6 X 10.Long New.P65

Home , Baldwin of Forde, Dunstan, Gilbert Foliot, Wine (bishop), Wulfstan (died 1023)

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-71323-8 - A Social History of England, 900-1200 Edited by Julia Crick and Elisabeth van Houts Index More information

Index

Bishops and abbots are indexed under their institutions unless they ﬁgure in the text as signiﬁcant political actors in their own right (e.g. Æthelwold, Dunstan, Thomas Becket etc.)

Abingdon, 43, 120, 159, 227, 334, 337 court school, 357, 359 abbey, 42, 95, 376, 396 and education, 341–2, 345, 381 school at, 362 and English identity, 246, 390 Adrian IV, pope (1154–9), 231, 316, 353 and fortiﬁcation, 188 Ælfric Bata laws of, 82, 91, 160, 405 Colloquy, 361, 367 Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, 3, 10, 43, 51, 83, 102, Ælfric of Eynsham, 81, 88, 266, 267, 269, 275, 104, 108, 126, 147, 159, 209, 241, 248, 288, 290, 294, 302, 306, 308, 318, 319, 345, 363, 368 331, 334, 345, 363, 365, 367, 368, 382, 403, Anjou, 5 406, 407 Anselm, archbishop of Canterbury Catholic Homilies, 307, 345, 350 (1093–1109), 285, 315, 316, 317 Colloquy, 32, 358–9, 365 Arabic texts and learning, 338, 356, 382, 389, 400 Lives of Saints, 347 astrology, 275 Æthelred, king of England (978–1016), 78, 102, archives, urban, 205 119, 120, 146, 148, 161, 190, 203, 214, 215, Arcoid, 318 219, 239, 241, 252, 304, 389 Miracles of St Earconwald (Miracula S. burghal policy, 161 Erkenwaldi), 318 laws of, 85, 91, 95, 139, 149, 185, 220, 238, 272, assarting, 36 304–6 Asser, biographer of King Alfred, 357, 362, Æthelstan, king of England (924–39), 80, 82, 363 137, 214, 231, 325, 388, 389 Augustinian order, 196, 258, 268, 271, 277–8, Eadgyth, sister of, 248 281, 284, 338, 340 household of, 363 laws of, 148, 160, 201, 270 Battle Abbey, 45, 200, 280 Æthelwold, bishop of Winchester (963–84), Battle Chronicle, 200 42, 225, 276, 313, 323, 331, 332, 355, 372 Bede, 3, 16, 56, 59, 156, 257, 277, 286, 342, 362, education, 363–4 381, 382, 384, 385, 386, 387, 388 relics of, 309 Bedford, 116, 158, 172, 189, 209 Aldhelm, 362, 381, 384, 385, 387, 388 Benedictine order, 191, 193, 268, 271, 278, 282, ale, 16, 17, 30, 47, 67, 115, 269, 302, 342, 387, 312, 314, 337, 340, 393, 397, 400 403, 404, 405, 407, 408 Benedictine reform, 7, 78, 195, 276, 333, 334, see also drinking; feasting and entertainment 335, 336, 345, 350, 361, 365, 387 Alfred of Beverley, 3 Benedictine Rule, 74, 276, 277, 313, 340 Alfred, king of Wessex (871–99), 5, 92, 124, 126, Benedictional of Æthelwold, 205 159, 163, 180, 243, 406 bishop-lists, 382 coinage of, 243 bishops and prelacy, 22, 41, 48, 75, 95, 170, 195, court of, 362–3 214, 265, 284, 287, 291–2, 297, 307–8, scholars at, 388 312, 317, 323, 337, 370, 406

