University of the Pacific Scholarly Commons
University of the Pacific Theses and Dissertations Graduate School
1948
An inquiry into the meaning of the phrase "In the public interest" as it applies to radio programs
Jim Hand Ludlow University of the Pacific
Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds
Part of the Broadcast and Video Studies Commons, Critical and Cultural Studies Commons, and the Speech and Rhetorical Studies Commons
Recommended Citation Ludlow, Jim Hand. (1948). An inquiry into the meaning of the phrase "In the public interest" as it applies to radio programs. University of the Pacific, Thesis. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/1070
This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in University of the Pacific Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. AN INQUillY IN'rO 'tlili: MEANING OF' Tim PHRASE "IN TH:Jl.i PUBLIC " IN'Tl£REBT 11 AS IT A:PPL!ES TO llADIO PR(:)GRAII!S
A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the Department of Speech College of the Paoif1o
In. Partial Fulfillment of th& ..Requirements for the Degree
Master 9f A~ts
by Jim Hand Ludlow "' September 1948 'l'.ABLlt OF CONTENTS CHAPT:F.m PAG.E I. INTRODUCTION • • • • • . . . .. • • • • • • • • • 1 The problem , • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • l Statement of the problem • • • • • • • • , • Delind,tation of the problem • • • • • • , • Importance of the study • • , •A• • , , , • Definitions of terms used •• , , •••• • • Federal Communications Commission • • , • • Commercial program • • , • • • , • • • • • • Sustaining program • • • • • • • • • , , • , Organization of remainder of thesis . " . . . II. REVIEW OF THE LITERI\.TUHE , , • • , , ••• , • • 7 Opinions of the.Federal Communications Commission • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 7 Op~1ions of authorities recognized by broadcasters , • • , • . ·- .. • • • • .. ·- . . Opinions of broadoe.stara whose stations cover Stockton, Oalit'ornia • • • • • • • • • 20 III. PROCEDURl~S AND RESULTS OF LISTENING SURVE.'YS • • 26 Selection of stations • • • • • • • 4 • • • • 27 The first survey • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 28 Procedure • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 28
Results • • • • • • • G • • • • • • • • • • 29 The second survey • • • • • • • • • • • • • , ,30 111
CHAPTlilR PAGE Pxooced:ul"EI • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 30 Results • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • .31 The third SUl:'VElY • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 39 PX>ooed.we • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 39 Results • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 4o IV, THE QUESTIONNAIRE • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 54 Pl'ocedwe • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 55 Results • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 56 Stl.lllllJAry • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 61 v. SUMMARY • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 6:; Findings • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 63 Reconnnendations • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 64 BIBLIOGRAPEY • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 66 APPIRNDIX • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 68 LIST OF TABtJliS TABLE PAGE I. Analysis of Returns ot Radio Public Interest Questionns.ire • , • • • • • • • " • • • • • • • $7 LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE PAGE 1. Questions Asked by Fed.e:t>al Ool'llll1'U.nieat1ona Commission on Application for Renewal of
:Broe.doast Station License • • • • • • • • • • • 2. Guide Sheet Used Whit& Listening to Radio Prograll'l$ l>tni>ing First Listening S"Ul'Vey. • • • • 68 .:;. 'l'ime Devoted by FoUl" Radio Stations to Publ.io Interut Progpamll from February 2 to April 26. 1947 Programs Which Ch1ltivate Liste:\'l.Br's Taste for
Classical Music • • • • • ., • . •. . . •· ~ . 4. Time Devoted by Four Radio Stations to Public Interest Programs from Febru.e.t'y 2 to Apl'il 26, 1947 Programa Which Increase Lbtener' s Range of Useful• serviceable, or Advanta.g 26~ 194.7 Progr$lll.s Vilhieh Furnish 'Listener Information in an Attempt to Clarify Controversial Is• sues, So That He May Bett~ Practice D:t.s e er%1111Eln t • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 4.6 7 • 'l'ime Devoted by Fotl.'r' Radio Stations to Public Interest :P:rograme from February 2 to Apr:t.l 26, 194.7 Programs Which Help Listen~ to Arrive at a Cl,ear Md '.l.'rue Conception of Lite snd Its • * ' • ~ • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 8. Time Devoted by Four Radio Stations t.o Public IntertHilt Programs from February 2 to April 26, 194.7 Programs Whioh Aid Listener in His Vocation or Avocation by Teaching Methods and Techniques. 4.9 9• Time Devoted by Fo'LU' Radio Stations to Public Interest Programs from Febru~y 2 to April 26, 194.7 Progr$lll.ll Which Intol"ll'' Listener of Public Events and Ente~rise , • • • • • • • , ·- . . vii FIGURE PAGE 10. Sample of Lett;er Sent to Station$ Whioh Covered Stockton Al"ea, Deoembel" 1946 • • • • • • • • • 69 ll. Reply to Letter Which Requested a Statement With Regard to What Constitutes ll Public Service Bl'oadoast • • • • • $ • • • • • • • • • • • • • 70 12. Reply to Lettel' Sent to Radio Stations in Cal1ror .. nia Which Requested a Statement with Regard to What Constitutes a Public Service Bl'oadoast • • 71 13. Reply to L$ttel' Sent to Radio Stations in Califol'- nia Which Requested a Statem!lnt w1 th Regard to What Constitutes a Public Service Broadcast • • 7) 14. Reply to Letter Sent to Radio Stations in Califor- nia Which Requested a Statement With Uegard to What Constitutes a l'ubliQ Senice Bl'oadcast • • 7S 15. Reply to Letter Sent to Radio Stations in Oalitor.. nia Which Requ.e.sted a Statement with Regard to What Constitutes a Public Se:rvice Broadoast • • 16. Questionnaire Sent to Random Sample of Station Manage:rs in United States • • • • • • • • • • • 78 17. Letter Which Accompanied Questionnaire Sent to Random Sample ot Station Managf.ll."s in United States . ~ ...... 80 18. Letter u~h1oh Accompanied a netu:m Questi.onnaire Sent to Random Sample ot Station Managers in viH FIGURE PAGE United State111 , • ~ • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Bl OHAPTi.ilR ONE IN'l'HO:OUOTION Seoti()n l1 of the Radio Act or 1927 provides that, subject to the lilllitatiomt of the Aot, t!l.e Federal Radio Oommisdon may grant license$ to operate a radio station if the public interest, convenience, end necessity will. be s.erved thereby.l Since 1927 the Federal Radio Commission (later ohstnged to the Federal Oommu.nioations Commission) and radio broadcasters have been endeavoring to give meaning to the pl:l:!:'as"' "public interest:. eonvenienee, and necessity". Just what this pl::!J:'ase means has been the $Ubjeot of a good deal of discussion and oontl'oversy. There's not mueh diffel'enoe of opinion a bout the terl!lll 'con venience• and 'neoesait1'• But what did the Congress of the United States ntean by the term. 'public :l.ntez•• est•~2 I. THE PHOBLBM Statement of the problem. The purpose of this problem is to give 1'urther meaning to the p!:ll'ase ''in the public ~ 1Heport by l:i'ederal Oommuntcat:l.on::; Oon1<11:l.sslon, "Public, Mrvioe Responalbilit;r oi' Broadcast Licensees", washington, D. 0., March 7, 191~6, reprinted by the National Association of Broadcasters, page 10. 2: George Denny, "'l'own Meeting" • l2:.3t December 12, 1946 2 interest 11 as 1 t applies to radio progi'l'lllleh Th:!.e e tudy will answer tl:ls :t' ollowint~ quea tio ns: l• What fll:'lll ·the opinions ot the Fedel"Sl.l Oommunioa.. tions. CommiiHI:i.on on 'broadeastine; in the pub.lie intel:\0 at? lao What· Qt'fl the opinions of authorities recognized by broadcasters on the tni:uming o!' 1':tn the ptlblio intare $t11 'I 3'!. \'ihat are the opin:tonlil of aome station !ll€!l'lt>(Si!\:t'$ in C'll.ifornia on tm meaning of the phrase "in the publlo intal'est"? 4. What serv:te ~as ean r.adio p~X>g:?l'ams give the listener that might be termed ''in the publie interest"? 5~ In the opinions of ~:~tation managers in tho Un:t tad states are the servioeul! :tlllil1o prog4>"ams g1'11e1 as d.ata:r~ mined by the :ustening aurvey-41~ in the publie intar•est? Del:'lmi tat:ton of the :problem. This 11t'O 'blem does not inolud.e the followin.g related aspeetss l• A dttoi.!\l:l.on with :rega:rd to whether or not a com.. meroial pvogl'6i.l1l oan be in th this 13tttty both CO!lllll.lil:t'()ie.l and n.on•corumeroie.l programs were oons1clared1 since a pr og,ram oftam oha.ngas :f'roni susta:tning to commwoial. l!llld vic$ VE'll'l!la, v~:tthout any ®.tM"l.gl'l in it.$ oontant. 2. suste!.in:Lng or eotnroarcial annot.tncem(i!nta of' a.n:r kind. ;;s. An.y judgment of pz>og:t'lllllS d&eigned pur ely foP ~ntmotl.ilimnent$ o:t- e.ny oonlllidara.tiorl of the possib:l.lity of entaxotainmtmt be:Lng1 or not 'bll:tng, in the pu.bl1o in,tertHtt, 4. Jmy conUdel'e.tion of what t11a public l11tes to he~. or d.oas not lilte to halil3.", in judging WHit constitutes 1.\ publi o in till!:!?!! lllt pro e;t>atll• lmpo!'tliU'lM .'?.~ l!J!. studz. :t'11e px>:Lndpal tGst which ·the Fedel."Bl Com1l1ln1oa.t1ons Oomtlliss:i.on applies in dealing with broadcasting appl:'I.Gations is 'la:te dat~u•mining of whe the:v or not the apr,l:l..eant :f'o:!i' a. liltaticm is rendering; or can render, an ad.equate pu'bl:tc service, 3 It t.'1e priv;tlega of operating a radio station is dependent upon whether or not the applicant c41.n render tan adequate public service, then it baeornem obvious that a el''Har underl!ltl\mding of 11ihat eons.titutes Ill ptthl:tc ~.ntar .. est progrGl'll shOuld be held 'by tll$ station owner or manager, as well tali! by the Federal Oommunieati ons Oomm:l..asS.on. Sueb a olea%' uool!lrJlltl!!mding does not exist. &Ill will be po:1.ntad out in Olw.pter u, w:Jd that is the reason why there is a need :t'Ol' 3r:teiJoi•t by the Federal Oommu.nic atiOllS Oomm:ta.sion, loe. eit~ 4 further und®:rstanding of the meaning of the plwue "in the public interelllt." The results of the study of the problem rtJ.e.::r not be satisfactory either to the Federal Communications Commission or to station manae;ex>s, but :t:t' .lit clear understanding of this temn wex>e held by both of these groups, two important results would be possible: 1. the Federal Oonlmunioations Comm.ission would have leu difficulty in deciding between two eompet:tng applications for the privilege to operate a r.adio station. or in determining whether or not to renew a station's li• oense; a. station managers and program directors could better fultill their obligation to operate their station "in the public interest. 11 ( The importance of the result stated above lies in the fact that the average person in the United States listens to the radio four hours a day.4 This is more time than he spends reading the newspaper, books, magazines• or going to the motion pictures eomb:l.ned.5 If it is important that this popu.. lar media of entertainment and education contribute to the life of the listener~ then it is important that atatio:n man agers have specific goals or standards that their programming oo1st satisfy, It would be possible for the station 4Mark Woods, ~ Meeti~; 12:11, December 12, 1946 5~. 5 mama gar to h!i!.'IT¢1 spooitie stand arcl.1;1 it tho li'ederal Conll!lunioa.• tiona Oomrnil!laion and tho lilta t:ton me.nlll.gara ngraad• ) II • DlilE'IJ.I'fi'l'I ONS OF 'i'EHWlS USED /I<'ederal Oommcn'lio.atio;ne oom~nfl.ssiqn. 'l'hli! Radio Mt of 1927 created the Fadl!lrlil.l Radio Cm1llll:tslilio:p,. The ne.me of this eorll!llission wall ohamged to the Fed.el'al Oomnmnie:atiol:lS Oolll!llis .. sion by the Ool!l!l!lmioatior.us ACt of 191546• '!'he Fede:t'al. Com.. munications Commission shall hereinafter t~ referred to as the J?.o.c. The D'oderal Re.d:i.o Cormniuiol~ lilball l:Jeraimu'ter be N terl'ed to as the F. H. 0. / 1 Qonmerdal p:£osram• 11 A eor11111ercia.l progra.1u 1111 any program tha t.il11$! for which is paid :f'QX' by li!. mponsor or any proe;ram whi<:h 1e int~tol'Upted by a !i!pot ooncuncement. • ."'7 1Btt~ta,tpint~ pl'Qtf.:t'i!.lll.