Chiang Mai From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Not to be confused with Chiang Rai or Chengmai. This article is about the city . For other uses, see Chiang Mai (disam biguation). Chiang Mai ????????? City Municipality Top left: East moat, Chiang Mai; top right: Chedi, Phrathat Doi Suthep; midd le left: View from Doi Suthep of downtown Chiang Mai; middle right: Tha Phae Gat e; bottom left: A songthaew shared taxi; bottom right: Wat Chiang Man Top left: East moat, Chiang Mai; top right: Chedi, Wat Phrathat Doi Suthep; midd le left: View from Doi Suthep of downtown Chiang Mai; middle right: Tha Phae Gat e; bottom left: A songthaew shared taxi; bottom right: Wat Chiang Man Location of the city within Location of the city within Chiang Mai Province Chiang Mai is located in Chiang MaiChiang Mai Location of the city within Thailand Coordinates: 18°47'43?N 98°59'55?ECoordinates: 18°47'43?N 98°59'55?E Country Thailand Province Chiang Mai Province Government Type City municipality Mayor Tatsanai Puranupakorn Area City Municipality 40.216 km2 (15.527 sq mi) Metro 2,905 km2 (1,122 sq mi) Elevation 310 m (1,020 ft) Population (2008) City Municipality 148,477 Density 3,687/km2 (9,550/sq mi) Metro 960,906 Metro density 315.42/km2 (816.9/sq mi) Time zone ICT (UTC+7) Airport IATA: CNX ICAO: VTCC Website Official website Chiang Mai (/'t?j???'ma?/, from Thai: ????????? [t??i?? màj] ( listen), Lanna: ?? ??????? [t??ia?.màj] ( listen)) sometimes written as "Chiengmai" or "Chiangmai", i s the largest and most culturally significant city in Northern Thailand. It is t he capital of Chiang Mai Province and was a former capital of the Kingdom of (12961768), which became the Kingdom of Chiang Mai, a tributary state of Thail and from 1774 to 1939. It is 700 km (435 mi) north of Bangkok and is situated am ongst the highest mountains in the country. The city sits astride the Ping River , a major tributary of the Chao Phraya River. Chiang Mai means "new city" and was so named because it became the new capital o f the Lanna kingdom when it was founded in 1296, succeeding Chiang Rai, the form er capital founded in 1262.[1]:208209 Chiang Mai gained prominence in the political sphere in May 2006, when the Chian g Mai Initiative was concluded between the ASEAN nations and the "+3" countries (China, Japan, and South Korea). Chiang Mai was one of three Thai cities contend ing for Thailand's bid to host the World Expo 2020 (the others were Chonburi and Ayutthaya).[2] Ayutthaya, however, was the city ultimately chosen by the Thai P arliament to register for the international competition.[3][4] Chiang Mai has positioned itself to become a Creative City and is considering ap plying for Creative City status with UNESCO.[5] Chiang Mai was one of two touris t destinations in Thailand on TripAdvisor's 2014 list of "25 Best Destinations i n the World", where it stands at number 24.[6] Chiang Mai's historic importance is derived from its close proximity to the Ping River and major trading routes.[7][8][9] While officially the city ( nakhon) of Chiang Mai only covers most parts of the Mueang Chiang Mai district with a population of 160,000, the city's spra wl extends into several neighboring districts. The Chiang Mai Metropolitan Area has a population of nearly one million people, more than half the total of Chian g Mai Province. The city is subdivided into four wards (khwaeng): Nakhon Ping, Srivijaya, Mengra i, and . The first three are on the west bank of the Ping River, and Kawil a is on the east bank. Nakhon Ping district comprises the north part of the city . Srivijaya, Mengrai, and Kawila consist of the west, south, and east parts, res pectively. The city centerwithin the city wallsis mostly within Srivijaya ward.