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Toplum Ve Kuram Sayı 4 Punto11 Toplum ve Kuram Lêkolîn û Xebatên Kurdî Toplum ve Kuram Yayýnlarý Þehit Muhtar Mahallesi, Nane Sokak, No:5/5 Beyoðlu/ ÝSTANBUL Tel : (0212) 292 35 50 [email protected] www.toplumvekuram.org Kitap Dizisi: 4 Sahibi Harun Ercan Yayýn Kurulu Harun Ercan, Ayhan Iþýk, Alp Kanzýk, Yener Koç, Levent Öztürk, Mehmet Polatel Bu Sayýya Destek Verenler Serkan Aktaþ, Welat Ay, Tahir Baykuþak, Sidar Bayram, Yûsiv Biyanî, Þerif Derince, Gülseren Duman, Zeki Gürür, Erkan Karabay, Ronayî Önen, Selin Pelek, Güllistan Yarkýn, Fýrat Yolcu Kapak Tasarým Volkan Ölmez Sayfa Düzeni Mahmut Ergül Baský Berdan Matbaacýlýk Davutpaþa cad. Güven San. Sit. C Blok No: 239-216 Topkapý / Ýstanbul Tel/Fax: 0212 613 11 12 ISBN 978-605-60675-3-2 Abonelik Koþullarý Yurt içi Abonelik Bedeli: 50 TL (4 Sayý) Türkiye Ýþ Bankasý Hesap No: 1042 07136556 IBAN: TR 480006400000110420713656 Yurtdýþý Abonelik Bedeli: Yýllýk 50 EURO / 75 USD Türkiye Ýþ Bankasý Euro Hesap no: 1042 0190812 IBAN: Tr970006400000210420190812 Türkiye Ýþ Bankasý USD Hesap no:1042 0190826 IBAN : Tr10000640000021042190823 Yukarýda belirtilen hesap numaralarýndan birine yatýrýlan ücreti gösterir dekont (e-dekont da olabilir) tarafýmýza ulaþtýktan sonra dergiler adresinize postalanacaktýr. e-posta: [email protected] Ýçindekiler Bu Sayý ile Gelenler Sayfa: 7 Dosyaya Dair: Algýdan Gerçeðe Özgürlük Arayýþýnda Kürtler Sayfa:11 Kürt Hareketinin Kronolojisi (1960'lardan 1999'a) Sayfa: 17 Daðlarý Seçmek: Alternatif Bir Kimlik Projesi Olarak PKK Kariane Westrheim: 39 Türkiye'de Kürt Siyaseti: Ýdeoloji, Kimlik ve Dönüþümler Cengiz Güneþ: 69 2000'lerde PKK: Kýrýlmalara Raðmen Süreklilik? Ahmet Hamdi Akkaya ve Joost Jongerden : 79 Bir Kan Tutmasý Vakasý: Aliza Marcus'un 'Kan ve Ýnanç' Kitabýna Dair Eleþtirel Bir Deðerlendirme Alp Kanzýk ve Harun Ercan : 103 BDP'li Vekillerle Derinlemesine Görüþmelere Dair Kýsa Bir Not Sayfa: 119 Derinden Açýlan Yaraya Sökun Etmek: Osman Özçelik ile Türkiye' de Legal Kürt Hareketinin Ortaya Çýkýþý Sayfa : 121 Ýktidara Karþý, Muktedirlere Raðmen: Emine Ayna ile 1990'lardan Günümüze Kürt Kadýn Hareketi Sayfa: 137 Prangalarla Koþmak: Gültan Kýþanak ile 1990'larda Özgür Basýn Deneyimi Türkiye'de Derin Devlet ve Demokratik Özerklik Sayfa: 157 Qonaq Bi Qonaq Dirûvgirtina Kûrmancî a Vegotinê Dilawer Zeraq: 173 Bölünmez Vatanýn Bölünmüþ Ekonomisi: Kürt Illerinde Emek Piyasasý Selin Pelek: 189 Li Ser 'Ziman'ê Wittgenstein -2- Adnan Fýrat: 203 Gilî û Gazin: Taktikêk Ji Bo Bê Qawetan Welat Ay ve Nükhet Sirman: 215 Tanzimat'ta Devlet ve Aþiretin Ötesinde Diyarbakýr'da Iktisadi Mücadele ve Aktörlere Bir Bakýþ Uður Bahadýr Bayraktar : 219 Belge: Kürdistan Ayaklanmasý Serhat Bozkurt ve Mesut Serfiraz : 237 Abstracts Sayfa: 247 Bu Sayý ile Gelenler Bu sayýmýzda dosya konusu olarak Kürt hareketine odaklanmayý seçmiþ olmamýzýn temelde iki nedeni var. Birincisi, Kürt meselesinin akademik- entelektüel veya medyatik baðlamlarýn hemen hepsinin tartýþýlma biçiminde -olasý bir çözümün gerçeksel koþullar hakkýnda tartýþýlmasýný engelleyen- egemen söylemelere biat eden Kürt hareketi körlüðünün aþýlmasý sürecine mütevazý bir þekilde müdahil olmaktýr. Ýkincisi ise henüz emekleme safhasýnda