DEMOSS, an aide to servative Caucus. They are “first-class” ex¬ Senator Jesse Helms (R.-North perts, “holding aloft the banner that Reagan Carolina), had some harsh words raised beginning in 1976.” for Ambassador to El Salvador Whatever they are, their activity will prob¬ Edwin Corr when she visited that country ably become even more vigorous. The last year. Corr was trying “to hide certain Republican senators, abiding by the caucus things” and was hampering a Senate inves¬ rule of seniority, elected Helms the rank¬ tigation, she said in an interview with El ing minority member of the Foreign Rela¬ Diario de Hoy, a Salvadoran newspaper. The tions Committee in January, and he has ambassador had aroused her ire when he moved several of his top foreign policy spe¬ initially refused permission for the U.S. cialists from his personal staff into commit¬ military plane bearing DeMoss and other tee posts. In their new jobs, they likely will Senate staffers to land in the country. He have a larger role in foreign policy debate. insisted that the delegation meet with him, In the past, they supposedly tried to per¬ but DeMoss and another Helms aide, suade Prime Minister Ian Smith of Zim¬ David Sullivan, said Helms had told them babwe-Rhodesia to protect the rights of not to. Corr relented and allowed the whites when Zimbabwe was preparing a new group to land after Sullivan obtained constitution for rule by the nation’s black Helms’s permission for the meeting. But majority. They have gone to Chile and been the disagreement, and especially the news¬ accused of leaking U.S. secrets to that coun¬ paper interview, “were not useful in help¬ try’s right-wing government. They have gone ing the ambassador or this mission to carry to Argentina and been accused of encour¬ out the president’s foreign policy and pro¬ aging a military coup there in 1975. They grams in El Salvador,” die embassy in San have gone to El Salvador and been cred¬ Salvador cabled Washington. ited with helping form the right-wing That was not the first time that State ARENA party of Roberto D’Aubuisson—a Department officials had complained about group that has been linked to political death the activities of Helms staffers. In fact, squads. They deny the allegations. Helms and his “Shadow State Depart¬ Their research on State Department ment” of dedicated, deeply conservative nominees has led Helms to delay numer¬ aides have been involved in one foreign ous ambassadorial and other appointments policy controversy after another since Helms over the years. They have also provided came to the Senate in 1972. research linking Panamanian and Mexican Helms’s staffers are “troglodytic cold officials with illegal drug trafficking. They warriors,” said Lawrence Birns, director of helped Helms disclose in 1984 that the Cen¬ the Council of Hemispheric Affairs, a lib¬ tral Intelligence Agency had spent some eral research group. “The word constantly $500,000 helping political opponents of used about these people is not staffers, ARENA-Party chief D’Aubuisson. but operatives. They are agents of a cause, Like Helms, his staffers prefer to slow and each one becomes a country desk of¬ down U.S.-Soviet arms control efforts and ficer for the senator.” To the contrary, said encourage policies to “rollback” communism Howard Phillips, chairman of the Con- around the world. They also favor stron¬ ger military support for the Nicaraguan con¬ Bill Arthur is the Washington correspondent for tras than even the White House. Their activ¬ the Charlotte Observer. ities have made them less than popular with

SEPTEMBER 1987 “A victory for the contras... is crucial...in order to have freedom in the western hemisphere.” DeMoss

many in the State Department and with over of last year. The State Department some foreign governments. Even some is watching also. Helms and his people, while Helms supporters think the senator gives careful to avoid criticizing President them too much leeway and “needs to rein Reagan, have been harsh on several of his his staff in a little bit.” They are smart, they appointees, from Secretary of State Shultz are energetic, and to some they seem even on down. Most recently Helms has delayed more conservative than Helms. “Helms prob¬ the appointment of Melissa Wells as ambas¬ ably is the most moderate person in his sador to Mozambique. Helms questioned office,” said one State Department offi¬ Wells’s attitude toward RENAMO, a rebel cial. As ranking minority' member of the For¬ group opposing Mozambique’s socialist gov¬ eign Relations Committee, Helms doesn’t ernment, but which many experts believe have the power of the chairman, Senator is backed by South Africa and engages in Claiborne Pell (D.-Rhode Island). But he terrorism. Helms has accused Shultz of controls the Republican third of the com¬ trying to purge conservatives in the State mittee budget, about $650,000, and hires Department to keep control in the hands the 11 GOP professional staff members. of an “in-bred, self-serving clique” of Ivy He selects witnesses for committee hear¬ League elitists. He bears a grudge against ings and helps draff committee reports. He Elliott Abrams, assistant secretary of state negotiates with the Democrats on the com¬ for inter-American affairs, saying Abrams mittee’s legislative and hearing schedule. falsely accused him or his aides of leaking He is the Republican floor leader when U.S. secrets to Chile last year. committee bills are debated in the Senate. Helms goes to the White House when con¬ gressional leaders are briefed. And if the HELMS SEES HIS NEW job as a Republicans regain the Senate majority' in chance to force Shultz and 1988, Helms is first in line to be commit¬ other top policy makers to deal tee chairman. with him. “I will now be able to On Capitol Hill, Democrats are wary. be sure that the president knows what’s Helms’s new job, said one Democratic staff going on,” he said. “I’ll be able to say, ‘Mr. member, “just means that you’ve got a vir¬ President, do you know about this?’ ” Helms tually deadlocked committee.” Many said Shultz has promised that the senator Republicans are concerned, as well. Some will be consulted about policy and diplo¬ of them didn’t want Helms in the job to matic nominations ahead of time. “Up to begin with. GOP Foreign Relations Com¬ this time,” Helms said in January, “there mittee members originallv voted 7-0 to give was no consultation with any conservative the ranking minority' post to Senator Richard about these nominations in the Senate.” Lugar (R-Indiana), the former committee Nor, in Helms’s view, was there enough chairman ousted by the Democrat’s take¬ about policy. Helms and his staff were glad

26 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL to see Rear Admiral John Poindexter and his association widi it was legal. In 1980—81, Lieutenant Colonel Oliver North leave the he was a member of Reagan’s foreign policy National Security Council. They weren’t as transition team. concerned that the two were trying to Soft-spoken and shy, Lucier complains divert Iranian arms proceeds to the con¬ that he wants nothing more than to be a name¬ tras, as that they weren’t doing enough for less staff member. But his fascination with the rebels, especially Helms’s favorite— ideas and dedication to conservatism often Eden Pastora. North reflected the views lead him into discussions with reporters. of the State Department and CIA, said Even some who agree with Lucier’s philo¬ Jim Lucier, Helms’s new Foreign Relations sophy say he is a loose administrator. But Committee Republican staff director. Lucier has long been more than a paper shuf¬ “He’s no friend of ours.” Lucier called fler. More than anyone else, he provides North “the biggest obstacle we had to get¬ the philosophical framework for Helms’s ting Senator Helms’s views across to policy¬ instinctive politics. makers. We had constant, running batdes Lucier outlined that framework in a 1981 for four or five years.” interview with Elizabeth Drew of The New Yorker that he calls one of the best stories ever written about Helms. ‘The problem CONSTANT, RUNNING BATTLES are in our country,” Lucier told Drew, “is there par for the course for Helms’s is a tremendous gap between the people aides. They have a record of activ¬ as a whole and die leadership groups that ity that belies their small numbers. run the country.” Those groups, he said, Four people, besides Helms, have been “have been trained in an intellectual tradi¬ the nucleus of the Helms State Depart¬ tion that is not only at variance with the way ment. They are Lucier, DeMoss, Sullivan, the ordinary person thinks but is contradic¬ and Christopher Manion. Manion has been tory to it. Helms is not right wing. He’s not Helms’s appointee to the Foreign Relations even political. The issues he’s involved in Committee staff since 1981. Though their are pre-political. What I mean is, the intel¬ thinking echoes the senator’s, the four are lectual training of those groups I referred a contrast to Helms in one way. All hold to is highly rationalistic. Ever since Descartes, advanced degrees from prominent Amer¬ the emphasis has been on die mind to the ican universities; Helms never finished col¬ exclusion of the rest of the person.” But, lege. continued Lucier, “Once the mind is empha¬ Lucier, 52, is the major domo of the sized, it excludes most of the things that group. He has a Ph.D. in English literature are important to people—the people who from the University of Michigan and is are selling cars and digging ditches and known around the office as “Dr. Lucier.” getting their kids on the bus to school.” To The professorial image goes farther. He Lucier, issues like abortion and sound often wears rumpled suits, and before money are not right wing or left wing. They moving to his spacious new office, he are fundamental—pre-political. And so is worked in a cubbyhole in Helms’s senate “standing up for your country and putting office at a desk that sometimes looks like its interests first.” Most recendy, he said an overflowing library book-return cart. that view will shape Helms’s stewardship Lucier started as an editorial writer for of the Foreign Relations Committee minor¬ the Richmond-News Leader and a contributor ity staff. to American Opinion, the John Birch Society Helms, he said, will put U.S. national inter¬ magazine. He was Helms’s legislative di¬ ests first, with more emphasis on bilateral rector for 15 years before taking the com¬ arrangements and less on “multi-lateral mittee job and has long been one of the arrangements in which you surrender your senator’s top-paid staffers. In the early authority.” He said diat examples of the 1970s, he worked for Helms and for Cap¬ latter are the United Nations and the Gen¬ itol Information Services, a business that eral Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. “It’s sold economic and political information. A because of GATT that the textile industry director of the now-defunct company, is in trouble.” Victor Fediay, contended last year that the Lucier thinks the United States should company made money and was not non¬ have withdrawn recognition of the Sandi- profit. That raised conflict-of-interest ques¬ nista government in Nicaragua. The proper tions about Lucier’s involvement. But Lucier way to help the contras is to “give them said die company did not make money, and what’s necessary to do the job and then

SEPTEMBER 1987 “Helms is not right wing. He’s not even political. The issues he’s involved in are

fundamental—pre-political. ” Lucier

let them do it without micro-management accused them of meddling in the United from Washington. In Washington, they’re Kingdom’s foreign affairs. Helms played afraid the contras might win, so they have down the episode, pointing out that the to keep them restrained. The general State British never filed a formal protest. Department approach is to use the free¬ Staffer Deborah DeMoss’s outspoken¬ dom fighters as pressure for negotiating ness, such as her San Salvador interview, purposes with the Sandinista government. has led critics to claim she is a liability for Like a gas jet, you turn them up or turn them Helms. He does not see it that way. down according to how your negotiations DeMoss, 27, is a rising star in his retinue. are going.” Last winter he named her to be the GOP He even questions whether the United Foreign Relations Committee Latin Amer¬ States should maintain diplomatic relations ican specialist. DeMoss speaks fluent Span¬ with the Soviet Union. “We shouldn’t be ish. Lucier said proudly that she “knows half dealing with them as though they were just the presidents in Latin America” and can another country,” because of their “fail¬ get them with a phone call. DeMoss said ure to observe principles of international she pays for many of her international calls law and their worldwide aggression, both out of her own pocket. Helms’s budget overt and covert. Just about every treaty didn’t provide for them, she said, and they ever had they have violated one way the committee budget doesn’t either. or another.” Consequently, “There’s no Gossip linked her romantically in 1984 to need to have a resident ambassador D’Aubuisson. She denied it and com¬ there.” Rather, the United States could plained, ‘That’s the sort of thing that hap¬ deal with the Soviets as issues come up. pens to you if you’re a woman in this busi¬ ness.” DeMoss comes from a wealthy Bryn LUCIER ISNT CONTENT simply to talk Mawr, Pennsylvania, family. She is a grad¬ his philosophy. He carries it out, too. uate of Wheaton College and has a master’s In 1979, he and John Carbaugh, degree from Georgetown University in then a Helms aide, went to Latin American studies. She joined London with a message for then-Rhode¬ Helms’s personal staff five years ago after sian Prime Minister Ian Smith. They urged helping out there as a volunteer. She has him to refuse demands by some in Britain lived in Mexico, working there for the that the new constitution for his country guar¬ Campus Crusade for Christ. That organiza¬ antee no rights for the white minority. Crit¬ tion draws support from the DeMoss Founda¬ ics in Britain and the United States com¬ tion, a legacy of her late father, a Pennsyl¬ plained that Carbaugh and Lucier had no vania insurance executive. The foundation business advising Smith about anything and supports evangelical groups.

28 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Even critics admire DeMoss’s energy and fluent Spanish, a skill honed by a year’s living intellect. “She’s gradually becoming a very in Mexico between high school and college. potent person,” said Lawrence Birns of the He had also traveled extensively through Council on Hemispheric Affairs. Her first Latin America for the church with the editor priority, she said, is “a victory for the con¬ of a Catholic newspaper. Manion has con¬ tras. To me that is the most crucial area in tinued to maintain strong ties to the reli¬ order to have freedom in the western hemi¬ gious community there. sphere. Everything else right now is a side Manion got his undergraduate history show.” She also wants to attack the drug degree and a Ph.D. from Notre Dame. problem. It’s “a much more sensitive issue He studied in Austria and taught history and tougher issue to deal with and to have and politics at Rockford College in Illinois answers to,” she said, “but it’s something and at the University of Dallas in Italy. While where I think we’re making progress.” As living in Mexico in 1963-64, he studied a relatively new arrival on Helms’s staff, at Mexico City College, now called the Uni¬ DeMoss is learning what it’s like to operate versity of the Americas. as part of the minority. “You lose the initia¬ He met Helms in the 1970s through his tive,” she said, “but only in the committee. father, the late Clarence Manion, one¬ You can do any number of things in the time dean of the Notre Dame University full Senate, as you could before.” Law School. Clarence Manion was a foun¬ Foreign Relations Committee rules say der of the John Birch Society. Chris Manion that any three senators can call a hearing. is the brother of U.S. District Judge Daniel But DeMoss is well aware that the commit¬ Manion, whose appointment to the bench tee is laced with liberal Democrats and that came after a prolonged and bitter Senate not one committee Republican voted for fight last year. Helms to be minority leader. For her sen¬ Manion was accused last year of leaking ator, she said with a laugh, “Three is a lot.” U.S. secrets to the government of Chilean Nevertheless, she doesn’t expect minority strong man Augusto Pinochet. Manion vehe¬ status to cramp his style. “It just means a little mently denies the charge and said he will different way of operating and working be proven innocent. The Justice Depart¬ a little harder,” she said. “You just have ment is investigating the incident at the re¬ to be a little more creative.” quest of the Senate Intelligence Commit¬ tee. However, neither body has issued a finding, and the issue appears to have CHRISTOPHER MANION, 41, is died. Like DeMoss, Manion has been close known for more than his work for to Roberto D’Aubuisson’s ARENA Party. But Helms. An accomplished guitarist, he, DeMoss, and D’Aubuisson, while acknowl¬ Manion has played professionally edging their friendship, deny that the and is a music critic for High Fidelity and Helms aides were crucial in establishing the Saturday Review. He specializes in bluegrass, party. Manion is from Indiana, and worked country, popular, and classical music. When well with Lugar and his staff. He may even he played in Berne, Switzerland, in 1985 have been too close to them. Sources close for an Independence Day embassy party to Helms say Lucier and others became con¬ at the request of Ambassador Faith Ryan cerned about Manion’s activities for Lugar Whittlesey, the ambassador used part of and almost did not hire him for Helms’s a private entertainment fund to pay committee staff. As it stands, Manion Manion’s airfare. That episode and other moved from dealing with Latin America questions on expenditures by the ambassa¬ to Europe. Manion acknowledged wonder¬ dor led to the banning of such funds ear¬ ing if he should look for a job. “I’m proud lier this year [DESPATCH, November, Jan¬ of the fact that I got close to Dick Lugar,” uary], But music is now only Manion’s hobby. he said, adding that he never betrayed Since March 1981 he has been Helms’s des¬ Helms. “I never moved one inch away from ignee on the Foreign Relations Commit¬ him. Some of us over here can do diplo¬ tee staff. That was the year Helms became macy in a pretty good style of our own.” chairman of the Western Hemisphere sub¬ Philosophically, Manion still appears to be committee. Manion was working for the in lockstep with Helms and Lucier and, American Enterprise Institute when Lucier Manion said, President Reagan. He re¬ approached him about working for Helms. mains dedicated to the Reagan doctrine Manion seemed a natural to help Helms of not only deterring war and containing with the subcommittee work. He spoke communism, but also “rolling back the line

