Outline for the Following Power Point Presentations

Outline for the following power point presentations

STALKING THE DETERMINANTS OF BEHAVIOR: FROM BOOZING STUDENT TO CLEAN LIVING MOVEMENTS AND CHAOS THEORY*

Ruth Clifford Engs, Professor, Applied Science

24 September 1999. HPER Research Lecture Series. 2002 Distinguished HPER Researcher Award, IU, Lecture

*Note: This is based upon two lectures one focusing on clean living movements the other adds chaos theory. This presentation found at: http://hdl.handle.net/2022/26432 The presentation outline and handout to those attending the lecture are found in the next 5 slides. This lecture sums up my whole career as a researcher and the theoretical Model I developed concerning determinants of behavior, in other words what causes people to behave in certain ways. Over my career this has included both quantitative and qualitative historical research. Investigating the determinants of behavior

Sociological Research Historical Research

Demographic/cultural Cross Cultural Theory Testing (Sociological) Theory Testing (Historical) variables A: in other countries Engs, Hanson & Diebold, 1996 Engs & Mullen, 1999* Demonization and Deviance • Reform cycles: Underlying themes Engs & Hanson, 1995; 1993; Engs & Teijlingen, 1997 Engs, 2002 (2004) 1992; 1990; 1989a,b,d; 1986; Lu, Engs, & Hanson, Control of Consumption • American Clean Living Cycles nd 1985 1997 Engs & Hanson, 1999 • Engs, 1991, 2000 (2 ed. 2001)* 2003 Hanson & Engs, 1986a, b; Engs & Rendell, 1987, Alcohol and Illness • Cycles of Social Reform, Engs, 1997 1984 1988 Engs & Aldo Benson, 1995 • Origins of Western European Hanson, Engs, & Katter, 1984 Engs & Mulqueeny, 1983 Subcultural Theory Drinking Culture, Engs, 1995* Engs, 1982 a,b,c; 1981 a,b,c,d Engs, 1982a, b,c Engs & Hanson, 1994* • American Cycles of Prohibition , Engs & Rendell, 1987 Engs, 1981a, b, c, d Cycle Theory, Engs, 1991 Engs, 1992 Engs, 1980b Family Systems Theory, Engs,1991* • Romanization as factor in Western Public Policy Reactance Theory European Drinking Norms, Engs, Engs 2001b Engs & Hanson, 1989c 1991 Engs & Hanson, 1989b Socialization Theory Engs & Hanson, 1989a, 1989b, Hanson, Engs, & Katter, 1984 1988,1986

1. Research questions

2. Hypotheses

3. Type of Research /methods - Testing theories, quantitative studies, and historical research 4. Results

Individual differences: USA gender, age, GPA and religiosity Scottish age, Gender and religiosity Polish class year and gender

Group differences: USA religion, race and fraternities Scottish religion

Intra-cultural differences: USA urbanity, school size

Cross-culture differences: comparison between university students in USA and in Scotland and Poland Data based theory testing findings: reactance, sub-cultural, control of consumption

Historical theory testing findings: Origins of drinking patterns in Europe – climate, Romanization, religion and language

Clean living cycles in the USA – the religion and immigrant factor

Chaos theory? 4. Conclusions

Working Conclusions from 30 years of research - behavior determinants related to drinking and other health related issues have deep roots in western cultural history. Current behaviors reflect this deep history and changes made through health promotion are at best temporary. Clean living cycles are associated with a spiritual awakening and a clash of deep cultural norms that have their roots in antiquity. Stalking the Determinants of Behavior: From Drunken Students to Chaos Theory

Ruth Clifford Engs Professor, Applied Health Science Indiana University Stalking the Determinants of Behavior: Research Questions

• Are there differences between individuals ? • Are there differences between groups ? • Are there differences between cultures? • Are there differences over time? The focus of my 30 years of research has primarily been on determinants of Drinking patterns and Behaviors Investigating the determinants of behavior