446

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Index 447

and concubines, 139 Cambridge Songs, 404 consecration, 274 Canterbury, 74, 155, 159, 160, 174, 182, 190, as judges, 85 196, 201, 204, 333 and learning, 345, 350 archbishopric of, 396 pontiﬁcals, 296 archbishops of, 91, 304, 316, 333 preaching, 271, 367 Ælfheah (1006–12), 242, 317–18 as witnesses, 375 Æthelnoth (1020–38), 346 Blair, John, 21 Augustine (597–604×9), 265 Bracton, 96, 112 Baldwin of Forde (1184–90), 315 bread, 16, 17, 68, 69, 361 diocesan authority of, 316 bakehouse, 33 Oda (941–58), 211, 364 bakers, 118, 205, 263, 358, 365 Ralph d’Escures (1114–22), 350 during periods of fast, 272 Sigeric (990–4), 345 used in Mass, 268, 269, 289 Stigand (1052–70), 243 bridges and river-crossings, 150, 188–9, 224 Theobald (1139–61),352 building and repair of, 189 Theodore (668–90) Bristol, 96, 143, 169, 190, 193, 194, 196, 198, school of, 385 199, 206, 234 translation of, 332–3 Brittany, 58, 211, 214, 222, 324, 388 Canterbury Cathedral, 150, 195 Breton allies of Henry I, 128 pilgrimage to, 311, 312 Breton language, 381 shrine of Thomas Becket, 233 Breton pilgrims in England in tenth stained glass, 116 century, 324 cathedral priory, 402 contact with before 1066, 215 Christ Church, 334, 348, 350, 378, 393 counts of archive of, 377 son fostered at English court, 137 learning at, 387 intermarriage after 1066, 250 manuscripts from, 337, 346, 381 source of contingents in 1066, 240 monks of, 91, 302, 409 source of migrants after 1066, 223, 229, 249 penance of Henry II at, 328 Burghal Hidage, 127, 158, 159 rite at, 300, 303 and garrisoning, 127 school at, 362, 385, 386 guild at, 205 water systems at, 194 Bury St Edmunds, 193 St Augustine’s Abbey, 316, 323, 333, abbey, 323 350 benefactors of, 232 abbot Æthelsige, 225 cult of St Edmund at, 242, 324 manuscripts from, 404 estate survey of, 245 Carlisle, 174 law suit concerning, 374–6 ‘Mine of Carlisle’, 63, 65 as lord of the town, 204, 205 castle-boroughs, 168–9 manuscripts from, 397 castles, 62, 83, 114, 129, 167, 190, 281 tenant of, 133 clearance for, 148 abbots of construction, 229 Baldwin, 397 and deer parks, 51, 108 Leofstan, 397 gallows at, 149 Samson, 271, 308 and Jews, 197, 259–60 burgesses of, 118 and landscape, 98–9 Jews in, 257, 261 and markets, 185 monks of and oppression, 104, 108 Herman, 324 as refuge, 131 Walter the physician, 397 as residences, 36, 108, 223, 281 riots at, 259 royal, 188 Byrhtferth of Ramsey, 334, 363 and seigneurial power, 83, 86 siege, 130, 260 Cambridge, 105, 189, 191, 200, 283 toy castle, 125 Jews in, 263 urban, 190–1, 221