SEPTEMBER 1987 29 “The United States must abandon its futile quest for security through arms control” Sullivan

of oppression and having as our long-range button-down shirts,” Sullivan protested, goal the freedom of countries like Hun¬ “I’m not a mad dog.” Sullivan has other gary, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Bul¬ nicknames. He said the Soviets have called garia, Cuba, and the Soviet Union.” As him “The CIA’s Fallen Angel” and an Manion sees it, the United States had oppor¬ “enemy of detente.” tunities to do this in Hungary in 1956, Cze¬ Sullivan is a graduate of Harvard with choslovakia in 1968, and more recendy in a master’s degree in international affairs Poland. “U.S. policy should take into ac¬ from Columbia University. He is a Marine count the desirability of strengthening those veteran of Vietnam and a former CIA spe¬ groups which can make those kinds of cialist in Soviet foreign policy. He resigned changes. In that regard, it’s clear drat Sen¬ from the CIA in 1978 after he slipped Ri¬ ator Helms and a whole generation of con¬ chard Perle, then an aide to Senator Henry' servatives feel that the State Department’s Jackson (D.-Washington), an agency report inclination in such predicaments is to try to about Soviet deceptions in arms control. “I foster good relations with governments no did not have permission to give it to Perle,” matter what their nature, unless they are Sullivan admitted. Critics saw the move as anti-communist, when the policy is to under¬ an effort to dampen U.S.-Soviet arms talks. mine diem. Our point is that that door swings “That’s a characterization you could make,” both ways, and that the people of East Ger¬ Sullivan said. He said that when Paul many, for instance, under a tremendous Warnke, then our chief arms negotiator, saw oppression by the Soviet Union and their the document, he cabled home: “This own ruling communist elite, should see in report is very unhelpful.” U.S. foreign policy a beacon of hope and After leaving the CIA, Sullivan worked not a seal of approval for dieir communist for Senator Lloyd Bentsen (D.-Texas) and leaders.” then Senator Gordon Humphrey (R-New Hampshire). He also worked for the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency and the DAVID SULLIVAN, 43, is Helms’s Stanford Research Institute International. arms-control expert, an area in He has also written a book, The Bitter Fruit which he is unsurpassed in the of SALT—A Record of Soviet Duplicity. Immedi¬ minds of many on the right. He ately before joining die committee staff, has helped prepare Helms’s occasional re¬ he worked for three senators: Helms and ports to Congress about alleged Soviet arms- Idaho Republicans James McClure and control and nuclear-testing violations. His Steven Symms. deep-seated distrust of the Soviets and A few months ago, Symms entered into opposition to arms control agreements has the Congressional Record a study listing Soviet earned him the nickname “Mad Dog” violations of SALT II. The Soviets, Sullivan I among other Senate staffers. “I wear said, “have killed arms control by their SALT

30 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL break out violations.” He concluded that policy aides was John Carbaugh, a talkative, “the United States must finally abandon flashy fellow who was a lightning rod for its futile quest for security through arms controversy. He left Helms in 1982 after control. We must instead seek security by conflict-of-interest questions arose about the old-fashioned method—through uni¬ his working for Helms-related foundations lateral offensive deterrent deployment while on the senator’s payroll. Carbaugh, now programs and through our own nationwide a Washington lawyer, said he left to make Strategic Defense Initiative.” more money in private practice. Like Lucier, In 1985, Sullivan served a subpoena on Carbaugh was a member of Reagan’s State Soviet seaman Miroslav Medvid, who had Department transition team in 1980—81. apparently tried to defect from a Soviet freighter near New Orleans. Helms wanted the sailor to appear before the THE HELMS TEAM is in position for Senate Agriculture Committee to deter¬ action, but the senator minimizes mine if Medvid were returning under the potential for conflict. “I get duress. The senator still hasn’t forgiven John along real well with Claiborne Pell,” Poindexter, then head of the National Se¬ he said. “He’s a model of civility.” But con¬ curity Council, for failing to back his sub¬ flict seems almost inevitable. Committee poena. The ship left U.S. waters, and Democrats want to cut off aid to the con¬ Medvid never testified. tras. Helms wants to increase it. Democrats Backing up these four aides for years want to approve two nuclear-testing treaties has been Cliff Kiracofe, 37, who has a Ph.D. with the Soviets. Helms has maneuvered in foreign affairs from the University of to make that more difficult. He sees his Virginia. Kiracofe joined the committee duty as doing “everything I can to cause staff from Helms’s personal staff to spe¬ this government, and especially the U.S. cialize in South Asian affairs, narcotics traf¬ State Department, to abandon its practice fic investigations, and the Soviet Unio“n. of trying to cozy up to the Marxist countries Tom Boney, 33, a University of North around the world with appeasement and Carolina graduate, came to the Foreign Rela¬ compromise and stand flatfooted with and tions Committee from the Senate Agricul¬ for our friends. And that will involve stop¬ ture Committee, which Helms chaired until ping this absurdity of expecting our friends January. Boney is deputy minority staff di¬ to be perfect. There are a lot of our rector, focusing on administration, and also friends whom I’d like to improve. But deals with the press. He handles devel¬ we’re not going to improve them by letting opment assistance and African affairs. them be succeeded by communist re¬ Helms kept two people from Lugar’s gimes.” staff, Phil Christenson and William Triplett. To Helms and his staff, the United Christenson, 39, is a former Foreign Ser¬ States has “concentrated on managing its vice officer and a graduate of George¬ own decline” since World War II. They town University. He deals with the State believe this decline has been fostered by Department, the United Nations, and other a Foreign Service elite that seeks to avoid international organizations. Triplett, 44, han¬ crisis rather than overcome it. This elite, they dles Southeast Asian affairs and interna¬ say, believes that “the critical function of tional economics and trade. He is a lawyer U.S. diplomacy is to manage the transition with degrees from Georgetown and the to a world in which both the communist coun¬ University of Maryland. tries and the free countries can agree on Also on Helms’s committee staff are the same values.” But Helms says, since the Robert Friedlander and Darryl Nirenberg. communists are murderers, tyrants, and liars, Friedlander, 51, is a law professor and “What does that do to our values?” To author of several books on international ter¬ Helms and his people, the United States rorism. He has degrees from Northwest¬ “should be working to undermine the eco¬ ern University and DePaul. He handles nomic power, the social stability, and the treaties, terrorism, and human rights for military strength of every communist regime Helms. Nirenberg, 27, a Colgate Univer¬ in the world.” In the end, Helms says, sity graduate, specializes in Middle East¬ “There can be no compromise with com¬ ern affairs and agriculture. He was previ¬ munism.” For the State Department, the ously on the Senate Agriculture Commit¬ White House, and people on Capitol Hill, tee staff. another question is whether, for Helms, For years, one of Helms’s key foreign there can be compromise with anyone. □

SEPTEMBER 1987 THE U.S. NEEDS A WORLD BANK LOAN

LARRY THOMPSON

EXPANDING OPPORTUNITIES FOR ex¬ revolution, beginning in England in the early ports from less-developed coun¬ 1800s, proceeding to the United States tries is one of the most useful ac¬ late in the century, to Japan in the early tions the United States could take 1900s, and to Taiwan and Korea in more to bolster the economies of the Third recent decades. But the developed coun¬ World. This move would also be in our own tries still tenaciously promote the survival best interest. More than 200 years ago, the of the textile industry in their domestic patron saint of economists, Adam Smith, economies with a complicated system of recognized that trade benefits both the quotas, tariffs, other barriers, and volun¬ buyer and seller. More recendy, the Coun¬ tary restraints on trade. Today, the textile cil of Economic Advisers in its 1986 report and clothing industries are among the most to the president said that “most observers regulated and controlled of all those in agree that freer trade promotes more international trade. rapid growth, improves the use of a nation’s The sensitivity of textiles to trade pro¬ resources, encourages innovation, and en¬ tection is clearly based on the fact that tra¬ sures a higher standard of living for all trad¬ ditionally the industry has been the largest ing partners.” Countries cited frequendy single employer of manufacturing workers as examples of successful economic devel¬ in the developed world—nearly two mil¬ opment—Taiwan, Korea, and the Chinese lion persons in the United States alone. mini-states—achieved their success through By contrast, less than one-half that number export-led growth. produce automobiles or steel, and less than Practical considerations intrude, how¬ one-third make computers. However, the ever, on such plans to help developing coun¬ textile industry is declining in this country— tries. What do less-developed countries at least in numbers employed. Some produce that would be needed and pur¬ 168,000 workers lost their jobs between chased in the developing world? The ex¬ 1975 and 1984. Therefore, the argument ports of most LDCs are agricultural products goes, we need to protect the American tex¬ and raw materials with fluctuating demand tile industry to protect American jobs. We and constantly changing world prices—- are willing to permit steady, regulated, long¬ hardly stable bases on which to build an term growth in textile imports, but chaos and economy. An ideal export must be a prod¬ unemployment would result if our market uct that doesn’t require complex technology were suddenly opened to free trade. or a heavy capital investment. Its production Perhaps the United States needs some should be labor-intensive, use renewable development assistance to help counter the resources, and benefit from a large, stable problems of freeing textile trade from world demand and price. There is international controls. Let’s propose the fol¬ indeed such a product—one that is chea¬ lowing scenario. The World Bank is the per to produce in the LDCs and is bought world’s largest development agency, lend¬ by virtually every American. That product ing over $10 billion annually to the Third is textiles. World. In recent years, the bank and other The staid, unexciting sweat-shop textile international financial institutions have begun industry was the catalyst of the industrial to devote more of their resources to bal- ance-of-payments (or “structural adjust¬ Larry Thompson, formerly with the Economic ment”) loans. Such loans are intended to Bureau, is currently economic counselor and acting encourage economic policy reform rather deputy chief of mission in Guatemala City. than the traditional idea of building a road

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL or hospital. Structural-adjustment loans are $424 billion, of which about $42 billion was an inducement to LDCs to direct their in textiles. About $125 billion of total LDC economic policies toward more rational and exports was imported to the United States, productive lines of endeavor. As the including some $18 billion in textile pro¬ prescription for policy reform usually in¬ ducts and clothing. volves an increased orientation toward free- Compare total United States imports of market principles, the United States, of $125 billion with the size of the market for course, heartily approves. textiles alone. In 1984, the United States textile market amounted to $115 billion, of which $100 billion was produced do¬ BUT WHAT’S GOOD for the Third mestically, $18 billion was imported, and World should be good for all $3 billion was exported. Thus, opening up worlds. Why not a structural-adjust¬ our textile market would give LDCs the ment loan to the United States to opportunity to compete for $100 billion in undertake reforms in textile trade? The additional trade annually, nearly doubling United States would, of course, need a their potential access to the United States large loan. As an illustration, let’s say that market. A $100-billion market would prob¬ the United States and the World Bank con¬ ably do more good than all the aid we give— clude an agreement for a $25-billion loan or are likely to give in the future—in stim¬ spread over a five-year period. Each year, ulating LDCs to enter their own version of the World Bank would write out a check the industrial revolution. for $5 billion to our treasury. In exchange, Well, fine, but what about the impact of the United States would agree to elimi¬ this open market on the economy of the nate all barriers to the free import of tex¬ United States? The potential loss of nearly tiles produced in developing countries. 1.9 million jobs and a $100-billion domestic The $25-billion figure is just an example, industry seems a large price to pay for a but one based on the idea that—with $25 paltry $25-billion loan. The economic theory billion in hand—we could give every Amer¬ that free trade is beneficial to all parties ican textile worker who loses a job as a result is cold comfort to the owners, investors, of foreign imports the equivalent of a year’s and employees who see their livelihood wages, and we would also have change left threatened. over to undertake redevelopment pro¬ First, it is unlikely that, in fact, all our grams. textile industry and jobs would be lost. The cost-benefit analysis of such a After all, this scheme calls for free trade, scheme to the LDCs and the United States not a dismantling of the industry. United would require a mountain of studies, but States textile firms have made technolog¬ the potential impact on LDC trade oppor¬ ical advances in recent years that would tunities would clearly be enormous. Exports keep many of them competitive. Trade pro¬ of all LDCs in 1984 were approximately tection keeps the backward, the inef-

SEPTEMBER 1987 33 ficient, and the uncompetitive in business. tected industry such as textiles is one dollar To be true to capitalism, the old must be less invested in a competitive industry such allowed to wither away, to be replaced by as computers. Theory suggests that protect¬ the new, the innovative, the efficient. ing one job through trade controls elimi¬ Second, a not-very-well-understood nates the creation of another job in a more fact is that protection of domestic indus¬ competitive industry. Another important ben¬ tries by trade controls results in a very heavy efit of reducing protection would be the cost to the protecting country. Most obvious positive impact on the debt crisis. It is mani¬ is the increased cost to the consumer. A festly impossible for debtor countries to 1977 study estimated that tariff protection pay back their dollar debts unless they earn for the domestic industry—and tariffs are through exporting. Opening up trade, there¬ the most benign form of trade protection— fore, would enhance their ability to pay. costs the American consumer $426 million. Finally, reducing protection would open up The cost to the consumer of protection by new markets for our exports (cotton, wool, imposing quotas on imported textiles is and textile machinery, for example) and undoubtedly much higher. The Council of prevent retaliatory trade restrictions. Economic Advisers estimated that Ameri¬ On a policy level, elimination of pro¬ cans spend an additional 68 percent on pro¬ tection seems only fair. Our economic tected textiles imported from Hong Kong, policymakers spend countless hours persuad¬ 21 percent as a result of our tariffs and ing leaders of the Third World to accept 47 percent as a result of our quotas. The the temporary political and economic council also calculated that passage of the costs of structural adjustment for the 1985 Textile and Apparel Enforcement Act greater goal of a leaner, meaner, more com¬ (vetoed by President Reagan) would have petitive economy. Should we ask any less cost consumers an additional $4—8 billion of ourselves? annually. All in all, the cost of protecting The United States has won the battle the domestic textile industry is probably of economic ideology. Twenty years ago— well above $10 billion per year. even ten years ago—there was doubt among development economists that the capitalist model could succeed in the Third World. THERE IS ALSO a heavy cost associ¬ The experience of the United States and ated with saving jobs. Studies in other market countries was unique, they the 1970s indicated that workers said, not applicable to the problems of the losing their jobs as a result of im¬ developing world. Big government, state ports were unemployed an average of 39 socialism, and welfare states were the solu¬ weeks and their lost incomes (in 1984 dol¬ tions to the underdevelopment of Asia, lars) averaged $10,800 each. Government Africa, and Latin America. The debt crisis benefits reduced this loss to $5,600. Al¬ has cleared the air: open, free-market though the unemployment of many dis¬ economies do work. Private investment is placed workers was temporary, the cost of not a perfect means of allocating resources protecting their jobs would continue in¬ and benefits, but it’s more efficient than definitely. This cost was estimated at state socialism. $80,000. In other words, it cost eight times We may have won the battle, but we as much to save a job as it did to let the could lose the war. The small economies market work and the employee find a new of die world need to export—to pay their job. Similar studies in Canada had even bills, to import the capital and consumer more striking results. Preserving a job cost items needed for development and a the economy $390,000, although the income decent life. We, the developed market lost to the worker was only $14,000 before economies, have to practice what we preach, government benefits. A generous sever¬ and keep our economies organized on free- ance award to displaced textile workers— market principles and open to the products financed in this scheme by the World the Third World can produce more cheaply Bank—would reduce individual hardships. and efficiently. We have to recognize that Eliminating protection for the domestic economic policy failures are not unique to textile industry would yield many other the poor countries. Structural adjustment benefits to our economy. Only brief men¬ is also needed in the rich ones. tion can be made of them. The “crowding In this sense, the United States could out” effect of protecting a domestic indus¬ certainly use some development assistance. try means one dollar invested in a pro¬ Let’s make a deal with the World Bank.

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL The spring of1937 ushered in a new Roosevelt adminis¬ tration and high anxiety throughout the federal ser¬ vice. Chiefs of mission under¬ went their quadrennial rite of resignation. At a mini¬ mum, there would be many transfers. But not apparently for George S. Messersmith, ambassador to Austria. He had heard through thegrape- vine that he was staying in Vienna. The prospect pleased him. “I cannot conceive of having a better post than this” he wrote a friend. But the president was about to thrust him into the middle of the battles caused by the New Dealers’ reformist plans for the Foreign Service...

