INDEX

A Aquitaine Aaiun basin 317, 319, 336, 349 basin 263, 274, 276 Jurassic 346 continental slope 279 Abidjan basin 347, 350, 351 Jurassic shelf 293 Abisko Nappe 175 Arcachon basin 277, 282 Acadian Archaeocyathid reef-limestones 88, 328 deformation 89, 91, 96 Ardagh coalfields 237 511~512 Ardnamurchan 416 structures 97 Arenig 174, 180, 214, 215, 217,218,227 Adoudounian 326, 327 Argana basin 3 Albian 23, 27, 152 Argo Salt 51, 63 Algoman orogeny 493 Armorican Allegheny disturbance 512~514 fosse 256 An t-Sron Formation 210-211 front 235, 238, 239 Ancennis syncline 254 massif 253, 274, 275 Andros Island well 23, 24 unit 277-279 event 500, 503, 504 Arnold River Group 116 Antillean Arran ring complex 417 mobile belt 16, 19, 20 Arvonian region geology 19, 20 Series 217, 218 Anti-Atlas volcanics 11 7 sediments 325 Asturian-Cantabrian unit 281-282 uplift 315, 323 Atlantis fracture zone 448, 542 Antrim plateau 415, 416 Atlas Range, formation of 351 Appalachian Attapulgite 304 belt 508-513 Aultbea Formation 210 69,70 Austell Spur 262 108-111 Avalon zone (H) 83, 85, 102-104, 113, 115 orogen northwest termina tion 79-8 2 Avalonian orogeny 509 Plateau 81 Azores structural trends 85 Gibraltar fracture 7 tectonic stratigraphic zones 80 gravity 461-468, 476 zonal subdivisions 82-105 heat flow 471,477 Aptian 27, 152 leaky transform 471 589 590 Index

Azores (cant'd) Bay of Biscay (cant'd) marine magnetic survey 456 -461, 474 pre-Quaternary stratigraphy 290- 293 modeI474-477 sedimentation history 290-304 origin 471-477 seismic reflection results 283-287 paleomagnetism 456 seismic refraction results 287 petrochemistry 453-456, 476 shelf 297 platform, 459, 463 Bay of Fundy 65 regional setting 446, 448 Bear Cove 94 seismology 468-471, 474 Beerenberg surface geology 449-452 lavas 429 volcano 428 Beiarn Nappe 192 B Benton Fault 241 Bafata basin 328, 332 Bergen arcs 181-182 Baffin Bay 70 Bergsdalen nappes I 73 Baffin Island Bett's Cove Ophiolite Complex 95, 11 4 faulting 504 Birrimian post-tectonic dikes 500 flysch 320 394 geosyncline 324 Bahama-Blake plateau 16, 20, 29 Biscay seamounts 281, 285, 300 basement 34-37 Blake Cenozoic sediments 29-30 escarpment 46 deep sea east of 21-22 outer ridge 21, 31 depth to mantle 31-33 plateau 24, 48, 60 Bahamas Blake Nose 28, 29 escarpment 32, 35, 34 Blue Ridge province 81 fracture zone 65 Bogo Shale 180 geology 23-25 Borrowdale Volcanic Series 216 platform 59 Boston-Ottawa seismic zone 69 Baie Verte 91 Botwood zone (F) 82, 83, 86, 89, 98-100, ultra basic rocks 11 4 107,109 Bakel Series 329 Bove basin 315, 330, 332, 340, 345 Bala Fault 218, 245 Bray Series 216 Ballantrae complex 213, 223 Brioverian Baltic rocks 255, 259 basement 163 sequence 221 489 tillites 264 Bannow Group 216 Bristol Channel 252, 253, 268 Barracuda fracture zone 541,542 British Isles Basistoppen Sheet 409 age of volcanism 420 Basque Arc 275 plutonic and volcanic rocks 414 -419 Bathonian 149, 151 Svecofennian 496-498 Bay of Biscay 279, 524 Tertiary activity 521-522 abyssal plains profiles 282 Variscan orogeny 516-517 abyssal plains unit 281 Brittany clay minerals 295 geology 253-257 continental margins 274-277 Bude Sandstone Series 249 foramenifera 299 Builth inlier 219 geological framework 274-277 Bullom Series 352 geophysics 281-290 Burlington Granodiorite 106 gravimetric results 288-289 Bygden Conglomerate 192 magnetic lineations 9 magnetic measurements 289-290 opening 274, 524 C paleomagnetic results 286-288 Cabot fault 87, 90, 116 Index 591

