DOCSLIB.ORG

Daniel's 70 Weeks Prophecy

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Daniel's 70 Weeks Prophecy DANIEL’S 70 WEEKS PROPHECY Roger Waite DANIEL'S 70 WEEKS PROPHECY 1 DANIEL'S 70 WEEKS PROPHECY Contents Overview of the Different Views ............................................................................................... 3 Elements and Purpose of the Prophecy .................................................................................. 4 Which Decree is the Starting Point? ........................................................................................ 5 The Two Decrees that Relate to the Building of Jerusalem ................................................... 8 In What Year Was Christ Crucified? ......................................................................................... 9 Is the 20th Year Decree of Artaxerxes the Correct Decree? ................................................. 11 Did Cyrus Give an Official Decree to Rebuild Jerusalem? ................................................... 12 Is There Evidence for a Co-regency between Xerxes and Artaxerxes I? ............................. 16 The Time of Year for the Start and End of the 69 ―Weeks‖ .................................................. 18 The Case for Using Cyrus’ Decree as the Starting Point ...................................................... 19 Outline of the 70 Weeks Prophecy According to Fred Coulter Using Cyrus’ Decree ......... 20 Was the Artaxerxes in Nehemiah an Earlier Persian King than Artaxerxes I? .................... 23 Solving the Chronological Puzzle of Ezra and Nehemiah .................................................... 27 Summary of the Best Fitting Decree ...................................................................................... 31 How Should We Interpret the Last or 70th ―Week‖? ............................................................. 32 Seventh-Day Adventist View of the 70th ―Week‖ .................................................................. 34 WCG/UCG View of the 70th ―Week‖ ....................................................................................... 37 Fred Coulter and Evangelical View of the 70th ―Week‖ ........................................................ 40 What is the Correct Interpretation for the Last or 70th ―Week‖? ......................................... 42 Appendix 1 – The Abomination of Desolation ....................................................................... 45 Appendix 2 – The True Location of the Temple of God ........................................................ 54 Appendix 3 – Can We Rely on the Dates that come from Ptolemy’s Canon? ..................... 58 Appendix 4 – What is the Jewish Interpretation of the 70 Weeks Prophecy? ..................... 75 2 DANIEL'S 70 WEEKS PROPHECY One of the most mysterious prophecies in the Bible is Daniel's 70 weeks prophecy found in Daniel 9:24-27. There are many different interpretations of this prophecy. The prophecy, we are told, starts with a decree to rebuild Jerusalem. Various different beginning points have been suggested as a result of four different decrees that were made about the Temple and Jerusalem from Cyrus to Artaxerxes. Within the prophecy mention is also made of different periods within the 70 weeks - 7 weeks, 62 weeks and a final week where at the midpoint "the sacrifice and the offering…cease". Some see the 70 weeks as one complete continuous block. Others see one or more breaks in time between the various blocks that form the 70 weeks and, as a result, we have different end points for these various views as well. The Hebrew word translated as weeks in this prophecy is "shebua" which literally means "sevens". It can refer to a week of seven days or it can refer to a heptad of seven years. Most views either say it should be translated as a heptad or, if they accept the standard translation of week, invoke the day for a year prophecy principle (Ezekiel 4:6). In either case, the vast majority of views (though not all) believe the 70 "shebua" in this prophecy gives us a grand total of 490 years (70 heptads). Overview of the Different Views The traditionally held view in the Worldwide Church of God (WCG) and in the United Church of God (UCG) keeps the first "69 weeks" and the first half of the final "week" together as a continuous unit starting from the 457 BC decree in Artaxerxes I‘s 7th year. The ―69 weeks‖ ends at the beginning of Christ‘s ministry and then the 3 ½ years of Christ‘s ministry up to his death is the first half of the ―70th week‖. While little publicised in the church, the second half of the final week is placed after the second coming of Jesus Christ. The view of the Jehovah Witnesses and the Seventh-Day Adventists is much the same as the WCG with the exception of not splitting the final week. They believe that the final week covers the time from the beginning of Christ's ministry to the end of the first 3 ½ years of the church. From the beginning of the church up to Stephen's stoning and subsequent scattering of the church was the second