~ ''u .any program Whinh is nei.thar paid for by a spon1111'ir no:r- intlllll:'X'\lpted by a apot announcement u8 ... " Tha terms public intere111t~ plblic serviolll, E~d.nontional 1 li!.t'ld oultural are uud intEWohangaab:ty in thi$ study., Some statioos p:veter one te1•my othor stations prefer another. 7 Ibid. P• 56 8-- I<>ia.' 6 Further definition was given 1n this study to tha term ''public 1ntereat11 by a z>eview of the l1 terature, by a review ot procedures employed in the listening surveys of the pro• gz>e:mming of tour radio stations, and b:r a review of the pz>oeeduree used in sending end analyzing the r ' questionnaire sent to a random sample of station managers in the United States., This ~haptl!lr eont.aina a ~'E:\vit$111 of t:ha opinions of the Federal OolilrlAUn:l.e.ations Callll'ilisli>ion with vegard to tM in011n:l.t1g 11 of ~~~.n the publie interaet 1 a x•aviaw of the op:tn!one of aome author:i. ties :recognized b;r b:t'oe.doastere 'lJ:!. th :regard to 11. dofi• nit:l.on of the ta:r1n6 li!nd a :review of the opinions of some s·bation man.agers in Oal.Hornia with regard to a d.ef':!.nit:l.on of the t arm. 'l'he l'(£1'11iew of U'tawdt.tre indlcatGd that thE~re was no olear ur.u:lerstanding of th a meaning ot the term held by the D'.o.o. and broadcaett'lra aliltth But the revi<;~w did l'evta.l certain factol's held :tn oommo11 tbat were U!10d as a blil.s:l.e f;t'O!ll 'Wh~.cb to p %'0¢C!Iacl to gain fUil?ther m~aniog Of the termo Th& literatura pertaining to the J;ll'Obl.em was ve1•y lirll:!. t&d. It :'J.s hera cons.id ere.d :l.n a eta:ll, The t1.se of the air leanu was .t'irst reg~~lated by the Department of Oommer<:l1!1o an Saptembar ll, 1925 Ha1•be:r.•t !Ioova:t', seerataey of Conll!1$Z'ca, called the l?cmrtb l>lation!ll ll.adio Co11• feranc19, 1 'l'he i'ollc:rw:l.t1g raconmwndations were made at this 1crowding; thtl1 Air e Recouuuand..,tions of the Fourth National Radio Oon:t'~;~rence, Qutlol2.!1 141:462, Novenfbe:r 1925 conferanoe1 l • • • £eWEll' staatiorHI a11d t< attar 'tmes, or at lefl\st no inorettsE\ in numbE\:rs, and 1 t must raat1lt in mo:re ef'fio1ent service !l.nd better. 'p:t>og:rara.'111'Hh 2 • • • for dete:t>rnining Who shall aoo who al1a.ll not be admitted to the air l<lea 1$ to imprHI!l a teat of puoJ.i St~eti • • t The :f'irlilt duty of tho ll'edere.l Ra.dio Oollll1Jias:tcm# orlf.n~t(;ld by the Mt of l927 _, was to r:;ive eonorl!lto ntei!J;IJing to tbe pbl"!Uie tpu'bliQ inta:N~s.t' by formulating atandaros to be a1Jplied in gx>at1t:tng licenses fer tba use of: p:vM ... t:toal.ly all the then ava:l.lll.bl.e rea.dio fraq~'lllill:lcies. l!'rom th«~ beginning :t t s.uu!ll(ild that prog'lt'alll se:vviqe w$-a a p:r1.!lle factor to be tal{en into C·Cma:l.dart~tion. The renawe.l forms. prepllWad by it in 1<;)2'1 :l.tleclud.ed tlle follow:lng ques.. t:l.ons t (ll) (12) 2;;p:l.(l. ; pp~ 4($2,.464 i,'J!Jts·port 'by l?E~daral Co!lW'..un:loa.t1on!O Ooram:lsdon1 Public SerVice RISf!!JI:lO!llltbPit:v Of DiottdO!!,St r.:l .. ee,tl$aaa, Washington~ 11 D. d., lim>oh 111 9 ~ ~ r!!lpr1n ·ad '6y J.he }Tatlonal Assoo:l.ation of Broadcasters, p~ ll · (a) Jtvor~agl!l amoutl'b of t1nw WMkly devoted to the t'ollowing li!lill'Vic llllil (l) ente:r•tt;~;:l.nment (2) rdigious (3) oomntaroial (4) l!ldttoa... tion&!. (5) az:~:>iou.ltural (6) :l:'raternal. (b) :ts d ireot advl!lrtidne; ()Ol'l.duo:te One yas.r afbal' the l!'.r:.• e.. eame in'l'io eZ~:istenoe lt l())id do>m iil. b:road. d!ilfinition of public :tnter!list.. 'JJhis definition is lmport111:nt bE~or:l.uae the 11.c.• c. aa:i.d in 1946 that the daf1"' n:l.t:lon rctay still bi!l cited in pa:t't.5 The portion which the 'Broadol'>.~!!ting stntions are lieens(ld. to lllerve tbe pub.. lie ancl not :t'or the })t.npoae of :t'ul"the!'ing thlii priv~te or e~~>lfiah intoJ?esta of indlviduals o!' g.roupa of ind.ividuala• The mtand&l:'d of public :l.ntel'eatf. conVo11ionce» or necea s:l.t;v mesne nothS.l~g i:t' it does not meM this .•• • • 'l'he etrtpha:aia should be on tl1$ :t'lilceiv:tp.l(; of servic$ and the !lltl'l!ldal'd oi' publici interes·t;1 oonveniencE!, o:r necaaa:l. ty should be constr~•od aocol•dingly•. • + ~· 'l'be en.ttre lin.. 'C By 1929 the l~.n.o. 11~ become mo.t'o specific with :t'eg~d to i t;a a ta.nda:rda of J?l'O(S'l"a.m sorvioi!l which would t1eet 111 the - 4;rb:l.q., P• 10 l5Ibid •• pe~ 12 Eh~., ·a P• l() 10 tutas, needs 1\\.l'ld d ~t~llliras of dl substan t:l.al g:!;"oupa QlllOng the Ustar;:!.ns puhlio'" •? A well rounded pl'ogram service, the Cmmld~Jilli on said, should oonais t of~ ' 1entevtaitment$ con.sistinP' of music of both clar~~sioal · arid lie;bt Ell? g:t7adas, rsl ig!ton, education$ a,t1d iw!lt;t;>uetion, :l111portant public a'V'ants 1 dhotlS!Sion of pul::.il.:l.c questions, ·... weather, market :t' tmo:rts 1 . and na ws ll4'1d mat tara of in ta:r• el!lt to all h1ettibars~o:t' too .t'$1ily~i8 · · 3:l.noe 19g8 radio s tat:l.ons hava bMn a.sked1 vrhen thay sought l:'$now!i>tl o.t• their broadcast license, to state the 6Uilt!Utlt of t1.mrogarns, t'rate:L•nal p:rogrl.mHl, et0•"9 'l'he !;omm:i.ll!sio.n ha!iil used ·tl.1ase data from time to ·time to dater.. mine whether a l$tation has maintained t~. w~ll .. balanoed program atru.otureo :i.'h.e quee't;ions asked on the form for 11Applioat1on 11 for Renewal of Y;lroadoaat Station M.. oGnse , l'art ! 1 a1•e :r>epro .. duoed in l~igtU'e lt 'rh$ anawex•a to these que st:lona form n verrlf 1mpoz..•tl!J:lt portion of ·the 1nform!l..tipn given by the appliea>'lt on wlueh thi(; ll'.o.c. ba~J~aa itlil dee:l.Sion o·n whether or not 'llhe ~>tation has been, or will be, operating 11 in the publio inhr• 11 eet , '7 J:.,ol:h o;t t. !.a. Stale aefiue.l t1itn1!111<111 weekly l!lol•edule of operation under the present author1l!\at1orl, g:l.vin(s opening and •~losing time a~1d ,total bours for 'w!')ek~a;vs ~and '?tu·Mlai(• . .. , .. , 2. a. ,;!tate 1\or i.lr>a o1.nnpos1ve ~vael-c the pOl'oen tage of t:~.mo whioh Wt\S d~woted 'Go l!lach of the following typos oi' proe;:ra.ma { oomb:l.nsc1 totmls to IHJl.. Hl.l lOO;t:;). C!oimr.te:r liah<:ld on .r:;o.rch '7 1 1\146, antitl what h EI;Jq;!Oeted oi' l'ad:i.o ata:tions. In sta.t:'i.nt;; its pol:loy fo~· ' tho f'u t-are in th::1.s l'eport, the J?.c.c •. ~aid= In itHilU:'l.ng and :tn ronaw:l.ng tho licooseJZl of 1n•oad~ (:ast stations the Commbsiotl proposes to give partioula1• conei(:\erat~.on to f<)Ul' progl'Qli> se:rvicEI :l.'mctors :t'$1evant to the public inian.•a.st.· These are; (1) tho Qa:rrying of sua tal.ning progl'llllllS~ 1noludit113 network sustaining programst · wi ·th :partJ.oular raf'erenoe to thE! r•etention by l1 oensees of e. ~;moper dil!ioret:i.on !l.m:l responsib1l1 ty for llililinta:i.nir.g a ~ Would 'iJ!1e Con:nh:tss:ton :r?evoka or :t'lilfu.se ·to :renew a l\llta.. t:lon t s lie ew a beoausa of prog:t'llllllrrct.ne; \:lxospt fo:~.• viola.. tious apec:U'ioally p:r.oh1b1 tad in tho .i'.ct ( obacet1e langl.lllige 1 lottery, atth}'l It so, by \'l!.:uat anthorit;r'l If not, of 'Wbat p. If ths F.c.o:. would revo1~!1il a Ucene(;l for programming \Vh:lch :tnvolvas no violation o.f the specific prohibitions of the CG>mmunioa·l:ionljl Aot 4 Vlhat ara the minimum c:l.:t:>cum atlillll.l~lll unt1ar wh1¢h it \1ould do so? 'i'!!Utlmum oiroums·tan Nla?l2 Th:t>Ol With regard to this attltu,1e .Jtt!\lt:t.n ?4illex-s the pl.:>es~.d!Snt ot the Nat:to:nal Aslijociation of' Broadonste:.•s, says~ Contrary to the oor:rGot intel'pretation of the law whioh llllitkea advea•tising, cleo.rl:r and 1ilai 11lyJ a rae.tter of llnapol't 'by Pederal Oommu·n:Lce:tions Commis<~ion, £l:!.•ill• ,p.55 2 l groado~u:rtintl. Ic:m~ch lO 1 194/1 ~ 1?1> 14 14 public interaatj the D"CC 1 Ill Blue Book asaUlllee, and the Ocnnro.iss:!.on. is lllt:!.ll p'l:>oceeding upon the al!latl.lnpt:!.ons that: (l) no e.d 'll\s:~-•t:!.sing is in the public :tntaX'est, hut :l.i:i · tola:r11.ted merely because it orov:l.de$ tlle money upon wbiell bt'oa.dcast:!.ng ex:tatsJ (2) ~~>ll.. spon~aored :p:rogl:'>\111£1 are 100% adVel:'til\l:!.ng;; hence not in the public :l.rrt;a:t•est and should ·be minimized as mxtch as pouible; (3) all sustaining p:t-\:le,f'ams ara 100% in the public :t:ntel'eat$ henae should b as possible for l!lponaored pl~Og:t'!illllSJ ( 4) too m!i\l'ly pr()g:tl:Wls aX'lil oommereially s pcmsored ~ hence broadcasters ~a tr.aking: too much money~ llancl'l tlle govern.. ment rrust limit the &l!ount or advertillil1g, by th1•oatening to deny renewal of licl'anses.l:S · A compar~.sot1 of the F.i::;.G.'s views in 1946 with its viawlll :i.n l928 ~ld 1929 incltca. ted that the li'. c. c. he.d 1Jaoome tnore involved. in genertalitios and lesm ole~ in its position as time l'lZl.d pvogrGssed. It also indiclltad. th&t the l''•G.c. had become enttangled in the tnatter of: ecn'ln.rH.'l.ll'c:i.al p:t>ot;rrunming VeNIUS sustain:'l.ng p:t.•ogl'!\\1.11l.ldng~ so that the Xlli!d;tor of public :J.n·t;erel.;l·t; bJ:•o<:u:.'lca.sting l:ililsted not on the question of tho merit· of a prol.!;l."SJ;1 in and of ;l.t,;oli'11 bttt :t•ested more on the qttoation; VJQU thiil p:rog:l."an1 spon I '!' ~· of poraona in 1:n•oadQ.I.l.at1ng and :tn educe:l:i:totl \Vho have e·budied this problem., and whose opin.,.one a.I'$ ve~Ypeotad by :radio broad.. casters# were next o:ms:!.derad• - l}ef'in~tion .91 DQetol" Jll.ll1as Rowland Anp;sll. Doeto:t' Anfsi.Jll is :Publ:te Serviea Oou.nsallor fox• ths National Broadcast.. ing Compm. Y• n:l.. a idea wa.a as follows • Arry progi.'li\ll:l may be regarded e.s oduea.tione.J. (and here we may 1:1\l.bllltituta the ~rdl!l 1 a pubUo aa:rvlca I) in pur• pose which !i\ttem.xJtS to 1rHlranse 2nowladgGp to s·t:tmulate tl::d.n1t:ingt to tt'!aoh tscbni,lue and metboda1 to cultivate diaoGrnment, appreciation, and taste t or to enxo:l.ch ch&.l'!letG:r by samtt tizing a:notion and by inlill'irirlg sy~ial .. ::tzad. ideals that :nay :1.ssuG in conatruetive OQnduct. Dcn:~tor AngaU 1 m dEJ:f':i.nition. was helpful in starting the first !.1sta.n:lng au:rny~ eonddG:!1$d :l.n Oh!!.ptor IV, It l:ltl.e a number of points in common with th'C next ch!li'in1 tion that was oone :l.dewed -- th.at of Do~ tor w. 'lif" Ch.aJ:>te:~?S., P!f1n1 t:i.Ori@! oi' Doctor !.• Jl!• p;tua:vteti'{!• AtlCOl'd:i.nc; ·to Jud.:l th W~itllsr, Diroetor of Public Sorvice for t;he cent1•al Dividon of ·the 1'ia.'l:;:i.onnl Br.oatlcast:!.ng Om.n;pany~ tbe definition which has bel!ln lllt:rt•a generally e.eoept$d throu£1J'lout the industry waa one p:t'esented by Doctor Cbii:Lrterl!l in 1932,~ !>oetor Oharttrs waa Dean of: :liiduoa t'"ional Res ear cb at Ohio 13tlate Univat>sity front 1928 unt:ll l941ilo Vootor Oha-."tetrs sta.ted in l9S2e '.tln aduea.tional prog:t'2lll iliil one whioh pt:trposea to im• provo ra~:u;~r. thm1 mm:roly .to amuse~_ to :l.r•lJ?. rove the o.udianoa in the ti~tt!'lr of info:r:mat:ltm, G.Giil'l'!tle.tio agp:t'eeiat:l.on, s:nd tho stimulation towa~·d propel' conduct. fl(i l4Jud.ith c. \'ia.Uerll l!J..d.it:l ·r.he !tt:t};1 :matata, i'low Yorkt Houghton Mifflin Company, il!M'6;-p'";""l'7 · 15-zaru.• Book, Fx.~uoat:i.on on the Aii.a 19321 J?• 51$ cited. by Judith c. '<'iiallax·~ £Ul.• eft.,.};). ""'!72 16 Hel)ltating this four years l~ter, noet>or Oharte1•a sa:J.d; 1 • • * It ate.tes that the prog:t'am npurposas11 . to :'l.m .. [li:'OV~ tl:.a S~.:~dianaet • • • Th1a pos1 tion I e.n1 not; now able to defend beoaul]le, a$ I sl1111ll itu:J1eat(ll» Pl'O!);J."QU\EI r!!EI.y ra1oo sta<"l.dards of' taste or .inoroasa tho :range of · v$luabla infoJrmat:!.on v.rithout baing intanaed t'Ol' that rAdagogioal purpose. I v.rou;Ld • ., • change the definition frol!l "one wlXi.eh p.1l>po sea to l'aise 11 to 1•tme wh:l.oh ra:taaa. 11 An adueational prograr11 ;1,.1!1. cme whieh r~.d..IHleJ atarldal•ds of taata, inoraall!ell! the Nl.nga of valuable .:i..nf'ormation • • .