SEPTEMBER 1987 35 MESSERSMITH’S BIG FIGHT

For Roosevelt’s new State management chief, reforming the Foreign Service meant battles with Budget and Commerce

JESSE H. STILLER

GEORGE S. MESSERSMITH, ambas¬ chine suddenly mattered very much. sador to Austria, had just re¬ Sumner Welles’s appointment as under sec¬ turned to Vienna from his 1937 retary of state in April was widely seen as home leave when the telegram a presidential mandate to reorganize and arrived. He was to return to Washington rehabilitate his department for the trials for consultation, after which “the president on the horizon. Heads looked ready to roll. desires to appoint you as assistant secretary' Roosevelt’s own hostility to the State of state.” The news “came as probably the Department and the Foreign Service was biggest surprise I have ever had...we had often exaggerated. Roosevelt liked to just unpacked our trunks,” remembered entertain people and tell them what they Messersmith. wanted to hear, and he was at his satirical What brought the diplomat home from best savaging diplomatic snootiness. In more Austria was “one of the biggest shake-ups sober moments, however, his actions, and in years at the State Department.” Since occasionally his words, spoke differently. 1933 the New Deal lieutenants—Harry Hop¬ Overall, he wrote career diplomat Jeffer¬ kins, Henry Morgendrau Jr., Henry' Wallace, son Caffery in 1935, he considered State Harold Ickes, and others—had been clam¬ “so vastly better” since the recent Rogers oring, publicly and privately with Roosevelt, (1924) and Moses-Linthicum (1931) acts— for a purge of the reactionary career dip¬ establishing the unified Foreign Service— lomats who, in their view, held altogether that he felt “no great changes should take too many key State Department policy posi¬ place.” It was through thoroughgoing imple¬ tions and foreign missions. They were badly mentation of that watershed legislation that disappointed by the president’s initial dip¬ Roosevelt intended gradually to dislodge lomatic appointments, which struck a rough the ideological and social biases that he balance between loyal Democratic amateurs agreed were still objectionably overrepre¬ and career professionals. But the domes¬ sented among America’s senior diplomats. tic preoccupations of the first term kept His differences with his domestic advis¬ tire issue largely in the closet. The few for¬ ers on the issue were differences of eign policy initiatives that Roosevelt did means rather than ends. His solution to the undertake through 1936 almost invariably problem was more professionalism, more were conducted through informal channels merit promotions, and more Messersmiths; and personal emissaries like William Bullitt theirs was a general bloodletting that, the and Hopkins. Relatively free of White president recognized, would devastate House interference, the State Depart¬ morale in the ranks and set back the career ment, much to the New Dealers’ annoyance, principle to which he was committed. Prac¬ enjoyed considerable autonomy in conduct¬ tical considerations also argued against any ing the nation’s routine foreign affairs. In wholesale purge. If sympathy for the New 1937, however, war clouds were gathering Deal became the standard of diplomatic ominously over Europe and the Far East, loyalty, too few senior diplomats would be and the condition of the diplomatic ma- left in the field at the very time when the administration most needed their Jesse H. Stiller, command historian at the U.S. undeniable skills and connections. Army Air Defense Artillery Center, Fort Bliss, A press conference presented the first Texas, is author of the forthcoming book George changes. On May 21, Secretary of State S. Messersmith, Diplomat of Democracy, Cordell Hull read a statement announcing from which this article is excerpted. © 1987, Uni¬ the merger of the Mexican and Latin Amer¬ versity of North Carolina Press. ican divisions into a new division of the

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL American Republics, the first step, the sec¬ eign Service.” Newsweek’s Moley confi- retary said, of a long-planned overhaul of dendy predicted that he would “slash red the State Department in the interests of tape and increase the emphasis on merit “modern efficiency.” A fortnight later (as opposed to family background) among came the announcement of the consolida¬ career men.” However, Messersmith’s tion of the European divisions. Assistant Sec¬ advent turned out to be the only silver retary for Administration Wilbur Carr was lining for the New Dealers. For all the bal¬ sent to Prague, in deference to his lyhoo about the “revolutionized” State “desire...to take a mission in the field.” Department, the diplomatic old guard did Hull announced that George Messersmith, very well in 1937. Drew Pearson’s column, “the most capable person in the Service a frequent and pungent vehicle of New who is available for such an assignment,” Deal outrage, sounded the alarm over this would take Carr’s place. There followed apparent sham of a shake-up. “The old Har¬ The new manage¬ a grabbag of transfers, including Hugh R. vard clique” had triumphed once again, Pear¬ ment chief was ‘one Wilson to become assistant secretary in son wrote, and he accurately blamed the of those working- Welles’s stead. To cap the operation, the president for deciding to retain diplomats type of professional New York Times Magazine ran a puff piece who “fit identically with the definition of diplomatists who is by Harold B. Hinton extolling the “revolu¬ ‘economic royalisf against whom he preaches easily distinguished tion” that had transformed the department and who, furthermore, do not rate partic¬ from the many from “a more or less lumbering contraption” ularly high.” cookie-pushers who into a “disciplined organization geared to While not immediately seen as part of flourish in the the new necessities” of foreign policy. a shake-up, Messersmith’s appointment came Service/ wrote one It was a deft performance, duly ap¬ with the power to accomplish gradually what journalist of Messersmith plauded by most of the editorial writers the New Dealers had wanted Roosevelt who took notice of it. In his regular News¬ to do summarily. The decisions Messersmith week column, Raymond Moley, whose own would be making in his capacity as chairman brief tenure as assistant secretary of state of the boards of Personnel and of Exami¬ in 1933 gave him credibility in such mat¬ ners would affect the composition of the ters, pronounced the shake-up “an event Service for years to come. As budget of¬ of first-rate importance to the peace of ficer, with responsibility for appropriations, this country,” and a blow against the “incom¬ he had a chance to promote democratiza¬ petence in our State Department and For¬ tion by improving salaries and benefits. The eign Service” that “invites embroilment in diplomats and their critics were both cor¬ foreign wars.” He particularly praised the rect: there had been no “revolution” at the appointments of Messersmith and Wilson: State Department, and none was imminent. “Both are the working type of professional But Messersmith’s 30 months in Washington diplomatist, easily distinguished from the were to see significant progress toward the many ‘cookie-pushers’ who flourish in the unified, professional, more open Foreign Service. Both are extremely well-informed Service that Roosevelt was determined on European affairs and will help infuse to have. Of particular importance would be into die department...a more sensitive aware¬ his role in bringing the commercial attaches ness of what is going on across the Adantic. at most embassies under the roof of the Both are impatient with those men repre¬ State Department. senting us abroad who are long on social graces and short on knowledge.” Changes were predicted under Mes¬ SUCH NOBLE THOUGHTS were far sersmith. As an outstanding product of the from Messersmith’s mind on July career system, he was the best advertise¬ 22, when he and his wife ment the “new” State Department could landed in New York after a offer. The Washington Post sounded a storm-tossed crossing. He foresaw a very common theme in hailing a “promotion...richly frustrating tenure in Washington if he was deserved” for a “brilliant career diplomat” simply to take over Carr’s machine without whose skills “are frequendy said to have opportunity to help formulate European been an important factor in the preserva¬ policy, in which he now considered him¬ tion of European peace.” The New York self the department's foremost expert. Times cited his “intimate knowledge of The president told him on his arrival that the difficult question of inter-depart¬ he would have his hands full with routine mental relations [and] close acquaintance administrative duties and certain depart¬ with the work and personnel of the For¬ mental reforms Roosevelt wished him to

SEPTEMBER 1987 37 carry out. But he expected Messersmith to under Fascist fire. Messersmith might have attend policy meetings whenever possible, tried to turn die publicity to immediate and to be at the ready with political advice advantage. Instead, not wishing, perhaps, on request. to arouse too much controversy on his first Messersmith’s qualms dispelled, he trip through the budgetary gauntlet, he dived in and found himself up to his neck. asked for a very modest increase, some It required two separate State Department $570,000, in order to restore the Service orders to list all his official duties, which to its 1932 strength of 755 professional per¬ included the “administration of the Depart¬ sonnel, and to provide for some small salary ment of State and the Foreign Service, and allowance hikes. with supervision of personnel and manage¬ Unfortunately, Roosevelt was in the ment matters, departmental appropriations, midst of a shift in economic priorities. The consular affairs, passports, visas, Foreign Ser¬ depression emergency was declared over, vice buildings, and international confer¬ and attention turned to reducing the public ences.” With an authorized complement of debt, which was seen as a threat to recov¬ 713 Foreign Service officers and more ery. Across-the-board cuts were ordered than 4,000 clerks assigned to Washington in the executive departments. The State and to 312 consular and diplomatic installa¬ Department, one that had not benefited tions over the globe, the Service was a under the New Deal, was hardest hit in ponderous ship to pilot under the best cir¬ relative terms. Acting Budget Director cumstances. Convinced that the toughest Daniel W. Bell not only denied State its tests lay ahead, Messersmith set immedi¬ requested increase, but slashed an addi¬ ately to put the Service on an emergency tional $3.3 million. Only after Messersmith footing. By die end of July the personnel appealed directly to the president, argu¬ division was at work compiling two new in¬ ing that the proposed cut “takes lean meat dexes: a card for every overseas post, and muscle from a department in which noting special conditions and needs, and there is no fat,” did Bell relent, restoring a card for every officer, setting down “spe¬ $1.2 million, to a total of $16.6 million. cific capacities for specific kinds of work.” Consultations with the political divisions on personnel matters got underway. CONGRESS CAME NEXT. Mes¬ It was a summer of innumerable small inno¬ sersmith was not a complete stran¬ vations, a summer of transition for Mes ger to Capitol Hill, but he might sersmith and the administration of the just as well have been. Hearings State Department. State’s budget request before the House Appropriations Subcom¬ for the fiscal year ending June 1939 was mittee opened on December 8 and lasted Messersmith’s first order of business. The for eight grueling days. Messersmith came statistics told the story almost as eloquently out whole—in fact, with several new admir¬ as the privations they were causing. The ers. In a September column, Drew Pear¬ department’s current appropriation totaled son had done an expose on the Foreign $18.6 million—just what it was in fiscal 1932. Service buildings program with its cost over¬ From that modest sum, some $4 million was runs, the still uninhabited Bluecher Palace earmarked for “international obligations”— in Germany, and other small scandals. Repub¬ American contributions to the Pan Amer¬ lican committee members took up the attack. ican Union and the Mexican-American Messersmith admitted that the buildings Boundary Commission, for example— program “was the one aspect of the depart¬ leaving only $14.2 million for operations. ment’s work of which we could not be Anticipated revenues from passport and proud.” He promised “real progress.” No consular fees reduced the amount actually funds would be requested for new pro¬ drawn on the Treasury to $9.8 million—less jects while old ones were pending. He than a third of one percent of the total assured the panel that it would be kept federal budget, die least by far of any fully apprised of his progress. They were executive department. “appreciative.” The case for more was never stronger. In fact, H.R. 9544 granted State a few The emergencies in China and Spain were dollars more than Bell had called for. A bringing out the best side of the Foreign speech by Representative Robert L. Bacon Service. Americans evacuated from the war of New York, a member of the appropria¬ zones gave admiring accounts of officers’ tions subcommittee, clinched passage. individual heroism and general aplomb Hailing the Foreign Service as “one of the

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL finest bodies of men who serve the his audience, that State receive “all die United States government in any capacity,” funds” it needed to discharge its respon¬ he went on to eulogize J. Theodore Mari¬ sibilities. At a time when the country was ner, consul general in Beirut when struck building battleships at $60 million a copy, down in December by an assassin’s bullet, he argued, it was absurd that the depart¬ as an illustration of the “human element— ment charged with obviating their use men in grueling conditions in far-off places, should have to make do with less than the often in grave peril of their lives, obliged federal government contributed annually to make heavy sacrifices.” to the state agricultural colleges. There was The bill passed easily, and Roosevelt “an almost desperate need” for new per¬ signed it into law in April 1938. Messersmith sonnel and equipment, for higher salaries certainly had nothing to celebrate. Most of and post allowances. “Almost every other the mandated SI.6 million in economies country makes materially greater provision State’s budget could be achieved through nonrecurring for representation, and our failure to pro¬ request for FT 1939 items in the current budget, but that was vide adequate funds for this purpose is was Messersmith’s scant consolation in light of the urgent need entirely out of line with our democratic first order of for more. But die indignity of it all revived ideals, in that it precludes certain officers business. The depart¬ his fighting spirit. “One of die things which widi no private means...from accepting posts ment’s current I must accomplish during my present tour where the representation responsibilities appropriation to¬ of duty,” he vowed while the batde was are heavy.” taled $18.6 million. going on, “is to get for this department the The assistant secre¬ appropriations which it needs for the proper tary sought a conduct of its work.” In State’s case, pov¬ ESSERSMITH MOVED ON to a modest $570,000 M increase erty was self-perpetuating. Because “our key audience in his battle for appropriations are so small,” he had discov¬ support. Whether businessmen ered, “die Budget and the Congress can knew it or not, the politiciza¬ go into every item of our expenditure with tion of world trade made them increas¬ a care which is obviously not possible in the ingly dependent upon diplomacy. He took case of a department whose appropria¬ this message to board rooms and convention tions...contain single items almost as large halls at every opportunity. Yet Messersmith as our whole appropriations.” The appropria¬ acknowledged that State had a reputation tions panel had excoriated State for chang¬ for being “not deeply interested enough ing its typewriter ribbons too often. in the problems of American businessmen.” But, as he also appreciated, a more basic Sometimes depicted as intimate partners reason for the department’s chronic impov¬ in a rapacious dollar diplomacy, businessmen erishment was the absence of an organ¬ and diplomats seemed on the whole to ized constituency to pressure Congress on have barely tolerated each other’s presence its behalf. This was partly State’s own doing. on those occasions when circumstances threw By long tradition it disdained the crush for them together. Many Foreign Service of¬ a place at the public trough. One critic de¬ ficers had spurned lucrative business ca¬ nounced a “tacit understanding...between reers in favor of public service and ac¬ a Congress that begrudges money...and a corded a low priority to commercial and State Department diat doesn’t want too financial questions except in their larger geo¬ much money for fear of losing its exclu¬ political setting. siveness.” State preferred conducting its The upshot was that State had lost busi¬ affairs without Congress gazing over its shoul¬ ness’s support, to die extent it ever had der. Dollars were sacrificed for privacy. it, and, what was worse, lost it to the com¬ This was one tradition Messersmith in¬ mercial attaches. In August 1933, under tended to break. Convinced that “we must White House pressure, Secretary of Com¬ get the right kind of sentiment behind the merce Daniel Calhoun Roper had signed department if we are to have the moral a coordination agreement with William Phil¬ and financial support which is indispen¬ lips, acting secretary of state. The agree¬ sable,” he took to the stump “to bring the ment required the attaches to report work and needs of the department through diplomatic channels. But Roper before our people.” In four major speeches immediately began to sabotage the agree¬ between November 1937 and February ment and rebuild his Foreign Service. He 1938, he hammered home the depart¬ hinted that Hull’s trade program would lose ment’s role as “the guardian of our peace.” Commerce support unless coordination It was “only wise and prudent,” he told were scrapped, and he made “deliber-

SEPTEMBER 1987 39 ate propaganda” suggesting that the emascula¬ eign Commercial Service from enjoying our tion of his Service and the Great Depres¬ benefits,” and was bound to fail. So, with sion were somehow cause and effect. He the hope that S. 988 would either run set up a high-powered Business Advisory aground on its own or be preempted by Council, whose lobbying helped get his passage of the reorganization bill, Mes¬ budget back. In the field the attaches sersmith sensibly stayed away from the Hill. became more brazenly intractable than ever, engaging in policy discussions “without the knowledge or consent” of mission chiefs, WHERE THE ASSISTANT secre¬ “refusing to accept orders,” and, as Mes tary felt he could help was sersmith knew from Berlin and Vienna, with those whom a merger resisting office consolidation. With a fine would most affect. He was de¬ touch, Roper touted Commerce as a place lighted by what he heard from the half- where officials “sit around with their coats dozen senior attaches he sounded out. To off, and...talk the businessman’s language,” a man they agreed (privately, of course) in contrast to the “high hats” at the State that consolidation was overdue. Like the Department. consuls before them, the attaches had long Messersmith resolved to bring business felt the sting of diplomatic condescension. back to State; the attaches would follow. For them, integration into the State Depart¬ Unification of the foreign services, Mes ment would be a big step up in status. They sersmith’s “old dream,” was an idea whose also believed in unity as a professional good. time had come. On July 22, Senator Royal “As long as the services of the two depart¬ S. Copeland, chairman of the Commerce ments remain apart,” one wrote him, “there Committee, and great patron of the will be duplication, unnecessary expendi¬ attaches, introduced a bill (S. 988) to pro¬ ture, and an absence of that high type of vide his charges with die benefits of the service and assistance to which American Rogers and Moses-Linthicum acts: com¬ business interests are entitled.” Resistance missions by class, automatic promotions, rep¬ could be expected, another warned, from resentation allowances, and a separate pen¬ “a few die-hards in the Commerce sion plan. The bill would put the Commercial Bureau” and from Roper, but “if the Com¬ Service on a permanent statutory basis, crush¬ mercial men in the field felt that they ing Messersmith’s dream forever. would be fairly taken care of in any consol¬ The State Department rose to the chal¬ idation scheme they would be entirely for lenge. Carr, about to depart for Prague, it.” fired off a memorandum to Welles, urging Messersmith also discovered an encour¬ an appeal to Roosevelt. Copeland’s bill, Carr aging open-mindedness to consolidation on wrote, was “definitely in conflict with the the part of business. In early November he president’s policy,” which aimed to promote attended the annual convention of the Na¬ unity and administrative efficiency through tional Foreign Trade Council in Cleveland. reorganization of the executive branch. A When the diplomat addressed the as¬ bill first introduced in January and now semblage he offered another plea for being readied for resubmission would au¬ appropriations, tailored to his audience. The thorize the president to do precisely that. State Department he described was a Although Roosevelt was not saying publicly model of efficiency that all American busi¬ which agencies he intended to transfer nessmen ought to be proud to call their own. or abolish, for obvious reasons, he had given In fact, he declared, no department was the State Department to believe that the doing more to advance business interests Commercial Foreign Service would be abroad. Under Hull’s leadership and the among them. Copeland’s bill, of course, tide of political isolationism, State’s work threatened that goal. had become “preponderantly economic.” But Roosevelt had bigger problems to The new orientation was evident in the Ser¬ contend with during the summer of 1937. vice entrance examination, which stressed Messersmith and the State Department economics as never before; in the offi¬ were thus on their own regarding S. 988. cers’ training school, whose curriculum was He toyed with the idea of actively lobby¬ being revised to include more trade- ing against it in Congress, but such a lobby, related subjects; and, of course, in the he was warned, would be misinterpreted trade-agreements program, which had al¬ as stemming from “a purely selfish desire ready produced such outstanding results. on our part to prevent members of the For¬ Messersmith asked for support in order