[10 ] Contents [hide] 1 History 2 Emblem 3 Climate 3.1 Air pollution 4 Religious sites 5 Culture 5.1 Festivals 5.2 Language 5.3 Museums 5.4 Dining 6 Education 7 Nature 8 Recreation 9 Transportation 10 Tourism 11 Notable persons 12 Twin towns and sister cities 13 Gallery 14 See also 15 References 16 External links History[edit] Wat Chiang Man, the oldest Buddhist temple in the city City wall, north-west corner King Mengrai founded the city of Chiang Mai ("new city") in 1296[1]:209 on the s ite of an older city of the called Wiang Nopburi.[11][12] Gordon You ng, in his 1962 book The Hill tribes of Northern Thailand, mentions how a Wa chi eftain in Burma told him that the Wa, a people who are closely related to the La wa, once lived in the Chiang Mai valley in "sizeable cities".[13] Chiang Mai succeeded Chiang Rai as the capital of the Lanna kingdom. Pha Yu enla rged and fortified the city, and built in honor of his father Kha m Fu.[1]:226227 The ruler was known as the "chao". The city was surrounded by a m oat and a defensive wall since nearby Burma was a constant threat, as were the a rmies of the Mongol Empire, which only decades earlier had conquered most of Yun nan, China, and in 1292 overran the bordering Thai Lü kingdom of .[7] With the decline of the Lanna Kingdom, the city lost importance and was occupied by the Burmese in 1556.[14] Chiang Mai formally became part of Siam in 1775 by an agreement with Chao Kavila, after the Thai King helped drive out the B urmese. Because of Burmese counterattacks, Chiang Mai was abandoned between 1776 and 1791.[15] then served as the capital of what remained of Lanna. Chi ang Mai then slowly grew in cultural, trading, and economic importance to its cu rrent status as the unofficial capital of Northern Thailand, second in importanc e only to Bangkok.[16] The modern municipality dates to a sanitary district (sukhaphiban) that was crea ted in 1915. It was upgraded to a municipality (thesaban) on 29 March 1935, as p ublished in the Royal Gazette, Book No. 52 section 80. First covering just 17.5 km2 (7 sq mi), the city was enlarged to 40.2 km2 (16 sq mi) on 5 April 1983.[17] Emblem[edit] The city emblem shows the at Wat Doi Suthep in its center. Below it are cl ouds representing the moderate climate in the mountains of Northern Thailand. Th ere is a naga, the mythical snake said to be the source of the Ping River, and r ice stalks, which refer to the fertility of the land.[18] Climate[edit] Chiang Mai has a tropical wet and dry climate (Köppen Aw), tempered by the low lat itude and moderate elevation, with warm to hot weather year-round, though nightt ime conditions during the dry season can be cool and much lower than daytime hig hs. The maximum temperature ever recorded was 42.4 °C (108.3 °F) in May 2005.[19] [hide]Climate data for Chiang Mai (19812010) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °C (°F) 35.5 (95.9) 38.2 (100.8) 40.8 (105.4) 41.6 (106.9) 42.4 (108.3) 40.5 (104.9) 39.3 (102.7) 38.0 (100.4) 41.2 (106.2) 37.1 (98.8) 36.5 (97.7) 35.0 (95) 42.4 (108.3) Average high °C (°F) 29.8 (85.6) 32.6 (90.7) 35.2 (95.4) 36.5 (97.7) 34.2 (93.6) 32.7 (90.9) 31.8 (89.2) 31.5 (88.7) 31.7 (89.1) 31.4 (88.5) 30.1 (86.2) 28.6 (83.5) 32.18 (89.93) Average low °C (°F) 14.9 (58.8) 16.2 (61.2) 19.5 (67.1) 22.9 (73.2) 23.8 (74.8) 24.0 (75.2) 23.9 (75) 23.7 (74.7) 23.2 (73.8) 22.2 (72) 19.2 (66.6) 15.7 (60.3) 20.77 (69.39) Record low °C (°F) 0.5 (32.9) 3.3 (37.9) 7.8 (46) 14.4 (57.9) 17.2 (63) 20.6 (69.1) 20.0 (68) 20.2 (68.4) 19.7 (67.5) 16.3 (61.3) 11.1 (52) 4.8 (40.6) 0.5 (32.9) Average rainfall mm (inches) 4.2 (0.165) 8.9 (0.35) 17.8 (0.701) 57.3 (2.256) 162.0 (6.378) 124.5 (4.902) 140.2 (5.52) 216.9 (8.539) 211.4 (8.323) 117.6 (4.63) 53.9 (2.122) 15.9 (0.626) 1,130.6 (44.512) Average rainy days (= 1 mm) 1 2 2 6 14 14 16 