~tl6 Posai'bly the only factor which Doctor Ang¢11 mantioMd · :tn bis datinitiou 1ilhioh could not acnne utlder the three genex>al outagaJ:'ies that Dootol' Oha.rtsl"s ll stM is that of toaohine; technique Sind we·bhods,. E:xoer:gts r.rom &tiele .2!1 J2U.bji.S:c J,Sl:t'Vbe ll.z l:J,Q~;top Anr;Gll• Dr. 1\.nc~ell l:>.Aa considered the :r.troblem of publ:tc :l.n te:re at nlOl'i':l :t10 IJ!mt:l:y, l!!Xcerpts from :sm IH'ticle be had ;pub .. li!'lhed in Ma.rch 194'7 follow: l t is somatil!las said tbat all z>e.dio :p~·ogrla!l!a Which interest !il.nd l!.tt:l:'act a substential audience, by whateve:r !UIIl~/11 1 ll:i.'o ; in the p1tbl:l.c l!le:t'Viee ...,. including v ru:>:tety lllbows, daytime a. ~ials ana d.ance 'banda, . This is dou. bt.. le.ll!s vrM ip the l:n?oad sensa that to anta~vtaln amuse or divert the public, thua les~ening oaraa and ma&ing life mora bearable;. is to serve the.'· pu'blia.; It :1.11 not ho•ver, in that all inoltta::!.vo sense that I am ~re ua!ns; tho ·tH>rm~ I u.m employing it in a more lim!tod uensef to desc;ril;e the l'll;'CIIl'ision of spec:ta.l pro... gX'QU\1!1 to millet numy Gf the interasts and needs of the p1iblie otpar tbe.n fo:;.• 6\:l.va;t>sS.on a.nd antortl\l.ir~ment$ such as the 1nv€ff'elllta of cultul'a.l s elf•imp;;•oveto.ou~t, of health, of :t'ara.i.ly life, ot' gover>nment1 of ~·e:Ugion, &md of thill daily jO'b• But, I want to limit my obs¢1:t'Vations still 17 further and a;oply them only to the sustaining program structure which the National Broadcasting Company itself has the obligation of planning, produCing and utllbing in the public interest. • • • • •· , !lere1. in su1n:mary~ are certain principles that seem to us to be basic to the attempt to perform an ade quate public service: FIH3'1': 'l'he b oadcast eovera e. of' as mAn · ossi ble .of the broad el· s of ma. or u'blic concern• • , • such iel s as health, .rel gion, government and world affaJ.rs, home life, personal oul ture -- including litera ture, histox>y, sciEmce, and music -- special women's and children • s pro·grams • • " Sli!CO!m: Provision of Variety. ,. , • This is .achieved by constant re-examination of program series • • · • ·. 'l'HIUD: Develo ment of Auxiliar , • , While ra io can and s1oul supo y acilit:l.es and leadership, aohools, churches, clubs and civic or•gan:tz.a• tions must reeogni:oe equally their obligation to share with us in the effort to use broadcasting for the public inter- est,l? · It is possible that some of the general terms in Doctor Angell's definition of educational broadcasts are given more meaning by these ideas, Judith, Q.. Waller's DS?finition. MissWaller's definition of public interest, or publio service, is as follows: You probably will ask me what is mell.l:'lt by 'public se.rviee' in our use of the phrase a.s applied to radio, It is a phrase we at NBC have. substituted for the more academic word 'education' ••• • We believe then that 'public service' as applied to radio could be defined as 1 that which is designed to help the listener toward a l7This is the National Broadcasting Company, "Aooell Indicates l'l'BC t s Publ.ic Servio.e Goals", New York, New York, lllarch 1947 18 b<:~tte:r understanding and a.pprec:l.ation of ·the .hsues which he faees in his daily life .. 11\h.ethe:r ~eligious • social, oultUl:'al, educational or eoonomia.ltl Miss Waller shares points in common with the other au'l.lhorities, but we adds nothing tlGW to the ooneept of "pub· lio in'i;erost': Justin MUhr's definition. rlliller did contribute a new faeto:l." in the definition Which h& gave in an addreu delivered December 3. 1947 at a joint luncheon meeting or the Radio Executives Olub and the Advertising Club o.t' New Yotoko Miller said: The tel?m. I public inteJ.>est, convenience or neoosllity1 a.s applied to radio broadcasting means that which con oems1 aftoota or pertains to the convenience~ need~ benefit, advantage ot• t::t;ofit [it!lllios suppU.. d] of the people as a whole; by insUl:'ing to them that there shall be, in the broadcast transmission of' ideas and info:rlll!l• tion of every lawful ohe.raeter, such freedom of speech, freedom of economic competition and .t'reedom from unneces sary pb7sical interference, as is intended by the Con&ti tution of the United Statea.l9 Explaining this definition, MillGr continued: Pro.ceeding upon the px>em.ise of that definition, I then assert that advertising serves the nEu>e:l.s and the convenience of the people as a whole; that it dir 18wa.ller, Judith C. • "Radio as a Public service in U:ducation. 11 Unpublished address given before the K1'11J Radio School for Teachers~ Fresno, California• November 21, 1946 l9Just1n Miller, QR•Pit., P• 4 2°loc-·-· cit 19 The other authorities did not make specific mention of the tacto:r or advertising being in the public interest, except negatively in the ease of Doctor Angell who said that he wtshed to limit his observations to the sustaining progra.-n structure of the National Hroadcast1ng Company • . Mark Woods' example .s£. advert:tsine:. Woods, president of the American Broadcasting Oompany, contributed the follow• ing idea that is related to J\Uller' s concept: . Then what is the proper yardstick of publ:l.o interest in broadcasting? l'.ake as an eXI!lmple the question of advertising. Advertising pays for the millions of dollars' worth of entertainment, education. inrormation, end culture which American radio affords ita listeners. ~l:he sponsor pays for some of the programs directly, but indil:'eQctly ho pays fox• all of radio's pro~r,rams and ser Vi 21~,iark Woods, Town Meeting, 12!12, December 12, 1946 20 Some of the mo~e specific faoto~a which were not named because the7 could be included under the general categories listed above wal:'e as follows 1 health; family lite; govel,"n ... ment; religion.; the daily job; world affaire; pez>sonnl oul• ture., including l:tterature, historY~c soienoe, and music;. special womEm 's and eh:tldz>en t s programs • III. OPINIONS OF BROAOO.!U;;'l!ERS WHOSE STATIONS COVER STOCKTON, CALIFORNIA The opinions of the F.o.o. and of authorities z>eoog ... nized by radio broadcasters have been considered. The op:tn• ions of radio bx>oadcasters whose stations cover stockton, Calito~nia were included because it was decided that the entire prograll1tlling of stations whioh cover Stockton should be surveyed, and 1 t was believed that the broadautera' ideas oonoel'ning the .ll11!1an1ng of "public interest" would have so1ne influence on their pl'osraruming. At the beginning of the stud,y of the pro~lem a letter was sent to the stat1.ons which covered the Stookton al'Eut in December 1946 to ask; the following question: "• • • would you give me a statement as to what you consider constitutes a public service b:t-oadoast'l'"22 The op:J.nions ot the managers of 22The letter is shown in Figul'e 10 in the Appendix, 21 Radio Stations KGDl\'l Md li.WG in Stockton were secured through personal interview. Since their opinions did not differ from .s.ni{ replies in the letters their oomm.ents are not included .• 'While copies of the original letters l'eceived in reply to the letter mentioned above al'e shown in Figures ll to 15 in the Appendix, pertinent quotations from eaon of the letters ere given in this chapter, Grant Holcomb, director of the Department of Public Info:rl!l!ltion of Radio Station KQW in San l''ranoisco, Wl"'tat You asked for a definition of public service. Un· doubtedlif you re~lize thAt broadcasters have been $$eking an all-inclulilive definition of the term for quite some time •••• Here at :R:q,w, we hAve tried to consider as a public interest broadcast om~ which m1:rl'o:rs the a cti vj.t ies of the com.11unity we se:rve. Pl'imarily, the program should be informative, as opposed to strict entertainment. While many stations consider elasdeal music as a public service, we dontt necessarily go .along with that assump tion.23 R, L. Templeton, in charge of' Promotion at ID!'RO in Sa.n Francisco, considered a different phase: Public Servioe has taken quite a beating in the indus~ try because of an extt 23Personal Correspondence of the Author, letter from Grant Holcomb, Jsnuaey 7, 1947. 22 in character if it were suddenly sponsored, and could not longer be specified as public service. • • • Public service• howevert has a 'Jeey real meaning which has nothing whatsoever to do with who happens to be footing the bill but 1s entirely jietermin!ll'l.t on the actual eon.. tent of the show itsel:f'.24 Templeton apparently eonside;roed symphony pl•ograms in tl:w "public interest", which Holcomb did not "necessarily". Templeton also was concerned with the soone factor .that !H1ller and Woods spoke of ..... that of adnrtising being included in the meaning of "public interest"• Dc.n D, Anderson. public inl.lerest director of K~FO in san Francisco, gave more specific i:nforllll!ltion on how a choice of progr!!.m$ could be made; First. it must be decided if the sponso:t"ing organiza tion is legitimate. An amazing number of pseudo~charitable and religious groups come in v;ith a drive or meeting the·y- . wish publicized. They claim great work, but investigation shows that the .public will pay dearly for admittance .• Most bona fide o:rganization!il are easy to cheek on and this is usue.lly done. Next comes the problem of deciding if tl:.\EI program is really in the 'public interest'• If it is1 and this is decided strictly on the import ance of the organizt,ttion, the nUlllbel' of people affected by. their work, and the timeliness of the matel:'ial~ the program stands a good ohanoe of getting air time.25 Th:l.$ was the first time that IIDY mention had been made in the investigation of using the legitimacy of the sponso;ring 2~·Personal Oorrespondenoe of the ~~uthor, letter from H. L. Templeton, J!!-nuary 2, 1947 25rereonal Correspondence of the Author, lettel:' from I Don D. Anderson, December 31, 19lt6 ~ 2.3 organization as a teat, before going further to dedde if the program itself was in the public interest. Jerry Morton, Director of Speei&l llivents f.'or KLX in · Oakland~ gave some ideas which differed from those of the other broadcastevs. His letter said• in part: •• • any public aerviee program muat be either intovmative concerning the individual lbtenex>s welfare or needs pertinent to himself, fwnily 1 neighbor or community, or entertaining in the nature of presenting world famous personalities, for ex~aplea the ehoir from tho Mormon Church in Salt Lake City, or educational by bringing to the listener• s attention new d~velopments in the fields of Art. Soienee, Medi(}ine, eto.20 J. iJ.:, Gt•itfith, in charge of P:t>omotion for KMJ in Fresno, California, declared in part: • • • there is no reason to designate a broadcast as pub• lie service because it is .sustaining :rather than spon sol"ad, since many pl'ograms periodically change from one to the other without altering content or purpose. Defining a public service 'broade~st IIYolves down to certain. unwritten gauge~!, such as good taate, utility, level of intelligence • • • I would like to say that any progrwn vdlieh wa.s eul• tural, educational, or int''>rmative would qualify as public service, but I would then be forced to evaluate and interpret «moeptions of what constituted eultve, ed.uoation, etc,.z·r Griffith's letter was quoted last beeauu he pointed out one oi' the most i~portant problems that would have to be 26Personal Correspondence of the Author, letter from Jerry Morton, Jmua:t>y 6, 194-'7 27Personal Oorrespondenee ot the Author, letter from J. 1:;:. Grifti th, January 7 • 194-7 faced if' 1neaning wel"e to bE> given to the term "public inter• est." '!'hat was the problem of trying to f'ind out what was meant by cultural or educational broadcasts, since many' of the authori'ties and radio broadcastel's quoted mentioned cul· tural, Ol' educational, OI' self·imp:rovement, in their defini• tions. A synthesis of the diff'erent factors of public interest, or public service, as expressed by the five station managers, . provided the following: 1. A progr-am is public sarviee which mirrors the activities of the community the atation serves. 