Sociological Research Historical Research

Religion Student Health Related Engs & Badr, 1984 Concerns/Problems International Engs, 1982a B: between two countries Hanson & Engs, 1987 Engs 2001b Engs & Badr, 1983-84 Engs, Hanson, Isralowitz, 1988 Engs 1997 Engs, Hanson, Israelowitz, 1988 Engs , Hanson, Glickman, 1990 Engs, Glickman, & Smyth, Engs, Glickman, Smyth, Hanson, 1990 1992 Engs, Slawinska, Hanson, 1991 Engs, McKaig, & Jacobs, 1996 Engs, 1990 Hypotheses Development Engs, 1983 Education/ Intervention Engs – Reform cycles and Chaos Engs, 1985 Greer & Engs, 1986 Engs et al., 1978 Engs 2004 - Health reform Links Engs, 1974 Engs & Torabi, 1984 Engs, 1977b Engs, 1999- Forbidden Fruit Engs & Mulhall, 1981a Engs, 1976 Engs & Fors, 1998- Drug Abuse Hysteria Engs, 1980a Schladt & Engs, Engs, 1989- Warning Labels Engs, 1978 1971 Determinants of Behavior: Sociological, Historical, Theoretical • Differences in drinking patterns between different college student demographic groups ? • Differences in drinking patterns between cultures? • Cultural drinking patterns arising from antiquity • Cycles of alcohol consumption and temperance cycles? • Clean Living Movements? • An aside (hip gait analysis) • Chaos Theory? Hypotheses and Theory Testing: Data Based research on the determinants of drinking behaviors

• Socialization theory • Reactance Theory • Control of consumption theory • Cultural and Sub-cultural theory • Family systems/co-dependency theory Testing Cultural and Subcultural Theory as Determinants of Behavior • Sub cultural theory - a subculture follows their own patterns and does not conform to the rest of society

• Cultural theory - a sub-culture follows the norms of the rest of the society Support for cultural theory Testing Subculture Theory: The literature suggests that religion or religiosity has been found by most researchers to be a powerful determenant of behaviors Family system theory suggests that dynamics within the family tend to shape behavior in offspring. Alcoholism runs in families. Co- dependency theory suggests that students who have parents who are problem drinkers would themselves be more likely to be heavy drinkers in comparison to those from non problem drinking families Testing Family Systems/Co-Dependency Theory

Table 2: Comparison of students with positive and negative family background using t test for mean number of drinks and chi-square for percent of students consuming different numbers of drinks per week.

Mod./ Abstainer Light Moderate heavy Heavy At risk N SD T Mean (<1) (1-7) (8-14) (15- (22-28) (>28) 21) Total Positive 15 10.1 11.8 1.2 34 25 12 10 10 9 5 Negative 17 10.1 12.7 40 21 9 9 9 9 5

Male Positive 68 13.4 13.5 1.6 33 15 7 15 16 13 Negative 64 15.2 17.4 36 13 9 8 9 25

Female Positive 86 7.6 9.8 1.6 35 33 15 7 6 4 Negative 11 7.6 10.0 42 25 9 10 8 6 0

From: Engs, R.C. Family Background of Alcohol Abuse (1990)

Table 2: Comparison of students with positive and negative family background using t test for mean number of drinks and chi-square for percent of students consuming differentTesting numbers of drinksFamily/Co per week. -Dependency Theory

Abstainer Light (1- Moderate (8- Mod./ heavy Heavy At risk N Mean SD T (<1) 7) 14) (15-21) (22-28) (>28)

Total

Positive 155 10.1 11.8 1.2 34 25 12 10 10 9

Negative 175 10.1 12.7 40 21 9 9 9 9

Male

Positive 68 13.4 13.5 1.6 33 15 7 15 16 13

Negative 64 15.2 17.4 36 13 9 8 9 25

Female

Positive 86 7.6 9.8 1.6 35 33 15 7 6 4

Negative 110 7.6 10.0 42 25 9 10 8 6

From: Engs, R.C. Family Background of Alcohol Abuse (1990) Reactance theory, as a determinant of behavior, suggests that whenever people believe their freedom either has or will be unjustly threatened, they enter into a reactance motivational state and act to regain control by not complying. Coercion, in particular, leads to the arousal of reactance,which in turn tends to reduce compliance Testing Reactance Theory

Table 1: Q/F Drinking Patterns of all Students by Age Group in Percent Drinking Under 21 21 Years + Classification years (n=1,987) (n=1,388) Abstainer 18.8 24.7