18 20 14 5 1 113 Average relative humidity (%) 68 58 52 57 71 77 79 81 81 79 75 73 70.9 Mean monthly sunshine hours 272.8 251.4 269.7 258.0 217.0 177.0 170.5 161.2 156.0 198.4 234.0 263.5 2,629.5 Source #1: Thai Meteorological Department[20] (normal 19812010, avg. rainy days 1 9611990) Source #2: Hong Kong Observatory[21] (sunshine) Panorama, Chiang Mai during the rainy season, August 2014 Air pollution[edit] See also: Environmental issues in Thailand A continuing environmental issue in Chiang Mai is the incidence of air pollution that primarily occurs every year towards the end of the dry season between Febr uary and April. In 1996, speaking at the Fourth International Network for Enviro nmental Compliance and Enforcement conferenceheld in Chiang Mai that yearthe Gover nor Virachai Naewboonien invited guest speaker Dr. Jakapan Wongburanawatt, Dean of the Social Science Faculty of Chiang Mai University, to discuss air pollution efforts in the region. Dr. Wongburanawatt stated that, in 1994, an increasing n umber of city residents attended hospitals suffering from respiratory problems a ssociated with the city's air pollution.[22] During the FebruaryMarch period, air quality in Chiang Mai often remains below re commended standards, with fine-particle dust levels reaching twice the standard limits.[23] According to the Bangkok Post, corporations in the agricultural sector, not farm ers, are the biggest contributors to smoke pollution. The main source of the fir es is forested area being cleared to make room for new crops. The new crops to b e planted after the smoke clears are not rice and vegetables to feed locals. A s ingle crop is responsible: corn. The haze problem began in 2007 and has been tra ced at the local level and at the macro-market level to the growth of the animal feed business. "The true source of the haze...sits in the boardrooms of corpora tions eager to expand production and profits. A chart of Thailand's growth in wo rld corn markets can be overlaid on a chart of the number of fires. It is no lon ger acceptable to scapegoat hill tribes and slash-and-burn agriculture for the s evere health and economic damage caused by this annual pollution." These data ha ve been ignored by the government. The end is not in sight, as the number of fir es has increased every year for a decade, and data shows more pollution in late- February 2016 than in late-February 2015.[24] The northern centre of the Meteorological Department has reported that low-press ure areas from China trap forest fire smoke in the mountains along the Thai-Myan mar border.[25] Research conducted between 2005 and 2009 showed that average PM1 0 rates in Chiang Mai during February and March were considerably above the coun try's safety level of 120 µg/m3, peaking at 383 µg/m3 on 14 March 2007.[26] Accordin g to the World Health Organization (WHO), the acceptable level is 50 µg/m3.[27] Religious sites[edit] Chedi, Wat Phrathat Doi Suthep Chiang Mai has over 300 Buddhist temples ("wat" in Thai).[28] These include: Wat Phrathat Doi Suthep, the city's most famous temple, stands on Doi Suthep, a hill to the north-west of the city. The temple dates from 1383. Wat Chiang Man, the oldest temple in Chiang Mai, dating from the 13th century.[1 ]:209 King Mengrai lived here during the construction of the city. This temple h ouses two important and venerated Buddha figures, the marble Phra Sila and the c rystal Phra Satang Man. Wat Phra Singh is within the city walls, dates from 1345, and offers an example of classic Northern Thai-style architecture. It houses the Phra Singh Buddha, a highly venerated figure brought here many years ago from Chiang Rai.[29] Wat Chedi Luang was founded in 1401 and is dominated by a large Lanna style ched i, which took many years to finish. An earthquake damaged the chedi in the 16th century and only two-thirds of it remains.