2. The public service progrmu should be informative, as opposed to strict entertainment • .3. Public sox•vice has a meaning which lws nothing to do with vbether the program is wstaining or commer cial. 4• A program is a public service if the sponsoring organization is legitimat.e, if the organhation is importa:ntt if a number of people are affected by its work, if t~ !1lB. hria.l h timely., $. A public service program may be infol"mative con• earning the.individual listener's welfare or needs pertinent to himself, family, neighbor, Ol" community. 6, A public service program. may be entertaining in the 25 natUJ:>e of preli!enting world :ft£mous personalities, such as the Salt Lake 'l:'aberru.tale Ohoir. 7 • A :public service program mt1Y be educational by prli\aenting new developments in Art, Science• Medi., cine, ('Jtc • . It W&ll apparEmt .t'1>om the above ideas of these bl:'Oil.d .. casters that the point they shared most in co!lllnon was this; a progz>am is in the publ.te servic0 if' it deals with eOJ'lll1'!un1ty activities, The differences of opinion between the F.c.o, and the authorities in broadcastin!h and some radio broadcasters were conoernad with the advertising aspect of public interest pro~ esramm1ng. The points in ag:rGement among all th1•ee sources were: l the carrying of local live progvams; and 2 the car• :1:7ing of progz>e.1ns devoted to public iasuell;, The examination in this chapter of the views or three sources ot information intimately associated with broadcast• ing clearly illustrates the confusion and diaag:reement that exists with. regard to the meaning ot "public inte:r:>est". Iloweve.-, the points in agreement mentioned. S~bove have contri· buted to the meaning of the term "public interest" • and they were useful in the problem with which the next ehapter is concerned ... that of listening to the progrt'llnming of four radio stations in an effort to discover what factors of public int.erest may b.e tn the different programs. CHAP'l'ER III An ·~,.xnmi:o.a tion, of.' . the opinions of tl'l.e F ,c • a. , and of authorit:tes reeo{;';nized by broadoasterst and of :radio broad.. easter> a whose station<:~ covel' Stockton, ele&l"lY' J?eveal.ed that there was no common underate.:nding of the n!earllng of the term "public interest" in radio broadcasting. If ta furthm:• under standing of the meaning of the te:mn was to be obtained, it i~as felt that it mus·!; eonH:l partly from studying the radio programs themselvos. In accordance with the view expressed by some reoogni.z~;Hi authorities, and by some radio broadcasters,. with respect to Qommereial and sustaining Pl'O&'i'runs it was decided that all programs should be heard. The only programs not to be included in the listening survey were those designed purely for entertainment. It is the purpose of this chapter to explain the pro cedures used in li.stening ·to the progt>lllll.s of fo·ur• rudio sta tions for the purpose of discovering what :;~erviees i"adio 1e giving its listeners.~~ and the results obtdned, ~'here al'e four tU.vls1ons in this eb.apte:r; as follows.: :r.. Sele.Hition of Stations; :rr. The First survey; :nr. The Second Survey; a.nd !IT. The Third Survey. 27 I, Sh'IJ5CTION Ol!" S'f'ATIONS An attempt was made to listen to the progvam schedule of all the stations which broadcast to the Stooltton area. It soon beeame appaJ:>ent that it would not be possible for one perso11 to listen to the pl'ogl'a.mm:tng of all the stations. The num.ber of stations to be surveyed was I'educed to Stmtions KNBG, KGDM• KWG. and Ii:TRB. The reasons fo:l.' the selection of ·these stations were as follows; l• Three of the four stations rep:t'esent the pro~ gramming policies of three major networks. KNBO in Stm Francisco (formeJ:>ly l\1'0} represents the National B.t,>oadoasting Company;. KGDl\l in Stockton re:pa•!HlEints the Columbia Broadcasting System; and KWG in Stockton represents thEI American Broe 2. The fourth station, l.tTliU~ in Modesto, is independ ently owned and operated.. Whil@ there wu no reaaon for a.sauml.ng thllt Il:l'RF.II s independent policies repre sented .the policiee of independent stations throughout the Un:Lted States, it wu believed that an independent station should be included in the survey to represent a viewpoint other than that of' networkJh :;. I£ach station had a dif.ferent power rating and con- sequently served a different size audience. 1\NBC , , ·--;,' .28 5, 000 wat ta, served lifo:rtha:trn Oal.ifornia. KTRB, 1 1 000 watts;. ·ser•ved Modes·to, California, and the sunou.nd:l.ng areas, wh:l.ch were predol.l'l:l.nantly rural and agricultural in natura. KWG, 2)0 watts, served pr:l.ncipa.;t.l;r the cit;r and rural area of Stockton, California. 4. Aecot• Pacific bdio Workshop Class in the spr:l.ng of 194.7 1 these stations were the most popul.ar stations in the Stockton wea. For these reasons the services given by·atationa Kl~BC, KGDM, and K'liG should have been fairly rapresentati ve of the aervioas given by other network stations or comparable si:z.e, serving comparable audiences, :tn other st~tes. II • THl~ F'I!'t3T SUHifBY Prooedupe. A list was made of the :raotors used in the Cl.efini tiona oi' Docto.l' Ghru•te:t's and Doctor Angell, of the most ~ecent factors used by the F.c.a., and the factors written by radio bl'oa.doaste:r.>s in tbl>ir letters.aG These factors were reduced to fift.een seemingly mutually exclusive factors., (~1lea .. tion 16, which alllk$ the question! "Can this pl'ogrrun be used 2$,Ul the fact<:Ws mentioned in Chapts were then put in quest! on form, and it vras hoped that th'l answel's to these questions would indicate the sarvie4Hl that t"adio gives to its audience. A copy or the guide she~ ftesult.!!. The survey fell far r;~hort of' indexing the proa;rams in a.coo~lanoe w1 th the service they rend1.u•ed• 1'he :t'ee.aon for this lay mainly in the g;;~net'ality of the terms employed in the questions. After listening to a program it often was not possible to answer yes or no to the question, 30 because the meaning of the te-rms in the questions were not clear and pre.e:l.se., 'l'wo people listening to the l!lwne program did not answer the questions the swna way,. Each of the gen eral terms held different meanings for each person. This problem wu foreseen by Gri.ftith when he said: "I would like to say that any program which wa II. '!'Hm SJsCOND .SURVEY P?Zocad:qre,. A tot&lly different app:t•oe.oh was used in this sul'vey. Rather than trey to fit a progl;'ruil into one at tlae g~;meral eategor1es of which the meaning was not clear, it was decided' that ·three simple quest:l,ons Should be aslted con cerning each program~ The three questions were as follows! 31 l, What apecific benefit does 'l;his prog;l"am give to the individual and/or community? Questions one and two a.ak the same qusation -~ what is the major objeotin of the progt>am .. _ from two different points of" view: the listener' a and the production director's. Ques tion three was to help clas!'lifY the content of the p:rogralll into sueh fields of' learning as home economics, history. psy chology• literature, etc. Resu±ts. The second survey was continued until all proe;ri'Ull.S wet>e heard once and until :1. t was realized that ten different answers were being wri.tten down ovet> and over again. The survey was then stopped• and. the answers were analy11ed. By rephrasing some of the answers on the second group of sur• vey sheets it was possible to redl.toe the n:w·D'ber to fHilven ser .. vices tlllit radio oan give through its programs to the listener. 'l'he seven serviees with a deseription ot the programs which r-ender each rellpective service are discussed below; 1. Prop;rams which ou;J.t:l.vattll the listenet>1a taste for cla.ssical mulllig are 1n the nublic interest. l )2 Exru!tples NBO Symphorx;r Orchestra, featuring such r.u:rt;ed conductors as ArtUI'o To~;~canini, .Fritz Heiner, .Eugene Sl!ai Letts Go to tho M.et "~ a series of programs devoted to a prev:l.&w of the opera to be heard the following day. l\Ulton r I! Cross was narrator, and ze.ve a 'brief ii\ly!lopsis of the story. The highlights of.the ope:t>a we:r.>o played by the ABC Orchestra with two guest singers from the Metropolitan Opera Oompany Gateways to Music, an American School of the Air series wh:!.eh pl?eiS!ented the mu~:~:!.o whioh grew out of a certain geographic €.\l'ea, through ol'ient&l instr\1lll.Gntalista, folk singers, etc. The Columbia Conea:t>t Oreheat:ra presented .compositions outt~~:tde the common eonoexot repertoire. 2. PJ:o@!ant..s which increase tla lhtenen.•' s Nt:qge !JJ. usefull servieeabte, or advgeta&eous iarormstion. Examples ~ Newseuts, eo:mmentarbs1 a.nd talks or tntel:'views by i ' autbor1ties wei'e considered trPieal of this trlervice. OBS World News Roundup, Douglaa Edwards summarized national news from New York,. and Cl:IS. correspondents from over.. seas brought on tna scene reports. Whe:ee the People Stand• Elmo Roper analyzed public attitude on important national questions. 33 Chilcil s World. D:isouuions on subjects such as steal ing, lying, radio, pl"ejudioe, wen•e prelllented. .lllach week Helen ParkhUl't, educator, assembled a new group of young children and questioned them to give them a chance to speak their minds on these topic.s. The Doctox-a Talk it Over, a program in the fiel.d of medical care and public health, wi'bh outstanding medical authorities interviewed by Milton Cross on subjocts ranging fl'om the uses of penicillin to the treatment o:r the eo!!U'tlOn cold. 3• ;s:rop;ra.ms which stimulate thl!! lbtlilner ,a activities which arl!! SU.:Rerior morall;y, flP\l'Uus;tlJ, inhllegtu.tjlll;y or aestheticallz• Examples Are Thue Oul' Children? A progx>am designed to give advice to persons or groups responsible for keeping children from the road to delinquency. Selected case histories were dramatized, followed by comments by authorities on the ways in which pat>ents, the community, and the law can remove the causes of youtht\tl crime. Doorway to Life. Dramatized ease hiator:l.es of psycho.. logical problems in the gl"owth and development of children were.presented, The Baxters, Nac in cooperation with the National Oongress or Parents and Teachers dramathed an American fully training its children tor useful citizenship. Message of Israel.; Presented in cooperation with the United Jewish Laymen' a Committee. The HaUl' o:t''I'aith. Presented in cooperation with the National Council o!' Catholic Men. The Gx>ea.hst Story Ever Told, New Testament stories were presented in dramatized form• · The programs were under the supervision of Fulton Oursler1 People's Platform; 1!1. progre.m on which que.l:L.fiad autho rities match views on controversial issues of the day. University of Chicago Round Table; 'Ahich features discussions of em•rent social, political, and economic issues. 5. Program$ .which he~p the l:Lstener .!2 arrive .,!lt. .! clelill'.. and true cono~&ptioa .21:. l:Lfe tnd its val'!i!El!h .Examples The World's Great Novels. presented by the NBC Univer sity of the Air. Oavalc!lde of Junerica. Top stars of stage and screen in stories of the people and places, past and present; that make Amer.ica. Words and Music. Poetry readings b-:7 }Iarvey Hays ~md muSic 'by June Sb.ielman, soprano; .ll!dward Davies, blll'i tons; and. J.,ou Webb, organist, Invitation to Learning, pl'&sents informal discussions of classics of world literature. Tall It Again. Dramatizations of beloved childhood classics. Tales of Adventure, a School or the Air program, drama tizing stories of vigor and distinction from the classics of l world literature, and the best of contemporary writings. Let's Pretend. This program presents dramatizations of eh1ld.l•en1 s stories by Nila l.~aok. 'l'heatX'e Guild on the Air. On this program ct:l.stinguished stage, screen, Md radio performers star in t;he masterpieces of renowned Broadway playwrights. It was obvious that most of the px•ograms classified under this service pt>esented literary worka, dramas» or · poetry. These forllllil of' art recreate life in all· its phases for the l.istener; and so it was believed the.t programs whieh used these forms would best help the listener to arri·11e at a clear and tru.e conception of.' life and its v~lues. 6. PJ,"Of!ib!!