Cadomian orogeny 255,514,515 Carolinidian Cailleach Head Formation 210 foreland 133 Caledonian orogeny 136 belt (Great Britain) 513 -51 7 Cat Island platform 31 complex (Greenland) 401 Cay Sal Bank 18, 20 orogeny (Greenland) 140-141 geology 22-23 southern termination 205-227 Cayman trough 20 Caledonide Celtic Scandinavian 161-199 event 225 Caledonides orogenic cycle 206, 221 European 207 Sea 235, 260, 268 Scottish 206 Sea - Bristol Channel geology 251-25 3 zones and elements 209-220 Cenomanian 152 zone A 209-211 Chain fracture zone 348 zone B 211-213 Channel Islands zone C 213-215 Phanerozoic orogeny 518 zone D 215 Charcot Land crystalline basement 133-134 zone E 215-217 Chateaulin syncline 254, 256 zone F 217-218 Central massif 276 zone G 218-219 Churchill zone H and 1219-220 mobile belt 493 zone J 220 Province 497 zone K 220 Clew Bay Fault 211, 213 Callovian 34, 151 Cloud River 105 Campanian 24, 152, 251, 259 Coal Measures 246 Chalk 259 Coastal Plain Province 43 Canary Islands Comeraugh Group 217 basal complex 357-358 Conacian 396 basaltic rocks 358-359 Conception Bay 102 carbonatites 360 Continental margin magnetic anomaly deep structure 360-361 566-567 ocean 359 Corners seamount 5 volcanism 352 Cornouailles 255 Cantabrian Crackington Measures 249 dome 287, 288, 300 Cretaceous fault 282 Florida 17 seamount 8 Greenland 151-153 Cap Ferret fault 282 North Atlantic basalts 392 Cape Cod 43 reef barrier 29 Cape Fear Scotian shelf 51-52 Arch 64, 69 Upper, strata 234 fracture zone 65 West Africa 356 Cape Hatteras 16,17,35,45,46,53,55,60 Cross Fell inlier 215 wells 48 Cullenstown Cape Verde Abyssal Plain 540 complex 217 Cape Verde Islands 362-364 Group 236 Jurassic formation of 362 Culm 247, 250, 267 volcanism 352 Cyrnrian orogenic episode 516 Capelinhos lavas 455 Caradoc 167, 214, 215, 219, 224 Carboniferous D West African basins 332-334 Dala porphyries 500 Carlingford complex 417 Dalslandian sediments 505 Carnsore Granite 236 Danian 397 Carolina Slate Belt 35, 36 Davis Strait 523 592 Index

Davis Strait (cont'd) Eocambrian graben 431 glacial episodes 327,364 volcanism .394 tillites 164, 169, 326 Demerara Abyssal Plain 540 Eocene 25, 259 Derrylea Group 223 Faeroes 414 Devon High Atlas 350 Central Devon Synclinorium 248, 249, 250 regression 351 Devonian transgression 274 Dingle peninsula 236 Eriboll Formation 210 Greenland 141-142 Essaouira basin 317, 346, 349 Lome plateau volcanics 213 Jurassic beds 346 volcanism 100 Europe West African basin 331-332 Phanerozoic 517 -520 Dimetian intrusives 264 Exploits zone (E) 82, 83, 97-98,107,109, Dingle Group 214, 236 114 Dingle peninsula 236 Disko Island dikes 400 F granite intrusion 499 Faeroe Islands volcanism 397, 399 coal-bearing series 411-412 Disko-Svartenhuk region lower lava series 409 -411 pre-Cenozoic geology 395-397 middle lava series 412 Tertiary volcanic sequence 398-401 tuff-agglomerate series 412 Dneiper Konski protoplatform 489 upper lava series 413 Doldrum fracture zone 540 volcanics 427 Dorsale de Leo (see Leo uplift) Faeroe plateau 413 DSDP drilling 22, 24, 28, 34, 74, 544, 548 Faeroes 3 Dunamagon pluton 107 Faia1452, 455, 456, 458 Dunnage Melange 114 Bouguer anomaly 467 Durness FaIeme Series 329 Formation 211 Famennian 249, 256 Limestone 224, 266 Flandrian transgression 299 Fleming Fjord Formation 148 Flemish Cap 105 E Fleur de Lys East African zone 553 Supergroup 94, 107, 109, 113, 116 East Azores fracture zone 446, 448, 457, zone (C) 82, 85, 86, 92, 109, Ill, 114, 119 467-468 Flores 452, 455, 456, 458 East Greenland Bouguer anomaly 468 basalts 431 Florida Cenozoic volcanic province 401,427 geology 17 -1 9 fjord zone 401-406, 406-409 Panhandle 45 Belt 521 Peninsular Arch 17, 30, 64 large sills 404 pre-Mesozoic basement 18-19 Tertiary age 420 Florida straits 18, 20 Eastern Senegal massif 320 Foldvik Creek Formation 144 Ebro ridge 276 Fortune Bay 103 Eddystone Rocks 258 Fosse Armoricaine 256 Edge of the continent Fouta Djallon Range 353 geology 260-263 Fuerteventava 357 Eifelian 249, 256 Eleonore Bay Group 133, 134, 135, 138, 139,154,504 G Elsonian orogeny 499 Gaaseland crystalline basement 133 English Channel 234, 258, 260 Gabon plate 330 Index 593