[30] Wat Ku Tao in the city's Chang Phuak District dates from (at least) the 13th cen tury and is distinguished by an unusual alms-bowl-shaped stupa thought to contai n the ashes of King Nawrathaminsaw, Chiang Mai's first Burmese ruler.[31] Wat Chet Yot is on the outskirts of the city. Built in 1455, the temple hosted t he Eighth World Buddhist Council in 1977. Wiang Kum Kam is at the site of an old city on the southern outskirts of Chiang Mai. King Mengrai lived there for ten years before the founding of Chiang Mai. T he site includes many ruined temples. Wat Umong is a forest and cave wat in the foothills west of the city, near Chian g Mai University. Wat U-Mong is known for its "fasting Buddha", representing the Buddha at the end of his long and fruitless fast prior to gaining enlightenment . Wat RamPoeng (Tapotaram), near Wat U-Mong, is known for its meditation center (N orthern Insight Meditation Center). The temple teaches the traditional vipassana technique and students stay from 10 days to more than a month as they try to me ditate at least 10 hours a day. Wat RamPoeng houses the largest collection of Ti pitaka, the complete Theravada canon, in several Northern dialects.[32] Wat Suan Dok is a 14th-century temple just west of the old city wall. It was bui lt by the king for a revered monk visiting from Sukhothai for a rainy season ret reat. The temple is also the site of Mahachulalongkorn Rajavidyalaya Buddhist Un iversity, where monks pursue their studies.[33] "First Church" was founded in 1868 by the Laos Mission of the Rev. Daniel and Mr s. Sophia McGilvary. Chiang Mai has about 20 Christian churches[34] Chiang Mai i s the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Chiang Mai. Muslim traders have traveled to north Thailand for many centuries, and a small s ettled presence has existed in Chiang Mai from at least the middle of the 19th c entury.[35] The city has mosques identified with Chinese or Chin Haw Muslims as well as Muslims of Bengali, Pathan, and Malay descent. In 2011, there were 16 mo sques in the city.[36] Two gurdwaras (Sikh Temples), Siri Guru Singh Sabha and Namdhari,[37] serve the city's Sikh community.[37] The Hindu temple Devi Mandir serves the Hindu community.[37] Fireworks at Wat Phantao during Loi Krathong, Chiang Mai

Wat Chedi Luang.

Baan Haw Mosque.

Wat Prathat Doi Suthep Culture[edit] Festivals[edit] Thousands of khom fai in Mae Jo during Loi Kratong Splashing water on others during Songkran celebrations (picture from Chiang Mai) Street scene, Chiang Mai Chiang Mai hosts many Thai festivals, including: Loi Krathong (known locally as Yi Peng), held on the full moon of the 12th month of the traditional Thai lunar calendar, being the full moon of the second month of the old Lanna calendar. In the Western calendar this usually falls in Novemb er. Every year thousands of people assemble floating banana-leaf containers (kra thong) decorated with flowers and candles and deposit them on the waterways of t he city in worship of the Goddess of Water. Lanna-style sky lanterns (khom fai o r kom loi), which are hot-air balloons made of paper, are launched into the air. These sky lanterns are believed to help rid the locals of troubles and are also used to decorate houses and streets. Songkran is held in mid-April to celebrate the traditional Thai new year. Chiang Mai has become one of the most popular locations to visit during this festival. A variety of religious and fun-related activities (notably the good-natured cit ywide water fight) take place each year, along with parades and Miss Songkran be auty competition. Chiang Mai Flower Festival is a three-day festival held during the first weekend in February