\'!JV.S l!b:l.eh aid the Ul!ltl!llle£ !n his vocation .2£. V.VOOat10!} ~ h@:Ching meth<,!ds !!lS teOfmlgues. J!;xamples 'l'he All!erioan ll'a:t>mer. a pl"ogram. devoted to special features of agrieu.lture, such as livestoek shows, state .fairs, and meetings and d:!.scussions of p1•oblems at land grant collages. A five-minute portion is presented in cooperation with the United States Department or AgrieultureJI and is devoted to broad farm questions which the Department wlshes to present to the rural public of A~riea. Fish.ing and Hunting Club of the Air. On this program I hunting and fishing authorities discuss problems and answer ~ 37 questions sent in by the audience concerning teel1nique used to catch game in the United states, Columbia• s Country Journal, a program which presents the farmer• s. daily pro1,lems and his role in the nation's business. The Garden Gate, which presents gardening tips and hints tor the home gardener. National Farm and Rome Hour• Wl.ich presents :l!;ver.ett :tJlitehell .as master of ceremonies with guest speakers on farm topics. Also on the program are an orehastra and quartet. Fal'l!l News programs. v~a:rket Reports. Weather Reports. Job r.istings. swap Shop programs. Home Economic programs. 7. Proe;rams yhieh inform tbe. listen®t .9.! -gu.'bUo fVPnts and enterrzx·b.jl'!> l':xe.mples cas Is There. Great events of history are reported 11 on the spot" by 0:63 OO!:'l'E!Spondents. Voice of the Army 1 a recruiting progrll!ll. Treasury Bandstand, presented 1n cooperation with the United States Treasury. Our Town Speaks. This program originates from cities and towns throughout tho United.States. It features local piokups from various points of .interest in the town and inter• views local pers analities • .S.oc:l.al Security- programs • which explain the benefits of the government socbl. security plan. High :Jchool a."ld Cnllege programs. Local sports b:poadoasts. Legitimate Service and Charity Organizations' programs • .Flower Shows. State or Oounty Fair broadcasts. Most e;ovel:'nment progl:'ams were included in this service, even though recruiting progvams might just as fairly be olassi~ tied under Number 6. The category of public event.s and enterprise included program.11 which ranged from those o:r community inte:rest to those of inte:rnational. appeal. The foregoing seven services add no new services to the term "public interest". All seven services could be classified under Doctor Charters' a.nd Doctor Angell's defini· tiona. Howe.ver, furt):;.er meaning wae given to the term public v interest by thell!e seven services because they 1\j.re sufficiently specif'ie to enable any person in broadcasting to classify the programs on any station, with regard to the service they per form in the public interest, in aecordu.nee with these stand!JU'ds. 39 Doctor Ollarterst correction of his own definition from a program which "purposes" to :raise standards to a proe;:ram which ":raises" s tandarda was useful in wording the seven ser· vices, beeau!lle in the l'leven services only programs which •· actually perfol"med a. certain service war(!) included, rathel' than those which 11 purp0l'i ed" to perfon a certain service and did not, or which pel'f'ornted another sel'viee instead. Speeitio programa and types of pl'ograms have been named which give meaning to the generd and elusive terminology of previous dlili.'initions. II! • 'l'HE THIRD SUlWli:Y Procedure •. Aftel' more specific meaning was given to the tei'l!IS lll:l<'.Hl in defini tiona of public :l.nte:t>est, a survey to measure the amowt of time devoted to thl\lse services seemed. desirable, The reason for a third survey was this: it the number of hours devoted to different program$ by the four sta~ tions were recorded, the number> of hours would give som$ indi cation as to the value the stations pl;~eed on these seven dif'.feNmt typea of programs, A twelve~week pel'iod tol' the proposed survey seemed to be a fll.ir length or time, for that would allow for changes in prog:re.m1ning due to one time only broadcuta, or to commercial contract cancellations, or to local drives, or holidays. The ------ 4o twelve week period was set for February 2, 19~7 to April 26, 19~7. The same procedure was followed in this sul'vey as in the other two surveys, but this time the seven services were used as the guide in classifying the programs. Results. The results of the third survey are depicted in graphic form. All four stations were on the air eighteen hours a day, seven days a week. Figure :; illustrates the amount of time devoted by the four radio stations to public interest programs which cultivated the listener's taste for classical music, from February 2 to April 26 1 19~7. Radio Station KWG devoted five hours a week to elauioal muaie and classical 1nusie discussion broadcasts during the first seven weeks of the survey. Beginning with the eighth weekt KWG commenced to broadcast the regular Satur• day matinee performance of 'l'he Metropolitan OpeNt. Th:ts pro gram increased KWG's total time devoted to classical music to seven hours a week tor the last five weeks of the survey. KNBC's classical music and classical music discussion broad casta remained constant at three and three-quarter hours per week, as did KGD!Ills, at two hours per week. K'l'RB broadcast no classical music or music discussion broadcasts during the twelve week period, 'l'his fact might be attributed to the great popularity of western music in the Modesto area. Figure 4 illustrates the amount of time devoted by four radio stations to public interest programs which increased the listenl>r's range of useful, serviceable, or advantageous in• formation from February 2 to April 26, 1947. The amount of time devoted to this classification; which includes news, commentators, and talks or interviews by authorities, is high.. er for all four stations than for any other classification. This seemed to indicate that in practice, at least, all sta• tiona considered this their most important service to the public, or that they considered this service the one the lis• teners most wanted to hear. The fluctuations apparent in the amount of time devoted by the networks to this service were due to the fluctu~ting happenings in the news, such as the Moscow Conference, and t!i!.lks by the President. '-'his Figure illustrates an interesting difference between the program planning of the independent station and the network stations. The program~ing of the independent station was comparatively steady from week to week• while that of the network stationa varied because of the greater facilities the networlt offered. From the viewpoint of serving the public there are advantages and disadvantages in belonging to a network; which became ap ... parent when th~ gt'aphs for the other se;rvices we;re completed. Fi~lre $ illustrates the amount of time devoted by tour l'adio stations to public interest programs which stimulated the listener to activities which were superior morally, spiritu~ ally, 1ntellectua.lly, or e.e.sthet1cally. Of the prograllllil that were in this classification, religious broadcasts were domi• nant. Of the four stations KTRB devoted the ;nost time to I ! thh service. The big :majority ot this time was given to ' religious programs~ The entire broadcast time on Sunday was made av4,1lable to the ditf'erent ehtwches in Modesto. During the period of the stwvey KWG changed its polieie::~ toward religious broadcasts. The programs presented on KWG by all the different $hurohes were cancelled. and a half-houl' was made availa.ble to the Ministerial Association of Stockton. That explained the great drop in the KWG curve. The :f.rlcreau in the curves of the three network stations during the tenth week rep:Jl'asents the special progt>ams that were broadcast on Easter morning._ The inox>ea.se in the K(,'t.Dl\1! ctwve for the sixth week was due to one of the speeial documentary prograllllil tl:la: t (_~produced by the Columbia Broadcasting System. Figure 6 illustrates the amount of time devoted by the :four radio stations to public interest pro£9l>antS which f111"• nished the listener information in an attempt to clarity controversial issues, so that he might better practice dis• cerl'l11'lent. 'l1he average time of all four etations devoted to '/ this service is the lowest of the seven. Radio Station KTRS presented no progr~ during that period which gave the 47 listener that service. The network stations regularl;r re- v leased programs devoted to controversial issues. KGDM re• leased My Opinion, X•Seetion USA, and Opinion Please .... all programs ot long standing. KWG released ~le popular .~erioa's 'l'.own Meeting of the Air. The curve during the ninth week on KWG was due to a special one time only program entitled OIO lloundtable,. KNBC carried the University of Ohice.go Roundtable. Figure 7 illus tratu the time devoted by the fo'IU' sta.. tions to public interest programs whieh helped the lbtli!.nm> to arrive .at a olellll' and true conception of life and its values. After the :f'i:x-:rl: few weeks of the survey KGDM started to oarry some doomnentary ~ograms produced by the Columbia Broadcasting System, and KNBO started to earry the short stories read by Nelson Olmsted, and in the fitth week:,KNBC carried a special one time only program honoring Alexander Graham Bell, pr;)sented by the Telephone Hour. Those p:t< 50 service. The majority of the time given to this service was v in the form of agrieu.ltural broadcasts, swap shop broadcasts, and job listing programs. The time devoted to reading adver• tisements for listeners, and announcing the job openings varied with the requests from listenel's, and the job openings. This fact aooounted for the drop during the third to fifth weeks on KTRB. KNBO was the highest in this service of the network statio.ns, with a group of farm, home, and gardening pl'ograms. During the sixth week KWG started e. daily .t'i.t'teen.. minute pX'Q~:t'am of hints fol" the kitohen. KGDIJI was the lowest in this service. Figure 8 illustrates the relative importance that the dif.t'ez>ent networks placed on this serviCe duz>ing thia period. 1-'igure 9 illustrates the time devoted by the four stations to public interest programs which intorl1119d the lis tener of public events and ent<>t>pl'ise. It is poillsible fol' independent stations and small stations to devote moz>e time to this se:rvice beaau.se their a tat ions appeal primaz>ily to a 11111 .. tening audience within a single community, and the amount of serviees o:f' commun:l.ty interest is greater than the sa.rne type of service on a regional or national seale. A good example of this was the program of the high school spring festival broad• cast by Ki'iG whioh lasted one and one ... half hours. This program oaused the high peak on the KWG curve., '.!.'hat same type of pro- gram would seldom be broadcast on a network because of' its limited appeal. For these reasons the smaller stations ... KWG and KTRB •• broadcast the most programs of this service. The increase in the fourth and fifth weeks of the KTRB curve was due to the broadcasting of a program which commented on hap· penings ten and twenty years back in the city of Modesto. Summar;r. A study of the radio programs themselves was conducted 1n the form of three li.stening surveys of the pro• gramming of four radio stations in an effort to give further meaning to the term "public interest.11 The first swvey fell far short of its purpose because of the generality of the terms employed. in the q,uestions by Which each program was judged. The second survey revealed seven services that the programs broadcast by the four X'adio stations were giving the listeners. The thi:t>d survey used these services in classify• ing the programs of the four radio stations for a twelve-week period in an effort to discover whether or not the :t'ad:l.o stations considered these services important on the basis of how much time the:r devoted to programs in each of the seven services. The graphs made when the third survey was complete indicated tha.t three of the stations considered all of the services important. The fourth station, XTRB• indicated tb.at it did not conside:t' one of the services important, because it 53 did no'l< devote a:ny time to broadcasting classical music. The services that all the stations apparently eonsidea•ed the most important was that of broadct~sting useful, s;;x•viceable1 or advantageous informutlon, in the .forms of nawacasts, com• mentaries •. ·and talks or interviews by authorities. 