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL to continue these efforts, to “make it more gone on to die House Commerce Commit¬ than ever your State Department.” tee. The committee voted unanimously to report the bill intact to the House floor. In a memorandum to Welles marked BUSINESS RESPONDED IN KIND. In “Urgent,” Messersmith recommended an late December Messersmith re¬ appeal to Roosevelt, alerting him to the dan¬ ceived a delegation from the gers posed by the bill. If anything, the NFTC led by their president, House version was worse than Copeland’s, Eugene T. Thomas. They said they were for it expanded the Commercial Service’s now aware of the confusion flowing from scope to embrace “economic” as well as “com¬ the present arrangement, and wished to mercial and industrial” matters. Messersmith go on record as favoring “further consoli¬ considered this “a direct invitation...to dation.” engage in political reporting.” In almost Unification of the This shift in support, however, had yet every particular—pensions, promotions, foreign services, to make itself felt on Capitol Hill. The year salary, allowances—the bill would place the Messersmith’s old 1937 was drawing to a close without action attaches on par with State and “perpetuate dream, was an idea on Roosevelt’s reorganization bill. Its pros¬ the present divided responsibilities in cer¬ whose time had pects in 1938 were equally bleak. Roper tain aspects of our foreign relations.” come. But the was mobilizing his attaches and the Busi¬ Messersmith maneuvered for time. He chairman of the ness Advisory Council in the fight for was drawing up a rather more sweeping Commerce Commit¬ S. 988 and an impregnable Commercial Ser¬ amendment to S. 988, one authorizing Roo¬ tee introduced vice. Without much that he could do, but sevelt to consolidate the foreign services legislation that needing to do something, Messersmith by executive order, accomplishing exactiy would crush the dream forever proposed an admiinistrative stopgap. He sug¬ what he had promised to do under the gested reviving the 1933 coordination agree¬ abortive reorganization bill. No sooner was ment, which was practically void but still on it formulated than the plan fell apart. Far paper. The attaches might thus be brought from cooperating, Roper threatened to to heel while their fate was being de¬ resign if the president proceeded, and cided. Messersmith had always believed hinted as much to the press. In Congress that “lack of direction by our officers was the attaches’ stalwarts vowed to fight any responsible for coordination’s breakdown. motion to recommit. He now took the initiative to provide the Messersmith frantically proposed another direction, in the form of a 30-page circular alternative. Consolidation through amend¬ instruction he proposed to distribute to ment to Moses-Linthicum rather than to American mission chiefs. It outlined the S. 988, he argued, would bring it before rules and principles that were supposed to the more tractable foreign relations com¬ be governing the attaches’ conduct, called mittees. But it was late in the session, and attention to practices in violation of those Roosevelt, smarting from his recent de¬ rules, and encouraged American diplomats feats, had had his fill of legislative combat. to impose discipline. He returned from a long Memorial Day It was a bureaucratic declaration of war, weekend at Hyde Park having decided a transparent attempt to steal a march on Con¬ to pacify Roper and to let S. 988 run its gress with a dead letter. The cautious Hull course. refused to authorize its distribution until House passage was now a foregone con¬ Messersmith had Roosevelt’s approval. He clusion. The bill came up on June 6, and a tried, but did not get it. Then came an- half-dozen congressmen rose to rhapsodize other setback. The reorganization bill had over the attaches. Messersmith’s last hope squeaked through the Senate, but House was Roosevelt’s veto. Certainly, he wrote opposition could not be overcome. Congress¬ Hull and Welles on June 9, a veto was in men who wished to restrict executive author¬ order. Roper had reneged on his prom¬ ity, protect pet bureaus, or inflict a defeat ise to remove the “economic reporting” upon the president united against it. On clause. April 8 the House voted it down, 204 to Welles went to the White House that 196. For Messersmith it was a “disappoint¬ morning and returned with Roosevelt’s ment” he could not safely linger upon. agreement to kill the bill. Messersmith’s While die fight for reorganization was heat¬ draff veto message expressed the pres¬ ing up, S. 988, which would put the Com¬ ident’s “hearty accord with legislation tend¬ mercial Sendee on a permanent statutory ing to bring all government service to a basis, had quietly passed the Senate and common basis,” but also his determination

SEPTEMBER 1987 41 that “the whole subject of coordinating the States in Berlin were operating out of the work of several departments and agencies refurbished Bluecher Palace. While disal¬ of the government which relates to for¬ lowing some requests, as for a State Depart¬ eign service...be acted on comprehensively ment motor pool, the committee let stand at the next session of Congress.” increases totaling over $1.3 million. One hun¬ But Foreign Sendee consolidation was dred twenty new positions were approved. not the kind of issue for which most politi¬ The budget finally passed by both houses cians would incur great risk. The opposition and signed by die president amounted remained vocal and determined. But the to $18.5 million, a 12-percent increase. president was on his side, firmly or not; But co-option of the attaches was most and sooner or later, as Mcsscrsmith knew, on Messersmith’s mind. During the summer that support would be decisive. of 1938 he prepared for battle with Daniel Roper. Messersmith discovered why the Commercial Service had never published BY THE SUMMER OF 1938 Mes- a Biographical Register like the State Depart¬ sersmith was showing the strain. But ment's when he compiled one himself. after vacationing in Cape Cod, he With an average of three to four years of was back to resume the battles business experience—mosdy clerical—the against appeasement and for departmental attaches looked pretty bad by comparison. reform. On September 15, he appeared Their qualifications, as Messersmith had sus¬ before Acting Budget Director Bell with pected all along, were primarily political. the department’s requests for fiscal 1940: He presented his findings to business lead¬ $20.4 million, up 20 percent over die cur¬ ers in a bid for support. He worked to as¬ rent figure. He asked for boosts in virtu¬ suage the attaches concern for their jobs ally every category of expenditure, and with the promise of prestige and oppor¬ for the biggest expansion of foreign per¬ tunity in the unified Foreign 5ervice. sonnel—264 new officers and clerks— On $eptember 7, he handed Hull a 75- since 1919. In his statement Messersmith page plan for consolidation, along with a depicted a State Department that had hus¬ proposed amendment to Moses-Linthicum banded every dollar, instituted every effi¬ embodying it. The agricultural attaches ciency, met every challenge, and simply would be absorbed, too. In compensation, needed more if it were to fulfill the “real Commerce and Agriculture would gain rep¬ needs of our government for die conduct resentation on the Foreign Service boards of our foreign relations which perhaps at of Examiners and of Personnel, and per¬ no time have been more vital to our fun¬ manent liaison officers would ensure that damental interests.” He called attention requests for foreign information were trans¬ to the “difficult and threatening” develop¬ mitted through State to the field; the sec¬ ments abroad, and the fact that “it is the retaries of State, Agriculture, and Com¬ budget of the department which has the merce would consult periodically. principal responsibility for the maintenance Messersmith guaranteed “broad sup¬ of peace so far as any government agency port” for this plan. “But for a few [con¬ can have any influence on its preservation.” gressmen] who will resist the erosion of Scrimping now was unthinkable. Budget Di¬ patronage,” legislative approval, he told rector Bell allowed two-thirds of the re¬ Hull, was a sure thing. Secretary of Agri¬ quested increase. culture Henry A. Wallace had already expres¬ In congressional hearings Messersmith re¬ sed his approval in principle. Top officials ported progress in the problem areas that of the Commercial Service and most of the Appropriations Subcommittee had the attaches were heartily, if as yet only focused upon the year before. Ineffi¬ privately, in accord. There would undoubt¬ ciency at State, he declared, had been edly be “narrow bureaucratic opposition” eliminated; with his reorganization, the from Roper and his closest associates, but department’s machinery was “perfected.” Messersmith urged that this not deter a He had promised to clean up the build¬ move so very vital both to trade promotion ings program, and had kept his word. Pro¬ and to the administration of foreign policy. jects underway in Ciudad Trudillo, Port-au- While Messersmith’s memorandum Prince, Helsinki, and elsewhere were all made the rounds, Commerce was mobiliz¬ on schedule and under budget. He took ing to resist. On October 6, Roper and As¬ special pride in telling the panel that all per¬ sistant Secretary of Commerce Richard C. manent representatives of the United Patterson met with their Business Advisory

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Council, urging an all-out fight against con¬ erated their negotiations. On April 13, Mes¬ solidation, which, they claimed, would sersmith saw Roosevelt, who ordered him “greatly weaken” government assistance to and Hopkins “to get together in a room, business. Messersmith fought back. The throw the key out of the window and come evening of October 8 found him in New out with an agreement which could be sub¬ York, pleading his case over dinner with mitted to him.” The next evening, after representatives of Roper’s advisory coun¬ a long day with the appropriations subcom¬ cil. In early November he was back for three mittee, Messersmith concluded his nego¬ days, buttonholing delegates to the NFTC’s tiations with Hopkin’s designee. Wallace 25th annual convention. It quickly became came around one week later. On the morn¬ clear that he had underestimated the opposi¬ ing of April 25, Wallace, Hull, and Hopkins tion. Loyalty to Ropier and the attaches, anti— gathered to initial the final consolidation State Department prejudice, and hostility plan. The commerce secre¬ to consolidation ran deeper than he had Messersmith was leaving nothing to tary resigned when thought. Messersmith argued that 85 per¬ chance. Within 24 hours dozens of letters his stand against cent of the foreign information delivered had gone out to business leaders and news¬ the merger of the by Commerce was actually collected by paper editors, explaining the plan, asking attaches into the State; that its officers were generally su¬ for a suspension of criticism or a favorable Service was over¬ perior to the attaches; that the present du¬ editorial. Several editors obliged, more, ruled. WithDaniel plicative arrangement was one no good busi¬ perhaps, as one wrote him back, out of Roper’s departure nessman would tolerate in his own firm. “regard for yourself than from a careful and constant But many persisted in viewing the merger study of the subject matter.” He then hit prodding from as just “another blow” against business by Congress, only to find himself preaching Messersmith, the New Deal. to the nearly converted. Michigan Repub¬ consolidation was assured This opposition apparently registered on lican Arthur Vandenberg assured him that Roosevelt, who had a modified re¬ most senators viewed consolidation as “one organization bill ready for the upcoming of those things which should have been 76th Congress. Messersmith’s memorandum done a long time ago.” Senate approval on helped persuade him. Roosevelt took the May 12 enacted the merger. memorandum with him to Warm Springs and returned determined to see the merger through, though not via Moses- IT WAS THE SIGNAL achievement of Linthicum. The whole idea behind reor¬ Messersmith’s career, “the biggest ganization was to deal with such things sys¬ thing,” he boasted to a colleague, tematically rather than piecemeal. Mes¬ “since the Rogers Act.” It was not quite sersmith was concerned that reorganization that big. Consolidation of the foreign ser¬ would fail again and drag consolidation vices broke no new ground. It simply ad¬ down widi it, as before. Roosevelt’s new vanced Rogers’s vision of unity. But it was measure, he worried, would “undoubtedly a long stride indeed in that direction. By be a controversial measure and will undoubt¬ confirming State Department jurisdiction edly be under discussion for some time over trade promotion abroad, a scholar con¬ before it is passed,” if it was going to pass cludes, co-option of the foreign Commer¬ at all. cial Service was “the most important devel¬ None of this mattered in the least to opment of specialization in the period” Daniel Roper, who was the loser either way. 1924 to 1939. It ended three decades He resigned when his stand against the of conflict, confusion, and duplication in merger was overruled. Ten days later American foreign policy. When, on July 1, Henry Hopkins was sworn in. With Roper’s 1939, 114 commercial and agricultural departure and constant prodding from attaches received commissions as Foreign Messersmith, consolidation proceeded ra¬ Service officers, the State Department pidly. gained exclusive charge of the nation’s per¬ Meanwhile reorganization, which would manent civilian representation abroad. It also include consolidation, was wending its way gained, at a fell swoop, 114 additional for¬ through Congress. Messersmith need not eign service lines—more than had been have feared for the bill. It passed the added over the previous 15 years. This House on March 8, after three days of expansion, which helped the department debate; the Senate followed suit. Roo¬ to meet its manpower needs during the sevelt signed the measure on April 3, 1939. war, may have been no less significant an State, Commerce, and Agriculture accel¬ accomplishment. Q

SEPTEMBER 1987 43 Saying it with Flowers

BY THE TIME my last spring in Cross-cultural when a Japanese couple had come Sapporo rolled around, the diplomacy to dinner at my house and looked urge to get out of the For¬ at the flower arrangement I’d re¬ eign Service and into my in a vase constructed at home after my ike¬ real life had become a pressing bana lesson. “How interesting,” the need. The diplomatic life had husband had said to his wife. “It been fun, educational, challenging, MARJORIE SMITH looks a little like ikebana, doesn’t the opportunity of a lifetime, but it?” it was really only preparation for my Ana Maria began to unfurl the real work: telling stories. Hadn’t I ing and temperament, Ana Maria was cylinder of paper she’d been cra¬ been playing the role of a diplomat a consummate politician, the pres¬ dling in her arms. “I feel...what is to get material? By now the material ident that year of the Sapporo chap¬ the word...retarded!” She rolled threatened to drown me and I was ter of Ikehana International. her Rs dramatically. “I am so far treading water frantically, trying to Ikebana is Japanese flower arrang¬ behind in my responsibilities. It’s that keep my rational head above the ing. Within contemporary Japanese business at the international school. waves of images and characters and culture, however, ikebana has almost It’s taken so much time.” conflicting realities that swirled nothing to do with flowers. It is a The international school was her around me screaming, “Write it lucrative, pyramid-style business ace in the hole. She served on the down! Tell my story!” scheme and political outlet for thou¬ school’s executive board with Nin¬ There was never time for writ¬ sands of frustrated Japanese ette and me. A very messy person¬ ing in the Foreign Service. The de¬ Organization Men who happen to be nel problem had only recendy been mands of die job, the claims upon female. resolved after we persuaded Ana my time as a local celebrity—die first One doesn’t just do ikebana. One Maria to vote with the agents of female diplomat in Northern Japan— studies it until one acquires the cre¬ progress, despite her conservative sometimes took 60 or 70 hours a dentials to teach it. The steps to a inclinations. Clearly, Ninette and I week. And when I did sneak away teaching license are paved in hun¬ owed Ana Maria a favor, and just on personal business—to take an ike¬ dreds of thousands of yen for les¬ as clearly, she had come today to bana lesson, say, or attend a meet¬ sons, expensive vases, flower hold¬ collect. She smiled and patted our ing at my daughter’s school—those ers and other equipment. It is almost arms. “I am sure Ogura-sensei will do litde personal indulgences mush¬ incidental diat on the way through your arrangement, Marj, and my tea¬ roomed, too, into new demands the ikebana maze, some beautiful cher would be honored to do one diat kept me from my typewriter. compositions are created. for you, Ninette.” Ana Maria Tobe was one of die That spring day in Sapporo, Ana “You mean people don’t make forces that pushed and pulled my Maria had me and the consul’s wife their own arrangements?” Ninette life into its peculiar shape at times. right where she wanted us. asked in surprise. Ana Maria paused Japanese by blood, marriage, and “But I don’t even study ikebana,” as though translating the question for residency, but Mexican by upbring- protested Ninette. “I can’t enter a herself. Her telephone answering flower show.” device responded to callers in Span¬ Marjorie Smith lives in Montana, where “And I’m not advanced enough ish, then Japanese, and finally En¬ she does free-lance writing and directs to put anything on display,” I said. I glish. Her mind worked that way educational and amateur theater. was still smarting from the evening too, she often said.

