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Proquest Dissertations GENDERING URBAN REVITALIZATION: WOMEN, CONDOMINIUM DEVELOPMENT AND THE NEOLIBERALIZATION OF URBAN CITIZENSHIP LESLIE KERN A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY GRADUATE PROGRAM IN WOMEN'S STUDIES YORK UNIVERSITY, TORONTO, ONTARIO JUNE 2008 Library and Bibliotheque et 1*1 Archives Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-45999-7 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-45999-7 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives and Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par Plntemet, prefer, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans loan, distribute and sell theses le monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, worldwide, for commercial or non­ sur support microforme, papier, electronique commercial purposes, in microform, et/ou autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. this thesis. Neither the thesis Ni la these ni des extraits substantiels de nor substantial extracts from it celle-ci ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement may be printed or otherwise reproduits sans son autorisation. reproduced without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformement a la loi canadienne Privacy Act some supporting sur la protection de la vie privee, forms may have been removed quelques formulaires secondaires from this thesis. ont ete enleves de cette these. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires in the document page count, aient inclus dans la pagination, their removal does not represent il n'y aura aucun contenu manquant. any loss of content from the thesis. Canada ABSTRACT This project exposes the gendered geography of urban revitalization by examining the profound impacts of condominium development in Toronto. I focus on the place of women in this process, arguing that gender ideologies are literally built into the planning, marketing and development of the revitalized, entrepreneurial city. I draw on feminist urban theory, neo-Marxist urban geography, and a Foucauldian approach to governmentality, in order to illustrate the ways that neoliberal ideology is filtered through revitalization efforts into the realm of everyday life, and the ways that gendered subject positions are constituted through this process. My methods include interviews with women condominium owners, as well as condominium developers and city planners, exploring the discourses and practices that shape, and are shaped by, ideas about the future of the city and the nature of city life. The interviews are complemented by a content analysis of policy documents such as the 2002 Official Plan, news media reports on condominium living, and condominium advertisements. Through these methods, I trace the multiple discourses that shape revitalization in Toronto through the lens of neoliberal urbanism, and develop a framework for a gendered analysis of revitalization policies. I address the home ownership element of condominiums, suggesting that condominiums are sold through a conflation of gendered freedom with financial security that reflects neoliberal ideals of the self and self-governance. I critique the iv construction of securitized "communities," arguing that gendered ideologies about community and safety are essential to the logic of capitalist urban development. Finally, I deconstruct the gendered dimensions of the "myth of urbanity," and suggest that there has been a resurgence of traditional identities for women in the city: as consumers, observers and leisure-seekers. While urban revitalization can be argued to "feminize" the city by replacing spaces of industry and work with spaces of leisure and consumption, it does not create a non-sexist city where women are unconstrained by gender, race, class or other social differences. Rather, neoliberal urban revitalization strategies redefine urban citizenship - the relationships between people and place - in the image of fast capital and consumer citizenship. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This project has spanned several years and through that time, I have received amazing support from many wonderful people. Here I wish to thank Gerda Wekerle, who, from the first day we met, put me on this course and did not let me waver. She is an invaluable mentor and friend. Stefan Kipfer and Shelley Hornstein have been a part of this project for over four years, bringing their unique perspectives and greatly enriching my work. My family has shown extraordinary patience during this process, especially Maddy, to whom I owe a great deal of playtime. I thank my partner, my parents, my family and my friends for never doubting me, making me laugh, and bringing me a lot of coffee. Numerous faculty and grad students at York have shown me support and inspired me with new ideas. I also owe many thanks to the generous people who agreed to be a part of this research, sharing their time and their thoughts and making this work possible. VI TABLE OF CONTENTS Ab stract i v Acknowledgements vi List of Tables xi List of Figures xii Introduction: "It's Who You Are!" Gender, City Building, and Identity 1 1. Growing Up: Toronto's Condominium Boom and the Politics of Urban Revitalization 25 "R" words: Revitalization, redevelopment, reurbanization, regeneration 28 The environmental case for residential intensification 32 Revitalization by design 36 If you build it 39 Sex and the revitalized city? 45 Power and policy making 46 Gendering "highest and best use" 48 Gendered urban lives 50 Intersecting oppressions 52 Selling revitalization as emancipation 53 Constructing gender and gendered identities 57 Toronto's condominium boom: The sound of privatization 58 The privatization of residential development 59 Shifting the scale of urban governance 65 Troubling tenure 69 Condominiums as revitalization: Taking a different research appro ach 76 vii 2. Linking Everyday Life and City Building: A Feminist Approach to Researching City Life in Neoliberal Times 78 Feminist urban research: Starting from women's lives, making connections 79 Critiques from the organic cafe: Situating myself. 83 Methodology: Designing a multi-layered project on city building and city life 87 Interviews 87 Content analysis 94 Carrying out the project 97 Interviewing women condominium owners 97 Interviewing city planners and condominium developers 102 Content analysis: Plans, advertisements, media 107 Final thoughts 110 3. Troubling Tenure: Condominium Ownership, Gender, and the Entrepreneurial Subject 112 Building the entrepreneurial city through home ownership: Toronto's culture of property 117 Home ownership in Canada and Toronto: Developer and planner perspectives 118 Condominium advertisements and the news media: Naturalizing a hierarchy of tenure 126 A growing anti-rent culture 138 Buying into the neoliberal city? Gendered dimensions of condominium ownership 146 Women and housing policy in Canada 147 Gender and condominium ownership 150 Gender and everyday meanings of condominium ownership 158 Connecting ownership and empowerment 161 viii Transitional subjects: "Moving up" and the hierarchy of tenure 166 Ownership 'lite' 171 Condominium ownership in the life course 181 Conclusions 185 4. Community Under Construction: Shaping Relationships Between People and Place in the Neoliberal City 189 Community: A concept under construction 197 Deploying "community" as a neoliberal city-building tool 202 Developers: Community builders? 209 Creating community within the condominium 215 Community in everyday life 233 Common space, common demographic 234 Conflict and control 242 Condominium security: Securing relations of threat? 251 Constructing "peace of mind" 252 The logic of security? 257 Transforming "dodgy" neighbourhoods 260 Living on the edge 263 Securing the self. 269 Conclusions 275 5. "The Lifestyle is Supreme:" Gendering the "Myth of Urbanity" in the Revitalized City 280 Framing urbanity 290 Reurbanizing Toronto: Quality of life or "urbanism lite"? 299 Defining quality of life 300 ix Developers: The pied pipers of a new urbanity? 308 Condominium ads: Visualizing urbanity 316 "A date with the big city:" Women's experiences at the nexus of condominium living and city life 333 Interconnected lifestyles: "Taking advantage" of the city 334 Everyday city lives 347 City girls: Identifying with the city/identities in the city 356 City of women? 366 Conclusions: A Gendered Geography of Urban Revitalization 369 Appendix A: Research Participants: Selected Characteristics 389 Appendix B: Interview Schedules 393 Bibliography 397 x LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Population and Tenure Data for 5 Downtown Census Tracts 71 XI LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: DNA Two Condominiums 19 Figure 2: Pure Spirit Condominiums 50 Figure 3: Gramercy Park Condominiums 56 Figure 4: The Dalesford Condominiums 57 Figure 5: Map of Downtown Census Tracts 70 Figure 6: The New Condo Skyline 72 Figure 7: Jade Condominiums 97 Figure 8: Liberty Condominiums
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