Galician Greenland (cont'd) basement rocks 282 Rinkian mobile belt 130 zone 281 structural provinces 127 -130 Gander Tertiary intrusives 523 Lake Group 101, 109, 111 Triassic 146-148 River 99 Upper Permian 144 -146 zone (F) 82,85, 86, 100-102, 105, 106, volcanic activity 127 109,113,116,119 Grenville Gasak ages in Europe 505-506 Nappe 182, 183, 192 front 10,501 thrust 184 orogeny 503 Gascony dome 280, 286, 288 period 501 Georges bank 47,54,55,56 Province 501 Gerda Guyot 25 Gres Armoricain 255, 266 Gibbs fracture zone 540 Gn;s de May 256 Gipsdalen Formation 146, 148 Grong culmination 182, 184 Givetian 256 Guinea Glensaul Group 223 abyssal plain 348 de Brest 255 fracture zone 348 Goban Spur 261 Guineo-Liberian · 320 Gomera 357 Gulf of Gascony (see Bay of Biscay) Gouf de Cap Breton 277 Gulf Stream 44 Grampian Cycle 222 event 225 H Highland 211 Hadrynian orogenic episode 515 - 516 granite 106 Gramscatho 106 Series 249 Hafjell syncline 190 unit 267 Hagen Fjord Group 138 Grand Banks 45, 47, 56, 64, 67, 102 Hampden zone (B) 82, 90-91,111 Tors Cove well 52 Harbour Maine volcanics 509 Gravity Harlech minimum Puerto Rico trench 568 dome 218 model 569-571 Series 218 northern mid-Atlantic ridge 569-571 Hatteras Abyssal Plain 16,46,71,540,541 results, North Atlantic 567 -572 Havhestberget Formation 429 Gray Formation 419 Heat flow Great Abaco Canyon 29 in margin provinces 560-561 Great Slave Province 490, 493 in mid-Atlantic ridge province 559-560 Greenland in North Atlantic 557 -561 Caledonian orogeny 140-141 in ocean basin 560-561 Carboniferous and Lower Permian 143- Hecla Hoek 504 144 Hercynian Churchill Province 498-500 chain 10,247,256,337 coastal fold belt 130-133 orogeny 238, 243 Cretaceous 151-153 Hesperic massif 519 early Precambrian 128-129 High Atlas Jurassic 148-151 Jurassic sedimentation 345-349 Ketilidian mobile belt 127-128 Highland Boundary Nagssuqtogidian mobile belt 129-130 fault 213, 223 Old Red Sandstone 141-142 Series 223 Paleozoic platform sediments 127 Hogsty Reef 24 Phanerozoic orogeny 520-521 Holocene transgression 44, 45, 55 rapakivi suite 128 Holyrood Granite 103 594 Index