44 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL to Kazuko Ogura, who had a national reputation as a pro¬ ponent of the avant-garde within the mod¬ ernist Sogetsu School of Ike¬ bana. She was sympathetic to for¬ eigners and liked to take two or three under the wings of her flowing caftans and dramatic black capes. She under¬ stood that we came to learn a skill, not train as teachers. With a beret crown¬ ing her short black hair, Ogura-rrwrn held court every Tuesday in a third- floor meeting room in Sapporo’s “Oh, not most of the dignitaries. do my own flowers, American- Grand Hotel. As a student, you ar¬ I don’t think the governor’s wife Style.” rived at whatever time was con¬ or the mayor’s wife do ikebana, so Ana Maria clapped her hands. venient and, after greeting the tea¬ someone will help them.” She “Bravo!” she said. “Now, how about cher, took a bundle from the supply spread out a blueprint of the top you, Marj?” She pointed out my of wrapped flowers that stood in a floor of the Sogo Department space on the floorplan, just below bucket of water in the corner of Store on Ninette’s dining table and the consuls’ wives. the room like a flock of blind¬ pointed out where various flower “I guess I’ll have a talk with Ogura- folded cranes. You unwrapped the arrangements were to be placed. sensei” I said lamely. There was no package to find your assignment for “Mrs. Roudnev...well, there is a youn¬ point in copying Ninette’s masterful the day and then selected a vase ger Russian wife at their consulate gambit. “I do have a particularly Amer¬ from the large storage cabinet Ogura- who is a serious student of ikebana ican container I can use,” I remem¬ sensei kept at the hotel. The lesson and I believe she will do Mrs. Roud- bered. consisted of trying to transform the nev’s for her. Now, the Korean assigned flowers and chosen con¬ consul’s wife knows some ikebana but tainer into a work of flower sculp¬ Mrs. Chen from China has no idea, THE STUDY OF almost any Jap¬ ture while keeping in mind die basic so I will find a volunteer for her. anese art begins with a triangle elements required of all The thing to do, Ninette, is to give period of serving tea and ikebana. Women who had been at us a vase, something American. Then waiting on the sensei (tea¬ this for years were allowed to ad¬ my teacher will design an ikebana cher) and the high-ranking deshi (ap¬ vance to vertical vases, but I waded for your vase.” prentices). In pottery, an aspirant can forever in the shallow waters of mo- Ninette is very pleasant and soft- work around the studio for months ribana. Even so, when I could break spoken, but she is not to be pushed before she gets her fingers into away from the American Center for around. She’d already fought one the clay, only to be required to make a couple of hours, I found Tuesday battle in the ikebana wars: her first and destroy the identical vase for afternoons a refreshing interlude. week in Sapporo she announced months until she finally produces I loved the way the fresh scent of that, unlike the previous American one that satisfies the master. My job flowers and the tinkle of women’s consul’s wife, she would not study as director of the Sapporo Ameri¬ conversation floated over the thick ikebana because she didn’t want to can Center didn’t allow for such carpet of a room that would be full offend any of the teachers clamor¬ dedication to the arts, despite my of smoke and businessmen every ing for her patronage. Now she took desire to learn as much about Japan other day of the week. an equally courageous step. “If you as possible even as I accomplished Once satisfied that you had really want me in this show, Ana my assignment of explaining Amer¬ learned all that sensei could teach Maria, you’ll have to take me as I ica to the Japanese. you about that particular bunch of am. I’ll bring my own vase and I’ll Then someone introduced me flowers, you would carefully wrap

SEPTEMBER 1987 45 them in a special furosbiki, an in¬ She closed her gaping mouth and flowers blooming bright yellow in genious piece of plastic cloth you took a careful look at my pan. At the sunshine. ‘Oh,’ she thought, ‘I kept tucked into your purse. It un¬ least it had the broad, flat shape must bring this hope and beauty into folded into a sort of pink violin- favored for moribana. And she her¬ the cabin!’ She picked the golden case shape for carrying flowers. At self liked to put something unex¬ flowers and some tender sprouts home, you tried once again to repli¬ pected into her arrangements, al¬ of greenery and hurried back cate the arrangement the teacher though she leaned toward flurries home. But what to put the flowers had already required you to of paper ribbon or elaborate struc¬ in? She saw her husband’s spare gold destroy and rebuild two or three tures of straw. pan hanging on a nail beside the times during the lesson. “What do you think of an ikebana cabin door and she went down to that tells a story?” I asked. the creek and filled it with crystal “What story?” water.” A FEW DAYS AFTER she’d en¬ I made it up as I went along, speak¬ “What did she use for a flower snared us for the great ike- ing Japanese out of respect for my holder?” Ogura-.«w« demanded. bana exhibition, Ana Maria teacher, although she had a solid I thought quickly. “River pebbles. returned to give us com¬ grasp of pidgin English. That’s all she had.” plimentary tickets. “I understand “Once upon a time, in a gold rush “Good,” said my teacher. “Do your position,” she said, doling out town in Montana...” I paused to see you know where we can get some?” what appeared to be elegant invita¬ if she was following me. “At my house. There are lots of tions with a price of 1000 yen “Yes, yes,” she said, nodding ea¬ small round stones, where the rain printed discreedy in the corner. gerly. “Last time I was in the United and snow drain from the roof.” She meant that unlike ordinary ex¬ States I visited a ghost town in Colo¬ “Good. You bring the stones and hibitors, we would not be expected rado.” this pan. I will choose the flowers.” to fork over the equivalent of one “In just such a town there lived a “Simple flowers,” I said urgently, or two hundred dollars in exchange young bride,” I continued. “She unexpectedly captive to my own for our tickets. Once you had the was very much in love with her hus¬ story. ‘They must look like wild flow¬ tickets, you were perfecdy free to band and he with her, but he was ers, not something a florist grew.” sell them or give them away, but for obsessed with the search for gold. “Of course,” Ogura-rmrei said. “I most participants the outlay for a block Life was lonely and difficult for know exactly. Also, you must write of tickets, like the cost of flowers, her in the gold camp. They lived down that story, in English. I will was considered an expense of in a tiny, one-room shack with a dirt have it translated.” being in the ikebana world. floor and only one window, and I couldn’t express my relief that When Ana Maria had floated off" there were no other women around she was taking on the project with in a cloud of floral perfume, Nin¬ to befriend her. Her husband came her usual full-steam enthusiasm. ette confided, “Bob says my prob¬ home exhausted and discouraged “Please let me know how much the lem is, I’m Polish.” every evening because he wasn’t flowers and the translation cost,” I “As in Let Ninette be Ninette?” I finding much gold and the days said. She brushed the request away said, remembering the world¬ were getting short.” as though it were a horse fly in a wide television extravaganza my Qg\\YA-sensei nodded for me to Montana ghost town. agency had perpetrated, Let Poland go on. The students at the closest “Kancho-san,” said a woman at the Be Poland. tables had stopped working with table behind me, using my Japanese “And Let Flowers be Flowers. I don’t their flowers and were leaning title “director” to get my attention. think my idea of a flower arrange¬ closer, trying to follow my awkward “Does it end happily?” ment will fit in with the things I’ve Japanese. “What?” seen at other ikebana exhibits.” “Soon it was winter. The husband ‘The story. When she makes the “Don’t worry,” I said. “It will be went hunting and brought meat for flower arrangement?” a breath of fresh air.” them to eat and they learned to tan “Oh, of course,” I said quickly. Kazuko Ogura seldom let any emo¬ the pelts so they could keep warm. “She makes the flower arrangement tion other than pleasant interest cross But it was a long winter and they and it brings sunshine and the joy her face, but her jaw dropped in found little joy. of spring into their grim little cabin astonishment the Tuesday I un¬ “Finally, it was spring. The snow and when her husband comes home wrapped my special Montana vase. melted swiftly and her husband was for dinner, they realize the most I had bought it on my last home out standing knee-deep in the important thing in the world isn’t leave: a metal gold pan, just like stream again, shoveling gravel and gold but their love.” those used 120 years ago at Bannock, searching for dreams in the bottom “And when the flowers have Virginia City, and Last Chance Gulch. of his flat gold pan. One day she faded, they find the river peb¬ “It represents the foundation of climbed the hill behind their shack bles she used for a flower holder the history of my state,” I told Ogura- and in a little gulley, she found are actually gold nuggets worth sensei. gold of her own, a patch of early $10,000,” Ogura -sensei said firmly,

46 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL moving to the back of the room to communicate across cultural gulfs, I into it.” critique the work of one of the ad¬ had never had such tangible proof “What’s this all about?” asked our vanced students. that it was really possible. I had told puzzled boss. her a story about Montana in my halt¬ “Flower diplomacy,” Kayoko told ing Japanese. She had translated it him. ON THE DAY before the using only her art and simple materi¬ I met Mrs. Roudnev and a junior opening of the ikebana ex¬ als. It’s not die sort of thing the For¬ Soviet wife the next morning in hibit, my supervisor, the eign Service recognizes in effi¬ the dark labyrinth of the basement deputy public affairs of¬ ciency reports, but measured by my of the Sogo Department Store. We ficer, arrived from Tokyo for one own priorities, it seemed the pinna¬ exchanged polite greetings, and of his frantic 24-hour visits. We cle of success. Mrs. Roudnev pointed the way to rushed around the city from one “What’s this?” The jovial voice of the elevators. Yes, she said, they appointment to the next and re¬ my boss boomed behind me. “I had finished their arrangement. turned to the American Center just thought we were going out for lunch. Aren’t these Japanese amazing? So before noon to join the Japanese Ikebana lessons?” much money and fuss for a flower staff for lunch. My secretary said I still couldn’t speak. I gestured show! I hoped she hadn’t had to Ogavz-sensei was waiting for me in toward Ogarz-sensei helplessly. My pay for her allotment of tickets. the library. I found her with two boss had mastered the quick draw In the exhibition hall, dozens of of her deshi, one carrying a bundle of business cards and he bowed women bustled around, worrying of flowers, the other holding sensei1s and presented one to Sensei. One over flowers. The first thing that bag and a large container of water. of her deshi slipped a card to her, caught my eye was Ninette’s arrange¬ “Do you have the stones and the which she extended gracefully. ment, a lovely swirl of peach-pink pan?” Ogarz-sensei asked. Then she turned to me and said gladiola buds in a simple dark vase. I hurried back into my office and in English, ‘You very busy. We put It said something loud and clear snatched a bulky bag from beneath stones also on table to lead eye to about Ninette and her American sin¬ my boss’s feet as he sat talking on story here.” cerity, I thought. my phone to Tokyo. The other assistant produced the I looked at the arrangements of ‘It is your arrangement so you must Japanese translation, now entided the wives of the governor and the tell me what is right,” Ogarz-sensei “Montana Ghost Town” in large ka- mayor and the head ikebana honcho said. Gendy she unwrapped the flo¬ takana characters. It had been from Tokyo. The Soviet effort was rist’s package. Resting on top were printed on yellow paper and elabo¬ a massive conglomeration of huge, small flowers of a brilliant yellow, rately framed in silvery metal to fleshy flowers in a bulky pottery so delicate they looked like the complement the steel pan. vase, like a tank in a parade of home¬ tiny buttercups that are the first evi¬ “Tell me, do you think okay?” coming floats. The Chinese and dence each year that winter has once Ogarz-sensei asked gently. Korean entries were indistinguish¬ again lost its campaign to encase Mon¬ “Oh, Sensei,” I said, still fighting able, based on lovely, antique por¬ tana forever in glaciers. These flow¬ to control my voice. “Ids perfect. celain vases. Ana Maria’s arrangement ers were taller than buttercups and Dome arigatogozaimashita.” included a brilliant serape in with several blossoms on each stem, She waved her hands. “No, no, turquoise and fuschia stripes, a pre- but they were exaedy what had it is nothing,” she said, beginning Columbian terra-cotta figurine, and been in my mind as I made up the to rewrap the flowers. “We will set a single white orchid floating in a story. up tomorrow at Sogo at nine so you small bronze bowl. “Where did you find them?” I must come and be sure I do it right.” Beside it sat Montana Ghost asked. “You must have ransacked She and her assistants swept out Town, the golden flowers glimmer¬ every florist in Sapporo.” of the library and across the lobby ing like a dream in the shallow steel One deshi smiled gendy. “Well, that separated the American Center pan. As I stood before it in awe, we went to more than one,” she from the consulate. Ogirz-sensei busded up, wearing a admitted. My friend Kayoko, the one Ameri¬ smock instead of her usual flowing Ogavz-senseis pudgy hands moved can Center staff member who fa¬ black robes, a bright bandana tied swiftly, arranging the round stones vored American directness over Jap¬ over her short black hair. “What do in the gold pan and carefully prop¬ anese ambiguity, grinned. “Imagine you think?” she asked. ping up branches of an austere shrub Marj in an ikebana exhibit,” she said “That you are a wonderful that exactly captured the precarious to my supervisor. “I think she’s in¬ friend and teacher,” I said. spring of the high Rocky Mountains. vented a new art form. Annotated “Oh, no,” she said, “I learn from Then, with great care, she placed ikebana, we should call it.” my students.” the gleaming yellow flowers. I felt a litde sheepish. “I know. She gave me a hug and the ubiqui¬ “So. And so. There. How’s that?” ikebana should be a Zen art, full of tous Japanese flashbulbs popped I couldn’t speak; I was fighting significant emptiness, not words. But and a voice inside my head said, back tears. In 20 years of trying to I had to put something of myself “One day, I wrote a story with flowers.” SEPTEMBER 1987 47 Joshua L. Bonkovsky, son of Frederick and Elizabeth Bonkovsky, State. Joshua is a graduate of the Frankfurt- American High School in West Germany. He has also lived in Great Britain. Salu- PEOPLE tatorian of his class, he re¬ ceived a National Merit Scholar Presidential Aca¬ demic Fitness Award, a DAR U.S. History Top Stu¬ dent Award, as well as top student awards in biology and calculus, and member¬ ship in the National Honor AFSA/AAFSW Merit Award and National German Honor Winners for 1987 societies. His interests in¬ clude swimming, tennis, This is a banner year for the AFSA!AA FS W Merit Award, win¬ and writing. He will study ners. For the first time since the program began in 1976, public biochemistry at Harvard Col¬ recognition for the outstanding academic achievements of our For¬ lege this fall. eign Service winners was given during Foreign Service Day ceremo¬ nies, when Director General George S. Vest presented a certificate and $500 check to Lisa Jones, the top winner in this competition Cynthia D. Chillura, daugh¬ [ASSOCIATION NEWS, June], This year, 14 winners in the United ter of Anthony B. and Char¬ States graduated from high schools in Massachusetts, Michigan, lotte E. Chillura, USIA. Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Virginia, Maryland, and the District Cynthia is a graduate of of Columbia. The eight winners overseas lived in Barbados, Canada, McLean High School in Vir¬ Ecuador, Germany, Ireland, Kenya, Spain, and Taiwan. ginia. Bom in Lima, Peru, The AFSA/AAFSW Merit Awards this year are given in memory she has also lived in Brazil of W. Aver ell Harriman, premier American diplomat of the twen¬ and Spain. She has served tieth century and a strong friend and advocate of the career For¬ as treasurer of her junior eign Service. Funds for these awards are provided jointly by the high school class, holds mem¬ AAFSW BOOKFAIR and the AFSA Scholarship Fund. bership in the Cum Laude Eligible students who will be graduating from high school in Society, and has earned 1988, and who are qualified dependents of career Foreign Service two excellence awards in personnel, are encouraged to write for applications now to Dawn Spanish. Her interests in¬ Cuthell, scholarship programs administrator, 2101 E Street, NW, clude classical rock and Washington, D.C. 20037. Applications will be mailed for both the dance. She will be attend¬ Merit and the Financial Aid programs in late October. Merit ing the University of Vir¬ Awards are based solely on academic excellence; financial aid grants ginia in its law program this for full-time undergraduate students studying in the United States fall. are based solely on need. The deadline for completion and return of all program materials and applications to the AFSA office is February 15, 1988. Please apply early and be sure to state your Thomas R. Davis, son of Na¬ qualifying Foreign Service agency. thaniel and Elizabeth C. Davis, State. Thomas is a graduate of Phillips Exeter Academy in Exeter, New Malcolm P. Baker, son of Hampshire. He has lived in John A. and Katharine G. Guatemala, Chile, and Swit¬ Baker, State. Malcolm is a zerland. An Eagle Scout, he graduate of St. Alban’s has received awards in math¬ School in Washington, D.C. ematics and history, and He has lived in Czecho¬ holds membership in the slovakia and Italy. He re¬ Cum Laude Society. He is ceived a National Merit interested in politics, carpen¬ Commendation, a chemistry try, and cross-country skiing. award, the Princeton Club He will be attending Brown Award, and first prize in University this fall to study the Feder String Competi¬ history and political science. tion, playing cello. He is inter¬ ested in music and medi¬ cine and will be attending Brown University in its pro¬ gram of liberal medicine this fall.

