The Effect of Modernization on Attitudes Toward Play Among Filipino Children of Negros, Oriental, Philippines Janice Ann Beran Iowa State University
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Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1976 The effect of modernization on attitudes toward play among Filipino children of Negros, Oriental, Philippines Janice Ann Beran Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Other Education Commons Recommended Citation Beran, Janice Ann, "The effect of modernization on attitudes toward play among Filipino children of Negros, Oriental, Philippines " (1976). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 5728. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/5728 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 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University Microfilms International 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 USA St. John's Road, Tyler's Green High Wycombe, Bucks, England HP10 8HR 77-10,300 BERAN, Janice Ann, 1931- THE EFFECT OF MODERNIZATION ON ATTITUDES TOWARD PLAY AMONG FILIPINO CHILDREN OF NEGROS ORIENTAL, PHILIPPINES. Iowa State University, Ph.D., 1976 Education, physical XGfOX UniVGrSity Microfilms, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 0 1977 JANICE AM BERAN All rights reserved The effect of modernization on attitudes toward play among Filipino children of Negros Oriental, Philippines by Janice Ann Beran A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department: Professional Studies Major: Education Approved: Signature was redacted for privacy. In Charge of Major Work Signature was redacted for privacy. Forythe Major Department Signature was redacted for privacy. Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 1976 Copyright 0 Janice Ann Beran, 1977. All rights reserved. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION 1 Significance of the Problem 2 Purpose 3 Objectives 4 Definition of Terms 5 Assumptions 7 Delimitations of the Study 7 REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE 8 Children's Play 8 Philippine Socio-Cultural Characteristics 12 Social Change 21 The Semantic Differential As a Measure of Attitudes toward Play 24 HEIHODOLOGY 28 Background 28 Development of the Instrument 28 Selection of the Sample 32 Analysis of the Data 37 Testing the Reliability of the Instrument 38 Statistical Tests of Differences among Attitudes of School Children of Urban Developed, Intermediate, and Interior Rural Technologically Undeveloped Communities toward Their Play 38 RESULTS 40 Validity and Reliability of the Instrument 41 Factor Analysis 45 iii Page Effect of T^pes of Community on Children's Attitudes toward Play 45 Effect of Mass Media on Attitudes of Children toward Play 51 Effect of Father's Occupations on Children's Attitudes toward Play 53 Differences in Attitudes toward Play between Girls and Boys 55 DISCUSSION 56 Description of the Study Communities 56 Description of the Study Schools 60 Observations during Administration of the Instrument 67 Findings through the Instrument 69 SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS 83 Summary 83 Recommendations 86 REFERENCES 87 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 96 APPENDIX A: GEOGRAPHICAL, SOCIAL, AND POLITICAL BACKGROUND 97 APPENDIX B: INSTRUMENT 106 APPENDIX C: SAMPLE LETTER 122 APPENDIX D: CORRELATION MATRIX 124 APPENDIX E: 'F' TESTS SHOWING EFFECT OF SCHOOL LOCATION ON NINE FACTORS 129 APPENDIX F; 'F' TESTS SHOWING EFFECT OF FATHER'S OCCUPATION ON NIIiE FACTO ta 133 iv LIST OF TABLES Pago Table 1. Concepts 30 Table 2. Sample concept with adjectival scales Kun makadaug ako sa dula 31 Table 3. Bipolar adjectival scales arranged to place positive values at the right 33 Table 4. Geographical representation of subjects included in the s tudy 40 Table 5. Demographic data 42 Table 6. Mean scores based on responses of all children for each bipolar scale for each concept and overall concept means 43 Table 7. Reliability estimates of concept scales by Cronbach's alpha 44 Table 8. Correlation coefficient for each concept listed in order of size 46 Table 9. Rotated orthogonal factor loadings 48 Table 10. Group factors with principal contributing concepts 49 Table 11. Differences in attitudes of children in public and pri vate schools in communities at three stages of technolog ical development 50 Table 12. Factor means and 't' test showing effect of movie atten dance upon nine factors 52 Table 13. Factor means and 't' test showing effect of television in the home 52 Table 14. Difference in attitudes of children toward play when compared by occupation of father 54 Table 15, Factor means and 't' test showing effect of sex of sub ject 55 Table 16. Correlation matrix 125 Table 17. Analysis of variance by location on factor I--everyday or commonplace things 130 V Page Table 18. Analysis of variance by location on factor II--anxiety situations 130 Table 19. Analysis of variance by location on factor III— desirable activities 130 Table 20. Analysis of variance by location on factor IV— unfamiliar or foreign 131 Table 21. Analysis of variance by location on factor V--avoiding conflict 131 Table 22. Analysis of variance by location on factor VI—Filipino or indigenous activities 131 Table 23. Analysis of variance by location on factor VII—foreign table games requiring strategy 132 Table 24. Analysis of variance by location on factor VIII—main taining smooth interpersonal relations (SIR) 132 Table 25. Analysis of variance by location on factor IX—playing with animals 132 Table 26. Analysis of variance by father's occupation on factor I—everyday or commonplace things 134 Table 27. Analysis of variance by father's occupation on factor II—anxiety situations 134 Table 28. Analysis of variance by father's occupation on factor III—desirable activities 134 Table 29. Analysis of variance by father's occupation on factor IV—unfamiliar or foreign 135 Table 30. Analysis of variance by father's occupation on factor V"-avoiding conflict 135 Table 31. Analysis of variance by father's occupation on factor VI--Filipino or indigenous activities 135 Table 32. Analysis of variance by father's occupation on factor VII--table games requiring strategy 136 Table 33. Analysis of variance by father's occupation on factor VIII-maintaining smooth interpersonal relations 136 vi Page Table 34. Analysis of variance by father's occupation on factor IX-"playing with animals 136 vii LIST OP FIGURES Page Figure 1. Representative urban schools 77 Figure 2. Representative intermediate and rural schools 78 1 INTRODUCTION The process of modernization is complex and involves basic changes, both technological and social. The transfer of technology, the development of industries, the establishment of educational systems, and the organiza tion of transportation and communication services are occurring on a world basis, both as policies of the nations involved and, almost without excep tion, at the demands of their people. The term "developing countries" is synonymous with "technologically developing countries." The changes in values, attitudes, and behavior in the individuals who effect these changes and who are affected by them are much less understood and inadequately measured. The social changes that stimulate the demand for modernization, foster its acceptance, and result from its innovations are at least as important as the development of the technology itself. Both technical and social development must be based on orderly culturally adaptable changes to avoid social disruption. The achievement and acceptance of modernization are based on the attitudes and values of the people involved at all levels. Studies on the prerequisite and resulting social attitudes in the process of modernization must be multifaceted. In this study, the play of children in one developing country, the Republic of the Philippines,^ has been studied as it is a reflection and a parameter of social changes attendant to technological developments in the south central province of Negros Oriental. detailed description of the geographical, social, and political background is attached as Appendix A. 2 Significance of the Problem Play and sports in more highly developed societies are part of the cultural uniqueness of communities and nations.