'I'he service the stations s.pparen!;ly considered the leMt lmportrult .was that of' :f'tl.I'ni!llhing the listener in.t'ormation on controversial issues. Ifowever, the wants and needs of the people in di!'$ :f'erent areas 11/EUJ recognized as being one of ·the largest factors in det.ermining what .types of progrl3.lns are broadcast and to · what exten·t. The seven services 'Which reimlted from the second · survey would give further meaning to the term "public interest" if. tb.eir validity were subatant:l.a.teth Dc:~termining how much time four radio stations devoted to broe.deaat.i:og these services was one way of establishing their impoz•tanee, but not neces sarily a way of establishing that these services were services broadcast in the public interes·h OHAl''l'ER FOUR Tim QUES'l'IONNAIRJJ: . t1ee.suring the amount of time given to each of the seven services by the four :ra.d:l..o stations showed how :important the managers considered ·these serv1oee. But it did not show whether or not th$ managers considered these services as be ing in the public interest, 'l'he seven services that resulted from the second survey were the results of the observations of one person. It was decided that·it further meaning were to be given to the term "public interest" by these seven ser.. vices, their validity or lack of validity would need to be substantiated. 1'he third ~;~ou:ree of data, therefore, that was used to give turth$r meaning to the tel'm was a questionnaire sent to a sampling of station managers in the United States to secure a substantiation ox• a refutation of the value o:t' these seven servioes~ Figure 16 is a copy of the questionnaire, and Figure 17 is a copy of the letter which accompanied the questionnaire. Questions one through seven asked whether or not each service, in its turn, was in the public interest. Question eight .had two purposes; 1. to obtain the manager's opinion regarding whether or not the seven sel'viees named included all the se:ttviees that radio could give in the public interest, and 2 .• to diaoover what services radio gives tha:t; could not be :tncl11ded in the seven services, if his answer to question ·ollg,ht was no.•.. Pllocedure.~ 'l'he. questionnaire was p.-etested by sending it to el.even .sta.t:ton managers in San Franciaco.t Oakhmd,, Sacra mento,. Stockton, and r.. od:t 0 California. After examining the eight replies, 1 t seemed advisable to add to the que stionnai:re lit r.zquest. for the name of the person filling ou,t the question~ naire,. and for his static:m call. letters, in ordel' to lteep a record of who replied •. The questionnaire was sent to 48 Broadoastiue; Teleeastins ~ Y .All the questionnaires were mailed on Ju.ly 30 1 1948, August 26, 1948 was set aa the final day for accepting returned questionnairea for use in tabulating results. By that date 215 replies were received. The quest:l.onnatt•es were given a number in the order in wb.ieh they rettwned in th.e mail. All tlle questionna:l.:res that had co:me in by August 26, l9t~8 were divided at random into three samples 1 questionnaire l in Sample A; questionnaire 2, 56 in Sample B; questionnaire ), in o!i.Jfq:lle 0; questionnaire 4, in Sample A, etc. Resulta. An analysis of the answers to the first seven queationl!l on the questionnaire is shown in Table I .• 'l'he answers to the ques·tions in the tln>ee samples and in t;he totsJ. sample were substantially the same.. The !llajori ty of' the returns agreed that all seven services were in the publie interest, 'l'he least agreement was on question one, Only 84 per cent of the retUl'ns agreed that program<;~ which cultivate a taste for classical mu.sic were in the publie interest.. The l'eason for this is probably due to the rel,a~ tively small num.ber of listeners to whom elsussiesJ. music b:roadoasts appeal, With respect to q)lestion eigllt only 52~8 per oent of the shtion managers believed that the servicu listed in the seven. questions eould be used to classify all radio programs that are broadcast in the public intel'eat. This was a small majority. The reasons for the le.rg"> nUlllber of negative responses r6quired special consideration..o l'),ueation e:!.ght requested station managers to list tmy servioe:s that were omitted, if they answered no to the ques tion: Do you thtnk .that the s«Jrviees l:l.sted in ·the seven questions above could be used to classify all programs that are broadcast in the public int(~res·i;? 56 Analysis of the ste:tion managers' comments on this question revealed five groups into which all the negative re·tu.rns could be olauified. Bach of these groups were con sidered separately, The first group of negative r·esponses listed ser•vices that were included in the seven services; for example, ques tionnaire number 89 answered question eight w:l.th "not! and. listed 11 news 11 as a. 1\lervioe that had been omitted. News was speo1f1oall;v mentioned in question two. Another example is questi ally lll.Ooepted eha:t>itable agencies." (~Uestion aeven speeifioally mentioned public events and enter:tn•ise, and included broadcasts by servioe organizations e.s an Boy Scouts, etc. The negative responses in (~oup one lilin.ounted to 12,4 per cent of the total numbe:r> of returns. The $eCond group contained returns that answered ques tion eight with 11 no", but listed no service ,that had been omitted, and also returns that did not answer question eight with either yes or no, and listed no service that had been omitted, The number in this group was 15•4 pel:' cent of the total retu:r>ns. The reason for this probably was due to the fact tllat questions one through seven required little "time to decide whether or no't; the services mentioned were in the public interest, but deciding whether or not the services described could be used to class i:t'y all radio prog;rll!1ls would require more thought and time. Add:l. tional reasons why qu.es~ tion eight was not. Th~ third f~oup contained returns that suggested that entertainment should be considered in the public interest. Of the total number of returned questionnaires 5.1 per cent made this suggestion. 'l'he decision as to whether or not enter tainment programs are or are not in the public interest was early excluded from the scope of this study. .. ,,. 60 Group four contained returns which said th< I have answered yes to each of the above categories. But I will say ·that .rather than a definite statement that they are in the public interest, the truth is that v they oan ~- in th$ public inte1•est,. depending on how they are done •. (S:'his was on questionnaire nuniber 52,) !mpossi ble to limit. (From questionnaire number 31) ' In general the above olassif1oations 84t'<> too broad, t'or instance reports of' disasters might b$ in the pub lic interest while political broadcasts might not be. ( F'rom que a tionnaix•e number 49) . In my opinion all the above classifications can be considered "publio interest". However,. inasmuch as no one, including the Jl'OC: and the oourtlil, seem to be able to give a concrete meaning to the term. I would hesi tate to say that th$ above list could be used tf' clas sify all 11 publie interest'' programs. (From question naire number lll) With regard to the i'.irst oommen·t, certainly if. the prog:t>am were not well produced it could not fttlfill the ser vice desoribed in any of th$ seven se:rvices, because no one would listen to :l.t. Many of the station managers sent a letter along with the questionnai~e in order to further express their opinions on the meaning o.t" the term "public interest" • One opinion written by osoar D., Shellt!ly, manager of Radio station KSF'E in Needles, Galitornia, appeared to be particularly penetrating. He said, in part: • • " Your questions mostly seem headed towards the general question of 'Is it in the public interest, oon ve.nience, and necessity to educate the American public accordin@: to a pE>rson. or pers•:m' s ideas on what the American pub~io ou.ght to be taught? 1 My .answer to this is a big NO 1 9 . The purpose in sending the questionnaire to a random smnple of station mMagers in the United States was to obtain subs·tantiation tov the seven public lnte:NJst services. Since a large majority of the returned ~estionnaires agreed with the view that the seven services were in t;he public interest.t Shelley's criticism has been answ<11red in part* SU..111111al'y, The seven services can not be eonsiclered absolute in determining what is in the public interest. How evert since a great lnajoPity of the random S!llllple o.f station managers in the United States indicated their belief that thes<~ seven se:rv1ces wE;tre in the publ1e interest~ these ser.. vices. have given further meaning to the te1•m '1public interest" • The retrurns .in group four which su.ggest:'d. that the popu .. ~:· ~-··- ,., larity of the program should be the criterion 'for dete:rmb?.ing 29Personal covrespondence of the author, letter from Oscar D.• Shelley. August 2, 1948 what is and what is not in the public interest, certainly indi· cated a phase of the problem which should be included in any further study of the pro blmn, The returns in group three, .which suggested that enter• tainment was in t;he public interest, likewise provided a subject for further study with rGlation to the problem, CFIAPi'.ER FIV.S SUMMARY Find:l.m:;s. The purpose of this problem was to give further meaning to the phrase "in the public interest" as it applied, t.o :radio proe;rams. Further meaning was given to the phrase "in the public interest" by a review or the 11 terature. by the listening surveys which revealed seven services radio gives in the public interest. and by questionnaire which revealed that a large majority of station managers in the United States agree that these services are in the public interest, and that a simple lll8.jority believes the seven ser vices could be used to olaa&ify all radio programs broadcast in the public interest. The seven services which give f'u1•ther meaning to the term "in the public interest" are as follows= 1. programs which cultivate listener's taste tor classical music through classical music or classical music discussions; 2. programs which increase listener's range of: useful, serviceable, or advantageous information through newscasts, commentaries, and talka or interviews by authoz•it1es in any field of' learning; 3. p1•ograms which st;Lnulate the listener to netivitiee w:hloh are superior Blorally, splri tually, intel lectually, OI' aesthetically, auah as World Security Workshop, Are These Our Children?, religious pro grams 1 etc. ; 4. programs 'tkJ.ioh furnish the l:l.ste11er information in an attempt to cle.rify cont:roversial issues, so that 64 he may better practice discernment through round tables, forums, symposimns, and debates. 5• progrlli11!S which help the listener to arrive at a clear and true eonoeption of life and ita values through dramathing recognized literary wox•ks and poetry Which recreate life in all its phases for the listen~ Thesa services in the public intere<~t are included in nUl'llber four and number seven listed above. Reol?>'n!llendations. A great deal of research remains to be done in this field before interpretations of the meaning of this phrase will be agreeable to the F'.c,c., to educators~ to broadcasters, and to the public at large. 65 Further work to be performed in this field that might give further maaning to the term 11 in the public interest11 includes the following: ~l thorough stud:y of .F'. G• C. opinions in par'l:;1 cular caselil to be found in oaae!l indexed under "progra.'