half of the final week. The end of the 70th week is seen as the transition between the gospel going to just the Jews to being preached to the Gentiles. The main Protestant / Evangelical point of view keeps the first "69 weeks" together as a continuous unit. Some views have it starting it with the same decree in 457 BC believed to be the starting point by the Worldwide Church of God and ending at the start of Christ's ministry. Others have it starting from the decree of Artaxerxes I‘s 20th year and ending at Christ's crucifixion. Most evangelicals interpret the "he" of Daniel 9:27 who "confirms a covenant for a week" to be the Beast of end time prophecy, rather than the Messiah as believed by the Worldwide Church of God. This view has the final "week" being the last 7 years proceeding the return of Jesus Christ. They believe the Beast power will form a covenant with Israel allowing them to start the Temple sacrifices and then break that agreement 3½ years before Christ‘s coming and with the abomination of desolation trigger the Great Tribulation. A view put forth by Fred Coulter of the Christian Biblical Church of God breaks up the "7 weeks" and "62 weeks" into separate blocks. He starts the "7 weeks" with the decree of Cyrus in 539 BC ending in 490 BC and the second block of "62 weeks" starting around the time of Malachi through to the start of Christ's ministry. He takes the same position as the evangelicals on the final week being the last 7 years leading up to the return of Jesus Christ. 3 Elements and Purpose of the Prophecy There is much confusion over this prophecy. In this article I plan to look at the different points of views comparing and contrasting them to see which point/s of view are most likely to be correct. Let's now look at this mysterious prophecy and note its purpose and the key elements within it: Seventy weeks [literally ―sevens‖] are decreed upon your people and upon your holy city to finish the transgression and to make an end of sin, and to make reconciliation for iniquity, and to bring in everlasting righteousness, and to seal up the vision and prophecy, and to anoint the Most Holy. Know therefore and understand that from the going forth of the commandment TO RESTORE AND TO BUILD JERUSALEM, to Messiah the Prince, shall be 7 weeks, and 62 weeks. It shall be built again with streets and the wall, even in troublous times. And after 62 weeks Messiah shall be cut off, but not for Himself. And the people of the prince who shall come shall destroy the city and the sanctuary. But his end shall be with a flood, and unto the end of the war desolations are determined. And he shall confirm a covenant with many for one week. And in the midst of the week he shall cause the sacrifice and the offering to cease, and upon the wing of abominations shall come one who makes desolate even until the consummation. And the fully determined end which is decreed shall be poured out upon the desolator. 4 The purpose of the prophecy is that these 70 ―sevens‖ are decreed upon Israel and Jerusalem: To finish the transgression and make an end to sin To make reconciliation for iniquity To bring in everlasting righteousness To seal up the vision and prophecy To anoint the Most Holy This is the purpose of the prophecy – to reveal the fate of Israel and Jerusalem and their eventual reconciliation with God through the sacrifice of Jesus Christ. Some key elements that are noted in the prophecy are the following: The starting point is a command to restore and build Jerusalem. Note that it is Jerusalem and NOT the Temple specified in the starting decree. It speaks of the streets and the wall being built in troublesome times. There are two blocks of 7 ―sevens‖ and 62 ―sevens‖ to Messiah the Prince. There is nothing definite that indicates whether these two blocks are continuous or separated. It states that after 62 ―sevens‖ Messiah shall be cut off for others. This indicates that the block of 7 ―sevens‖ occurs before the block of 62 ―sevens‖. During the 70th ―seven‖ (the last ―seven‖) a covenant is made by ―he‖. The identity of the person noted as ―he‖ is not crystal clear. The Messiah is spoken of at the beginning of the previous verse and then the prince of the people who destroys Jerusalem is spoken of in the latter part of the previous verse. In the midst of that last ―seven‖ this ―he‖ shall cause the sacrifice and offering to cease. It then goes straight on to speak of abomination and desolation, presumably upon Jerusalem. The abomination of desolation appears to form part of the prophecy. Which Decree is the Starting Point? In relation to Jerusalem and the Temple there are four decrees recorded in the post-Exile period noted in the Bible. These decrees are as following: 1) Cyrus' decree in his 1st year (Ezra 1:1-6) to rebuild the Temple dated to 539 BC. 2) Darius decree in his 2nd year to complete the Temple (Ezra 6:1-12) dated to 520 BC which saw its completion a few years later in 516 BC. 3) The decree commonly identified with Artaxerxes I in his 7th year to beautify the Temple (Ezra 7:7-28) in 457 BC.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Satrap of Western Anatolia and the Greeks