48 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Jennifer C. Dickey, daugh¬ Kim E. Goodman, daugh¬ ter of Verne R. and Lilia ter of Dennis and Laura T. Dickey, State. Jennifer Beth Goodman, State. Kim is a graduate of Holy Cross is a graduate of Walt Whit¬ Academy in Kensington, man High School in Be- Maryland. She has lived in thesda, Maryland. She has Malaysia, Burma, and Au¬ lived in Jamaica, Australia, stralia. Class salutatorian, she Iceland, Spain, and Guyana. also received a National Her interests include Merit Commendation, Uni¬ French, mathematics, sing¬ versity of Maryland Honors ing, handicrafts, and jug¬ Scholarship, and was a semi- gling. She is a National finalist in the Maryland Merit Scholarship finalist Distinguished Scholar com¬ who will be attending Dart¬ petition. Interested in film, mouth College this fall to literature, and creative writ¬ study liberal arts. ing, she will be attending the University of Maryland this fall to study English and Lisa Po-Lan Jones, daugh¬ journalism. ter of Teresa C. and David T. Jones, State. Lisa is a grad¬ uate of Wakefield High George A. Ellis, son of Gio- School in Arlington, Virginia. vanna and Clarke Ellis, She has lived in France State. George is a gradu¬ and Belgium. She is a Na¬ ate of Bethesda-Chevy tional Merit Finalist, Honor Chase High School in Mary¬ Society member, and first land. He has lived in place winner [engineering] Ethiopia, Austria, Switzer¬ at the Wakefield Science land, and Taiwan. He has Fair. Selected to participate received the Bethesda- in the president’s scholar pro¬ Chevy Chase Chamber of gram and the governor’s Commerce Youth Award, school program at NASA, the Maryland Distinguished she will be attending the Scholar Certificate of University of Pennsylvania Merit, and the American as an engineering student. Association of Teachers of German Certificate of Merit. Interested in sports, Martha E. Jones, daughter art, and biology, he will of Teresa C. and David T. attend the College of Wil¬ Jones, State. Martha is a liam and Mary this fall in graduate of Wakefield pre-med. High School in Arlington, Vir¬ ginia. She has lived in France and Belgium. Inter¬ Thomas B. Gewecke, son of ested in drama, swimming, Thomas H. and Margaret M. and photography, she has re¬ Gewecke, State. Thomas is ceived a Rensselaer medal a graduate of St. Andrew’s for mathematics and sci¬ College in Dublin, Ireland. ence. She will begin die He has also lived in Nigeria, engineering program at the the Netherlands, France, University of Pennsylvania Venezuela, and Belgium. this fall. He is a National Merit Fi¬ nalist and has received a Presidential Academic Fit¬ ness Award, ECIS Award for International Under¬ standing, and the Audrey Hurry Citizenship Award. He is interested in bas¬ ketball, journalism, debate, and politics. He will be attending Harvard College this fall.

SEPTEMBER 1987 49 Jennifer Kattouf, daughter William D. McKinney Jr., of Theodore H. and Hea¬ son of William D. and Ruth ther C. Kattouf, State. Jen¬ E. McKinney, AID. William nifer is a graduate of the is a graduate of Phillips Aca¬ Mercersburg Academy in demy in Andover, Mas¬ Mercersburg, Pennsylvania. sachusetts. He has lived in She has lived in Germany, Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Tunisia, Ghana, and Jordan. Inter¬ and Syria. Her interests in¬ ested in sports and read¬ clude traveling, drama, and ing, he has attended the sports, and she has worked Center for Talented Youth with the yearbook and li¬ at Johns Hopkins University, brary. She will begin study¬ received the Benjamin ing in the business program Franklin Scholar award from at William and Mary this fall. the University of Pennsyl¬ vania, and holds member¬ ship in the National Honor Katherine Langhaug, daugh¬ Society. He will attend the ter of David and Anne University of Pennsylvania Langhaug, State. She is a in the fall to study interna¬ graduate of Cranbrook Kings- tional relations. wood School in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan. She has lived in Ecuador, India, Emily R. Montgomery, France, Thailand, and Paki¬ daughter of Robert J. and stan. Holding membership Kendall B. Montgomery, in the National Honor and State. Emily is a graduate Cum Laude societies, she of the Lisgar Collegiate Insti¬ also participated in hiking, tute in Ottawa, Ontario, skiing, and track and field Canada. She has also lived activities. She will attend in Australia and Czechoslo¬ Brown University this fall. vakia. Her interests include music, creative writing, and debate. She will attend Paul Mangiafico, son of Lu¬ Northwestern University in ciano and Carmela Mangia¬ the fall. fico, State. Paul is a grad¬ uate of Concord High School in West Hartford, Nicole M. Mull, daughter Connecticut. He has lived of Gerald C. and Irene I. in Barbados, Canada, Ro¬ Mull, State. Nicole is a grad¬ mania, Italy, and the Philip¬ uate of Broadneck Senior pines. Interested in com¬ High School in Annapolis, puters, photography, drama, Maryland. She has lived in and writing, he has received Pakistan, Hong Kong, Niger, die University of Michigan Israel, and the Sudan. Hold¬ Book Award and the Con¬ ing membership in the Na¬ necticut Drama Fest Acting tional Honor Society, she Award. He holds member¬ has received National Merit ship in the International Commendation and was a Scholia and American Na¬ Maryland State Distin¬ tional Honor Societies. He guished Scholar Finalist. will attend Georgetown She is interested in music, University this fall. tennis, and language. She will attend Dartmouth Col¬ lege this fall in international relations and language study.

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Susan E. Rondon, daughter Shilpa S. Shah, daughter of of Fernando E. and Marian Satish and Surya Shah, Rondon, State. Susan is a AID. Shilpa is a graduate of graduate of Academia Co¬ the International School of topaxi in Quito, Ecuador. Kenya in Nairobi. A mem¬ She has also lived in Mada¬ ber of the National Honor gascar, Peru, and Honduras. Society, she received Class valedictorian and semi¬ second place in Virginia’s finalist in the National 1986 State History Competi¬ Hispanic Scholar Awards Pro¬ tion. Primarily interested in gram, she has received a Na¬ traveling, she plans to begin tional Merit Scholarship Com¬ study in the accounting pro¬ mendation. Her interests in¬ gram at George Mason Uni¬ clude writing, photography, versity in the fall. and marine biology. She will attend the University of Virginia this fall. Catherine M. Van Heuven, daughter of Marten H. and Ruth H. Van Heuven, Julia Schlotthauer, daughter State. Catherine is a gradu¬ of Julius P. and Susan C. ate of St. George’s School Schlotthauer, AID. Julia is a in Newport, Rhode Island. graduate of McLean High She has lived in Belgium, School in Virginia. She has the Netherlands, West Ger¬ lived in Bolivia, Honduras, many, and Switzerland. A Ecuador, and Jamaica. She recipient of several scholar¬ has received a National ships during her high school Merit Scholarship Com¬ years, she sings, plays violin, mendation, and hospital vol¬ and participates in sports. unteer, language, and polit¬ She will attend Yale Uni¬ ical science awards. Her versity this fall. interests include animals, sail¬ ing, and water skiing. She is enrolled in Cornell Uni¬ Richard R. Wallick, son of versity’s liberal arts program Patricia B. Foran, State. He this fall. is a graduate of Taipei American School in Taiwan. Graduating Summa Cum Jennifer L. Service, daugh¬ Laude, he also holds mem¬ ter of Robert E. and Karol bership in the Spanish Na¬ C. Service, State. Jennifer tional Honor Society. His is a graduate of the Ameri¬ interests include ski racing, can School of Madrid in martial arts, and Japanese. Spain. She has also lived in He will attend Richmond Mexico and Chile. Serving College in England this fall as president of the National to study engineering. Honor Society, she is also a Merit Scholarship Semi¬ finalist and member of the Cum Laude Society. Her interests include softball, tennis, and soccer. She plans to attend Princeton University this fall to study international affairs.

SEPTEMBER 1987 51 THOMAS W. SMITH, deputy' assistant sec¬ retary of state in the Office of Policy and Program Review and a former ambassador to Ghana and Nigeria, died PEOPLE of cancer July 22 in Washington, D.C. He was 57. Mr. Smith graduated from Harvard University and also received a bache¬ lor’s degree from Cambridge Univer¬ sity and a master’s degree in economics from the University of Wisconsin. He Deaths and Ann Renzoni of Siena, Italy, and served three years in the Marine Corps nine grandchildren. before joining die Foreign Service in J. RIVES CHILDS, former ambassador 1956. to Ethiopia, died of a cardiac-pulmo¬ OWEN J. LUSTIG, assistant director of Foreign Service assignments included nary infection July 15 in Richmond. He AID’S office of Central America and Tunis, Paris, Lagos, and London. In 1975, was 94. Panama, died of cancer June 26 in he returned to Washington as director Mr. Childs was born in Lynchburg, Vir¬ McLean, Virginia. He was 56. of the Office of West African Af¬ ginia, and graduated from Randolph- Mr. Lustig was a native of Indiana. fairs. He was ambassador to Ghana from Macon College and Harvard Univer¬ He graduated from Bellarmine Col¬ 1979-83 and ambassador to Nigeria sity, where he received a master’s lege in Louisville and received a from 1984-85. degree in 1915. He entered the For¬ master’s degree in international public Survivors include his wife, Jane eign Service as a consular officer in policy from Johns Hopkins University. Stuart McDill Smith, and three daugh¬ 1923 and served in Jerusalem, Cairo, He worked in Spain before joining AID ters, Julia, Sarah, and Ann, all of and Tehran. He was charge d’affaires in 1965. His assignments included Latin Washington; one brother, James Macaulay in Tangier at die time of the American America and Vietnam. Smith of Lexington, Massachusetts; and invasion of North Africa, and for this He is survived by his wife, Marta, one sister, Emily Smith Cain of Jersey- service received the Medal of Free¬ and their two sons, Edward and ville, Ontario. dom from President Truman in 1946. Andrew, all of McLean; three children His last post was as ambassador to by his first marriage, John Paul Lustig LOUISE WHEELER, wife of Paul E. Whee¬ Ethiopia. of Miami, Martha Butreil of Phoenix, ler, a retired Foreign Service officer, He retired to Nice in 1923 to write and Christina Lustig of Houston; five died of cancer June 27 in Rutland, full-time. Among his 14 books is a 1948 brothers; five sisters; and a grandchild. Vermont. She was 63. volume, The American Foreign Service, and Ms. Wheeler was born in Canisteo, four works on the Italian adventurer LEON B. POULLADA, former ambassador New York, and graduated from Michi¬ Casanova, including a biography sched¬ to Togo and Afghan expert, died of gan State University. She accompanied uled to be published this fall. cancer July 17 in St. Paul, Minnesota. her husband on assignments to Italy, Yu¬ There are no immediate survivors. He was 74. goslavia, Romania, and Brazil. An active While serving in the Army during volunteer, she was a former vice pres¬ VIRGINIA LOWRY CRAWFORD, assistant to World War II, Mr. Poullada developed ident of AAFSW. the headmaster of The Maret School, the Pacific Theater Library Service and She is survived by her husband, of and wife of former ambassador to served as chief counsel at the Nurem¬ Manchester Village, Vermont; one daugh¬ Egypt William R. Crawford, died of berg war crime trials. He joined the ter, Laura Dias Leite, of Rio de Ja¬ cancer July 6 in Bethesda, Maryland. Foreign Service in 1948 and served neiro; one son, Paul E. Wheeler Jr., of She was 58. in Sri Lanka, Pakistan, and Afghanistan New York City; and three grandchil¬ Ms. Crawford was born in Phila¬ before being named ambassador to dren. delphia and graduated from Wheaton Togo in 1961. There he set up the first College. She accompanied her husband Peace Corps medical-assistance program. Births on assignments to Saudi Arabia, Leba¬ He retired from the Foreign Ser¬ non, Yemen, Aden, Morocco, and vice in 1964. After earning a doctorate A daughter was born to DENNIS K. and Cyprus. During Washington assignments, in South Asian studies at Princeton, he KATHERINE HAYS on June 16. The Ms. Crawford was a volunteer in phys¬ taught and lectured on Afghanistan and father is deputy chief of mission in ical rehabilitation at the National Insti¬ U.S. diplomacy. Twice he returned to Bujumbura and a former president of tutes of Health and in 1984 began work¬ Afghanistan on Fulbright scholarships. In AFSA. ing at The Maret School. 1979, he helped organize efforts to Survivors include her husband, of aid the Afghan guerrillas. His article Announcement Bethesda, Maryland; one daughter, on leadership in the Foreign Service, Sarah Lowry Crawford, of Bethesda; published last year in the Journal, was Former Peace Corps volunteers are one brother; and one sister. his most recent contribution to the study asked to contact the Washington-area of diplomacy. association of Returned Peace Corps JAMES E. HENDERSON, a retired For¬ Survivors include his wife, Leila, of Volunteers. RPCV/W is the largest eign Service officer, died June 21 in St. Paul; two sons, Peter Poullada of organization of its type and is seeking Carmel, California. He was 85. Istanbul and Phillip Poullada of Port members from among the foreign af¬ Mr. Henderson was born in Valdosta, Washington, New York; a daughter, fairs agencies. In addition to the oppor¬ Georgia. He entered the Foreign Ser¬ Sofia Hafiza Safipour of Saratoga, Ca¬ tunity to participate in Washington-area vice in 1931 and served in many posts, lifornia; and a grandchild. activities, membership includes a direc¬ including consul general in Guadalajara, Contributions to Ambassador Poul- tory of members. For those serving over¬ Cebu, Manila, and Naples before retir¬ lada’s memory may be sent to the Ob/ seas, membership is at a reduced rate. ing to Carmel in 1962. Gyn Clinic, American Aid to Afghans, For registration information contact He is survived by two daughters, Ka¬ Inc., 9900 S.W. Greenburg Road, Suite Jack Aubert, 2615 West Street, Falls therine Banker, of Baltimore, Maryland, 150, Portland, Oregon 97223. Church, Virginia 22046.

52 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL FOREIGN EXCHANGE

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We are THE Washington MONEY. Fee for this service is 10% of EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY Metro Area Short-Term Rental Special¬ the amount recovered. We get all esti¬ ists. Excellent locations. Wide price range. mates. Write or call and ask for one of our THE SCHOOL OF ADVANCED INTER¬ In Virginia - walk to FSI. In D.C. and Mary¬ agents. PERSONAL PROPERTY CLAIMS, NATIONAL STUDIES is searching for a land - walk to metro. Large selection of INC. 2000 Virginia Ave., McLean, VA senior professor in Chinese studies. He furnished and equipped efficiencies, 1- 22101. (703)241-8787. or she should be distinguished in both bedrooms, 2-bedrooms and some fur¬ teaching and research. The candidate’s inter¬ nished houses. Many welcome pets (chil¬ COMPUTERS ests and abilities should span such disci¬ dren of course). EXECUTIVE FIOUSING plines as modem history, economics, polit¬ CONSULTANTS, INC., Short Term ical science or international relations, and Rental Dept, 7315 Wisconsin Ave., Suite COMPUTERS, COMPUTERS! At Un- public policy, since SMS is a graduate school 627 West, Bethesda, MD 20814. (301) 951 - Diplomatic Prices! Full service, training if providing advanced professional training 4111. PLEASE call early - The hectic season needed while you are in Washington on for men and women planning careers in is here! leave. Any make or model configured. international affairs. True portables. Toshiba, Zenith, HP. Pro¬ grams for education, financial planning, real The search will close at the end of this MAIL ORDER calendar year. The appointed professor estate, word processing. Leading Edge will start teaching in the autumn of 1988. from $1295 complete. AT8tT, Kaypro PC, The Johns Hopkins University is an Equal Tired of inferior quality mail order cosmet¬ Compaq, and IBM. Graphics for artists, pro¬ Opportunity', Affirmative Action Employer. ics or drug store brands? We offer high grams for composers. Lowest prices, high¬ Applicants contact: Dr. Nathaniel Thayer, quality hypo-allergenic cosmetics and skin est quality. Dozens of satisfied Foreign SAIS, 1740 Mass. Ave. NW, Washington, care items at very reasonable prices. Com¬ Service clients. Export licensing if neces¬ D.C. 20036-1983. pare with Clinique, Estec Lauder, or Lan- sary. SOFTGRAF USA, 10 come. Send for our free catalog. IMAGE minutes from the department. 291 S. Van OPTIONS, 10 WILLOW BEND, POUGH¬ Dorn, Alexandria, VA 22304. (703)370- KEEPSIE, NEW YORK 12601. 5000 for an appointment. Telex 904 059 WASH.