each year; this event occurs when Chiang Mai's temperate and tropic al flowers are in full bloom. Tam Bun Khan Dok, the Inthakin (City Pillar) Festival, starts on the day of the waning moon of the sixth lunar month and lasts 68 days. Language[edit] The inhabitants speak Kham Muang (also known as Northern Thai or Lanna) among th emselves, though central Thai is used in education and is understood by almost e veryone. English is used in hotels and travel-related businesses. The Kham Muang alphabet is studied only by scholars, and Northern Thai is commonly written wit h the standard Thai alphabet.[38] Museums[edit] Chiang Mai City Arts and Cultural Center. Chiang Mai National Museum highlights the history of the region and the Kingdom of Lanna. Tribal Museum showcases the history of the local mountain tribes. Mint Bureau of Chiang Mai or Sala Thanarak, Treasury Department, Ministry of Fin ance, Rajdamnern Road (one block from AUA Language Center) has an old coin museu m open to the public during business hours. The Lanna Kingdom used leaf (or line ) money made of brass and silver bubbles, also called "pig-mouth" money. Nobody has been able to duplicate the technique of making pig-mouth money, and because the silver is very thin and breakable, good pieces are now very rare.[39] Bank of Thailand Museum Dining[edit] Khantoke dinner is a century-old Lanna Thai tradition[40] in Chiang Mai. It is a n elaborate dinner or lunch offered by a host to guests at various ceremonies or parties, such as weddings, housewarmings, celebrations, novice ordinations, or funerals. It can also be held in connection with celebrations for specific build ings in a Thai temple and during Buddhist festivals such as Khao Pansa, Og Pansa , Loi Krathong, and Thai New Year (Songkran). There are at least two Khantoke di nner/show options, one at the old Lanna Cultural Center near the Airport, and a newer one near the Superhighway to the east of the city, behind the Big C. Education[edit] Chiang Mai has several universities, including Chiang Mai University, Chiangmai Rajabhat University, Rajamangala University of Technology Lanna, Payap Universit y, Far Eastern University, and Maejo University, as well as numerous technical a nd teacher colleges. Chiang Mai University was the first government university e stablished outside of Bangkok. Payap University was the first private institutio n in Thailand to be granted university status. Nature[edit] Nam Tok Huai Kaeo (lit. "Crystal Creek Waterfall") lies at the foot of Doi Suthe p on the western edge of the city Nearby national parks include Doi Inthanon National Park, which includes Doi Int hanon, the highest mountain in Thailand Doi Pui- Doi Suthep National Park begins on the western edge of the city. An imp ortant and famous tourist attraction, Wat Doi Suthep Buddhist temple located nea r the sumit of Doi Suthep, can be seen from much of the city and its environs. Doi Pha Daeng National Park, or more commonly Chiang Dao National Park which inc ludes Doi Luang Chiang Dao and Pha Deang mountain near the border with . Hill tribe tourism and trekking: Many tour companies offer organized treks among the local hills and forests on foot and on elephant back. Most also involve vis its to various local hill tribes, including the Akha, Hmong, Karen, and Lisu.[41 ] Queen Sirikit Botanic Garden Recreation[edit] The Chiang Mai Zoo, the oldest zoo in Northern Thailand, sprawls over an enormou s tract of land. Shopping: Chiang Mai has a large and famous night bazaar for local arts and hand icrafts. The night bazaar extends across several city blocks along footpaths, in side buildings and temple grounds, and in open squares. A handicraft and food ma rket opens every Sunday afternoon until late at night on Rachadamnoen Road, the main street in the historical centre, which is then closed to motorised traffic. Every Saturday evening a handicraft market is held along Wua Lai Road, Chiang M ai's silver street[42] on the south side of the city beyond Chiang Mai Gate, whi ch is then also closed to motorised traffic.