!l service" in Volumes on0 through nine of the F',C.C,ts Decisions; 2. an attack of the probletl1 from a negative point of view to discover what services obviously are not in the publici int.erest; 3 •. a questionnaire, similar to the one used in this study, sent to all educators and authoz•itiea in bi'oa dou ting; a questionnaire sent to a random sample of radio liatene:rs throughout the United States aa.king what services they believe radio should give to them; a atudy to determine whether or IlOt entertainment is in the public interest; 6, a study to determine whether or not the popularity of' a program is e. valid nJS aaut'ement of' its being in the public interest; 7. a study to determine whether or not co!!l!!lero1a1 advertising is or can be in the public interest; and 8. a submission of the findings of any research to the F'ederal Oo!!l!!lunications Oo!!l!!lission for its study and response. Public 1nt!i!r<~st broadcasting appears to be so intimately related to the age-old question "what is the greatest good for the greatest number?" that it is possible that no static defi nition can be given to the tel"l!!, B I B L I 0 G R A P B Y 66 Atkinson, Carrol, and Oolhges. l31l pp. Atkinson~ Carrol, Radio Netwgrk Qontributiogs !9. Education. Boatoni Meador Publishing Company, 1942. 128 pp. Buehler, E. G., Amorioa.n !!• Brl!f1sh System !t gftdio Control, New York; The B:. W. Wilson ·Olll.pa.n;r, l93J• .3 1 PP• Y' Cantril, Radley, and Gordon w. Allp~rt. ;~e ;eaychology .2£. Radio. 1-lew York; Harpers, 193.5 • 2 PP• , Den.>'lY~ George v.,. Jrf, u:ra Radio Operating in the Public Interest", Bull,l!iin ot Am,r&oals l:m!.n.Meetip.s of the i Att• l2:J.. 2.5, · .oembe!' 1.:, 19[\:eL. . [ (!',; i · Herzberg, Max J., editor, Badao and English 'l'eaohine; li:xper ienees l'§oblel!?.§; and l'rooe :ures. New 'fork: D. Appieton Century ompa.ny Incorporated, 1941. 246 PP• / M'11ler, J'uatin, "il.dvertising in the Public Interest". An address delivered a.t a joint luncheon :meeting of the Radio Executives Club and the Advertising Club of New York. Washington 6, D. o.: National Association ot Broadcasters, December :,s, 1947. 16 PP• ,1··) ',ii ,·y"_;, _·. · ' · !!:! York Ti:jp.es, November 21, 1926. !!! York Times, January 91 1927. /Outlook, 11 0l:'owding the Air! Recommendations of the ll'ouvtll ~ National Radio Conference", 141:462, November 1925. Report by the Federal Communications Oowniss:ton, Pub*io Service Res onsibi it !t Broadcast Lioen!eu. Washing .. ton, D.o., March , 9 .6. Reprinted by Nati.onal As so• oiation of Broadcasters. 59 pp. / This ,!! the Nations.), Broadcasting Oom~am, "Dr. Angell out~ line"S"NBC' s Public Servioe Goals • Ma.rch, 19~-7. 11 Waller, Judith C• ¥ "Rad;i.o as a Public Service :ln Education. Unpublished address given before the K!i!J Radio School for Teachers, Fresno, California, November 21, 1946. , Waller, Judith a •• Radio the F'ifth Emtate. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Oompan,y • 1946. 483 pp~ 67 J?ERSQNAL OOR:fli~i3PONDEl~CG OF THE AU'l'HOF! Anderson, Don D., letter dated December ~l, 1946. Gr1f:f'itl:1• J. Eiu letter dated January 7, 1947. Holcomb, G:ra.nt, letter dated Januaey 7, 1947, Morton, Jerry. letter. dated January 6. 1947. Tmnpletcm, fl. L., letter dated January 2; 19!~7 • Shelley, Oscar. D., letter dated August 21 19!+6• A P P E N D I X 68 PUBL.IC SERVICE SUUVEY STATION,______Ng'l'WORK"-·-----LOCAL ____ _ DATE~------PROGRAM TITLE SPONSOR.______~------.______ TIME TO ~--~------CUECK -LIST l. Does program increase onels range or valuable knowledge? 123!~5 Does program stimulate thinkin~? 1234-5 Does program teach methods and/or techniques? 1. 2 3 4 .? Does program sensitize one's emotion$? l23/i.5 Does program heighten one's appreciation? l 2 3 4 5 Does program raise standards of tash? 1234-5 Do~s program enrich character? 1 2 3 4 5 Does program inspire eonstru.etive conduct? l 2 3 4 5 9· Does program inspire sooialilile.d ideals? 1234-5 10. Is program an auet to the community? l 2 3 4 5 n. Does program encourage community activities: group or individual? l23lt5 Does p:r()q,ram broaden experience of listener? 1.2345 Are you. going to listen to the next program in this sel!'ies'i' l 2 3 4 5 :r:s the main pul'pose of program ente:rta:!.nment? l 2 3 4 5 Is the main purpose of program to sell spon sor's. product? l 2 3 4 5 Can this program be uaed for in.. sahool listening? l 2 3 4 5 001\l!Ml~l\T'l'S ON PfiOGRAM: NOTE:: The answers to the questions were indicated by encircling one of the t'ive numbers at the t'ar X'1ght. Number l means yes; 2, probably yes; 3 1 undecidedJ 4, probably no; 5, no,. FIGURJ~ 2 GUIDE SHF!l!iT USED WHlLllJ LISTENING TO RADIO PROGRAMS DtJRING l''IRST l?E:RSONAL SUHVEY • Mr. Jim H. Ludlow 186$ :Michigan Ave. Stockton, California December 27, 1946 Mr, P£el vin Venter Radio Station KFRO 1000 Van Ness Ave. 3an Francisco, California Dear Mr. Ve.nter; Under the supervision of John Crabbe, Director of Radio for the College of .PMifie, I am writing Tl'f:3' tnaster 1 s thesis, which consists of a survey of the public service programs released by stations covering the stockton area. Since your station is included in this survey, I would apprec!a te 1t ii' you would send me a list1ng or your public service programs ~~ a marking of these on a elipp1ng from your local newspapel' radio log would be sat.tstaetory, It you have you:r general program log printed in booklet form or it your station sends out a monthly publicity radio letter, I would like to be plaoe.d on your ma:l.ling list. I realize that a specific definition of public service 1s practically imposdble, but would. you give me a st!llhme:nt as to What you consider. oonst:U;utes a public service broad cast? This might include :t'aotors you consider~ or stand... ards ·that a program must meet, beforE~ you would announce the progvam as one ot your public service broadcasts, If this thesis is to be of any value, it must be truly representativll! of the stations which cover stockton. There .. fore, I would certainly appreciate any help you might give me in line with the above requests or any additione.l per• tinent information or suggestions. Gratefully yours; /s/ Jim H. Ludlow FIGtllU~ 10 SAMPLE: OF' LETT.FJR SENT TO :J'rATIONS WHICH COV:IliREiD STOCKTON AREA, DEOtl:MB.lm 1946 10 KQW The Columbia Station for San Francisco • Oalaand and the Bay Area San Jose, California January 7, 1947 Mr 1 Jim H. Ludlow 18o.? Michigan: s Stockton, Cali:t'ornia Dear M:t>. Ludlow: Your letter to Mr. Ruegg has been referred to my office. Encloa_t:Hi you will find a schedule of KQSJ programs, with the public interest pr>ograms underlined. You asked for a. definition of public service. Undoubt edly you realhe that broadcasters have been seeking an all~ inclusive definition of the te~ for quite soma time. I will make no attempt to det1ne the term, but a few genert'l.l remarks might serve your ptll'pose. Hare at KQW, we hlllve tried to consider aa a public interest broadcast one which lllirrors the activities o.t' th0 col!lll1unity we serve. Primarily, the progl.'a.m should be in~ formative, as. opposed to strict ent.,.X'tainment. While many stations consider elasdcal. music lUI a public service, we dontt necessarily go along with that ass1.'111l,pt1on. I am aorry I cannot be or more help in defining a dif .. tioult term. but possibly these general remarks will be o!' some help to you in preparing your thesis. Yours very truly 1 /s/ Grant Holcomb Jr. Grant Holcomb. Jr., Director Department of Public Inf'or1nation REPLY 'I'O LETTER WIUCH R.H:QUSS'r.E:D A ST.Il.'l.'JTIMENT WI'rH RiWARD TO WifAT CONSTITUTES A PUBLIC 13EHVI K.F!'lO Mutual Broadcasting System 1000 Van Ness Avenue • San Francisco 9, California oe January 2, 1947• Mr.; Jim Ludlow: 1865 Michigan Ave.~ Stockton, Oa1 0 Dear Mr• Ludlowt Am:wering your request to Mel 1T101nter, I e.m enclosing one of ou:r- p:r-.ogriEI!!l schedules with a few of the best public iH!lr'ltiee programs marked• You will note that the legend foX' each progr!!.lll, ac means Chain Oommereiii!.l, cs means Chain Sustaining, LC means Local Commercial and LS means Local Sustaining. Our top 1\llutual .Publ1.c Service shows are P...merice.n Forum of the Air, Meet the Press and Author Meets Critic. Our top local Public Service is Beu Bye which is now in its twelfth year an{!. ia unique :l.n radio in that Mrs• Jo.seph1ne Martin in person thor• oughly inspects the wholesale produce market every morning at 6 o•eloek, then comes back to the station and broadcasts the only authentic report of what has come 1n1 what quantities, how the quality and prices are and with ;recommendations as to what to bye •. Pul)lic serv:toe hu taken quite a beating in the industry because of' an. extremely arbitl'ary definition which says that any show that is sponsored cannot be public aervice. By this rule our "Expl.oring the trnkriowu," the top soi F!GURJ~ 1.2 RBPLY TO LE'.t"!'TiiR SENT '1'0 RADIO S'l'A'l'IONS IN CALIFORNIA WHICH RE\:!Uli:STED A STATEMENT WI'l'H I!EGARD TO WHA'l' ()ONSl'I'l'UTE:S A PUBLIC SERVICE BROADCAST 72. Inasmuch as you are not bound by arbitrary definitions in your thesis writing I would lilllggest that you could do a whale of a job by taking the stand that public service ll'leillilllre• lW&nt should not be confined to sustaining programll!; then 'by taking great sponsored programs such as Bxplor;l.ng the Unknown, our Treasure Hour of Sonl,l;,. or outstanding newscasters euch as our Glen Hardy who broadcasts twice a day every day in the week, I'm sure you,could do quite a treatment on that stand. Sincerely, /s/ H, L. 'l'empleton1 KFRC Promotion FIGUiUll 12 (continued) REPLY TO LET'lEH S!.ilNT TO RADIO S'l'A'riONS IN, CAL!l'ORNIA WHICH RlNIT:li:STED A STATEr,U1'N'1' WUH :f!l December 31, 19~6 Jim H. Ludlow, 1865.Mieh1gan Ave., Stockton, California. Dear Mr. Ludlow: !'our letter of December 26 has been refel'rll!ld to me- and I am enclosing 1110~ .information which may prove of assistance to you in writing your theaili, On one of the enclosed sched ules I have blocked off the progx>ams which are considered "public servioe" by this station. The other one is clean in ease you are eol'llpiling any exhibits. You poslll quite a probl.&m in your question regarding our de.finition of a publie aerviee program. Aa you stated, there is no hard and fast rule. Each ease must be settled on its own merit. Here are a few of the things which we look for in making this decision. First, it must be decided if the sponsoring organization is legitimate. An amazing number of pseudo-charitable and religious groupe come in with a cit'ive or meeting they- w.l.l!lh publicized. ;rhey ollilim great work but investigation shows that thlll public will pay dearly for admittance. !\~oat bona fide ora;anizations are easy to cheek on and this is usually dona. Next comes the problem of deciding if the program is really in the "public intere$t." · . If it is, and this is decided strictly on the impor~ tance of the organization, the number of people affeeted by their work, and the timeliness of the material, the program stands a good chance of. getting air time. Each program• e.s I said1 is a ease in itself, and must be judged on its own merit,. Generally speaking, timely sub.. jeets ppesented b;r recognized organization.s are acceptable at any time. !i'IGURE 1,3 R8PLY •ro LI~TTEI'! SEN'r TO RADIO STATIONS IN OA!.IFORNIA WHICH REQUES'l'E;D A S:l'ATB:ME:NT WITH HEGARD TO \'>['!AT CONSTITUTES A PUBLIC s:mrl.'ITICE l3ROAD(lil.ST 74 I hope this hun!t proven as contusing a.s it sounds. Yours truly, /a/ Don D. Andaraon Don D. Jl.nderaon. Public Interest Director FIGURE 13 (continued) REPLY '!'0 Llil'l"11E;R SENT TO RADIO S'J:',ii.'l!IONS IN GAI,IFOHNIA WHIOli REcliJJJ;STB:O A STA'l"Ii:tll!i.iNT WI'l.'Ii H!!:GAE:O TO WHAT OONSTITUTlliS A F·UBLIO SERVICE BROAlXMST 75 KLX The Tribune Station Trj.bune Tower, Oakland 4, California January 6_ 1947 Mr. Jim rx, Ludlow 1865 Michigan Avenue Stooktont Oe.litornia Deav !llr. .I,udlow: ' Enclosed you 'Will find ow.• monthly broadcast bulletin.