Hopedale granite 494 K Horizon A 551 Kaerven basic intrusion 408 Horizon B 551 Kane fracture zone 540, 541 Horizon {3 551, 566, 567, 573 Kangerdlugssuaq sedimentary series 407 Hudson Canyon 46, 541 Kanturk coalfield 237 Hudsonian orogeny 497, 498 Kap Edward Holm 408 Hurd Deep 258, 259 Kap Stewart Formation 149 Kapp Muyen group 428 Karelia 490 Kasila Series 329 Kayes massif 320 Iberia Abyssal Plain 545 Keathley sequence 8, 63, 64, 566 Iberian peninsula 287 Keewatin rotation 4, 8 greenstones 493 Ibero-Armorican Arc 274 volcanics 494 Iceland 3 Kelvin crustal structure 427 fracture zone 65 glaciation onset 423 seamounts 69 hydrothermal activity 426 Kennack Gneiss 248 postglacial volcanism 424 Kenoran volcanism 419-428 event 494 Iltay succession 211, 212 orogeny 493 Inch Formation 237 Kerdous System 323 ingletonian Series 218, 264 Ketilidian Ingul-Krivoi-Rog belt 495 event 498 Innuitian folding 521 mobile belt 127 -128 Irish Sea 236 Kiaman interval 62, 566 horst 116 Kimeridgian (Kimmeridgian) 151 Ivory Coast basin 348 Knoydart 505 Kola peninsula 489 Koli177-180,183-185,187 J Kolvik Nappe 175, 186 lamtland nappes 176 Kvitvola Nappe 169, 172 basalt composition 429-430 volcanism 428-430 lohnston fault 241 lotnian basalts 505 lotun Nappe 170, 172, 173, 177, 180, 189, L 192 La Palma 357 lulianehaab Granite 127, 128 La Rochelle 283 lurassic Lake District 215, 225, 266 Aquitaine shelf 293 Lake Ladoga 490, 495, 505 Argo Salt 51 Lakelandian orogenic episode 516 Bahamas 37 Laksefjord Cuba 19 Group 175 DSDP drilling 22 Nappe 176, 186 formation of Cape Verde Islands 362 Landes Greenland 148-151 coast drilling 291 Gulf Coast rocks 18 platform 288 High Atlas 345-349 Laramidian thermal episode 521 Keathley sequence 8, 34 Laurentian North Atlantic basalts 392 Channel 47, 60 ocean-floor rocks 485 granite 493 Scotian shelf 51-52 Laxfordian 210 West Africa 355 Leenane Group 223 Index 595

Leinster Meguma Group 104, 117 Granite 235, 236 Mell, Fell Conglomerate 216 massif 215 Mellsen Formation 172 Leny Limestone 212 Mid-Atlantic ridge 447, 485 Leo uplift 315, 320 heat flow 559-560 Lesser Antilles Arc seismicity 555 junction with Azores 460 Lewisian magnetic anomalies 562-566 basement 212, 264 Mid-Biscayan fault 281 complex 209,488,497 Mings Bight 94 Liberia-Upper Volta uplift (see Leo uplift) Miocene 28 Lie de Vin Series 327 Missisauga Formation 52 Lingula Flags 265 Moberg Formation 422, 425 Little Bahama bank 29, 30 Mochras sequence 245 Lizard metamorphism 248 Moine Lizard-Dodman-Start fault 259 Nappe 211 Lizard-Start belt 262 sediments 264 Llandovery 216,219 Mona complex 117, 217, 221, 508 volcanics and fluviatile rocks 97 Moraenescl'l Formation 138 Llanvirn 214, 215, 217, 218, 224 Morlaix 254 Lobster Cove fault 95 MJllrkebjerg Formation (Tillite Group) 138 Lofoten Morocco gneiss 190 Argana basin 3 Islands 490, 492 Cretaceous 349 Logan's Line 81 Devonian 331-332 Lomond zone (A) 82, 87-90, 105, 109, 111 Hercynian chains 334-337 Longmyndian red beds 104 Triassic 342 Lough Nafooey Group 213, 223 Mull 414, 416-418 Luke's Arm fault 95 Mweelrea Group 222 Lundy Granite 253, 415, 522