    University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations 2017 The aS trap Of Western Anatolia And The Greeks Eyal Meyer University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations Part of the Ancient History, Greek and Roman through Late Antiquity Commons Recommended Citation Meyer, Eyal, "The aS trap Of Western Anatolia And The Greeks" (2017). Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations. 2473. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/2473 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/2473 For more information, please contact [email protected]. The aS trap Of Western Anatolia And The Greeks Abstract This dissertation explores the extent to which Persian policies in the western satrapies originated from the provincial capitals in the Anatolian periphery rather than from the royal centers in the Persian heartland in the fifth ec ntury BC. I begin by establishing that the Persian administrative apparatus was a product of a grand reform initiated by Darius I, which was aimed at producing a more uniform and centralized administrative infrastructure. In the following chapter I show that the provincial administration was embedded with chancellors, scribes, secretaries and military personnel of royal status and that the satrapies were periodically inspected by the Persian King or his loyal agents, which allowed to central authorities to monitory the provinces. In chapter three I delineate the extent of satrapal authority, responsibility and resources, and conclude that the satraps were supplied with considerable resources which enabled to fulfill the duties of their office. After the power dynamic between the Great Persian King and his provincial governors and the nature of the office of satrap has been analyzed, I begin a diachronic scrutiny of Greco-Persian interactions in the fifth century BC.
    [Show full text]
  • Central Balkans Cradle of Aegean Culture
    ANTONIJE SHKOKLJEV SLAVE NIKOLOVSKI - KATIN PREHISTORY CENTRAL BALKANS CRADLE OF AEGEAN CULTURE Prehistory - Central Balkans Cradle of Aegean culture By Antonije Shkokljev Slave Nikolovski – Katin Translated from Macedonian to English and edited By Risto Stefov Prehistory - Central Balkans Cradle of Aegean culture Published by: Risto Stefov Publications [email protected] Toronto, Canada All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system without written consent from the author, except for the inclusion of brief and documented quotations in a review. Copyright 2013 by Antonije Shkokljev, Slave Nikolovski – Katin & Risto Stefov e-book edition 2 Index Index........................................................................................................3 COMMON HISTORY AND FUTURE ..................................................5 I - GEOGRAPHICAL CONFIGURATION OF THE BALKANS.........8 II - ARCHAEOLOGICAL DISCOVERIES .........................................10 III - EPISTEMOLOGY OF THE PANNONIAN ONOMASTICS.......11 IV - DEVELOPMENT OF PALEOGRAPHY IN THE BALKANS....33 V – THRACE ........................................................................................37 VI – PREHISTORIC MACEDONIA....................................................41 VII - THESSALY - PREHISTORIC AEOLIA.....................................62 VIII – EPIRUS – PELASGIAN TESPROTIA......................................69
    [Show full text]
  • Broad-Coverage Rule-Based Processing of Temporal Expressions
    Broad-Coverage Rule-Based Processing of Temporal Expressions Pawe lPiotr Mazur Master of Science (M.Sc.) Macquarie University Centre for Language Technology Department of Computing Faculty of Science and Wroclaw University of Technology Software Engineering Department Institute of Informatics Faculty of Computer Science and Management This thesis is presented for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Submitted in partial fulfilment of joint institutional requirements for the double-badged degree March 2012 Contents Abstract xi Abstract xii Statement of Candidate xiii Acknowledgements xv Publications xvii Terms, Definitions and Notational Conventions xix 1 Introduction 1 1.1 The Problem: Processing Temporal Expressions in Texts . .2 1.2 An Overview of the State-Of-The-Art . .4 1.3 What is Still Missing? . .7 1.4 The Aims of this Work . .8 1.5 The Contributions of the Thesis . .9 1.6 The Structure of the Thesis . .9 2 A Review of the Literature 11 2.1 Defining Temporal Expressions . 12 2.1.1 Temporal Ontology . 12 2.1.2 What Constitutes a Temporal Expression? . 15 2.1.3 Summary . 20 2.2 Taxonomising Temporal Expressions . 20 2.2.1 Point Expressions . 21 2.2.2 Period Expressions . 23 2.2.3 Set Expressions . 24 2.2.4 Summary . 25 2.3 Representing Temporal Expressions . 25 2.3.1 Temporal Information in Logic and Formal Semantics . 25 2.3.2 Representation via Attributes . 26 2.3.3 The Temporal Expression Language . 26 2.3.4 Temporal Concepts . 27 2.3.5 The Time Calculus for Natural Language . 28 2.3.6 A Functional Approach .
