Latitude and Longitude

AUSTRALIAN HOMESCHOOLING SERIES AUSTRALIAN HOMESCHOOLING SERIES

Succeeding in Succeeding in Social Studies 5 Social Studies 5

6TH IN A SERIES OF 7 6TH IN A SERIES OF 7

Years 5 – 9 Years 5 – 9

Written by Valerie Marett Written by Valerie Marett CORONEOS PUBLICATIONS SAMPLECORONEOS PUBLICATIONS Item No 508 Item No 508 Contents Contents

Notes to Parents…………………………………………………………….2 Notes to Parents…………………………………………………………….2 Latitude and Longitude…………………………………………………...3 Latitude and Longitude…………………………………………………...3 The Geography of Australia……………………………………………...7 The Geography of Australia……………………………………………...7

The Australian Aborigine………………………………………………… 14 The Australian Aborigine………………………………………………… 14 The Coming of the Europeans……………………………….…………20 The Coming of the Europeans……………………………….…………20 Captain Cook……………………….……………………………………..24 Captain Cook……………………….……………………………………..24 Life in the 18th Century……………………………………….………….28 Life in the 18th Century……………………………………….………….28 The First Fleet…………………………………………..……………………31 The First Fleet…………………………………………..……………………31 Early Governors……………………………………………..……………..33 Early Governors……………………………………………..……………..33 Early Explorers: Flinders and Bass………………………………….……40 Early Explorers: Flinders and Bass………………………………….……40 Tasmania…………………………………………….……………………...43 Tasmania…………………………………………….……………………...43 Queensland………………………………….……………………………..48 Queensland………………………………….……………………………..48 Western Australia…………………………………………………….…....51 Western Australia…………………………………………………….…....51 Victoria……………………………………………………………….……...55 Victoria……………………………………………………………….……...55 South Australia……………………………………….…………………….59 South Australia……………………………………….…………………….59 Northern Territory………………………………….……………………….65 Northern Territory………………………………….……………………….65 Gold…………………………………………….……………………………71 Gold…………………………………………….……………………………71 Cobb and Co……………………………….……………………………..82 Cobb and Co……………………………….……………………………..82 The Chaffey Brothers………………………..…………………………….84 The Chaffey Brothers………………………..…………………………….84 Thomas Mort and Refrigeration..…………………………………….…86 Thomas Mort and Refrigeration..…………………………………….…86 Answers…………………………….………………………………………..88 Answers…………………………….………………………………………..88 World Map……………………….…………………………………………95 World Map……………………….…………………………………………95 SAMPLE

1 1 © Valerie Marett Australian Homeschooling Coroneos Publications #508 Succeeding in Social Studies 5 Latitude and Longitude Latitude and Longitude

Almost every place on earth has a latitude and longitude reference. We use Almost every place on earth has a latitude and longitude reference. We use latitude and longitude to find particular places on the surface of the earth. Lines latitude and longitude to find particular places on the surface of the earth. Lines of latitude go across the map from west to east and lines of longitude go up and of latitude go across the map from west to east and lines of longitude go up and down from north to south. Lines of latitude and longitude are measured in down from north to south. Lines of latitude and longitude are measured in degrees. All lines of longitude come together at the poles. degrees. All lines of longitude come together at the poles.

The Equator is a line of latitude. It divides the earth into two The Equator is a line of latitude. It divides the earth into two equal parts: the Northern Hemisphere and Southern equal parts: the Northern Hemisphere and Southern Hemisphere. All the lines of latitude run parallel to the Hemisphere. All the lines of latitude run parallel to the equator. They measure distance north or south of the equator. They measure distance north or south of the Equator in degrees. The Equator has a latitude of zero Equator in degrees. The Equator has a latitude of zero degrees. The North and South Pole have a latitude of 90˚. degrees. The North and South Pole have a latitude of 90˚.