SEPTEMBER 1987 53 BOOKS FOREIGN GRIEVANCES

IF YOU ARE LOOKING for an out-of- GRIEVANCE COUNSELING: Retired print book, perhaps I can find it. Dean EXCHANGE Senior Foreign Service Officer attorney Chamberlin, FSIO-retired. Book Cellar, who served on the Grievance Board staff Freeport, ME 04032. will assist grievance presentation. Richard Greene, 161 Laurel Road, Princeton, NJ CURRENT PAPERBACKS airmailed 08540. (609)924-3077 within 5 days at reasonable prices. Send INVESTMENTS for monthly list to Circle Enterprises, Box WILLS 1051, Severna Park, MD 21146. INVESTMENTS, FINANCIAL PLAN¬ NING, Long Distance Management when HAVE YOUR WILL REVIEWED and up¬ YOUR PERSONAL BOOKSTORE AWAY necessan'. Margaret M. Winkler, CFP, Legg dated by an attorney who is a retired FSO. FROM HOME: You can order any U.S. Mason Wood Walker, Inc., 1747 Pennsyl¬ M. Bruce Hirshorn, Esquire, Suite D, 307 book in print for your own reading plea¬ vania Ave. NW, Washington, DC 2OO06. Maple Ave. West, Vienna, VA 22180. sure or that special book sent as a gilt for (202)452-4000, in U.S., (800)792-4411. (703)938-3888. family and friends. Store credit available. Salmagundi Books Ltd. 66 Main Street, FINANCIAL/ESTATE-RETIREMENT Cold Spring, NY 10516. PLANNING, ASSET MANAGEMENT: EXCHANGE RATES E.F. HUTTON 8c CO., INC. G. Claude SHOPPING SERVICE Villarreal, Financial Management Advisor, Classified advertising in the FOREIGN 1825 Eye Street NW, Suite 1000, Wa¬ EXCHANGE is open to any person who shington, DC 20006. (202)331-2528. wishes to reach the professional diplomatic Serving U.S. government employees as¬ community. The rate is 75 cents per word signed overseas. Whatever you want, let per insertion. Telephone numbers and zip us find it for you. Automotive parts and codes count as one word each. To place a supplies, household goods, hardware, VIDEO ENTERTAINMENT classified ad or to receive our rate card cosmetics, toys, small appliances pans and for regular display advertising, write or repairs, etc. Buy at retail plus shipping and I WILL TAPE TV programs for vou. VHS call the Foreign Service Journal, 2101 E handling. Fast and reliable service. Just one Street NW, Washington, DC 20037, place to contact. Write to us for prices: onlv. Free information. BRITTON, 8703 S.E. Jardin, Hobe Sound, FL 33455. (202)338-4045. Checks should accompany U.S. Military' Buying Sendee, PO Box 7205, all classified insertion orders. The dead¬ Gaithersburg, MD 20898-7205, Dave Wal¬ line for FOREIGN EXCHANGE ads is lace, Manager; Retired US Park Police approximately 5 weeks before the publica¬ officer. tion date.

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SEPTEMBER 1987 55 ASSOCIATION NEWS

American Foreign Service Pro¬ tremely negative with respect to Bill amendments threaten AFSA, tective Association would no the foreign affairs agencies. The FS benefits, employee rights longer be available to Foreign Association is now concentrat¬ Service employees. ing on the Senate in the hope A collection of last-minute to classified information, which AFSA is doing its utmost to that the amendments will not amendments tacked on to the would include nearly the entire lobby against these amend¬ succeed there and can then be House version of the 1988 State Foreign Service. “AFSA believes ments. Unfortunately, the cur¬ removed in conference. We will Department authorization bill that drug testing is overly intru¬ rent legislative climate is ex- keep you posted..: would seriously undermine sev¬ sive and violates employee eral Foreign Service benefits rights, except where there is and employee rights and make it probable cause to suspect an Newly elected AFSA President Perry Shankle (center) and State Vice employee of drug use," the As¬ President Evangeline Monroe met writ) Under Secretary for Manage¬ illegal for AFSA to represent ment Ronald 1. Spiers In his 7th floor office shortly after their Installa¬ most Foreign Service employ¬ sociation said. It also pointed to tion last July. They discussed Issues that will form the bargaining ees. uncertainties regarding the reli¬ agenda for the new board. The two officers also met twice with The last amendment, intro¬ ability of the tests. Director General George Vest and discussed budget Issues with AFSA has voiced similar con¬ International Operations Subcommittee chairman Dan Mica (D.- duced by Representative Trent Florlda) and with staffers from the Senate Foreign Relations and Lott (R.-Mississippi), would pro¬ cerns regarding the notorious House Civil Service committees. hibit anyone who "negotiates on unreliability of polygraph tests, behalf" of the department from which threaten to become a re¬ belonging to the association. ality for Foreign Service employ¬ “This could effectively dismem¬ ees now that the House has ber AFSA as a union and de¬ passed an amendment intro¬ prive employees of the right to duced by Representative Dan labor union representation guar¬ Mica (D.-Florida), calling for anteed in the Foreign Service "periodic counterintelligence- Act,” said AFSA General Coun¬ scope polygraph interviews” for sel Susan Z. Holik. Employees members of the Diplomatic Se¬ who negotiate anything from curity Service. "AFSA does not building contracts or vendor ser¬ believe that DSS members or vices—not to mention interna¬ any other category of employee tional agreements—would pre¬ should be subject to such test¬ sumably be included. ing," the Association said. It also Shankle, Renewal Team capture “Ironically, it is in 1987, as we expressed concern that the pro¬ celebrate the signing of the Con¬ vision could be broadened in key Governing Board slots stitution and the granting of ba¬ the future to include the entire sic rights to all Americans, that Service. In 1983, a study by Perry Shankle was elected AFSA to fill these new positions. legislation is proposed which Congress's Office of Technol¬ president in the 1987 Governing “We have a new team on will seek to deprive a group of ogy Assessment found no evi¬ Board election, edging Action board now, and a lot of key play¬ loyal and dedicated federal em¬ dence supporting the reliability Slate leader Hartford Jennings ers from the old one,” said Shan¬ ployees of a fundamental First of such polygraph screening. in a four-way race. Other mem¬ kle. “This will provide both a Amendment protection”—the Other amendments of con¬ bers of Shankle’s, .Renewal fresh infusion of ideas as well as right of free association—AFSA cern are: Team, an informal slate, were important continuity" in labor- said in a press release. “No oth¬ ■A provision introduced by elected State and AID vice management relations and the er group of federal employees Representative Jack Brooks (D.- presidents, State constituency pursuit of professional con¬ has been so singled out." Texas) restricting the sale of representatives, and retired rep¬ cerns. “There are significant is¬ The release noted that the personal property overseas so resentative. Shankle and State sues confronting the Foreign amendment contradicts the that proceeds in excess of cer¬ Vice President Evangeline Mon¬ Service on many fronts. It is time right to join AFSA guaranteed in tain levels would be donated to roe will hold the board's full-time to put differences behind us and the Foreign Service Act. “The charity; positions. work together for the betterment members of the diplomatic ■A measure introduced by Action Slate members were of the profession. I am confident corps have served their coun¬ Representative Olympia Snowe elected to three officer slots, the board elected by the mem¬ try—and in so many cases paid (R.-Maine) that would freeze USIA vice president, secretary, bership can fulfill that mandate." with their lives-—for more than performance pay for one year; and treasurer, as well as to sev¬ Shankle did note, however, 200 years1. There is no reason to and eral constituency-representative that low voter turnout may indi¬ abrogate their constitutional ■An amendment introduced positions. None of the candi¬ cate “apathy” in a portion of the rights." by Representative John Kasich dates running as independents membership. “At a time when The House also passed an (R.-Ohio) that would eliminate was elected. the Foreign Service faces key amendment, introduced by the provision making the depart¬ Two candidates, receiving challenges in Congress, and Representative E, Clay Shaw ment the primary insurer for write-in votes, were elected to overseas, we will need all the (R.-Florida), that would establish health care overseas. This constituency-representative po¬ support we can get." a drug-testing program for all would mean that the low-cost sitions for Commerce and Agri¬ For a breakdown of the elec¬ State employees having access “overseas option" offered by the culture, They would be the first tion by constituency, see p. 58.

56 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Pell lauds ‘courage and intelligence’ in awards ceremony

Senate Foreign Relations Com¬ ed unparalleled initiative in his mittee Chairman Claiborne Pell handling of one of the most chal¬ (D.-Rhode Island) praised “the lenging jobs available to a junior qualities of courage and intelli¬ officer while serving in Tokyo gent action to which the Foreign during a historic and difficult pe¬ Service should aspire” in the riod of a very important bilateral keynote address at the annual relationship," according to the AFSA Awards Ceremony, held nominator. “Mr. Russel’s sense July 10 in the Loy Henderson of professionalism and insatia¬ Conference Room. “Those who ble interest in U.S.-Japan rela¬ have won these awards...sum tions made him an integral part up what is best about the For¬ of the diplomatic corps in Ja¬ eign Service. A sense of profes¬ pan," Harriman read from the ci¬ AFSA Award winners flank Senate Foreign Relations Committee sionalism, of skills harnessed to tation. The award is accompa¬ Chairman Claiborne Pell after the ceremony. From the left, they are the formulation and service of nied by a $2500 prize. Harriman Award winner Daniel R. Russel, Bohlen Award winner Shei¬ la Mack, and Slnclalre Language Award winners Molly Williamson public policy, and a readiness to The Christian A. Herter Award and John Beyrle. take responsibility for needed for senior officers was not given actions.” this year because only one per¬ done Jr. (Arabic), Marc J. A form to nominate officers Unlike in past years, only a son was nominated. In his open¬ Sievers (Arabic), Molly William¬ and family members for the few of the awardees were able to ing remarks, outgoing AFSA son (Hebrew). Director General 1988 awards will accompany attend the ceremony. Because President Frank Young called on George Vest presented the members’ copies of the October of Gramm-Rudman restrictions, the membership to participate awards, worth $1000 each. issue! the State Department did not more actively in the awards pro¬ have the funds to fly those sta¬ gram. tioned overseas back to Wash¬ Sheila Mack received the Avis hard languages and their asso¬ ington. Those who could attend Bohlen Award, named for the AFSA Awards ciated cultures who show exem¬ are named in the caption ac¬ late wife of the late Charles Boh¬ nominations plary performance, with a prize companying the adjacent pho¬ len, and given to a Foreign Ser¬ of $1000. Career officers and re¬ tograph. vice family member who does sought serve officers training for perma¬ Three of the awards go to For¬ the most to advance American nent appointments are eligible. eign Service officers who dis¬ interests at an overseas post. The AFSA Awards Committee is Anyone having knowledge of play "extraordinary accomplish¬ “She was the first embassy seeking nominations for its five an officer's or family member's ment, integrity, intellectual, spouse to arrive in El Salvador awards honoring the profession¬ qualifications may place a nomi¬ courage, and creative dissent." after an extended period of non- alism of Foreign Service officers nation. For all awards except the The William R. Rivkin Award, accompanied tours," the nomi¬ and a family member. The Sinclaire, the recommended for¬ for mid-level officers, was pre¬ nator wrote. “The violence level awards, which include cash mat is two full sets of materials, sented to Joseph C. Wilson IV, was high, kidnapings rife, and prizes, are among the most unbound, with each page whose “persistence in selling his gun fire and bombings could be prestigious in the Service. marked with the nominee's point of view to Washington re¬ heard daily, but the Mack family The Herter Award, the Rivkin name, giving biographic date sulted in a newer, more open faced the risks in order to serve Award, and the Harriman Award (name, birth date, grade, agen¬ policy toward Burundi,” accord¬ together." When violence took are given to officers who display cy), association with the candi¬ ing to the nominator. Mrs. John the lives of four Marine embassy outstanding intellectual original¬ date (not to exceed 250 words), Sterry Long, wife of the late Am¬ guards, “Mack made an effec¬ ity, courage, forthrightness, and and justification for nomination bassador Rivkin, read from the tive spokesperson for the creative dissent. Named for dip¬ (500-750 words, including spe¬ citation in presenting the award: spouses, explaining that they all lomats Christian A. Herter, Wil¬ cific examples). “Becoming a leading Africanist had made the decision to repre¬ liam R. Rivkin, and W. Averell A special form for the Sinclaire in only a few years, Joseph Wil¬ sent their country, and that their Harriman, they honor a senior, Award is available from the For¬ son has embodied both man¬ influence in the community was mid-level, and junior officer. The eign Service Institute or AFSA. agerial leadership and intellec¬ a positive factor in improving first two carry prizes of $1000, All nominations must be sent to tual dynamism in his career, U.S.-Salvadoran relations.” The the last $2500. AFSA by December 15. assisting him in establishing a award, including a check for The Avis Bohlen Award hon¬ This year for the first time, the well-deserved reputation as a $2500, was presented by Harri¬ ors a member of a Foreign Ser¬ judges were unable to award dedicated FSO who has served man. vice family. Named for the late one of the honors because the his country well." The award car¬ Ten officers were given Sin- wife of the late ambassador applicant pool had only one ries a $1000 prize. ciaire Language Awards, pre¬ Charles F. Bohlen, it recognizes nominee. The Awards Commit¬ The W. Averell Harriman sented for outstanding achieve¬ those “whose relations with the tee has called on all members of Award, for junior officers, was ment in the study of a hard American and foreign communi¬ the Foreign Service community presented by Pamela Harriman, language. They are: John H. ties at a Foreign Service post to honor the achievements of the late under secretary's wife, Beyrle (Bulgarian), Priscilla have done the most to advance their colleagues by calling them to Daniel Richard Russel. Rus¬ Clapp (Russian), John A. Hamil¬ the interests of the United States to the committee's attention. A sel, whose first Foreign Service ton (Turkish), Henry E. Kelley in the tradition of the late Avis nomination form for the non-lan¬ assignment has been as an aide (Polish), Ann K. Korky (Greek), Bohlen.” It carries a $2500 prize. guage awards will be included to Ambassador Michael Mans¬ Deborah R. Malac (Thai), Marcie The Matilda Sinclaire Lan¬ with all member copies of the field in Tokyo, “has demonstrat¬ Porter (Turkish), Francis Ricciar- guage Awards honor students of October JOURNAL.

SEPTEMBER 1987 57 Callander was a senior pro¬ gram associate and educational Torch passed at joint meeting program associate at The Wash¬ ington Center, where he worked in foreign policy internship man¬ agement and educational pro¬ grams. The position involved extensive counseling and co¬ ordinating with both student in¬ terns and prospective employ¬ ees. Other work experience includes free-lance writing for local publications on entertain¬ ment topics, coordinating con¬ Callander tinuing-education administra¬ named services tion, and serving as an assistant museum curator. He holds a representative master's degree in American history and political economy Outgoing President Frank Young passed the torch to newly elected Neal M. Callander has been from the University of Massa¬ President Perry Shankle at a combined board meeting on July 15. Young brleted the newcomers on the broad spectrum of Association named member services repre¬ chusetts. views. sentative, Director of Member Calendar's duties with AFSA Services Sabine Sisk has an¬ will include grievance counsel¬ nounced. He replaces Gerald ing and representation, and re¬ Kuncio, who resigned to pursue sponding to member inquiries a master's degree in history at on benefits, allowances, taxes, Election results by constituency the University of Delaware. and regulations. State AID USIA COM. AGR. RET. TOTAL President Shankle, Perry 659 54 1 265 1003 Jennings, Hartford 368 146 37 2 0 441 994 Hemenway, John 228 128 13 1 1 336 707 Burwell, who left to become Molineaux, Paul 290 47 7 1 0 119 464 Write-in 8 1 0 0 0 4 13 coordinator of the Women in In¬ ternational Security program at State Vice President Monroe, Evangeline 959 180 44 5 2 562 the University of Maryland. de Rouville, Anthea 513 173 33 1 0 528 Write-in 7 0 0 0 0 6 Johnson comes to the JOURNAL from the International Student AID Vice President Merrill, Henry 748 212 22 5 1 480 1468 Exchange Program at George¬ Young, Frank 432 171 42 1 1 505 1152 town University, where she was Write-in 1 1 0 0 0 4 6 publications coordinator. Pre¬ USIA Vice President Telkins, Stephen 734 241 74 3 0 797 1849 vious to that she was editorial Write-in 43 11 3 1 1 8 67 assistant at the Industrial De¬ Secretary signers Society of America. She Derrick, James 461 150 41 1 0 478 1131 Bean, James 581 68 16 3 1 284 953 has also been a picture editor for Harter, John 361 139 18 3 1 321 843 USIA in Washington and was an Write-in 2 10 0 0 2 Johnson administrative assistant in AID'S Treasurer management office in Jakarta. Mok, Samuel 863 291 59 4 0 884 appointed Write-in 42 9 2 0 1 12 She holds a bachelor's degree State Representatives to Journal in international relations from Lamberty, Gerald 1198 Farrar, Jonathan 907 Brown University and a certifi¬ Odor, Sandra 901 Nancy A. Johnson has been cate from the George Washing¬ Hughes, Barbara 666 Barmon, Ward 591 named associate editor on the ton University Publications Spe¬ Johnson, Shelley 575 575 Daley, Matthew 546 546 JOURNAL staff, Editor Stephen R. cialist Program. Her husband, Write-in 156 156 Dujack has announced. She re¬ Charles N. Johnson, is a Foreign AID Representatives places Senior Editor Frances G. Service officer in AID. Garms, David 259 Zak, Michael 206 Flynn, William 170 Write-in 19

left to study management at a USIA Representative Hail becomes Quintus, John 70 70 local college. Write-in 4 4

executive Previous to coming here, Hall Commerce Representative served with the Air Force as a Lacey, David 2 2 Write-in 2 2 secretary secretary at Fort Meade, Mary¬ Agriculture Representative land. She also worked at radio Chock, Alvin 1 - 1 Pat Reynoso Hall has been station KQIZ AM and FM in Ama¬ Write-in (not eligible) 1 - 1 named executive secretary in rillo, Texas, as an advertising Retired Representatives Laingen, Bruce 921 921 AFSA’s labor-management rela¬ traffic director. Previous to that, Thomas, John 691 691 tions office, General Counsel she attended West Texas State Sohm, Earl 624 624 Provencher, Roger 548 548 Susan Z. Holik announced. She University in Canyon, where she Write-in 56 56 replaces Sharon Morgan, who studied liberal arts. Names in italics were not elected

58 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Managing Your Money How about your An End to Deductibility of Home-Equity Loans? survivor annuity arrangements?