    [Show full text]
  • The Battle of Marathon September 490 BC by Major General Dimitris
    The Battle Of Marathon September 490 BC by Major General Dimitris Gedeon, HEAR Note: The term "Greek" and "Greece" are generally used when quoting other sources. In my own text I use, when appropriate, the terms "Hellas" for Greece and "Hellenes" for Greeks. The period of Greek history between 492 - 479 BC is marked by «The Persian Wars». This was a period of contest between the city-states of Greece and the powerful Persian Empire. The Persian Wars had their roots in the expansion policy of the Persians. It was impossible for them to expand their empire eastwards (towards India) or beyond Egypt (because of the Libyan Desert) or towards the inhospitable land of the Scythes (northwards); therefore, their only choice was to advance westwards, towards the European Continent. Greece formed the main barrier the Persians had to overcome in order to achieve their objective, with Athens being their most decisive opponent in Greece. The Persians were in need only of a pretext and Athens provided it in 500 BC when the Greek city-states of Ionia in Asia Minor, being part of the Persian Empire, revolted against the Persian rule. Athens sent twenty ships to their assistance while the small city of Eretrtia of Euboea island contributed with five ships. Initially, their efforts met with success and the insurgents managed to burn down Sardis, the capital of the Persian satrapy of Ionia, but they were soon defeated by the Persians. The news of some unknown city-states of mainland Greece providing their assistance to the insurgents made the Persian King, Darius, wonder “what kind of a city Athens was”! When he was briefed on those insolent Athenians, he became so angry that he fired an arrow skywards and vowed to punish them.
    [Show full text]
  • Περίληψη : Brother of Darius I, Satrap of Lydia
    IΔΡΥΜA ΜΕΙΖΟΝΟΣ ΕΛΛΗΝΙΣΜΟΥ Συγγραφή : Παλαιοθόδωρος Δημήτρης Μετάφραση : Γκούγκλα Δάφνη Για παραπομπή : Παλαιοθόδωρος Δημήτρης , "Artaphernes I", Εγκυκλοπαίδεια Μείζονος Ελληνισμού, Εύξεινος Πόντος URL: <http://www.ehw.gr/l.aspx?id=7539> Περίληψη : Brother of Darius I, satrap of Lydia. He murdered Smerdis at Bisitun (522 BC). He was besieged at Sardis, but finally suppressed the Ionian revolt and imposed a military and tax reform on the Greek towns. Άλλα Ονόματα Artaphrenes Τόπος και Χρόνος Γέννησης 6th c. BC Τόπος και Χρόνος Θανάτου 486‑480 BC (?) Κύρια Ιδιότητα Satrap of Lydia 1. Family Artaphernes (or Artaphrenes) I was a Persian official, son of Hystaspes and brother of Darius I (522-486 BC) from a different mother. Some other brothers of his were Artanes, father of Darius’wife Phratοgoune, and Artabanos I, a regent of the Persian Empire during Xerxes’absence in Greece (480 BC).1 His son, Artaphernes II, was in charge along with Datis of the expedition in 490 BC and took part in Xerxes’expedition. 2 2. Biography Even though Artaphernes was not one of the six noblemen who supported Darius in taking over kingship, he played an important part in his brother’s prevalence, by killing Smerdis or Mardus (Bardiya) in Sikayauvatish, next to mount Bisitun (Behistun), on September 29, 522 BC.3 He was proclaimed satrap of Lydia after the Scythian campaign (513 BC), namely around 510 BC, and was granted extensive authority upon the entire coastal populace of Asia.4 He tried to intervene in the affairs of Greece in 507/506 BC, when he forced the embassy of the recent Athenian democracy, which was seeking the king’s friendship, to offer “land and water”to the Lacedaemonians, in order for the city to come to terms with external pressure.