The lines of longitude run from the North to the South Pole. The lines of longitude run from the North to the South Pole. They are called meridians. The most important of these is They are called meridians. The most important of these is the prime meridian. The prime meridian passes through the prime meridian. The prime meridian passes through Greenwich in England. It is used to divide the earth into Greenwich in England. It is used to divide the earth into the Eastern Hemisphere and the Western Hemisphere. the Eastern Hemisphere and the Western Hemisphere. Meridians west of Greenwich have a western longitude. Meridians west of Greenwich have a western longitude. Meridians east of Greenwich have an eastern longitude. Meridians east of Greenwich have an eastern longitude.

Half way around the world from the prime Half way around the world from the prime meridian is an imaginary line called the meridian is an imaginary line called the International Date Line. On a globe or map it International Date Line. On a globe or map it does not appear as a straight line. Instead it does not appear as a straight line. Instead it zigzags down the Pacific Ocean. The line was zigzags down the Pacific Ocean. The line was made to zig zagbecause it was agreed the made to zig zagbecause it was agreed the International Date Line would not cross the International Date Line would not cross the boundaries of any country. boundaries of any country.

Each day on earth begins at the International Each day on earth begins at the International Date Line. West of this line it is early morning Date Line. West of this line it is early morning on, for example, Monday, while east of the on, for example, Monday, while east of the line it is still late night on Sunday. line it is still late night on Sunday.

Lines of longitude are also used to mark time Lines of longitude are also used to mark time zones. The Equator is divided into twenty-four zones. The Equator is divided into twenty-four units of fifteen degrees each. The sun appears units of fifteen degrees each. The sun appears to travel through one of these units every hour. Each unit represents a different to travel through one of these units every hour. Each unit represents a different time zone, e.g. when it is 8 pm in London it is 2 pm in Chicago. time zone, e.g. when it is 8 pm in London it is 2 pm in Chicago.

Special lines of latitude are used to mark seasonal changes. They mark the Special lines of latitude are used to mark seasonal changes. They mark the position of the sun as it appears to move south or north of the Equator each year. positionSAMPLE of the sun as it appears to move south or north of the Equator each year. The sun stands directly overhead on the Equator twice a year. These two days The sun stands directly overhead on the Equator twice a year. These two days mark the beginning of spring or autumn. mark the beginning of spring or autumn.

3 3 © Valerie Marett Australian Homeschooling Coroneos Publications #508 Succeeding in Social Studies 5 We have named the places where the sun stands directly We have named the places where the sun stands directly overhead only once a year the Tropic of Cancer and the overhead only once a year the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn. The Tropic of Cancer is the circle of Tropic of Capricorn. The Tropic of Cancer is the circle of latitude that is 23 ½˚ north of the Equator. The Tropic of latitude that is 23 ½˚ north of the Equator. The Tropic of Capricorn is 23 ½˚ south of the Equator. When the sun Capricorn is 23 ½˚ south of the Equator. When the sun reaches the Tropic of Cancer it is winter for people in the reaches the Tropic of Cancer it is winter for people in the Southern Hemisphere. Summer begins in the Southern Southern Hemisphere. Summer begins in the Southern Hemisphere when the Sun reaches the Tropic of Hemisphere when the Sun reaches the Tropic of Capricorn. Capricorn.

The seasons are reversed in different hemispheres. In the Southern Hemisphere The seasons are reversed in different hemispheres. In the Southern Hemisphere summer occurs between December and February. In the Northern Hemisphere summer occurs between December and February. In the Northern Hemisphere summer occurs between June and August. summer occurs between June and August.

LOOK: Find a map of the world in an atlas. Find the Equator, Tropic of Cancer LOOK: Find a map of the world in an atlas. Find the Equator, Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn. Identify the degrees of latitude and the degrees and the Tropic of Capricorn. Identify the degrees of latitude and the degrees of longitude. Show them to an adult. Parent signature______of longitude. Show them to an adult. Parent signature______

There are two other important circles of latitude. They are the Arctic Circle in the There are two other important circles of latitude. They are the Arctic Circle in the north and the Antarctic Circle in the south. Each is 66 ½˚ from the equator. Above north and the Antarctic Circle in the south. Each is 66 ½˚ from the equator. Above the Antarctic Circle the sun never sets from September 22nd to March 20th. For six the Antarctic Circle the sun never sets from September 22nd to March 20th. For six months it is light. Then from March 21st to September 21st the sun never rises. For six months it is light. Then from March 21st to September 21st the sun never rises. For six months it is dark. months it is dark.