olan Kürt hareketi üzerine yapýlan öncül çalýþmalara yönelik ihtiyatlý bir yaklaþým ile bakýlmasýný saðlamaktýr. Mücadele repertuarý içerisinde politik þiddetin de bulunduðu toplumsal bir hareketin iradi varlýðýný on yýllardýr terörizm söylemi ile görünmez kýlma yöntemlerini analitik bir bakýþ açýsý ile aþmanýn yolunu ise sosyal bilimsel bir zeminde yapmanýn mümkün olduðuna inanýyoruz. Hakim algýya ve halihazýrdaki çalýþmalara karþý bir duruþ ortaya koymanýn yeni bir söz söylemekle mümkün olduðunun bilincinde olarak bu sayýmýzýn içeriðini þekillendirdik. Bu doðrultuda, Kürt hareketinin önemli dönemeçlerini, harekete rengini veren olaylarý ve tarihleri içeren analize dayalý bir kronoloji ile dosyamýza baþlýyoruz. Dosyada, PKK'ye katýlýmýn nedenlerini irdeleyen, Kürt hareketi hakkýnda yazýlan kitaplarý analitik bir süzgeçten geçiren, son yýllarda hareket içerisinde hem ideolojik ve hem de pratik kýrýlmalar ve devamlýlýklarý bir deðerlendirmeye tabi tutan makalelerin yaný sýra, PKK üzerine yapýlan bir çalýþmanýn kritiði de bulunuyor. Ayrýca BDP milletvekilleriyle hareketin farklý boyutlarý, sahalarý ve safhalarý üzerine yapýlmýþ üç ayrý röportaj da dosya dâhilinde yer alýyor. Dosya haricinde ise tarih ve felsefe gibi alanlarda çok çeþitli mevzularý sorunsallaþtýran makaleler bulunuyor. 1 8 Giriþ yazýsýndan sonra dosyanýn birinci yazýsý dergimiz tarafýndan T hazýrlanan Kürt Hareketi'nin Kronolojisi'dir. Bu yazý Kürt ulusal mücadelesinin oplum v mihenk taþlarýný, 49'lar Olayý'ndan Ýmralý sürecine kadar geçen zaman diliminde Kürt hareketinin ortaya çýkýþýný, geliþimini, deðiþimini ve e K dönüþümünü önemli kýrýlma ve çatallaþma anlarýyla birlikte ele almaktadýr. uram, Sa Kronoloji tarihsel seyrinden koparýlarak bahsedilen Kürt hareketinin önemli dönemeçlerini analitik bir biçimde sunmaktadýr: Kürt hareketinin yý: 4, Güz 2010 TÝP sonrasý Türkiye sol hareketinden ayrýþmasý, 1970'lerdeki oluþum süreci, silahlý mücadeleye geçiþ, 12 Eylül'e karþý aldýðý tavýr ve 1990'lardaki þiddetli çatýþmalarýn olduðu yýllarla birlikte ateþkeslerin de ele alýndýðý genel bir panorama sunmaktadýr. “Daðlarý Seçmek: Alternatif Bilgi ve Kimlik Projesi Olarak PKK” baþlýðýyla Kariane Westrheim'ýn makalesi dosyamýzýn ikinci yazýsýný oluþturmaktadýr. Westrheim bu makalesinde PKK'de eðitimin alternatif kimlik ve bilgi inþasýndaki rolüne deðinmektedir. Makale çok sayýda gerilla, parti üyesi ve çalýþaný ile yapýlan mülakatlar doðrultusunda, PKK'ye katýlan bireylerin bilgi ve kimlik baðlamýnda ne tür bir deðiþim ve dönüþüm yaþadýklarýna, PKK'yi nasýl alternatif bir kültür ve yaþam alaný olarak tanýmladýklarýna odak- lanmaktadýr. Bu baðlamda PKK'nin kendini nasýl bir “eðitim hareketi” olarak gördüðüne tarihsel olarak da deðinen Westrheim bunun bireysel, sosyal ve politik yansýmalarýna odaklanmaktadýr. Dosyadaki bir diðer yazýmýz Cengiz Güneþ'e ait. “Türkiye'de Kürt Siyaseti: Ýdeoloji, Kimlik ve Dönüþümler” adlý makale, Kürt hareketi üzerine yazýlan üç akademik çalýþmayý eleþtirel bir biçimde yeniden bir okumaya tabi tutarak, 1960'lardan itibaren Kürt ulusal hareketinin yükseliþine, geçirdiði ideolojik dönüþümlere ve ortaya çýkan güncel Kürt siyasi kimliðine odaklanmaktadýr. Yazar temel olarak Kürt hareketi üzerine yapýlan