448 Index

cereal production Svein Forkbeard, 232, 239, 390 and towns, 172 diet, 67–9 see also bread; mills and milling; ploughs and consumption of cereals, 17 ploughing; rye marine, 67–9, 404, 408 charity, 74 disease Chester, 159, 160, 166, 167, 172, 174, 186, 189, anaemia, 68–9, 74 191, 194, 195, 196, 229, 230, 325 cribra orbitalia, 69, 72 customs of, 223 dental, 69 earls of, 50 hypoplasia, 69 childbirth, 73–4 leprosy, 73 churches Domesday Book, 1, 7, 23, 39, 46, 47, 48, 50, 51, private and manorial, 35, 103, 185, 303 53, 54, 59, 60, 62, 81, 86, 92, 96, 101, Cistercian order, 41, 277, 280, 281, 282, 284, 103, 104, 105, 109, 113, 114, 126, 143, 146, 315, 338, 339–40, 366, 404 148, 164, 165–7, 170–2, 176, 181, 185, patronage of, 281 186, 187, 190, 193, 199, 200, 201, 202, citizens and urban populations, 82, 198–207, 203, 210, 211, 221, 223, 225, 250, 253, 259, 261, 352 291, 376 Cnut, king of England (1016–35), 15, 148, 165, assessments antedating, 379 204, 210, 214, 216, 217, 221, 225, 241, drinking, 47, 269, 302, 387, 402, 403, 405 242, 246, 249, 250, 251, 252, 325, 344, Droitwich, 60 345, 346, 363, 390 Dublin, 162, 164, 209, 230, 234 Cnut’s ‘Letter to the English of’, 1020, Dunstan, archbishop of Canterbury (959–88), 345–6 42, 276, 357, 361, 364, 371–2, 381, 387, Danish followers of, 210, 221, 229, 250 388 laws of, 82, 89, 95, 134, 139, 149, 216, 220, Durham, 23, 167, 186, 203, 209, 251, 277, 325, 225, 226, 269, 279, 304 400 reign of, 126, 140 bishops of, 50, 55, 63 coinage and currency, 59, 65, 102, 160, 161, mines and mineral rights, 63 179, 181, 183, 184, 232, 242, 243, 256 Ranulf Flambard (1099–1128), 108, 139 copper, 59 Durham Castle, 168 courts, 103–4 Durham Cathedral, 168 hundred courts, 35, 79, 80, 185, 223, 224, confraternity book (Liber Vitae), 142, 375, 376 144–5, 147, 251 manorial courts, 34, 112, 199 manuscripts from, 337 private, 98 Kepyer’s Hospital, 197 royal, 75 shire courts, 80, 93, 116, 193, 223, 347–8, Eadwine Psalter, 348–9 374–6 Edgar, king of England (957/9–75), 78, 147, urban courts, 200 148, 193, 214, 216, 225, 238, 276, 325, crusades and crusading, 90, 132, 150, 169, 198, 327, 345, 363, 403 199, 205, 206, 227, 259, 286, 290, 328 currency reform of, 160, 179 First Crusade, 286 laws of, 148–9, 186, 218, 220, 238 Second Crusade, 198 Edith, queen of England, 140, 339, 356 Edith, Saint, 75 dairy produce and dairy production, 16, 17, Edith-Matilda, queen of England, daughter of 18, 33, 71 Malcolm III, 75, 253–4, 339, 349, 356 Danes, 5, 238, 250, 272 Edmund Ironside, king of England (1016), 204 payments of tribute to, 5 Edward I, king of England (1272–1307), 169 Dartmouth, 198, 199, 202, 205, 206, 207 Edward the Confessor, king of England David I, king of Scotland (1124–53), 61, 63, 169 (1042–66), 75, 103, 105, 190, 214, 224, steward of, 229 397 deer, 51, 55 death of, 10 roe deer, 17 laws of, 217 Denmark, 5, 209, 214, 221, 225, 227, 232 Laws of Edward the Confessor, (attributed to), kings of 83, 91, 257

Index 449

legal authority of, 229 Gerald of Wales, 219, 240, 273, 274, 354, 390, Life of Edward, 140 402–3, 408 Norman settlement under, 229 Jewel of the Church, 269, 273 reign of, 36, 80 Gerefa, 34 time of, 216, 221 Germany, 56 translation of, 323–4 Cologne, 198, 233 Edward the Elder, king of Wessex (899–924), German migrants, 232 5, 159, 163, 183, 189, 243, 244, 406 Rhineland, 233 laws of, 79, 182 River Rhine, 62 reign of, 189, 191 Geþyncðo, 33 Edward the Martyr, king of England (975–8), Gilbert Foliot, see London, bishops of 363, 406 Glasgow, 230 Ely, Cambs., 44, 48 Glastonbury, 42, 333, 364 abbey Gloucester, 170, 172, 189, 190, 191, 195, 196, hagiography at, 332 205, 230, 261, 337 bishops of, 48, 50 St Oswald’s, 196 Emma of Normandy, queen of England, 242, gold, 104, 108, 131, 243 346, 390 gold vessels, 352 enclosure, enclosures, 20, 33, 34, 35, 103, 161, golden candlesticks, 313 172, 193–4, 195 golden Kufic coin minted for King Offa of deer-fence, 86 Mercia, 389 of fields, 53 gold-working, 357 Exeter, 158, 189, 200, 271, 307 goldsmiths, 232, 359 bishops of, 405 Ansketil, 232 cathedral at, 337 Otto, 232 Exeter Book, 26, 346, 347 Salomon of Ely, 232 riddles in, 387, 407 Goltho, Lincs., 34, 86 Goscelin of Saint-Bertin, hagiographer, 214, famine, 69–71 254, 282, 316, 332–3, 334, 339 feasting and entertainment, 20, 30, 115, 223, Books of Consolation (Liber confortatorius), 269, 302, 342, 343, 387, 402, 403, 404, 282 405, 407, 408 grapes, 28 fenland, 40, 42, 50, 54, 72, 174, 251, 252 guildhalls, 200 fishponds, 36, 108, 175 guilds, 200, 202 Flanders and Flemings, 3, 165, 198, 211, 214, at Abbotsbury, Dorset, 301 215, 216, 219, 222, 225, 227, 229, 230, at Exeter and Cambridge, 283 231, 233, 251, 254, 306 guild regulations, 117, 200, 271 counts of Flanders, 215 guildsmen in Exeter diocese, 347 supply of mercenaries from, 215, 229 flax, 28 Harold Harefoot, king of England (1035–40), Fleury, 214, 355 126 flooding, 44 Harold II Godwinesson, king of England Folcard, hagiographer at Thorney, 214, 309, (1066), 249, 251 334 coronation of, 322, 329 Forde abbey, 315, 366 cult at Waltham, 150 John of Forde, 366 daughter of, 250 Forest, 53 followers of, 225 New Forest, 51 Gytha, mother of, 227 Hastings, 160, 181, 198 games Hastings, battle of, 125, 127, 128, 227, 251 board games, 33, 405 hay, 26 chess, 33 hay meadows, 26, 28 Geoffrey of Monmouth Hebrew language and texts, 257, 342, 384, History of the Kings of Britain, 206, 390, 389, 400 406 hemp, 28