[43] Thai massage: The back streets and main thoroughfares of Chiang Mai have an abun dance and variety of massage parlours which offer anything from quick, simple, f ace and foot massages, to month-long courses in the art of Thai massage. Thai cookery: A number of Thai cooking schools have their home in Chiang Mai (se e also Thai food). For IT shopping, Pantip Plaza just south of Night Bazaar, as well as Computer Pl aza, Computer City, and Icon Square near the north-western corner moat, and IT C ity department store in Kad Suan Kaew Mall are available. Horse racing: Every Saturday starting at 12:30 there are races at Kawila Race Tr ack. Betting is legal. Flight of the Gibbon: Zipline through the 1,500 year old rainforest high above t he forest floor. 5 km (3 mi) of ziplines connect lookout platforms, lowering sta tions, and sky bridges, making the experience a full zipline canopy tour. After, you can hike up alongside the Mae Kompong Waterfall. Transportation[edit] This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by addi ng citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and remov ed. (June 2012) Songthaew on Wua Lai Rd, Chiang Mai Tuk-tuks near Tha Phae Gate, Chiang Mai A number of bus stations link the city to Central, Southeast, and Northern Thail and. The Central Chang Puak terminal (north of Chiang Puak Gate) provides local services within Chiang Mai Province. The Chiang Mai Arcade bus terminal north-ea st of the city (which can be reached with a songthaew or tuk-tuk ride) provides services to over 20 other destinations in Thailand including Bangkok, Pattaya, H ua Hin, and Phuket. There are several services a day from Chiang Mai Arcade term inal to Mo Chit Station in Bangkok (a 10- to 12-hour journey). The state railway operates 10 trains a day to Chiang Mai Station from Bangkok. M ost journeys run overnight and take approximately 1215 hours. Most trains offer f irst-class (private cabins) and second-class (seats fold out to make sleeping be rths) service. Chiang Mai is the northern terminus of the Thai railway system. Chiang Mai International Airport receives up to 28 flights a day from Bangkok (f light time about 1 hour 10 minutes) and also serves as a local hub for services to other northern cities such as Chiang Rai, Phrae, and Mae Hong Son. Internatio nal services also connect Chiang Mai with other regional centers, including citi es in other Asian countries. The locally preferred form of transport is personal motorbike and, increasingly, private car. Local public transport is via tuk-tuk, songthaew, or rickshaws. Local songthaew fare is usually 2050 baht per person for trips in and around the city. For groups , the fare per person is less. Tuk-tuk fare is usually at least 60-100 baht per trip (the vehicles are comfortable for two passengers, but some can squeeze in f our passengers); fares increase with distance. Tourism[edit] Courtyard, Wat Phrathat Doi Suthep According to Thailand's Department of Tourism, in 2013 Chiang Mai had 14.1 milli on visitors: 4.6 million foreigners and 9.5 million Thais.[44] The Tourism Authority of Thailand's Chiang Mai office expects the number of tour ists from China to increase by at least 20% in 2013 over 2012, driven by the suc cess of the Chinese film Lost in Thailand.[45] More than 80% of the film was sho t in the province. Chiang Mai has more than 32,000 hotel rooms[44] and Chiang Mai International Air port (CNX) is Thailand's fourth largest airport, after Suvarnabhumi (BKK) and Do n Mueang (DMK) in Bangkok, and Phuket (HKT).