By Sabine Sisk, Director of Member Services The legislation establishing the new Foreign Service pension As Congress struggles to come wouldn’t touch as many taxpay¬ Two final proposals affect a system permits anyone who re¬ to grips with the federal budget much smaller group of people: ers; and tired before September 6,1986, deficit, one of the areas under ■Limit revolving lines of credit ■Eliminate interest deduc¬ to establish or increase a survi¬ consideration for raising new with no fixed terms for repay¬ tions on loans for boats and vor benefit for their current revenues concerns home-equity ment. These loans—promoted mobile homes that qualify for a spouse. This opportunity should loans. heavily by banks and other lend¬ second residence (i.e., have be of particular interest to those The following recommenda¬ ing institutions—are the fastest- kitchen, bathroom, and sleeping retirees who, when they retired, tions were being reviewed by growing segment of the home- facilities); and elected no survivor benefit at all the House Ways and Means equity market. They work more ■Limit to $1 million the maxi¬ or who provided for less than the Committee during the summer: or less like a credit card. You get mum amount of home-mortgage maximum amount allowable. ■Ban deductibility of home- a credit limit that is tied into your debt. The average Foreign Ser¬ For anyone interested in mak¬ equity interest unless the pro¬ real estate equity You draw vice employee should not have ing such a change, the arrange¬ ceeds are used to rehabilitate, against that and receive monthly to lose any sleep over this. ments must be fully completed construct, or purchase a first or bills. Your minimum repayment Whether any of these propos¬ by March 6, 1988. Only the cur¬ second home. This means that if is based on the outstanding bal¬ als becomes law, and whether rent spouse (to whom the retiree you use your loan proceeds to ance and interest charged. restrictions on deductibility ap¬ must also have been married at pay for a car, furniture, or vaca¬ Since credit is secured by your ply not only to future loans but the time of retirement) is eligible tion, no interest deduction would home, all interest is tax deduct¬ also to existing ones, is a subject for a change in benefits. More¬ be permitted: ible. The existence and increas¬ of debate. over, if the retiree has previously Limit interest deductions on ing popularity of the home-equi¬ ■ As we have previously noted made provision for survivor loans used for non-educational ty line of credit is due to the 1986 in this space, the 1986 tax-re¬ benefits to other individuals, any or non-medical purposes to Tax Reform Act, which calls for a form package will have numer¬ increase in benefits for the cur¬ $10,000 dollars. This would phase-out of interest deductions ous revisions over the next few rent spouse may not raise the to¬ raise less revenue, since it on charge accounts. years. tal amount of all survivor benefits beyond the maximum of 55 per¬ cent of the amount of the retir¬ Board continued. “As important as it eign Service and profession¬ ee’s unreduced annuity. may be to win the release of our alism in diplomacy,” the letter Any retiree wishing to take ad¬ lauds Shultz innocent countrymen" in Leba¬ concluded. "These words of vantage of this opportunity must testimony non, "to use such a bargaining support, at this difficult time, will deposit the amount by which his chip would place in jeopardy be well-received by our mem¬ or her annuity would have been countless members of the For¬ bership.” reduced at the time of retirement The Governing Board has of¬ eign Service and their foreign The board also issued a press had the election been made at fered its “wholehearted con¬ national colleagues." release lauding the secretary’s that time. In addition, there is a gratulations and support’’ to “We particularly appreciate testimony. The release was sent charge of $245 for each $1000 Secretary Shultz for his “coura¬ your words in praise of the For¬ nationally by the UPI wire. change in the survivor base to geous stand” before the Con¬ the Foreign Service retirement gress in favor of "honor and pro¬ fund to defray the administrative fessionalism in our diplomatic AFSA, Whitehead discuss costs of accomplishing the relations.” change. The total payment must The letter came after Shultz professional issues be deposited in full by March 6, caught the attention of a nation 1988, or within 30 days after the that had heard previous wit¬ Retirement Division sends no¬ nesses before the Iran-contra tice of the amount due, if later. hearings point with pride to ac¬ The law also allows anyone re¬ tions that included lying to Con¬ tiring on or after September 6, gress and skirting several laws. 1986, who did not elect an ade¬ The secretary expressed his quate survivor benefit at the time outrage at activities such as ran¬ of retirement, a period of 18 soming hostages and negotiat¬ months to establish or increase ing for the release of the terror¬ a survivor annuity under the ists who blew up the U.S. and same arrangements described French embassies in Kuwait in above, except that interest will 1983, in an effort to free Ameri¬ be charged on the retroactive can hostages in Lebanon. payment due. “We join you in abhorring even During a 7th-floor meeting last July, AFSA State Vice President Evan¬ For further information, or to the notion of releasing the terror¬ geline Monroe and President Perry Shankle agreed with Deputy make application to increase a ists responsible" for that act, Secretary Whitehead to present a united front on professional Issues such as the need to provide adequate funding to the foreign affairs survivor benefit, Foreign Service which resulted in numerous agencies. The three also discussed several differences the Associ¬ retirees should contact the Re¬ deaths and injuries, the letter ation has with the department In labor-management Issues. tirement Division.

SEPTEMBER 1987 59 tiring under any federal retire¬ legislative Alert ment program with less than 30 Retirement Crossover Considerations years' Social Security coverage (either under FSPS or outside em¬ ployment) may incur a signifi¬ cant reduction in their basic So¬ By Robert Beers, AFSA Congressional Liaison cial Security benefit; ■Regarding the thrift plan, As everyone in the Foreign Ser¬ Advantages: may deposit up to 10 percent of there is currently in force a "non- vice surely knows by now, those ■In most cases the amount of salary into the plan, tax de¬ discrimination test" that applies employees entering on duty the retirement benefit is easy to ferred, with the government to those FSPS participants whose since 1983 have been automati¬ estimate; matching the first 3 percent at salary is in excess of $50,000. cally covered under the new ■Under present legislation 100 percent, and the next 2 per¬ As pointed out above, the FSPS Foreign Service Pension Sys¬ FSRDS annuities are subject to a cent at 50 percent. Employees legislation provides that thrift tem. while those who joined the full annual cost-of-living adjust¬ eventually will have the choice of plan participants may deposit Service before that date re¬ ment; three investment options: A gov¬ up to 10 percent of their salary mained enrolled in the Foreign ■Sick leave unused at the time ernment securities investment into the plan, with the govern¬ Service Retirement and Disabil¬ of retirement is added to the fund; a fixed income investment ment matching up to 5 percent. ity System, The legislation which years of creditable service used fund; and a common stock index Under the nondiscrimination established the FSPS offered all in computing the retirement an¬ investment fund. The income re¬ test, however, the plan contribu¬ employees covered under the nuity. alized from these: investments tions of those earning $50,000 or FSRDS the option of crossing over Disadvantages: obviously will affect the level of more would be limited to the to the new system between July ■FSRDS benefits are not porta¬ the ultimate benefit. average participation by those 1 and December 31 ofthisyearif ble; i.e., employees leaving the Retirement eligibility: age 50 employees earning less than they wish to do so. Foreign Service before meeting with a minimum of 20 years’ ser¬ $50,000 annually, plus 2 per¬ Consequently, in preparation the age and length of service re¬ vice. (A Social Security Supple¬ cent. Example; if the participa¬ for the beginning of the cross¬ quirements for immediate retire¬ ment is payable until age 62, tion of the under-$50,000 group over period, there was extensive ment have two options: they may when actual Social Security averaged out at 4 percent, those discussion and study of the per¬ withdraw the contributions they benefits become available.) employees earning more than sonal considerations involved in have made to the retirement Advantages: $50,000 a year would be limited determining whether a transfer fund, or they may elect to re¬ ■Through the extent of their to contributing 6 percent of their from FSRDS to FSPS would be ad¬ ceive a deferred annuity at age participation in the thrift plan, salary to the thrift plan. vantageous to individual em¬ 60. If they choose the latter, the employees can influence the ployees. The subject has been level of their annuity is fixed at level of their retirement income; Observations and Comment: widely covered in seminars, the time they leave the Service: ■The system is portable; i.e., At this writing, efforts are un¬ magazine articles, and booklets. deferred annuities do not be¬ employees leaving the Foreign derway to secure passage of an Additionally, the State Depart¬ come subject to COLAs until Service before becoming retire¬ amendment to the law which ment has provided most embas¬ they are actually being paid out ment-eligible carry with them would exempt those employees sies and consulates with pre¬ to the retiree. their Social Security credits and who enroll in the FSPS from the programmed computer disks to ■There is a 35-year limit (plus the balance in their thrift plan ac¬ Social Security windfall-benefit enable individual employees to unused sick leave) on the years count, which can be rolled over offset for a period of at least five obtain comparative estimates of of service which may be cred¬ into another retirement plan. years. It is too early to tell wheth¬ their post-retirement income if ited toward retirement. In other They may take a deferred annu¬ er this will be successful, but they remain under the old sys¬ words, the maximum retirement ity payable at age 60 under the support for the idea appears to tem or transfer to the new FSPS. benefit attainable under FSRDS is defined benefit element in the be on the increase. By now most employees approximately 70 percent of the system. There is no limit on the Also, chances appear good should be familiar with the basic average high-three salary years. number of years of service for the enactment of legislation differences between the two which may be credited toward lifting the nondiscrimination rule systems. With the six-month The new system—FSPS retirement. limiting thrift plan contributions transfer period now underway, Basic retirement benefit: The Disadvantages: for high-salary employees. however, it might be helpful to total benefit comprises income ■Unused sick leave is not Consequently, those employ¬ recap the principal advantages derived from the three elements creditable towards retirement; ees considering a transfer to and disadvantages between the making up the system—Social ■If the annual rise in the con¬ FSPS for whom the nondiscrimin¬ two systems for those Foreign Security, a defined benefit plan, sumer price index exceeds 2 ation rule and the Social Security Service employees who are still and a thrift plan. The amount of percent, the COLA is the per¬ windfall benefit offset are major undecided whether to transfer or the Social Security benefit de¬ centage of the increase minus 1 deterrents to reaching a deci¬ stay put. pends upon the number of years percent; sion may wish to postpone ac¬ of Social Security coverage and ■Under present legislation, tion until the future of these pro¬ The old system—FSRDS the annual levels of income dur¬ participants in the FSPS are sub¬ visions is finally decided by Basic retirement benefit: two ing those years. The defined ject to the Social Security wind- Congress. Enrollees under percent of the high-three con¬ benefit element is calculated at fall-benefit reduction. Enacted FSRDS have until December 31 of secutive salary-years multiplied 1.7 percent of the average high- as a part of the Social Security this year to make the transfer, by the number of years of credit¬ three salary years for the first 20 Reform Act of 1983, this mea¬ and these two issues will surely able service, plus unused sick years of service, and 1 percent sure phases in a reduction in So¬ be resolved before then. leave. thereafter. The return from the cial Security benefits for those The crossover question is one Retirement eligibility: age 50 thrift plan depends in large mea¬ federal employees eligible to re¬ of the most important concern¬ with 20 years' service. sure on the extent to which one tire subsequent to December ing your future you will face. participates in it. An employee 31, 1985. After 1990, anyone re¬ Make your decision with care.

60 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL HE'S ADDED A NEW DIMENSION TO THE GLAMOUR OF TRAVEL.

Once you worried about the drinking water, the climate, and 7 whether your vaccinations would be ’fa*! nit sufficient protection from strange tropical diseases. Now those who are forced to travel abroad to follow business opportunities, or to take up employment outside the country in which they were born, face a grim new danger. Hijackings, terrorist attacks, kidnappings and Eagle Star Group indiscriminate bombings are International Life Division unfortunately commonplace headlines in the daily press. Terrorists are no respecters of H.A.R.M. protection recognises persons; they could cause the the new risks involved in modern death or mutilation of an innocent travel, and gives you double financial person who just happens to be protection against them. in the wrong place at the For full details of this low-cost wrong time. (included in the low-cost protection against the very real new You don't even have to life insurance plans we risks of living in the dangerous travel to be exposed to violence. offer all E.E.C. expatriates eighties, fill in the coupon below You can be caught by chance in and residents and US without delay. a bank raid, attacked by citizens throughout the work burglars, or even mugged H.A.R.M. doubles the amount I Please forward to me without obligation a personalised while shopping. payable if the insured life dies as a illustration for term insurance based on the following Most insurance companies result of any of the following risks: information. shun these risks and demand Hijacking, insurrection, terrorist their exclusion from the policies they attack, war, riot, bomb explosions, Date of Birth civil commotion or kidnapping or grant. Eagle Star's International Life Term of Policy □ 3 years □ 5 years Division is not afraid to face facts. other violent criminal acts. Currency □ Sterling (minimum sum insured £50,000) In fact, we offer double financial If the insured is not killed but □ US Dollars (minimum sum insured $100,000) protection against these fearful risks. suffers the loss or use of a limb or eye, □ Deutschemarks (minimum sum insured DM200,000) □ Japanese Yen (minimum sum insured 25,000,000 Yen) H.A.R.M.—the Hijacking and Associated Eagle Star will pay a commensurate Sum Insured Risks Module — is automatically benefit and continue his life cover.

Offshore term insurances and the H.A.R.M. Protector are issued by: Eagle Star (International Life) Limited, an insurance company which does not and is not authorised to carry on in any part of the United Kingdom business of the class to which NOTE: The maximum cover available, including H.A.R.M., is £500,000 this advertisement relates. This means that the management and solvency of the company are not supervised by a United Kingdom Government Department. Holders of policies issued by the company will not be protected by the Policyholders Protection Act 1975 if the When completed, please return this request to your company should become unable to meet its liabilities to them. • Eagle Star (International Life) Limited is registered and has its principal professional adviser or direct to: office at Hillary House, Prospect Hill, Douglas, Isle of Man. • The company's UK agent for enquiries is Eagle Star International Life Services Eagle Star International Life Services Limited, Limited, Eagle Star House, 217 Kings Road, Reading RG1 4LX which is not independent of Eagle Star (International Life) Limited. • As a member of the world-wide Eagle Star Group, Eagle Star (International Life) Limited has the full financial backing of its parent company. Eagle Star House, 217 Kings Road, Eagle Star Insurance Company Limited, 1 Threadneedle Street, London EC2R 8BE I Reading RG1 4LX, England. F.SJ.! Chryslers newest diplomatic couriers.

As an active member of the Diplomatic Corps, rival anything out of Japan. you’re entitled to special pricing through Dodge Dakota is America’s first mid-size Chryslers 1987 Diplomatic Purchase Program. pickup. Ever. With optional 4-wheel drive and You can choose from a complete line of Chrysler, payload capability up to 2000 pounds, there’s not Plymouth and Dodge cars, as well as Dodge much you can’t do in a Dakota. trucks, vans and wagons. New for 1987 are the For full details on these and the rest of the Chrysler LeBaron Coupe, Plymouth Sundance Chrysler line, Foreign Service Personnel in the U.S. and Dodge Dakota. should contact: Diplomatic Sales Office, Chrysler Chrysler LeBaron Coupe boasts a sleek new Corporation, P.O. Box 1688, Detroit, MI 48288. skin, a sumptuous interior and a high-torque fuel- Those stationed overseas: Telex 845-942543- injected engine for heart-pounding performance. OMSC-CH. It is beauty...with a passion for driving. Attn: Diplomatic sales. ^ CHRYSLER JjS MOTORS Plymouth Sundance is truly the unbelievable Or both can simply INTERNATIONAL American. Combining the absolute latest in mail the postage-paid OPERATIONS American technology with painstaking attention reply card in this Working together to minute detail, Sundance quality is designed to magazine. to be the best.