450 Index

Henry I, king of England (1100–35), 75, 95, 107, iron and iron production, 18, 56, 59, 126, 149, 121, 125, 128, 129, 132, 205, 219, 220, 223, 163 227, 230, 253, 257, 363, 371, 374, 376 blacksmiths, 359 court of, 95, 281, 282 ironmongers, 164 daughter of, 83, 230 judicial use of, 85, 119, 160 household of, 137, 258 smelting, 53 income of, 110 smith (unspeciﬁed), 142, 144 laws of, 224 tools, 393 Laws of Henry I (attributed to), 95 reign of, 71, 109, 214, 219 John of Salisbury, 258, 274, 339, 353, 354, Henry II, king of England (1154–89), 61, 80, 400–1 83, 120, 141, 169, 215, 220, 223, 230, 233, John of Worcester, Chronicle of, 248 256, 257, 258, 259, 287, 302, 328, 352, John, king of England (1199–1216), 50, 129, 363, 371, 407 140, 170, 202, 257 court of, 231 court of, 233 daughters of, 230 reign of, 131, 187, 199, 326 income of, 110 revenues of, 111 and law, 111, 120 laws of, 87, 120 labour Pipe Rolls, 216 injury due to manual labour, 73 reign of, 63, 108, 131, 169, 170, 219, 256 labour services see renders and tribute sons of, 141, 364 Lanfranc of Bec, archbishop of Canterbury Henry III, king of England (1216–72), 8, 233 (1070–89), 74, 88, 240, 267–8, 274, Henry of Huntingdon, 231, 237, 254 312, 314, 315, 316, 317, 320, 397 History of the English, 3, 56, 81, 208, 211, 218, monastic customary, 303 240, 276, 390 reforms of, 267–8 Herbert of Bosham, 258 lead and lead production, 18, 56, 59, Hereford, 135, 158, 168, 189, 190, 193, 195, 196, 61–2, 65 203, 221, 230 Leofric, bishop of Exeter (1046–72), 307, 346, bishops of 347 Robert of Bethune, 322, 327 lepers and leprosy, 72 customs of, 224 Libellus Æthelwoldi, 44, 80 earls of Liber Eliensis, 44 Richard de Clare, 130 Lincoln Hereford Castle, 190 bishops of Hereford Cathedral, 195, 347 Robert Chesney (1148–66), 240 Hereford Gospels, 140, 347 London, 139, 148, 156, 159, 163, 172, 189, 194, Hereward the Wake, 224, 225, 251, 407 199, 201, 204, 206, 263, 321, 352 honey, 16, 18 archives of, 205 horses, 18 bishops of housing, houses and tenements, 15, 20, 23, 32, Gilbert Foliot (1163–87), 404 34, 35, 49, 50, 67, 115, 116, 131, 137, 139, castles in, 148 146, 148, 153, 162, 167, 171, 175, 182, 190, communal status in, 205 191, 193–4, 195, 201, 204, 234, 263, 403, Council of (1143), 303 407 and Domesday Book, 165 hunting, 33, 36, 50, 51, 137, 147, 153, 174, 302, ethnic mixing in, 220, 232–3 357, 358, 359, 360, 363 government of, 172 hounds, 18 grammar school at, 352 guild regulations, 117 inﬁeld, 53, 55 guilds in, 205 Ipswich, 155, 163, 167, 174, 179, 182, 184, 198, Jewish community in, 197, 219, 256, 259, 199, 202 261, 262 Ireland, 4, 5, 143, 169, 302, 384, 387, 388 ‘Judgements of the Citizens of London’, 82 migration to, 230, 233 law and order in, 148, 202 Irish community in London, 220 London Bridge, 225