N M Nagssuqtoquidian mobile belt 129-130, 499 Maastrichtian 152, 251, 396 Nain Chalk 259 belt 493 mid-Atlantic ridge 562-566 Province 494, 497 movements 396 Namurian 267 Macquereau Group 116 Nasafjell window 193 Magnetic anomaly patterns Neill Klinter Formation 149 North Atlantic 524, 561-567 Neponset Disturbance 509 Magnetic quiet zone 7, 41,58,62,63 New England seamounts 446, 541 M~lselv window 185 Newark Malvernian gneiss 264 Group 48 Man gneiss 264 Series 7 Manx Slate Series 216 Newfoundland 79 Marampa 329 Appalachian zonal subdivisions 82-104 Margin provinces fracture zone 65 heat flow 560-561 Precambrian 105-106 Mauritanides 317,340 Nicholas Channel 20 chain 334-337 North America fold belt ophiolites 339 Acadian orogeny 511-512 Paleozoic folding 341 Appalachian belt 508-513 zone 332 Churchill Group 497 -499 McDuff Slates 212, 224 Coastal Plain Province 43 Mediterranean 271 coastal region geology 16 -19 596 Index

North America (cont'd) Old Bahama Channel 20 Grenville period 501-511 Olden Nappe 174 Taconic orogeny 510-511 Ophiolite North Atlantic complex 227 distribution and nature of earthquakes 552 Mauritanide belt 339 early history 9-10 sequences 83,89,96,113,118 early Precambrian complexes 488-501 suite 223 Europe 488-489 Ordovician North America 489-490 glacial sediments 330, 334, 338 gravity results 567 -572 graptolitic shales 98 heat flow 557 -561 100, 103 inferred history 573-577 metamorphism 110 late Precambrian complexes 495 oceanic Svecofennid-Churchill Group 495-499 arc sequences 113 magnetic anomalies 524, 561-567 lavas 117 middle Precambrian complexes 490-495 layers 114 Europe 490-492 ophiolite suite 83 North America 492-495 tillite 365 model 3-9 volcanic rocks 91, 106 Phanerozoic 506-523 Orpheus gravity anomaly 64, 65, 68 structural and radioisotopic data 587 -523 Oughterard Granite 223 volcanism 391-430 Ovruch-Volnian mobile belt 500 North Atlantic basin Owenmore Group 224 asymmetries 572-573 Oxfordian 22, 24, 34, 151 continental margins 547-549 mid-ocean ridge province 546-547 ocean basin seismic refraction 543-546 p physical geography 540-542 Palagonite seismic reflection studies 550-552 breccias 450 seismic refraction studies 543-549 Formation 419 North Mountain basalts 51 Paleocene 25 North Spanish basin 288 High Atlas 350 Northeast Providence Channel 24 Paleogene-Noirmoutier 283 Northern mid-Atlantic ridge Palisade disturbance 513 gravity model 569-571 Pan-African seismicity 351-353 episode 326 Northwest Africa orogeny 365 Cretaceous sedimentation 349-350 tectonism 328-329 Precambrian framework 319-324 thermo-tectonic event 329 Tertiary and Quaternary 350-354 Parentis basin 293 Northwest Providence Channel 25 Partry Supergroup 222, 224 Notre Dame zone (D) 82,83,85,95-97,106, Pebidian complex 218, 264 110,114 Pennant Measures 242 Nova Scotia 43, 47 Peri-Asturian zone 276 moraines 53 Permian Orpheus gravity anomaly 64, 65, 68 Greenland 144 -146 rocks 51 West Africa 341-345 Pertuis Vendeens 282 Phyllite Formation 171, 172 o Pico 452, 466 Ocean basin Pilton beds 249 heat flow 560-561 Pingo Dal Formation 147, 148 structure 556 Plateau basalts 88 Oceanographer zone 540, 542 Greenland 407 Index 597