    [Show full text]
  • J. Allen Lecture Final
    THE PURSUIT OF THE OLIVE CROWN Peter Mountford [This paper was delivered as the Allen Memorial Lecture in 2008 as a PowerPoint presentation with many illustrations. The paper has been adapted for publication with a smaller number of illustrations. All the photographs from which these illustrations are taken are the author’s own.] If the Modern Olympic Games are to equal the achievement of the Ancient Olympic Games, they will have to continue until the year A.D. 3108 without interruption. This is because, though the Mod- ern Games began in 1896, they were interrupted by the two World Wars. The Ancient Games contin- ued to be held from 776 B.C. till A.D. 385 without any interruption for war. They must, therefore, rank as one of the longest lasting human endeavours. Some of the earliest depictions of sporting activities in western civilisation come from the Minoan period. In Building B of the excavations at Akrotiri on the island of Santorini was found a fresco showing two young boys boxing [Fig. 1]. This fresco probably dates from the seventeenth century B.C.1 At Knossos on Crete excavators uncovered the famous bull-leaping fresco, probably dating from the sixteenth or fifteenth century B.C. In the Herakleion Museum in Crete is a steatite rhyton with scenes of boxing, wrestling and bull-leaping, probably dating from the fifteenth century B.C. An early Greek myth is that of Theseus. In this myth Minos, king of Crete, sent his son, Androgeos, to compete in games organised by Aegeus, king of Athens and father of Theseus.
    [Show full text]
  • B. Causes of the Wars 1. the Conquest of Ionia by Persia A) For
    www.HistoryAtOurHouse.Com Junior High Class Notes B. Causes of the Wars 1. The Conquest of Ionia by Persia a) For over two hundred years, Greek colonies has existed on the eastern shore of the Aegean Sea, which the Greeks called Ionia. b) The main cities, Miletus, Ephesus, and Mycale were neighbors of the Lydian Empire, to which they paid annual tribute. c) Under the Lydian king Croesus the Greek city-states enjoyed a relatively secure and prosperous relationship with Lydia. d) In 547 BC, however, Lydia was conquered by Cyrus of Persia. e) Since the Greeks had chosen not to help the Persians, Cyrus decided to punish them. He conquered them and forced them to pay tribute and provide troops to the Persian Empire. f) After the conquest of Ionia, Cyrus and his successors were busy elsewhere. As we have seen, the Persians conquered Babylon in 539 BC and Egypt in 525 BC. g) In 513 BC, the new king Darius led an expedition against a nomadic tribe known as the Scythians, and he conquered northern Greece along the way. h) Now Persia controlled the northern and eastern shores of the Aegean. This meant that the trading routes of the Greeks and their colonies were threatened. 2. The Ionian Revolt (c.500 BC) a) As was customary within their empire, the Persians allowed the Ionian Greeks to retain their form of local government. b) The one condition the Persians set was that the Ionians, like all subject peoples, had to remain loyal. c) When the Ionian colonies wanted democracy, they probably would have been allowed, except they rebelled.
    [Show full text]
  • Astronomical Calculation of the Dating the Historical Battles of Marathon, Thermopylae and Salamis Based on Herodotus’ Description
    SCIENTIFIC CULTURE, Vol. 7, No. 2, (2021), pp. 81-99 Open Access. Online & Print www.sci-cult.com DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4465552 ASTRONOMICAL CALCULATION OF THE DATING THE HISTORICAL BATTLES OF MARATHON, THERMOPYLAE AND SALAMIS BASED ON HERODOTUS’ DESCRIPTION Konstantina Gongaki1, Panagiota Preka-Papadema2, Konstantinos Kalachanis*3 and Panagiotis Antonopoulos4 1Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece 2Department of Astrophysics, Astronomy and Mechanics, Faculty of Physics National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece 3New York College, Athens, Greece 4ICT Consultant, InterMediaKT-Interactive Media Knowledge Transfer Patras, Greece Received: 12/11/2020 Accepted: 12/02/2021 Corresponding author: Konstantinos Kalachanis ([email protected]) ABSTRACT An important event of world history is the Greek-Persian war (5th century BC), as its outcome (with the victory of the Greeks) defined the evolution of culture in Greece and in whole Europe. Three battles that determined the course of this multi-year war was the battles of Marathon (490 BC) and of Thermopylae (480 BC) and the naval battle of Salamis (480 BC). Although the year of the above events is known, there is an uncertainty as to the date of their conduct. The purpose of this study is the presice determination of these dates based on the historical descriptions of Herodotus and the use of astronomical knowledge as Herodotus relates these events to great celebrations (Olympic Games, Carneia and Great Eleusinia) which were determined on the basis of the lunar calendars of Greek cities. Also, Herodotus mentions two solar eclipses that were observed at the beginning and end of Xerxes’ campaign (480 BC) the dates of which help us to determine the period of this campaign.