Infrequent Drinker 9.6 11.0 Light Drinker 9.5 11.1 Moderate Drinker 17.8 18.2 Moderate/heavy 20.4 19.8 Drinker

Heavy Drinker 24.0 15.3*

______* X2 = 47.5, p < .001. Engs, Ruth C. and David J., Hanson. Reactance Theory: A test with collegiate drinking (1989). Control or Reduction of Consumption Theory as a determinant of behavior suggests that if you reduce the supply of something (ALCOHOL) you will reduce the problems associated with its use. • eg. 21 year old drinking age to reduce associated with college student drinking Testing Control of Consumption Theory

Figure 2: Trends of Selected Problems Related to Alcohol Consumption from 1982 to 1994 (Arrests/1,000 other problems in percent)*

0 82-83 84-85 87-88 90-91 93-94

Driven car after drank too much Vomited as a result of drinking Missed a class because of a hangover Got a lower grade because of drinking too much Got into a fight after drinking Damaged property, pulled false fire alram, or other such behavior Arrests of 18-20 year olds#

Engs, Ruth C. and David J. Hanson. (1999) Reduction of Consumption Theory: A Test Using Collegians Testing Control of consumption Theory

Figur e 1 : Per cent of Students Over Time who Dr ank and who wer e Heavy (" binge" ) Dr inker s (bar gr aph).* Mean Number Dr inks per Week (line gr aph) *

100

0 82-83 84-85 87-88 90-91 93-94

Dr i nker s Heavy Dr inker s

Mean Dr inks All Dr inker s Mean Dr inks Heavy Dr inker s Hypothesis Development: Archival

•Origins of drinking cultures •Clean living cycles •Chaos theory and clean living cycles

ON GOING RESEARCH Testing the hypothesis that drinking patterns developed in antiquity and remain more or less intact into modern times

“THE ROMANS AND THE BARBARIANS HYPOTHESIS” RQ: Are deep roots in antiquity associated with determinants of behaviors • H02: There is no significant difference between drinking patterns of ancient Rome and northern Barbarian civilizations

• H02: There is no significant differences between drinking patterns and practices between modern European cultures and the cultures spawned by them in the New World Table 1: Ranking of 16 western European by various factors ------Country Liters/year KG/year Language Number Viticulture Religion Absolute Control Alcohol Wine Beer Policies ------Norway 5.7 4 46 Germanic 26 No Prot.

Finland 6.0 3 63 Neither - No Prot.

Sweden 7.1 9 48 Germanic 24 No Prot.

U.K. 9.8 8 121 Germanic 17 Parts Prot.

Ireland 10.0 3 81 Neither 16 No R.C.

Denmark 11.0 14 132 Germanic 13 No Prot.

Germany (DDR) 12.0 11 139 Germanic - No Prot.

Netherlands 12.1 13 87 Germanic 9 No Prot.

Germany (FR) 12.7 25 146 Germanic 12 Yes Both

Switzerland 13.3 43 69 Both 14 Parts Both

Belg/Lux 16.9 20 130 Both 10 No R.C.

Austria 14.4 36 105 Germanic 8 Yes R.C.

Portugal - 85 28 Romance - Yes R.C.

Italy 16.0 89 18 Romance 6 Yes R.C.

Spain 19.2 61 48 Romance 10 Yes R.C.

France 20.8 94 44 Romance 15 Yes R.C. ------a. Adapted from Davies (1982) and FAO (1984), b. FAO (1984), c. Renfrew (1987), d. Davies (1982), e. Jan de Blij (1983) and f. Europa Year Book (1989).

Table 2: Results of Pearson Rho Correlation* for 1984-1986 total per capita alcohol consumption, per capita wine and beer consumption, spoken language group, commercial viticulture and former Roman province status, and religion. ______Total per Wine Beer Spoken Viti- Former Religion capita Language Culture Province consumption.