akademik çalýþmalarýn ideoloji ve kimlik oluþumu gibi olgularý kafi derecede ele alamadýklarýný ortaya koymakla birlikte henüz ortaya çýkmakta olan bir çalýþma alaný olarak Kürt hareketine dair yapýlan bilgi-bilim üretimine dair sorgulayýcý ve sorgulatýcý bir bakýþ açýsý sunuyor. Dosyadaki dördüncü yazýmýz Ahmet Hamdi Akkaya ve Joost Jongerden'in birlikte kaleme aldýklarý “2000'lerde PKK: Kýrýlmalara Raðmen Süreklilik” adlý makaledir. Yazý, özellikle 1999'da Abdullah Öcalan'ýn yakalanýþý sonrasýnda PKK'nin ideolojik, politik ve örgütsel baðlamda kendisini yeniden nasýl tanýmladýðý üzerinedir. Bu yeni tanýmlamanýn, örgütün kendi mirasý ve ideal bir Kürdistan fikrini ne derece içerlediði üzerinde duran makale, ayný zamanda Kürt hareketinin sürekliliði açýsýndan PKK'nin ne gibi yeni politik, ideolojik ve örgütsel yaklaþýmlar geliþtirdiðine odaklanmaktadýr. Makale 2000'lerde PKK'nin bir silahlý örgüt olmanýn ötesinde daha geniþ bir alanda nasýl mücadeleler geliþtirdiðine deðinmektedir. Kürt hareketi üzerine yapýlmýþ son dönem çalýþmalarýndan birisi olan Aliza Marcus'un “Kan ve Ýnanç: PKK ve Kürt Hareketi” isimli kitabý kayda deðer derecede ses getirmiþ olsa da kapsamlý bir analiz konusu edilmedi. Yazarlar Alp Kanzýk ve Harun Ercan bu çalýþmanýn metodolojik eksikliklerini ve 9 11 analitik sorunlarýný detaylý bir biçimde ele alýrken toplumsal hareketler Bu Sa literatürüne yaslanarak sosyal bilimsel araçlar üzerinden Marcus'un çalýþmasýna dair eleþtirel bir perspektif ortaya koymaktadýrlar. yýyla Gelenler Dosyamýz içerisinde, BDP milletvekilleriyle farklý konularý merkeze alarak yaptýðýmýz ve aðýrlýklý olarak 1990'lara odaklanan üç röportaj yer almaktadýr. Bunlardan ilki; Osman Özçelik ile yapýlan kendi politik geçmiþi ve HEP'in kuruluþundan baþlayarak Kürt hareketinin legal zemindeki tarihçesi üzerine yapýlan bir söyleþidir. Ardýndan Emine Ayna ile 1990'larda Kürt kadýn hareketinin oluþumu, ideolojik zeminde nereden nerelere geldiði, 1990'lar ile son on yýl arasýnda ne gibi farklýlýklar olduðu gibi konularý iþleyen röportajýmýzý yayýnlýyoruz. Son olarak Gültan Kýþanak ile yapýlan röportaj, þiddetli savaþ yýllarýnda Kürt basýnýnýn karþýlaþtýðý sýkýntýlar ve bu olaðanüstü koþullarda nasýl mücadele yöntemleri geliþtirdiði ve 1990'larda Türk devletinin uyguladýðý stratejiler hakkýnda kapsamlý bir izlek sunmaktadýr. Bu sayýmýzdaki ilk Kürtçe yazý “Qonax bi qonax dirûvgirtina Kurmancî a vegotinê” baþlýðýyla Dilawer Zerak'a aittir. Yazý, Kürt dilinin tarihsel süreç içerisindeki geliþimini analitik bir perspektifle ele almaktadýr. Yazýnýn baþlýðýndan da anlaþýldýðý üzere yazar, Kürtçe'nin geçirdiði geliþim ve dönüþümleri belirli aþamalar dahilinde sunarken, ayrýca bu geliþimde ve dönüþümde rolü olan kaynaklar ve özneler hakkýnda da bilgi vermektedir. “Bölünmez Vatanýn Bölünmüþ Ekonomisi: Kürt illerinde Emek Piyasasý” adlý yazýsýyla Selin Pelek, Kürt bölgesi ile diðer bölgeler arasýndaki iþgücü katýlýmýndaki ve iþsizlik oranýndaki faklýlýða odaklanmaktadýr. Yazar, devlet ile PKK arasýndaki çatýþmalarýn ve ayrýca neoliberal dönüþümlerin Kürt bölgesindeki iþgücü piyasasýný nasýl etkilediðini inceliyor. Ayrýca yazýda hakim medyanýn dillendirdiðinin
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