Index 451

Londoners, as political force, 204 Nelson, Janet L., 6 markets in, 164 Norman Conquest of England migration from, 230 historiography of, 9–10 migration to, 232 Normandy, 5, 130, 140, 168, 200, 209, 211, 222, minting in, 160, 184, 232 230, 232, 240, 252, 257, 282, 336, 390 mortality in, 163 Battle of Tinchbray, 128 naming of, 159 recovery after 1204, 111 parish churches in, 196 Northampton, 157, 209, 223, 249, 288 population of, 201, 318 Assize of (1176), 83 residences in, 190 Norway, 78, 137, 190, 209, 221, 390 saints’ cults in, 318 Norwich, 66, 69, 148, 149, 150, 155, 163, 164, St Bartholomew’s hospital, 196 182, 184, 189, 191, 193, 195, 196, 203, 256, St Pauls Cathedral, 109, 195 259, 261, 262, 263, 299, 396 and trade, 139, 155, 156, 179, 182, 183, 184, 232 bishopric of, 167, 307 lordship bishops of, 49 in towns, 204–5 Herbert Losinga, 271, 307 castle at, 262 Magna Carta, 50, 111, 140, 170 Nottingham, 163, 164, 191, 193, 203, 221 Malcolm III, king of Scotland (1058–93), nunneries, 254, 278, 282, 339, 356 356 nuns, 253, 277, 280, 291, 313, 326, 330 daughter of, 253 of Barking, 133 Malcolm IV, king of Scotland (1153–64), 169, at Shaftesbury, 94 229 vocation as escape from marriage, 254 Malmesbury, Wilts., 158, 180, 385, 386, 388 of Wilton, 332 malnutrition see diet manors and manorial courts, 113 opium poppies, 28 manors and manorial residences, 23, 27, 44, Orderic Vitalis, 130, 237, 240, 252, 253, 254, 48, 60, 62, 94, 99–100, 101, 103, 107, 282, 322, 329 109–10, 111, 115, 144, 146, 175, 180, 181, Ecclesiastical History, 128, 130 199, 223 ‘outﬁeld’, 53, 55 court complexes, 33–6 Oxford, 78, 120, 148, 153, 158, 164, 165, 167, 168, hundredal, 185 188, 189, 190, 203, 204, 205, 217, 218, markets at, 186 239, 241, 287, 323, 396 royal, 185, 186, 190 Oxford Castle, 148 Map, Walter, 272, 390, 404 school at, 337, 354 Courtiers’ Triﬂes (De nugis curialium), 354, shambles at, 193 407 Margaret, queen of Scotland (d. 1093), 75 Paris, 352 Matthew Paris, 43 Paris schools, 285, 353 mercenaries, 126, 208, 215, 218, 219 curriculum at, 338 Mercia, 93, 158, 159, 246, 382 Saint-Victor, 340 Burgred, king of, 183 parks, 36, 51, 55 Ceolwulf, king of, 43 deer parks, 36, 108 currency of, 179 peasants, 23, 24, 30, 32–3, 35, 36, 68, 69, 76, education of kings’ sons, 363 82, 83, 87, 89, 93–5, 96, 98, 408 metal-working see iron peat-cutting, 38, 54 mills and milling, 21, 30, 31, 45, 98, 153, 170, Peterborough, 43 172, 175, 189 pigs and pig rearing, 17, 18, 48, 130, 147, 269, 378 mill leat, 43 wild pigs and swine, 55 millers, 165 pilgrims and pilgrimage, 67, 74, 150, 157, 165, millstones, 58 233, 285, 310–13, 323, 396 watermills, 41 Pipe Rolls, 62, 64, 170, 379 moneyers, 160, 211, 232, 256 of 1130, 107, 205 moneylenders, 256, 257 of Henry II, 215, 216 ‘multiple estates’, 16, 20, 190 Pipe Roll of the Exchequer, 62