Total per capita 1.0 .2 -.8* -.1 .3 .4 .7* consump

Wine 1.0 -.4 .8* .8* .7* .5+

Beer 1.0 -.6* -.1 0 .3

Spoken 1.0 .6+ .8* .6 language

Viticulture 1.0 .8* .6*

Province 1.0 .8*

Religion 1.0 ______* P < .0 5. From: Engs (1995) Origins of drinking patterns in Western Culture Testing the hypothesis that cycles of reform activities concerning alcohol and other health behaviors with moral overtones act as a determinant of behaviors

“THE CLEAN LIVING MOVEMENTS HYPOTHESIS” RQ: Are there cycles of reform activities concerning alcohol and other health behaviors that have moral overtones • H01: There is no difference in drinking patterns over time

• H02: There is no differences in reform activities concerning drinking and other behaviors related to health with moral overtones over the decades There is a tide in the affairs of men, with flood and ebb, we will admit readily enough. Luther Gulick, World’s Work (1908) American reform has come in waves, with a decade or more of intense activity followed by periods of relative apathy about social problems. Ronald G. Walters, American Reformers 1815-1860 (1978) A Clean Living Movement is a period of time when a surge of health-reform crusades, many with moral overtones, erupts into the popular consciousness and generally includes temperance, social purity, diet, physical exercise, and anti- tobacco and drug campaigns.

Ruth Engs, CLEAN LIVING MOVEMENTS: AMERICAN CYCLES OF HEALTH REFORM 2000 Health reform eras for alcohol, tobacco, drugs, exercise, food labeling

Per capita alcohol consumption from 1790 to 2000 in the USA

3 Gallons per year per Gallons

0 c1780 1830 1910 1950 c2010

Alcohol Consumption Reform agitation In clean living movements issues that have lifestyle or moral undertones are generally involved. A lone crusade such as the elimination of polio or smallpox is not a clean living movement Current Project A: What are the links between health reformers in the Progressive era • Anti-tobacco • Temperance • Purity • Pro exercise • Diet • Eugenics Current Project: B History of the Eugenics Movement Leaders, terms, institutions, organizations, journals, etc An Aside (Project C): Case study of exercise and gait mechanics pre and post THR for osteoarthritis Co-author: Vassilios Vardaxis)

• Pre-test - two weeks prior to surgery • Post-test every month until gait change of other hip Current Project D: Can Clean Living Movements be explained by Chaos Theory

Research Questions: from ignoring to concern   Point Attractor

Positive

Negative Boys will be boys vs. We need to change this irresponsible, immoral, negative, evil behavior An alcohol problem is perceived as a major cause of societal discord

• Ardent spirits 1820 => State Prohibition 1850s • The saloon 1870s => national prohibition 1920s • Drunk driving & youth 1980 => more severe DD laws and 21 year old purchase law 1987+ In first phase stage the object, behavior, subject becomes demonized

• Demon rum • Evil tobacco companies In backlash phase substances or behavior is acceptable and those not doing it are considered anti- social or even anti-American

• Cigarettes passed out to soldiers WWI • Complete acceptance of smoking and drinking in the 1950s-60s in any environment. Passage of anti-alcohol, tobacco, drug, food labeling and other laws

Per capita alcohol consumption from 1790 to 2000 in the USA

3 Gallons per year per Gallons

0 c1780 1830 1910 1950 c2010

Alcohol Consumption Reform agitation These laws often lead to backlash

• Wild frontier - drunks in saloons

• Roaring twenties - drunks in speakeasies

• Boozing sttudents- drunks on campus Cycle Attractor Cycle - the sin wave As a sub-set of these cycles can alcohol consumption patterns be explained by chaos theory? Per capita alcohol consumption from 1790 to 2000 in the USA

3 Gallons per year per Gallons

0 c1780 1830 1910 1950 c2010

Alcohol Consumption Reform agitation Torus attractor The cycles never repeat exactly Sunspot Cycles

The Four Seasons

Waves Hitting Beach

Economic Depressions Alcohol consumption and Chaos Theory?

PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION OF ABSOLUTE ALCOHOL FROM 1790 - 2000 IN GALLONS Gal. 8 6 4 2 0 Year 1830 1910 1980

Per capita consumption The duration of the cycles is about 80 years

At the edge of chaos The butterfly example Could one person drinking a beer cause public policy to restrict all alcohol? Note: Chaos graphics based on Lorenz 1963; Barton, 1994

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