    [Show full text]
  • Athens and the Persian Wars
    TITLE PAGE A BRIEF HISTORY OF ANCIENT GREECE Politics, Society, and Culture Sarah B. Pomeroy Stanley M. Burstein Hunter College and California State University, the City University of New York Los Angeles Graduate Center Walter Donlan Jennifer Tolbert Roberts University of City College and California, Irvine the City University of New York Graduate Center New York • Oxford OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS 2004 5 THE GROWTH OF ATHENS AND THE PERSIAN WARS During the Archaic period, numerous Greek city-states struggled with a vari- ety of problems—factional quarrels between aristocratic families, tension be- tween aristocrats and the people, and tyranny. Sparta found a unique solution to the Archaic crisis and so did Athens. By 500 BC Athens’ problems had been largely resolved. The last tyrant had been expelled, Athens had a democratic government, and aristocratic stasis was largely confined to competing for office and persuading the assembly. Because of their relative harmony, wealth, and great numbers, the Athenians had become the second most powerful Greek polis, they were poised to play a major role in the great war that was about to begin. For while the Greek city-states were evolving, the Persian Empire was growing into an ambitious power that would threaten to engulf the Hellenic world. A strong Athens would be vital to the defense of Greece against invasions by the Persian kings Darius I and Xerxes. ATHENS FROM THE BRONZE AGE TO THE EARLY ARCHAIC AGE Literary evidence and physical remains show that during the Late Bronze Age Athens was the largest and most important settlement on the Attic peninsula and a major Mycenaean palace-center that exercised a loose control over the other fortified palace-centers in the region.
    [Show full text]
  • The Greek and Persian Wars Parts I & II
    The Greek and Persian Wars Parts I & II Professor John R. Hale THE TEACHING COMPANY ® PUBLISHED BY: THE TEACHING COMPANY 4151 Lafayette Center Drive, Suite 100 Chantilly, Virginia 20151-1232 1-800-TEACH-12 Fax—703-378-3819 www.teach12.com Copyright © The Teaching Company, 2008 Printed in the United States of America This book is in copyright. All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior written permission of The Teaching Company. John R. Hale, Ph.D. Director of Liberal Studies, University of Louisville John R. Hale, Director of Liberal Studies at the University of Louisville in Kentucky, is an archaeologist with fieldwork experience in England, Scandinavia, Portugal, Greece, Turkey, and the Ohio River Valley. At the University of Louisville, Dr. Hale teaches introductory courses on archaeology and specialized courses on the Bronze Age, the ancient Greeks, the Roman world, Celtic cultures, Vikings, and nautical and underwater archaeology. Archaeology has been the focus of Dr. Hale’s career from his B.A. studies at Yale University to his doctoral research at the University of Cambridge, where he received his Ph.D. The subject of his dissertation was the Bronze Age ancestry of the Viking longship, a study that involved field surveys of ship designs in prehistoric rock art in southern Norway and Sweden. During more than 30 years of archaeological work, Dr. Hale has excavated at a Romano-British town in Lincolnshire, England, as well as at a Roman villa in Portugal; has carried out interdisciplinary studies of ancient oracle sites in Greece and Turkey, including the famed Delphic Oracle; and has participated in an undersea search in Greek waters for lost fleets from the Greek and Persian wars.