Plateau basalts (collt'd) San Jorge 451-452 Iceland 415 Bouguer anomaly 465 Ireland 421 Sassandra River fault 320, 322 Pontesford Hill fault 219 Scandinavia Porcupine Phanerozoic orogeny 519 bank 260, 418 Scandinavian Caledonides Sea Bight 262, 263, 269 autochthon 163-168 Portaskaig Boulder Bed 212 eastern metamorphic belt 176-182 Portway Group 219 Lofoten region 190-191 Precambrian nonmetamorphic belt 168-176 basement 88 western gneiss 189-190 central east Greenland 138-140 western metamorphic belt 182-188 northeast Greenland 136 -138 Scoresby Sund shield, Greenland 127 -130 plutonic centers 405 volcanics 103, 242 region south of 406-409 Primrose Hill Gneiss 220 Scotian shelf 64, 70, 72 Puerto Rico trench 20, 545 sediments 51-52 gravity results 568, 571-572 Seismicity Pyrenean -Cantabrian region 274 Lesser Antilles Arc 555 North Atlantic ridge 553-555 Senegal basin 349 Q Cretaceous 349 Quaternary Jurassic 346 Biscay shelf 297 Sentralkrater Formation 428 glaciation 300 Serpentinite conglomerate 177 Iceland 423 Serpulite Grit i 1 0 Quiet zone 566, 567,573 ServNappe 169, 172,173,186 Seve 177, 179, 185 Shelve inlier 219 R Sierra Leone rise 540 Reguibat uplift 315, 322, 327, 332 Silurian Reykjanes ridge 427,559 West Africa 331 Rhaetian 268 Skaergaard gabbro intrusion 408 Rhum 414, 416,416-418 Skiddaw Slate Series 216 Rif Mountains 351-354 Skomer Island volcanics 241,266 Ringerike Sandstone 168 Skrinkle Sandstone 242 Rinkian mobile belt 130 Skye 414,416-418 Rishaugfjell dome 192 Sleat Group 210 Rockall 3, 414, 418 Slieve Gullion 417 Rodingsfjell Nappe 178, 182-185 Slope anomaly 60 187 Sohm Abyssal Plain 71, 446, 541 Rokel River Series 329 Souss trough 349, 352, 353 Romanche fracture zone 348 South Atlas fault 338 Rombakwindow 174-176, 183-185 South Wales 185,190,193 geology 240-244 Rossla 117 Southern Ireland Rosslare complex 207, 217, 235, 263 geology 235-240 Rushton Schists 220 Southern Irish Sea geology 244-246 Southern Uplands fault 213 S Southwest England Saami protoplatform 489 geology 246-257 Saionya Scarp Series 329 Spain Salinic disturbance 511 Hesperic massif 519 598 Index

Spain (cant'd) Tremadoc 180, 248 Phanerozoic orogeny 518~519 Arenigian transgression 338 rotation 524 Triassic Sparagmite 171 Greenland 146~148 Spilitic volcanics 255 West Africa 341 ~345 Spitzbergen Trondheim depression 179~181 Phanerozoic orogeny 520 Turonian 152 St. George's Land 242 transgression 396 St. Kilda 414, 418 Twillingate pluton 106 St. Lawrence rift system 503, 509 Tyrone igneous complex 213, 215 St. Paul's Rocks 542, 545 Stalon complex 174 Steinman Trinity 11 U Stickle path fracture 253 Ukraine platform 491 Stoer Group 210, 212, 222 Uriconian volcanics 104, 264 Stretton Series 219 Structure of the ocean basins 556 Sulitjelma lithology 184 V Suwannee Channel 17 Valanginian 152, 153 Svecofennid. Group 495~497 ValdresNappe 171, 173, 189, 192 Syenite Nappe 174, 175 Valley and ridge province 81 Vanderkloft Formation 149 Variscan orogeny T Great Britain 516~517 Tableland Formation 358 Vemdal Formation 171, 174 Taconic Virgin Rocks 102 klippen 116 Visean 267 orogeny 106, 115, 510~511 Volga-Ural block 491 Tanafjord Group 164, 175 Voronezh block 491 Taoudeni basin 315, 317, 319, 330~332 341,345 Eocambrian glacial 327 W Ordovician 330 Watergate Anticlinorium 249 Tarfaya basin 317 Wealden 258 Tartoq Group 129 Welcombe beds 249 Tayvallich Limestone 212 Wenlock 214, 216, 218 Terciera 451,455 terrestrial volcanics and fluviatile beds 97 Bouguer anomaly 465 Wentnor Series 219, 221 rift 447, 448, 542 West Africa Tetagouche Group 116 Carboniferous 332~334 Tethyan Sea 155 craton 320 Thule Group 504 craton evolution 323~325 Tindouf basin 315, 317,319, 328, 330~332 development of Atlantic 355~357 338, 341 late Paleozoic~Holocene 341 ~354 Eocambrian glacial 327 late Precambrian development 325~326 Ordovician 330 margin 347 Torridon Group 210, 212, 222 Paleozoic 337 ~41 Tournaisian 256 plate 330 Transform faults 554 upper Precambrian-lower Paleozoic 327~ Trekant Series 135, 136 328