[46] The Thailand Convention and Exhibition Bureau (TCEB) aims to market Chiang Mai a s a global MICE city as part of a five-year plan. The TCEB forecasts revenue fro m MICE to rise by 10% to THB4.24 billion in 2013 and the number of MICE travelle rs to rise by 5% to 72,424.[47] The influx of tourists has put a strain on the city's natural resources. Chiang Mai is faced with rampant unplanned development, air and water pollution, waste management problems, and traffic congestion. Local government appears powerless to enforce zoning and construction. Notable persons[edit] Nat Sakdatorn - Nat Sakdatorn is a multi-talented Thai singer-songwriter, actor, writer and model. Rodjaraeg Wattanapanit - the first Thai winner of the International Women of Cou rage Award[48] Twin towns and sister cities[edit] Chiang Mai has agreements with four sister cities:[49] Japan Uozu, Japan (8 August 1989) Japan Saitama Prefecture, Japan (9 November 1992) China Kunming, Yunnan, China (7 June 1999) China Harbin, China (29 April 2008) Gallery[edit] Chiang Mai province

Inthakhin city pillar building, Wat Chedi Luang

Street food, Sunday Evening Market

Selling umbrellas, Sunday Evening Market

A soi NE of city center

Police tuk-tuk, Tha Phae Gate

Chang Phueak Gate and part of the old city wall

View south along the eastern moat of city center, Chiang Mai. The road on the ri ght is Moon Muang, on the left, Chaiyapoom

Ho Trai (library), Wat Phra Singh

Sunday Evening Market, Chiang Mai

Huai Tueng Thao Lake, NW of Chiang Mai See also[edit] Buddhist temples in Chiang Mai Chiang Mai Creative City Chiang Mai Initiative Royal Flora Ratchaphruek References[edit] ^ Jump up to: a b c d Coedès, George (1968). Walter F. Vella, ed. The Indianized S tates of south-east Asia. trans.Susan Brown Cowing. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-0368-1. Jump up ^ S.T. Leng (OctoberNovember 2010). "TCEB keen on World Expo 2020". Exhib ition Now. Archived from the original on July 4, 2011. Retrieved 13 Jan 2013. Jump up ^ Suchat Sritama (2011-04-05). "Ayutthaya Chosen Thailand's Bid City for World Expo 2020". The Nation (Thailand) Asia News Network. Retrieved 12 Dec 201 2. Jump up ^ Expo 2020 Jump up ^ Chiang Mai Citylife: Chiang Mai a Creativity City by James Austin Farr ell. Chiangmainews.com (2011-01-01). Retrieved on 2011-12-14. Jump up ^ "Best Destinations in the World; Travelers' Choice Awards 2014". TripA dvisor. Retrieved 2014-12-12. ^ Jump up to: a b Barlow, Joel. 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Jump up ^ Thai Meteorological Department Jump up ^ Hong Kong Observatory Jump up ^ "Chiang Mai's Environmental Challenges", Fourth International Conferen ce of Environmental Compliance and Enforcement Jump up ^ "Air Pollution in Chiang Mai: Current Air Quality & PM-10 Levels". Ear thoria. 2008-02-27. Retrieved 2010-04-15. Jump up ^ "Officials in a haze". Bangkok Post. 2016-02-23. Retrieved 23 February 2016. Jump up ^ "Chiang Mai's air pollution still high". Nationmultimedia.com. 2007-03 -11. Retrieved 2010-04-15. Jump up ^ http://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/30054.pdf Jump up ^ "WHO Air quality guidelines for particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen di oxide and sulfur dioxide, Global Update 2005" (PDF). WHO. 2006. Retrieved 2012-0 3-21. Jump up ^ "Lan Na Rebirth: Recently Re-established Temples", in Forbes, Andrew, and Henley, David, Ancient Chiang Mai, Volume 3. Chiang Mai, Cognoscenti Books, 2012. ASIN: B006IN1RNW Jump up ^ "Wat Phra Singh Woramahaviharn", in Forbes, Andrew, and Henley, David, Ancient Chiang Mai, Volume 4. Chiang Mai, Cognoscenti Books, 2012. ASIN: B006J5 41LE Jump up ^ ^ "Wat Chedi Luang: Temple of the Great Stupa", in