    [Show full text]
  • Persian Propaganda — a Neglected Factor in Xerxes' Invasion of Greece
    Iranica Antiqua, vol. XXXVIII, 2003 PERSIAN PROPAGANDA — A NEGLECTED FACTOR IN XERXES’ INVASION OF GREECE AND HERODOTUS1 BY Thomas KELLY (University of Minnesota) Although modern warfare is waged with a seemingly endless array of sophis- ticated lethal weaponry, not all weapons in the arsenal of a modern state are of the detonating variety. Psychological operations against the enemy have assumed so vital a role in the conduct of recent wars that the term psycholog- ical warfare is now in common usage. The ultimate aim of psychological war- fare is to achieve military gains without the use of military force and it has been defined as “the planned use of propaganda and other actions designed to influence the opinions, emotions, attitudes and behavior of enemy, neutral and friendly foreign groups in such a way as to support the accomplishment of national aims and objectives.”2 While contemporary treatments of the sub- ject acknowledge the importance of “other actions” such as economic pres- sure, military threats, duplicitous diplomacy and the like, they all stress the importance of propaganda, now easily and instantly disseminated globally in stereophonic sound complete with pictures in living color. Although the terms psychological warfare and propaganda are relatively new, the concepts are very old indeed. Both have a lengthy history in the ancient Near East where they were practiced for thousands of years before the Persians arrived on the scene. Some of their predecessors, as for exam- ple the Assyrians, advanced the use of propaganda and psychological war- fare to an art form3 and there is every reason to believe that the Persians took 1 I would like to dedicate this article to the memories of two dear friends, Chester G.
    [Show full text]
  • Reflection on Skin
    Reflection on Skin Machiel van Soest Machiel van Soest Leipzig 2011 Reflection on Skin 00:01 00:02 00:03 00:0400:05 00:06 00:07 00:08 00:09 00:10 00:11 00:12 00:13 00:14 00:15 00:16 00:17 00:18 00:19 00:20 00:21 00:22 00:23 00:24 00:25 00:26 00:27 00:28 00:29 00:30 00:31 00:32 00:33 00:34 00:35 00:36 00:37 00:38 00:39 00:40 00:41 00:42 00:43 00:44 00:45 00:46 00:47 00:48 00:49 00:50 00:51 00:52 00:53 00:54 00:55 00:56 00:57 00:58 00:59 01:00 01:01 01:02 01:03 01:04 01:05 01:06 01:07 01:08 01:09 01:10 01:11 01:12 01:13 01:14 01:15 01:16 01:17 01:18 01:19 01:20 01:21 01:22 01:23 01:24 01:25 01:26 01:27 01:28 01:29 01:30 01:31 01:32 01:33 01:34 01:35 01:36 01:37 01:38 01:39 01:40 01:41 01:42 01:43 01:44 01:45 01:46 01:47 01:48 01:49 01:50 01:51 01:52 01:53 01:54 01:55 01:56 01:57 01:58 01:59 02:00 02:01 02:02 02:03 02:04 02:05 02:06 02:07 02:08 02:09 02:10 02:11 02:12 02:13 02:14 02:15 02:16 02:17 02:18 02:19 02:20 02:21 02:22 02:23 02:24 1 02:25 02:26 02:27 02:28 02:29 02:30 02:31 02:32 02:33 02:34 02:35 02:36 02:37 02:38 02:39 02:40 02:41 02:42 02:43 02:44 02:45 02:46 02:47 02:48 02:49 02:50 02:51 02:52 02:53 02:54 02:55 02:56 02:57 02:58 02:59 03:00 03:01 03:02 03:03 03:04 03:05 03:06 03:07 03:08 03:09 03:10 03:11 03:12 03:13 03:14 03:15 03:16 03:17 03:18 03:19 03:20 03:21 03:22 03:23 03:24 03:25 03:26 03:27 03:28 03:29 03:30 03:31 03:32 03:33 03:34 03:35 03:36 03:37 03:38 03:39 03:40 03:41 03:42 03:43 03:44 03:45 03:46 03:47 03:48 03:49 03:50 03:51 03:52 03:53 03:54 03:55 03:56 03:57 03:58 03:59 04:00 04:01 04:02 04:03 04:04 04:05 04:06
    [Show full text]