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Killi-De-Azraq Prefere Viver Em Águas Pouco Profundas Com Fundos Móveis E Vegetação Abundante, Onde Se Alimenta De Pequenos Crustá- Ceos E Larvas De Insectos

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Killi-De-Azraq Prefere Viver Em Águas Pouco Profundas Com Fundos Móveis E Vegetação Abundante, Onde Se Alimenta De Pequenos Crustá- Ceos E Larvas De Insectos VIDA SELVAGEM MUNDIAL peixes, procedendo-se actualmente em Azraq à recuperação de habitats adequados para os rece- ber no ambiente natural. O killi-de-Azraq prefere viver em águas pouco profundas com fundos móveis e vegetação abundante, onde se alimenta de pequenos crustá- ceos e larvas de insectos. Embora possua uma boa resistência às variações ambientais de tem- peratura (10 a 35 ºC), reproduz-se habitualmente no Outono ou entre finais da Primavera e início do Verão, quando a temperatura da água ronda os 18ºC. Os machos estabelecem territórios perto da superfície da água, ostentando as faixas verticais escuras do corpo, particularmente nítidas nesta altura, e perseguindo ferozmente os machos intrusos. As fêmeas desovam sobre algas fila- Killi-de-Azraq mentosas e outras plantas aquáticas, procurando locais bem oxigenados e com luz solar abundan- Um curioso peixe do deserto te. O desenvolvimento dos ovos demora cerca de duas semanas. que esteve muito perto da extinção completa. Há cerca de 20 milhões de anos atrás, o óbvio desaparecimento de grande parte dos Killi-de-Azraq antigo Mar de Tétis, que se estendia desde o sul peixes e restante vida marinha aí existente ou, Reino: Animalia da Península Ibérica até ao noroeste da Índia, em alternativa, à sua adaptação a uma tão radi- Filo: Chordata correspondendo parcialmente ao actual Mar cal mudança de habitat. Classe: Actinopterygii Ordem: Cyprinodontiformes Mediterrâneo, acabou por se fechar devido à E foi exactamente isso que sucedeu no Família: Cyprinodontidae aproximação das placas tectónicas africana e caso do killi-de-Azraq (Aphanius sirhani), cujas Género: Aphanius Espécie: Aphanius sirhani euro-asiática. O impacto deste importantíssimo populações ancestrais se viram confinadas às evento geológico sobre a fauna da região foi zonas húmidas do Wadi Sirhan, remanescentes Caracterização enorme, com a criação e o isolamento de novas do antigo braço de mar, as quais pouco a pouco Pequeno peixe com a mandíbula bastante pronun- unidades geográficas e consequente formação foram desaparecendo no meio do deserto. Hoje, ciada e dirigida para cima. Dimorfismo sexual bem de novas espécies. este pequeno peixe sobrevive unicamente no marcado. Os machos apresentam o corpo com faixas Um bom exemplo é o que diz respeito aos Oásis de Azraq, no leste da Jordânia, uma vasta verticais escuras sobre fundo prateado, barbatanas peixes killis (palavra derivada do termo holandês zona alagadiça com mais de 7 mil hectares de dorsal e anal amareladas com zonas escuras. As kilde, que significa pequeno ribeiro ou charco) extensão, alimentada pela água da chuva e de fêmeas apresentam barbatanas incolores e o corpo pertencentes ao género Aphanius que, por essa várias nascentes, e constituída por dunas, char- prateado com uma ou várias fiadas de pontos negros. Comprimento: 4,5 – 5,0 cm. altura, frequentavam as águas marinhas costei- cos temporários e pântanos de água doce, bem ras de Tétis. Algumas espécies actualmente como sapais de água salobra. Distribuição existentes continuam a viver em estuários do A exploração progressiva dos recursos Espécie endémica do Oásis de Azraq (Jordânia), litoral do Mediterrâneo, Mar Vermelho e Oceano hídricos locais para fins agrícolas e de abasteci- situado na extremidade noroeste do Wadi Sirhan, Índico ocidental, mas a esmagadora maioria mento humano, iniciada há muitos milénios, uma enorme depressão em pleno deserto sírio- encontra-se espalhada pela mesma região culminou, em finais do séc. XX, com o esgota- arábico que representa os restos de um antigo mar embora mais ou menos isolada em pequenas mento de quase todas as nascentes e à comple- interior. bacias hidrográficas interiores com águas doces ta secagem de muitos pântanos, colocando em Protecção ou hipersalinas. grave risco a vida aquática aí existente. Em Considerada como espécie “em perigo crítico de Um dos vários acontecimentos relaciona- 1977, a zona foi classificada ao abrigo da Con- extinção” pelo último relatório da IUCN (2008), calcu- dos com o encerramento do Mar de Tétis ocor- venção de Ramsar e transformada parcialmente lando-se que no início do séc. XXI sobreviveriam reu há 13 milhões de anos, altura em que o Mar em Reserva Natural, mas só a partir de 1994 um menos de 50 indivíduos no estado selvagem. Vermelho (que tinha acabado de se formar e se projecto de conservação permitiu restabelecer prolongava então pelo actual vale do Mar Morto) uma pequena parte dos antigos pântanos, atra- Espécies semelhantes invadiu as terras baixas do Wadi Sirhan, no vés do transvase de água a partir de furos esta- As espécies filogeneticamente mais aparentadas são extremo noroeste da Península Arábica. O tais. Uma outra grave ameaça resultou da intro- o killi-arábico (Aphanius dispar) e o killi-oriental (Aphanius mento), mas as populações mais próximas subsequente isolamento desta região, hoje inse- dução, para fins alimentares, de peixes exóticos destes peixes ocorrem na zona do vale do Mar Morto, rida em pleno deserto sírio-arábico, obrigou ao (nomeadamente tilápias) que se tornaram preda- a cerca de 150 km para sudoeste do Oásis de Azraq. dores do killi-de-Azraq, contribuindo igualmente para levar esta espécie à beira da extinção. No ano 2000, o killi ocupava já uma área pantanosa inferior a 1 hectare, estimando-se a sua população em cerca de 45 peixes adultos. Killi-arábico Estes animais foram então capturados e transfe- ridos para lagoas artificiais construídas no local, dando-se igualmente início a um programa inter- nacional de reprodução em cativeiro no qual participam universidades, sociedades científicas e associações de criadores de killis. Em 2005, a Killi.oriental população em cativeiro ultrapassava já os 3 mil Bibliografia: Zapater, M. (2003) “Aphanius sirhani” Bol. S.E.I. nº 0: 35-38 (www.soesic.org); Hrbek, T. & Meyer, A. (2003) “Closing of the Tethys Sea and the phylogeny of Eurasian killifishes” J. Evol. Biol. 16: 17-36; Al Bawaba (10.10.2005) “Ford Grants help save Jordan’s native fish” (www.albawaba.com). Ilustrações: sup. - Juan Pablo Campo (2007) Bol. S.E.I. nº 1; inf. - José Maria Garcia Poves (www.sekweb.org); Aphanius díspar - Winfried Stenglein (http://images.killi.net); Aphanius mento - www.israquarium.co.il. Textos: Almargem (2009). madressilva enciclopédia de biodiversidade (www.almargem.org) .
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