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Outline for the Following Power Point Presentations Outline for the following power point presentations STALKING THE DETERMINANTS OF BEHAVIOR: FROM BOOZING STUDENT TO CLEAN LIVING MOVEMENTS AND CHAOS THEORY* Ruth Clifford Engs, Professor, Applied Science 24 September 1999. HPER Research Lecture Series. 2002 Distinguished HPER Researcher Award, IU, Lecture *Note: This is based upon two lectures one focusing on clean living movements the other adds chaos theory. This presentation found at: http://hdl.handle.net/2022/26432 The presentation outline and handout to those attending the lecture are found in the next 5 slides. This lecture sums up my whole career as a researcher and the theoretical Model I developed concerning determinants of behavior, in other words what causes people to behave in certain ways. Over my career this has included both quantitative and qualitative historical research. Investigating the determinants of behavior Sociological Research Historical Research Demographic/cultural Cross Cultural Theory Testing (Sociological) Theory Testing (Historical) variables A: in other countries Engs, Hanson & Diebold, 1996 Engs & Mullen, 1999* Demonization and Deviance • Reform cycles: Underlying themes Engs & Hanson, 1995; 1993; Engs & Teijlingen, 1997 Engs, 2002 (2004) 1992; 1990; 1989a,b,d; 1986; Lu, Engs, & Hanson, Control of Consumption • American Clean Living Cycles nd 1985 1997 Engs & Hanson, 1999 • Engs, 1991, 2000 (2 ed. 2001)* 2003 Hanson & Engs, 1986a, b; Engs & Rendell, 1987, Alcohol and Illness • Cycles of Social Reform, Engs, 1997 1984 1988 Engs & Aldo Benson, 1995 • Origins of Western European Hanson, Engs, & Katter, 1984 Engs & Mulqueeny, 1983 Subcultural Theory Drinking Culture, Engs, 1995* Engs, 1982 a,b,c; 1981 a,b,c,d Engs, 1982a, b,c Engs & Hanson, 1994* • American Cycles of Prohibition , Engs & Rendell, 1987 Engs, 1981a, b, c, d Cycle Theory, Engs, 1991 Engs, 1992 Engs, 1980b Family Systems Theory, Engs,1991* • Romanization as factor in Western Public Policy Reactance Theory European Drinking Norms, Engs, Engs 2001b Engs & Hanson, 1989c 1991 Engs & Hanson, 1989b Socialization Theory Engs & Hanson, 1989a, 1989b, Hanson, Engs, & Katter, 1984 1988,1986 Religion Student Health Related Engs & Badr, 1984 Concerns/Problems International Engs, 1982a B: between two countries Hanson & Engs, 1987 Engs 2001b Engs & Badr, 1983-84 Engs, Hanson, Isralowitz, 1988 Engs 1997 Engs, Hanson, Israelowitz, 1988 Engs , Hanson, Glickman, 1990 Engs, Glickman, & Smyth, Engs, Glickman, Smyth, Hanson, 1990 1992 Engs, Slawinska, Hanson, 1991 Engs, McKaig, & Jacobs, 1996 Engs, 1990 Hypotheses Development Engs, 1983 Education/ Intervention Engs – Reform cycles and Chaos Engs, 1985 Greer & Engs, 1986 Engs et al., 1978 Engs 2004 - Health reform Links Engs, 1974 Engs & Torabi, 1984 Engs, 1977b Engs, 1999- Forbidden Fruit Engs & Mulhall, 1981a Engs, 1976 Engs & Fors, 1998- Drug Abuse Hysteria Engs, 1980a Schladt & Engs, Engs, 1989- Warning Labels Engs, 1978 1971 Research Methodology 1. Research questions 2. Hypotheses 3. Type of Research /methods - Testing theories, quantitative studies, and historical research 4. Results Individual differences: USA gender, age, GPA and religiosity Scottish age, Gender and religiosity Polish class year and gender Group differences: USA religion, race and fraternities Scottish religion Intra-cultural differences: USA urbanity, school size Cross-culture differences: comparison between university students in USA and in Scotland and Poland Data based theory testing findings: reactance, sub-cultural, control of consumption Historical theory testing findings: Origins of drinking patterns in Europe – climate, Romanization, religion and language Clean living cycles in the USA – the religion and immigrant factor Chaos theory? 4. Conclusions Working Conclusions from 30 years of research - behavior determinants related to drinking and other health related issues have deep roots in western cultural history. Current behaviors reflect this deep history and changes made through health promotion are at best temporary. Clean living cycles are associated with a spiritual awakening and a clash of deep cultural norms that have their roots in antiquity. Stalking the Determinants of Behavior: From Drunken Students to Chaos Theory Ruth Clifford Engs Professor, Applied Health Science Indiana University Stalking the Determinants of Behavior: Research Questions • Are there differences between individuals ? • Are there differences between groups ? • Are there differences between cultures? • Are there differences over time? The focus of my 30 years of research has primarily been on determinants of Drinking patterns and Behaviors Investigating the determinants of behavior Sociological Research Historical Research Demographic/cultural Cross Cultural Theory Testing (Sociological) Theory Testing (Historical) variables A: in other countries Engs, Hanson & Diebold, 1996 Engs & Mullen, 1999* Demonization and Deviance • Reform cycles: Underlying themes Engs & Hanson, 1995; 1993; Engs & Teijlingen, 1997 Engs, 2002 (2004) 1992; 1990; 