• on. which ! ht>.ve checked programs listed a.s public service o:t' public interest programs. It is d:l.ff:l.cult to give you a spee:l.!'ie definition of what makes a public service progl'IJU1! fall in that eate!,Sory as sueh. However, I think I might define it !'or you in thi.s respect; tha.t any public sel'Vice pro(!ram must be either info:t'rul.tive eoneern:l.ng the individual li.stener' s welfare or needs pertinont to himself, family • neighbor or eol!lmuni t;r. Ql" enterte.ining in the nature of presenting world fam.ous personalities, for e.x ampleJ the oho:l.r trom the MoX'lll:on Ghuroh in Salt Lake City, or educational by b~inging to the listene~•s attention new develop ments in the fields of Art~ Science, Medicine, etc. Aill a composite, I think we can ny that a publio service program is exactly what its title oX> designation implies, it is a program that is designed to be of service to the radio listening public. I trust this,. plus the enolosul'e, w:!.ll give you the information that you need. Sincerely, /s/ Jerry Morton Jerry !viorton Director, Special Events JM:ak Eno, FIGURE 14 REPLY TO LETTE:t1 SENT TO RADIO STATIONS Ilq CALIFORNIA viHIGH REQUESTED A STATEMENT WITH REGARD TO WHA'l' CONSTITU'l'$S A PUBLIC S:t<-::RVIOE Bl'!OADCAST KriiJ' McOlatehy Broadcasting Oompan:r Fresno, California January 1, 1947 Mr. Jlm H. Ludlow 1865 Michigan Stockton, California Dear Mr. Ludlowt We ar.e pleased to help in any wa:y your work on your master's thesis• You have chosen e. su.bje¢t which is naturally of extreme interest to a broadcaster. l'ai'tieularly, because radio luu1 been under .fire from time to time. In some C&.liHUI the criticism has been justified, but ra~io'lll answel' may have been pux>el;y a defensive one, with too little said of its virtues. Public urvioe is a definite plillrt of broadcasting, but broadcasters perhaps have not cxtoll6d theil" own efforts in this .field as much as they deserved. . A project such as yours \'lrhioh is undoubtedly clinical and unb:Lased h certainly a welcome testimony. · ' As ;you aay it is almost impossibl~ to settle the question of what is and what is not a pu.blie serv:Lee b:t>oadca.st. A great many oe.:r>able people have already considered the problem and at great length, but aa ;rou know there: is no line of demarca tion established betwe<$ln public service end commercial broad.. . I.HU:Iting. For that matter there is no 1ireuon to designate a broadout as public service because it 111 sustaining rath.e:t> than sponsored, since many programs periodically change from one to the other without. alter:tng content or purpose, Defining a publie servioe broadcast evolves down to. certain unwritten gauges1 such as good taste, utility, level of intelligence or what have you~ And ;ye.t there is no uni .. versal ;yardstick to define any such intangible elements, I wou.ld like to say that any program which was cultural, educat:Lonal or informative would qualif;r as public service, but I would then be to-reed to evaluate and interpret conceptions FIGURE 15 Rgpr,y TO IE'.l'TlllH SENT TO RADIO STAi'IONS IN CALIFOHNIA 1iiHIOI:i REq,UJ!:.STJ!:D A STATEMENT WITH REGARl? TO WIIA'l' CONSTITUTES A PUBLIC SERVICE BROADCAST 77 .of what constituted culture, education, etc. Altogether it is a question which I personally feel unable to answer. Howevel', I have enclosed a copy of our prog,~am scheduJ.e, marking a number of broadcasts which there is little doubt are eminently qualified to the classification 11 public service. u !4ay I wish you every success and enjoyment in your thesis.; which I feel is a subject of fascinating research. Sincerely yours, STATION l{ M J /s/ J. E, Griffith J. E. Griffi-th Promotion JEG:d FIGURE l$ (continued) REPLY TO LETTER SENT TO RADIO STATIONS IN CALIFORNIA WHIOH REQIJESTED A STATEMEN'l' W.ITH REGll.RD TO WHAT OONSTITUTES A PUBLIC SERVIOE BROADCAST 78 Radio J?ubl1c Interest>.t Ct,uenti.onnaire Nrune: Station Call Letters.____ _ Instructions: En.cil'cla either yes or no !'or each question. 1. Are programs which cultivate listener's taste for classical Jnusio -- such u NBO Symphony Orchestra, New York Philharmonic Orohastra1 or similar orchestras, ~nd classical music d1 aoussion broadcasts .... in the public inter• est? Yes No 2• Are programs which inore11.Se the listener's range of' useful, serviceable, or advantageous inf'oi'!!II'l.tion ... .,. such as newsoasta, coll!lllE>ntar1es 1 talks or interdews by authorities on. such broadcasts as 'l.'b.e Doctors Talk It Over, Child's Wo:L'ld, Ste..;1dard. School of the il.ir, ll!Xeursions in Science """' in the public interest? · Yes No .3. Are programs which stimulate the listener to e.ctivities which are wperior ll!Grally1 spirit• ually, intellectually 1 or aesthet.ically ...... such u WQrld Security Workshop, Are These OUr Children? 'l'he Baxters 1 religious programs ... in the public interest? Yes No 4. Are progrems which :furnish the li.stener infor ... mation in an atbn1pt to clarify (lontroversial issues, so that he may better practice dheern ment .... such as round tables•. forums, symposiU!lls, and debates •• in the public interest? Yes No 5. Are progt>mns which help the listener to arrive at &. olelltl' and true conception of life and its values -- such a.s The World's Great Novels, Cavalcade of America, Theatre Guild on the Air,. Invitation to Learning -- in the public inhrest? Yes No #Some radio stations prefer the terms 11 publ1e serv1oen or "Cultural and Edt\cational". F'IGURE 16 r~UESTIONNAIRE SENT TO RJ.\.NDO!Il SA.1VJPLE OF' S'l'A'l'ION MANAG.El'!S IN UN!Tl~D S'l'ATES 79 6. Are programs which aid the listener in hie vocation or avocation by teaching methods and techniques .... such as ~·he American Far mer 1 Hunting & Fi.Sbing Olub of the Air, The Garden Gate, or weather oxo :market reports, or homemaking progrwn.s .. .,. in the public intHilrest? Yes No 7. Are programs which inform the listener ot r,n.i.blie events and enterprise ·- such as disaster reports, sportscasts, political broadouta, and b:roadoa&ts by SE1:rvice organi~ations ~- in the public interest? Yes No 8. Do you think that the services listed in the seven q~estions above could be used to olassity lllll progl'atns that are broadcast in the public interest? Yes lio It not, would you please list 'below the servicelil that have been omitted. FIGURE 16 (continued) Q1JiSS'l'IONNAIRE SENT TO RANDOM SAlliPLill OF' S'I'A'l'!ON MANJ\.GERS IN UNITED STA'l'ES KCVN l<'requenoy Modulation College of the Padfio stockton, Galitornia July 29, 194.13 Dear Sir: The Graduate Sohool o:f' the College o.f' the Paei:fio seeks your help on a pl:'oblem in researeh that is vital to every station manager, That problem is the meaning of the term, "in the public inte:res.t, oonve:nienoe, and necessity." . In our efforts to give meaning to thia term we have felt the nooenity to try to determine the possible aervices that radio may give., On. the enclosed questionnaire aeven services are lhted, and your opinion is asked concerning these services • Your name and station call letters are requested on the queationnaire1 so that we m.ay know who replies. Individual response, however, will not be made public. An abstraot of ·the questionnaire results will be avail· able upon request. 'l.'hank you verr:r much :f'oX> your help. · Sincerely you:t>s; /a/ Jim H. Ludlow Jim H. Ludlow JHLial enclosure FIGURE 17 LE:TTER WHICH .i!.OOOMPANIED Q,UlliSTIONN.i!.IR.E S.ENT TO !H\l:fDOM SAM.Pf,fh OF' STA'l'ION i1'!ANAGERS IN UNI'rl:!:D STATJJ:S 81 li.Bl''E Owned and Operated By Shelly Radio-IGlectric Oo. Needles, California August 2, 194.8 Mr. Jim u. Ludlow, Radio Station KOVN College of the l?aeU:ic, Stockton, Oali:rornia. Sirs: I am enclosing your questionnaire, ullllli!U:'ked• for the reasons which I will attempt to st.ate insofar as my ability to sling the King's English allows me to. Firat: Without considering what the F.c.c. hu handed down as to their definition of' "public interest, eonvon:l.enoe, and neoesa:lty", but merely applying my ideas to this general phrase, I would state that interest, e~onvenian!l}e, and neoes• sity should n,ot be made to apply to strictly one program, or type of progrf.l.l11.1 or group of programs~ .. I govelt'n the opera tion of this station according to what the public in my primary coverage ~.u>ea dedres to heu over their radio as I interpret it" Secondly: I do not beU.evlil tbat any ;J:.ocal1t;y: can rea• ' aona'bl-y answer any of your q.u.elliitions. with a yes or no •• Third: Your qa.est:l.ons mostly s.eem headed towards the general question of "Is it in the pu'bJ.;tc interest, convenience, and neeesai t-y to educate the Amerio&Jl. public according to a person, or persons' ideas on what th$ American public ought to be taught?" My answer to this ia a big NO 1 I would rather say th1s •••• provide the listen•r• with an un.. biued report of 'the occurrences. that generaUy affect them, remembering always to give all of tlw facts, not jus·t a few that might result in a listener reaching a conclusion .not based on all the taots. In newspaper work, I understand it is referred to as "slanting the news'', 1illhen the report is 1noompletel;r made• · FIGURE l8 LET'l'I~R \'ilUOil: AOCOMP AN II£0 A RETURN Q(JES'l'IONI'IAIHE SENT TO RANDOM SAMPLl~ OF STAT ION MANAGElRS IN UNI'l'BD STATBS Fourth! Regarding the music used on a sta.tion and the frequency with which the type is to be hea:t•d over the air .. I would like to state that this should be governed by the publici s likes and dislikes in the proportion which these likes and dislikes exist in the public to be al!lrved. (I should have stated that this station is the only one that is reaeived adequately in this vicinity during the da·;r.) I lillso own the onl;r rec(}l'd shop here within. a couple of hundred miles, and therefore have access to a way of determining the percentage of th111 publia that likes and dislikes the di:l:'f'er ant t:rpu of music. I per•sonally prefer that !1l.1.Uiic some• times referred to lil.i'! the Popular Classics .. but I do not necessarily believe t~hat everyone is education, culture, or what have you ia enhanced by the a.ppx•eciation of thilil type of lll.US 1a • You see, I am not attempting .t.o "uplift the public" ~~~net never intend to. I do not intend to attempt to mold the public to rey way of thinking, as I am not presumptive enough to believe that the public wants to think rey way. I s1n•vioe some 201 000 individuals and they do not fit into any mold, · nor will they ever be so fitted. Instead, I prefer ·to attempt to provide them with what they want to hear. I do . not put Qut my oo:mn;entaries because rey viewpoint, like anyone.else's, is only th$ viewpoint of one person. :r goveum myself aeeor•ding to the people 1 a reaction. of which the following letter is indicative of 99 out of 100 ••• Oyrua Foss Weeks Oontml ting Engineer Kingman • Ar bona Aug. 1, 1948 Radio Station KSFE, ~1eedles • Calif • Gentlem,en: Here t s a big bouquet to you for your very enjoyable radio programal I have been promising myaelt the pleasure of writing you a note of thanks for a long time. You see FIGU.!!E 18 (continued) Lfi;TTER W1IICH ACCOMPANis:D A Rt!:TURN c;,UESTIO!lNAIHE SENT TO RANDOM SAMP:t.JJ; OF STATIOl'l l'i!ANAGE!'!S IN UNI'l:ED S'l'A'l'ES 8) your atation has made it pouible for me to use my big l"hileo eons ole in the summ.er>time .... 1 t is .absolutely the only station that comes. in ;vithout statio. Added. to tbat1 the person in your organization who selects the l'llUSie to be played, is doing J a ~ery fine job. Ot course, he has to please all types of 1 taste, but nevertheless 1: enjoy his progttam.s on the whole a great deal more than any station I ever was able to get. Again ·- an orchid to ;rou ... and many tb.ankli! L .:u.ncerely, Wilda Weeks Get the ideli.?? Respectfully, /s/ Oscar D. Shelley Oscar D.. lilh!l)lley, Own!!lr, PJiana.ger. Chief . -..,mn<>!neel" . and (Janitor) F1CHJRE 18 (continued) i.-B'l'TSR WlUCH ACCOiKPANII\D A H~'l?URN1W ®'lil3;l.'IONNAIRE SENT TO HANOOM Sll.Ml?L8 OF STA'l'ION MANAGERS IN UNI1'll1D STATES