In the Arctic Circle the six month cycles are reversed. Above the Arctic Circle the In the Arctic Circle the six month cycles are reversed. Above the Arctic Circle the sun never rises from September 22nd to March 20th. For six months it is dark. Then sun never rises from September 22nd to March 20th. For six months it is dark. Then from March 21st to September 21st the sun never sets. For six months it is light. from March 21st to September 21st the sun never sets. For six months it is light.

LOOK: Find a map of the world in an atlas. Find the Arctic Circle and the LOOK: Find a map of the world in an atlas. Find the Arctic Circle and the Antarctic Circle. Show them to an adult. Parent signature______Antarctic Circle. Show them to an adult. Parent signature______

Finding Places on the Earth Finding Places on the Earth Every city and town on the earth has its latitude and Every city and town on the earth has its latitude and longitude reference. This makes it easier to pinpoint places. longitude reference. This makes it easier to pinpoint places. Early navigators lived in the Northern Hemisphere. They Early navigators lived in the Northern Hemisphere. They measured the height of the sun at noon to determine their measured the height of the sun at noon to determine their latitude using an instrument called a sextant. At night they latitude using an instrument called a sextant. At night they measured the height of the North Star. When they knew the measured the height of the North Star. When they knew the height of the sun or the North Star above the horizon, they height of the sun or the North Star above the horizon, they could use angles to locate their position on the earth. sextant could use angles to locate their position on the earth. sextant

It was as a result of the invention of accurate clocks that longitude could be It was as a result of the invention of accurate clocks that longitude could be determined. The time at Greenwich was used to serve as the standard for all determined. The time at Greenwich was used to serve as the standard for all ships’ navigators. The ship would carry a clock set at Greenwich time. The clock ships’ navigators. The ship would carry a clock set at Greenwich time. The clock showed the time at 0˚ longitude. To determine the ships longitude position, the showed the time at 0˚ longitude. To determine the ships longitude position, the time at the ship’s location was measured by the position of the sun at noon. time at SAMPLEthe ship’s location was measured by the position of the sun at noon. When the two times were compared the navigator could tell the ship’s distance When the two times were compared the navigator could tell the ship’s distance from Greenwich in degrees of longitude. from Greenwich in degrees of longitude.

4 4 © Valerie Marett Australian Homeschooling Coroneos Publications #508 Succeeding in Social Studies 5 Modern navigators use radio beacons from orbiting satellites to help them find Modern navigators use radio beacons from orbiting satellites to help them find their location on earth. All positions are still reported in terms of latitude and their location on earth. All positions are still reported in terms of latitude and longitude. longitude.

Finding Latitude and Longitude on a Map. Finding Latitude and Longitude on a Map. If you want to find a city using an atlas you can look it up in the index. It will give If you want to find a city using an atlas you can look it up in the index. It will give you a grid reference and a page number. You learnt about this in the previous you a grid reference and a page number. You learnt about this in the previous year’s work. Some atlases will also give you the reference for latitude and year’s work. Some atlases will also give you the reference for latitude and longitude. For example, in my atlas, (Jacaranda), Melbourne is shown as 37.49˚S longitude. For example, in my atlas, (Jacaranda), Melbourne is shown as 37.49˚S and 144.58˚E. and 144.58˚E.

To find Melbourne turn to the page indicated in the atlas. On the left hand side of To find Melbourne turn to the page indicated in the atlas. On the left hand side of the page you will find degrees either north or south. These indicate the lines of the page you will find degrees either north or south. These indicate the lines of latitude. Look up 37.49˚S and keep your finger on the spot. latitude. Look up 37.49˚S and keep your finger on the spot.