452 Index

ploughs and ploughing, 25, 28–9 settlement-patterns, 55 expansion of ploughland, 36 sewerage, 43 prostitutes and prostitution, 148, 403, 408 Shapwick, Somerset, 24, 42 Sherborne, 159 Ralph of Mantes, 190, 229 abbey Ramsey, 334 hagiography at, 332 abbey, 44, 101, 334 bishops of estate values, 110 Wulfsige (?993–1002), 294 school at, 356, 362 see of 344 Ramsey Chronicle, 250 sacramentary from, 294 rape, 252, 253 sheriﬀs, 4, 80, 81, 105, 107, 116, 122, 172, 190, Raunds Furnells, Northants., 35 193, 224, 250 reclamation, 45 silver, 56, 61, 104, 108, 132, 160, 184, 233, 318 Rectitudines singularum personarum (‘Rights silver bullion, 160 and ranks of people’), 145 silver coin, 65, 160 reeves, 4, 15, 18, 21, 24, 31, 32, 33, 36, 37, 79, content of, 161 81, 82, 87–8, 92, 104, 105, 116, 117, 120, silver production, 62–4, 65 130, 186, 224 silver vessels, 352 portreeve, 200 silver-working, 62–4 Regularis concordia, 74 silversmiths, 232, 288, 359 renders and tribute slaves, 21, 24, 29, 37, 76, 86, 93, 95–6, 99, 109, 114, food-rent, 17 121, 136, 142–4, 147, 150, 170, 223, 270 Richard I, king of England (1189–99), 137, 170, manumission, 143, 328, 347 184, 263 songs, singing and chant, 300, 358 income of, 110 battle songs, Song of Roland, 125 and Jews, 256, 257, 258, 259 Cædmon’s Hymn, 342–3 reign of, 64, 199 cantor, 300, 334 roads and tracks, 22, 54, 175 chant, 300, 314, 330, 332, 334 droveways, 19 chanting psalms, 322 saltways, 60 love-songs, 404 Rochester, 129, 191, 307 political songs, 404 bishops of secular songs, 125, 302, 403 Gundulf (1077–1108), 253 singing mass, 283 Ralph d’Escures (1108–1114), 350 singing saints’ lives, 317 cathedral priory, 283, 307 Song of Songs, 260–1, 262 Roger of Howden, 131, 202, 258 Southampton, 155, 160, 164, 169, 179, 189, 198, Rouen, 205, 229, 233, 256 203, 221, 233 rye, 28, 71 Stephen of Rouen ‘Draco Normannicus’, 140 St Albans, 249 Stephen, king of England (1135–54), 8, 15, 137, abbey, 232, 316–17, 340 204, 215, 220 and pilgrims, 312 accession of, 219 street plan at, 191 ravaging by, 130 Saint-Bertin reign of, 63, 100, 110, 113, 114, 120, 146, 169 abbey of, 337 lawlessness in, 130, 279 monks from, 214 Saint-Omer, dép. Pas de Calais, 214, 225, 227, Tamworth, 41, 158, 189, 190 251, 337 Thetford,163 , 164, 167, 259, 307 Salisbury, 344 Thomas Becket, archbishop of Canterbury Salisbury Cathedral, 161, 337, 344 (1162–70), 150, 258, 353, 355, 396 manuscripts from, 344 cult of, 72, 115, 123, 310–11, 315 salt, 18, 56, 297 father of, 233 salt production, 38, 41, 60–1, 154, 358, 365 murder of, 328 settlement, 55 Thorney,43 , 252 resettlement, 30 abbey, 214, 325