Forbes, Andrew, and Henley, David, Ancient Chiang Mai, Volume 4. Chiang Mai, Cognoscenti Books, 201 2. ASIN: B006J541LE Jump up ^ "Wat Ku Tao: Chang Phuak's Watermelon Temple", in Forbes, Andrew, and Henley, David, Ancient Chiang Mai, Volume 1. Chiang Mai, Cognoscenti Books, 2012 . Jump up ^ "Wat Rampoeng Tapotharam" in Forbes, Andrew, and Henley, David, Ancien t Chiang Mai, Volume 3. Chiang Mai, Cognoscenti Books, 2012. Jump up ^ "Wat Suan Dok, the Flower Garden temple", in Forbes, Andrew, and Henle y, David, Ancient Chiang Mai, Volume 3. Chiang Mai, Cognoscenti Books, 2012. ASI N: B006IN1RNW Jump up ^ "Churches". Chiang Mai Info. Retrieved 2010-04-15. Jump up ^ "The Muslim Community Past and Present", in Forbes, Andrew, and Henley , David, Ancient Chiang Mai, Volume 3. Chiang Mai, Cognoscenti Books, 2012. ASIN : B006IN1RNW Jump up ^ "Muslim Chiangmai" (bi-lingual Thai-English) (in Thai). Muslim Chiangm ai. September 21, 2011. Retrieved September 21, 2011. Samsudin Bin Abrahim is th e Imam of Chang Klan Mosque in Chiang Mai and a vibrant personality within Chian g Mai's 20,000 Muslim community ^ Jump up to: a b c "Chiang Mai A Complete Guide To Chiangmai". Chiangmai-thai.c om. 2008-07-06. Retrieved 2010-04-15. Jump up ^ See: Forbes, Andrew, "The Peoples of Chiang Mai", in Penth, Hans, and Forbes, Andrew, A Brief History of Lan Na. Chiang Mai City Arts and Cultural Cen tre, Chiang Mai, 2004, pp. 221-256. Jump up ^ "Thai Coins History". Royal Thai Mint. 28 Mar 2010. Archived from the original on April 2, 2012. Retrieved 19 Sep 2011. Jump up ^ "Khan Tok Dinner". Lanna Food. Chiang Mai University Library. Retrieve d 2014-10-29. Jump up ^ "Chiang Mai's Hill Peoples", in Forbes, Andrew, and Henley, David, Anc ient Chiang Mai, Volume 3. Chiang Mai, Cognoscenti Books, 2012. Jump up ^ "Shan Silversmiths of Wua Lai", in Forbes, Andrew, and Henley, David, Ancient Chiang Mai, Volume 4. Chiang Mai, Cognoscenti Books, 2012. ASIN: B006J54 1LE Jump up ^ Lonely Planet (2012). "Shopping in Chiang Mai". Lonely Planet. Lonely Planet. Retrieved 15 August 2012. ^ Jump up to: a b "Internal Tourism in Chiang Mai" (PDF). Thailand Department of Tourism. Department of Tourism. 2014-08-20. Retrieved 2014-10-29. Jump up ^ Janjira Jarusupawat (12 Jan 2013). "Film Sparks Chinese Tourist Boom i n Chiang Mai". The Nation. Retrieved 13 Jan 2013. Jump up ^ "2013 (Statistic Report 2013)". About AOT: Air Transport Statistic. Ai rports of Thailand PLC. Retrieved 2014-12-09. Jump up ^ Amnatcharoenrit, Bamrung. "Chiang Mai sees boost in MICE sector" (2013 -09-27). The Nation. Retrieved 2014-12-09. Jump up ^ http://www.bangkokpost.com/news/general/914997/chiang-mai-activist-win s-us-courage-award Jump up ^ "Chiang Mai Municipality Information Slideshow". Chiang Mai Municipali ty. Section of Foreign Affairs Chiang Mai Municipality. Archived from the origin al on 2012-05-08. Retrieved 2013-12-31. (page 21)[dead link] External links[edit] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chiang Mai. Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Chiang Mai. City of Chiang Mai [show] v t e Metropolitan cities of Thailand [show] v t e Capitals of Authority control GND: 4090372-2 BNF: cb14407231x (data) Categories: Chiang MaiCities and towns in Chiang Mai ProvinceCities and towns in ThailandPopulated places in Chiang Mai ProvincePopulated places established in the 13th century1296 establishments Navigation menu Not logged inTalkContributionsCreate accountLog inArticleTalkReadEditView histor y Search Go Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikimedia Commons Wikivoyage Languages Afrikaans ??????? Brezhoneg Català Cetina Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara ????? Français ??? ?????? 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