At the top and bottom of the page you will find degrees showing either east or At the top and bottom of the page you will find degrees showing either east or west. These indicate the lines of longitude. Look up 144.58˚E and keep a finger west. These indicate the lines of longitude. Look up 144.58˚E and keep a finger from the other hand on the spot. from the other hand on the spot.

If you take one finger across and one finger down, the point they meet at should If you take one finger across and one finger down, the point they meet at should be Melbourne. be Melbourne.

LOOK: Try some other cities for yourself. In the atlas, look up the latitude and LOOK: Try some other cities for yourself. In the atlas, look up the latitude and longitude for: longitude for:

City Latitude Longitude City Latitude Longitude

Sydney Sydney

Canberra Canberra

Brisbane Brisbane

Darwin Darwin

Perth Perth

Adelaide Adelaide

Hobart Hobart

Once you have found the latitude and longitude for the city turn to the correct Once you have found the latitude and longitude for the city turn to the correct place in the atlas and locate each city. place in the atlas and locate each city. Parent signature______Parent signature______SAMPLE

Did you manage to find all the cities in your atlas? They were all capital cities. Did you manage to find all the cities in your atlas? They were all capital cities. Now see if you can find the name of the cities on the next page. Now see if you can find the name of the cities on the next page.

5 5 © Valerie Marett Australian Homeschooling Coroneos Publications #508 Succeeding in Social Studies 5

Find a map of Australia in an atlas. Use the latitude and longitude you have Find a map of Australia in an atlas. Use the latitude and longitude you have been given to find the town and complete the chart. been given to find the town and complete the chart.

Latitude Longitude City State Latitude Longitude City State

A. 34.26˚ S 150.52˚ E A. 34.26˚ S 150.52˚ E

B. 38.07˚ S 147.04˚ E B. 38.07˚ S 147.04˚ E

C. 17.58˚ S 122.14˚ E C. 17.58˚ S 122.14˚ E

D. 35.07˚ S 139.16˚ E D. 35.07˚ S 139.16˚ E

E. 41.27˚ S 147.10˚ E E. 41.27˚ S 147.10˚ E

F. 23.22˚ S 150.32˚ E F. 23.22˚ S 150.32˚ E

G. 19.16˚ S 146.49˚ E G. 19.16˚ S 146.49˚ E

H. 23.42˚ S 133.52˚ E H. 23.42˚ S 133.52˚ E

Find a map of the world in an atlas. Use the latitude and longitude you have Find a map of the world in an atlas. Use the latitude and longitude you have been given to find the capital city and complete the chart. been given to find the capital city and complete the chart.

Latitude Longitude City Country Latitude Longitude City Country

A. 51.3 ˚N 0.10 ˚W A. 51.3 ˚N 0.10 ˚W

B. 40.4˚N 73.5˚W B. 40.4˚N 73.5˚W

C. 41.53˚N 12.30˚E C. 41.53˚N 12.30˚E

D. 34.40˚S 58.30˚W D. 34.40˚S 58.30˚W

E. 55.45˚N 37.42˚E E. 55.45˚N 37.42˚E

F. 35.40˚N 139.45˚E F. 35.40˚N 139.45˚E

G. 13.44˚N 100.30˚E G. 13.44˚N 100.30˚E

H. 33.30˚N 36.19˚E H. 33.30˚N 36.19˚E SAMPLE I. 28.37˚N 77.13˚E I. 28.37˚N 77.13˚E

J. 39.˚55N 116.26˚E J. 39.˚55N 116.26˚E

6 6 © Valerie Marett Australian Homeschooling Coroneos Publications #508 Succeeding in Social Studies 5 Answers to Succeeding in Social Studies 5 Answers to Succeeding in Social Studies 5