Index 453

commemoration book at, 251 140, 141, 167, 187, 189, 190, 199, 210, 214, monks of, 378 216, 220, 232, 239, 242, 249, 251, 252, saints’ cults at, 309 253, 256, 309, 325 tin, 56, 59, 65 attack on Yorkshire 1069, 54, 105, 107, 146 Totnes, Devon, 223 coronation of, 243, 322, 323 towns court of, 137 burgage tenure, 199 followers of, 240 burgesses, 105, 126, 148, 170, 173, 177, 194, 202 Laws of William (attributed to), 83, 216 of Bury, 118 reign of, 214, 242 of Carlisle, 62 William Rufus, king of England (1087–1100), burghers, 171, 223, 224, 230, 233 51, 289, 302, 325 burghs, 5 William the Lion, king of Scotland (1165–1214) communal movements, 204–5 reign of, 229 customs of, 223 Winchester, 43, 152, 158, 159, 160, 165, 167, 183, customs of Breteuil, 168, 200 190, 191, 195, 196, 200, 202, 206, 214, Jewish communities in, 203 221, 223, 225, 230, 252, 313, 314, 319, 328, and military service, 190 331, 333, 334, 345, 350, 362, 364, 381, 393 owning rural estates, 172 bishops of, 50, 183, 322, 364, 372 population estimates, 201 Swithun (852/3–862×5), 313 water supply, 194 guildhall, 200 see also citizens and urban populations New Minster, 242, 251, 294, 335, 382 transhumance, 19–20 Old Minster, 78, 86, 190, 313, 314 tribute and renders, 16–17 shambles at, 193 food-rent, 16–17 tomb of St Swithun at, 150, 312, 314, 332 Winchester Cathedral, 323 Wace, Roman de Rou, 125 cult of St Swithun at, 314, 333 water, 65, 67, 71 ‘Winton Domesday’, 200 judicial use of, 85, 116, 117, 119 wine, 21, 67, 404, 406, 408 supply of, 150 used in Mass, 268, 269, 289 Watling Street, 163, 216, 218, 239 wine trade, 263 Westminster, 223 woods and woodland, 49 Abbey, 316 Forest, 53 abbots of wood-pasture, 48, 49, 54 Gilbert Crispin, 258, 276 wood for building, 18 Council of (1102), 96 wood for burning, 18 palace of, 258 wool production, 17, 184 school at, 362, 369 Worcester, 181, 193, 195, 196, 290, 333, 378 translation of Edward the Confessor, 323–4 Benedictine community at, 101, 145, widows, 133, 134, 136, 138, 139, 140, 210, 247, 350 250, 252, 253, 254, 279 bishops of, 156, 183, 204, 363 William ﬁtz Stephen Oswald (961–92), 271, 276 Description of London, 327 Wærferth (ob. 915), 193, 341 William of Canterbury, biographer of Thomas castle at, 191 Becket, 396 market at, 183 William of Malmesbury, 3, 33, 43, 70, 125, 237, Worcester Cathedral, 195, 275, 294 252, 254, 274, 390, 405 archive of, 377 Deeds of the English Bishops, 319, 377, 407 manuscripts at, 307 Deeds of the English Kings, 3, 275, 291, 406–7 rite preserved at, 293, 301 William of Newburgh Wormald, Patrick, 6, 8 description of the Jews, 258–61, 262 Wulfstan, archbishop of York (1002–23), 33, 86, History of English Aﬀairs (Historia rerum 252, 267, 290, 293, 304, 345–6 anglicarum), 220 Sermon of the Wolf (Sermo Lupi), 134, 276, William of Norwich, 67, 396 288 William the Conqueror, king of England Wulfstan, bishop of Worcester (1062–95), 33, (1066–87), 15, 49, 51, 53, 69, 95, 96, 105, 96, 103, 143, 307, 347, 377, 396

454 Index

Wulfstan, cantor disturbances in, 203, 204 Life of St Æthelwold, 313, 314, 334, 335 earls’ residence at, 190 versiﬁcation of Lantfred’s Life of Swithun, 334 Jews in, 256, 259–60 migrants to, 209–10 York, 61, 155, 161–3, 167, 170, 179, 182, 184, 186, parish churches at, 195, 196 189, 194, 204, 220, 224, 225, 232, 261, 346 Scandinavian kings of, 242 archbishops of shambles at, 193 Ealdred (1061–69), 243 urban archives of, 205 Oswald (971–92), 355 urban churches in, 303 Thomas (1070–1100),240 York Minster, 61, 195, 260, 263 castles at, 191 York Gospels, 345, 346