1989a,b,d; 1986; Lu, Engs, & Hanson, Control of Consumption • American Clean Living Cycles nd 1985 1997 Engs & Hanson, 1999 • Engs, 1991, 2000 (2 ed. 2001)* 2003 Hanson & Engs, 1986a, b; Engs & Rendell, 1987, Alcohol and Illness • Cycles of Social Reform, Engs, 1997 1984 1988 Engs & Aldo Benson, 1995 • Origins of Western European Hanson, Engs, & Katter, 1984 Engs & Mulqueeny, 1983 Subcultural Theory Drinking Culture, Engs, 1995* Engs, 1982 a,b,c; 1981 a,b,c,d Engs, 1982a, b,c Engs & Hanson, 1994* • American Cycles of Prohibition , Engs & Rendell, 1987 Engs, 1981a, b, c, d Cycle Theory, Engs, 1991 Engs, 1992 Engs, 1980b Family Systems Theory, Engs,1991* • Romanization as factor in Western Public Policy Reactance Theory European Drinking Norms, Engs, Engs 2001b Engs & Hanson, 1989c 1991 Engs & Hanson, 1989b Socialization Theory Engs & Hanson, 1989a, 1989b, Hanson, Engs, & Katter, 1984 1988,1986 Religion Student Health Related Engs & Badr, 1984 Concerns/Problems International Engs, 1982a B: between two countries Hanson & Engs, 1987 Engs 2001b Engs & Badr, 1983-84 Engs, Hanson, Isralowitz, 1988 Engs 1997 Engs, Hanson, Israelowitz, 1988 Engs , Hanson, Glickman, 1990 Engs, Glickman, & Smyth, Engs, Glickman, Smyth, Hanson, 1990 1992 Engs, Slawinska, Hanson, 1991 Engs, McKaig, & Jacobs, 1996 Engs, 1990 Hypotheses Development Engs, 1983 Education/ Intervention Engs – Reform cycles and Chaos Engs, 1985 Greer & Engs, 1986 Engs et al., 1978 Engs 2004 - Health reform Links Engs, 1974 Engs & Torabi, 1984 Engs, 1977b Engs, 1999- Forbidden Fruit Engs & Mulhall, 1981a Engs, 1976 Engs & Fors, 1998- Drug Abuse Hysteria Engs, 1980a Schladt & Engs, Engs, 1989- Warning Labels Engs, 1978 1971 Determinants of Behavior: Sociological, Historical, Theoretical • Differences in drinking patterns between different college student demographic groups ? • Differences in drinking patterns between cultures? • Cultural drinking patterns arising from antiquity • Cycles of alcohol consumption and temperance cycles? • Clean Living Movements? • An aside (hip gait analysis) • Chaos Theory? Hypotheses and Theory Testing: Data Based research on the determinants of drinking behaviors • Socialization theory • Reactance Theory • Control of consumption theory • Cultural and Sub-cultural theory • Family systems/co-dependency theory Testing Cultural and Subcultural Theory as Determinants of Behavior • Sub cultural theory - a subculture follows their own patterns and does not conform to the rest of society • Cultural theory - a sub-culture follows the norms of the rest of the society Support for cultural theory Testing Subculture Theory: The literature suggests that religion or religiosity has been found by most researchers to be a powerful determenant of behaviors Family system theory suggests that dynamics within the family tend to shape behavior in offspring. Alcoholism runs in families. Co- dependency theory suggests that students who have parents who are problem drinkers would themselves be more likely to be heavy drinkers in comparison to those from non problem drinking families Testing Family Systems/Co-Dependency Theory Table 2: Comparison of students with positive and negative family background using t test for mean number of drinks and chi-square for percent of students consuming different numbers of drinks per week. Mod./ Abstainer Light Moderate heavy Heavy At risk N SD T Mean (<1) (1-7) (8-14) (15- (22-28) (>28) 21) Total Positive 15 10.1 11.8 1.2 34 25 12 10 10 9 5 Negative 17 10.1 12.7 40 21 9 9 9 9 5 Male Positive 68 13.4 13.5 1.6 33 15 7 15 16 13 Negative 64 15.2 17.4 36 13 9 8 9 25 Female Positive 86 7.6 9.8 1.6 35 33 15 7 6 4 Negative 11 7.6 10.0 42 25 9 10 8 6 0 From: Engs, R.C. Family Background of Alcohol Abuse (1990) Table 2: Comparison of students with positive and negative family background using t test for mean number of drinks and chi-square for percent of students consuming differentTesting numbers of drinksFamily/Co per week. -Dependency Theory Abstainer Light (1- Moderate (8- Mod./ heavy Heavy At risk N Mean SD T (<1) 7) 14) (15-21) (22-28) (>28) Total Positive 155 10.1 11.8 1.2 34 25 12 10 10 9 Negative 175 10.1 12.7 40 21 9 9 9 9 Male Positive 68 13.4 13.5 1.6 33 15 7 15 16 13 Negative 64 15.2 17.4 36 13 9 8 9 25 Female Positive 86 7.6 9.8 1.6 35 33 15 7 6 4 Negative 110 7.6 10.0 42 25 9 10 8 6 From: Engs, R.C. Family Background of Alcohol Abuse (1990) Reactance theory, as a determinant of behavior, suggests that whenever people believe their freedom either has or will be unjustly threatened, they enter into a reactance motivational state and act to regain control by not complying. Coercion, in particular, leads to the arousal of reactance,which in turn tends to reduce compliance Testing Reactance Theory Table 1: Q/F Drinking Patterns of all Students by Age Group in Percent Drinking Under 21 21 Years + Classification years (n=1,987) (n=1,388) Abstainer 18.8 24.7 Infrequent Drinker 9.6 11.0 Light Drinker 9.5 11.1 Moderate Drinker 17.8 18.2 Moderate/heavy 20.4 19.8 Drinker Heavy Drinker 24.0 15.3* ________________ * X2 = 47.5, p < .001.
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