Page 5 Page 6 Page 5 Page 6 Capital Cities Australia Capital Cities Australia Sydney: 55˚S, 131.13˚E A. Wollongong New South Wales Sydney: 55˚S, 131.13˚E A. Wollongong New South Wales Canberra: 17˚S, 149˚E B. Sale Victoria Canberra: 17˚S, 149˚E B. Sale Victoria Brisbane: 27.28˚S, 153˚E C. Broome Western Australia Brisbane: 27.28˚S, 153˚E C. Broome Western Australia Darwin: 12.27˚S, 130.5˚E D. Murray Bridge South Australia Darwin: 12.27˚S, 130.5˚E D. Murray Bridge South Australia Perth: 31.57˚S, 115.51˚E E. Launceston Tasmania Perth: 31.57˚S, 115.51˚E E. Launceston Tasmania Adelaide: 34.56˚S, 138.36˚E F. Rockhampton Queensland Adelaide: 34.56˚S, 138.36˚E F. Rockhampton Queensland Hobart: 42.5˚S, 147.15˚E G. Townsville Queensland Hobart: 42.5˚S, 147.15˚E G. Townsville Queensland H. Alice Springs Northern Territory H. Alice Springs Northern Territory

Page 6 Page 6 World World A. London England B. New York USA A. London England B. New York USA C. Rome Italy D. Buenos Aires Argentina C. Rome Italy D. Buenos Aires Argentina E. Moscow Russia F. Tokyo Japan E. Moscow Russia F. Tokyo Japan G. Bangkok Thailand H. Damascus Syria G. Bangkok Thailand H. Damascus Syria I. New Dehli India J. Beijing China I. New Dehli India J. Beijing China

Page 13 Page 13 Answers will vary but below are some suggestions: Answers will vary but below are some suggestions: 1. Crops require a certain amount of rain each year to grow. Cattle, and sheep require food 1. Crops require a certain amount of rain each year to grow. Cattle, and sheep require food and water. These are not available in arid and semi-arid regions. and water. These are not available in arid and semi-arid regions.

2. It is densest around the coastline, especially the eastern coastline, where water (in the form of 2. It is densest around the coastline, especially the eastern coastline, where water (in the form of rivers or dams) is more readily available. Cities are built there and there are a greater range of rivers or dams) is more readily available. Cities are built there and there are a greater range of jobs. The coast also provides access to shipping so goods can easily be imported. jobs. The coast also provides access to shipping so goods can easily be imported.

3. As you travel inland rain is scarcer, water supply and crops become more limited and access 3. As you travel inland rain is scarcer, water supply and crops become more limited and access to cities or towns is more limited. to cities or towns is more limited.

4. These regions are arid or semi-arid, i.e. they have little rain, and the weather is very hot and 4. These regions are arid or semi-arid, i.e. they have little rain, and the weather is very hot and humid making it difficult to live in the areas. humid making it difficult to live in the areas.

5. The number of migrants have to be limited because Australia has limited water supplies and 5. The number of migrants have to be limited because Australia has limited water supplies and limited ability to produce its own food. Many migrants as the Gulf of Carpentaria, as far limited ability to produce its own food. Many migrants as the Gulf of Carpentaria, as far east as Twofold Bay and as far south Portland.settle in the capital cities which have east as Twofold Bay and as far south Portland.settle in the capital cities which have limited resources to cope with the needs of their population e.g. welfare, road, libraries, etc. limited resources to cope with the needs of their population e.g. welfare, road, libraries, etc.

Page 15 Page 15 1. c 2. e 3. a 4. f 5. b 6. d 1. c 2. e 3. a 4. f 5. b 6. d

Page 16 Page 16 Answer the questions: Answer the questions: 1. The women were responsible. 1. The women were responsible.

2. lizards, caterpillars, birds, eggs, grass seeds, yam 2. lizards, caterpillars, birds, eggs, grass seeds, yam

3. A dilly bag was bag made from rushes or strips of bark which the lubra used for carrying 3. A dilly bag was bag made from rushes or strips of bark which the lubra used for carrying food. food.

4. 4. The men hunted kangaroo, wallaby and emu. Northern aborigines hunted crocodile and 4. 4. The men hunted kangaroo, wallaby and emu. Northern aborigines hunted crocodile and dugong as well. dugongSAMPLE as well.