Joaquim Manuel Cardoso Reis 2010

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Joaquim Manuel Cardoso Reis 2010 UNIVERSIDADE DE LISBOA FACULDADE DE CIÊNCIAS DEPARTAMENTO DE BIOLOGIA ANIMAL SYSTEMATICS, BIOLOGY AND CONSERVATION OF UNIO TUMIDIFORMIS CASTRO, 1885 (UNIONIDAE: BIVALVIA) IN THE SOUTH-WEST OF THE IBERIAN PENINSULA Joaquim Manuel Cardoso Reis DOUTORAMENTO EM BIOLOGIA (BIOLOGIA DA CONSERVAÇÃO) 2010 UNIVERSIDADE DE LISBOA FACULDADE DE CIÊNCIAS DEPARTAMENTO DE BIOLOGIA ANIMAL SYSTEMATICS, BIOLOGY AND CONSERVATION OF UNIO TUMIDIFORMIS CASTRO, 1885 (UNIONIDAE: BIVALVIA) IN THE SOUTH-WEST OF THE IBERIAN PENINSULA Joaquim Manuel Cardoso Reis Tese orientada por: Professora Doutora Maria João Collares-Pereira Doutor Rafael Araujo Armero DOUTORAMENTO EM BIOLOGIA (BIOLOGIA DA CONSERVAÇÃO) 2010 Náiades, vós que os rios habitais Que os saudosos campos vão regando, De meus olhos vereis estar manando Outros que quase aos vossos são iguais. Dríades, que com seta sempre andais Os fugitivos cervos derribando, Outros olhos vereis, que triunfando Derribam corações, que valem mais. Deixai logo as aljavas e águas frias, E vinde, Ninfas belas, se quereis, A ver como de uns olhos nascem mágoas. Notareis como em vão passam os dias; Mas em vão não vireis, porque achareis Nos seus as setas, e nos meus as águas. Luís Vaz de Camões, in "Sonetos" Ao meu Pai AGRADECIMENTOS / ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Este trabalho não teria sido possível concretizar sem a ajuda de inúmeras pessoas, às quais deixo aqui o meu sincero agradecimento: This study would not have been possible without the help of numerous people, to whom I want to thank: À Prof. Maria João Collares-Pereira por ter aceite co-orientar esta tese, pelo apoio logístico e burocrático, pelas sugestões e críticas, pela resposta sempre atempada aos pedidos de ajuda, e pelo entusiasmo e interesse por um tema diferente do habitual! A Rafael Araujo por co-dirigir esta Tesis y por el apoyo incondicional a todas las fases del trabajo, por enseñarme mucho sobre las Nayades, por la oportunidad de muestrear en España y Marruecos, por abrirme las puertas del Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, por las respuestas rapidas a todos los problemas, y sobretodo por su amistad. Gracias Rafa! To Richard Neves for giving me the opportunity to learn captive rearing techniques in the US, to explore the rich mussel fauna of the Mississipi Basin and east coast rivers, to participate in the Freshwater Mussel Conservation Society meeting in Little Rock, for his constant support and suggestions and for his friendship and interest in Portuguese culture! A Annie Machordom le devo mucho de lo que aprendi sobre estudios geneticos, su apoyo haciendolos, su paciencia y las sugerencias. También su compañerismo en las campañas de muestreo y claro, por su amistad! À Dr. Rolanda Albuquerque de Matos devo um agradecimento especial, pela confiança e interesse sempre demonstrados e por me ter facilitado o trabalho nos museus Portugueses. Foi um prazer fazer essas visitas consigo! À Judite por me ter aberto as portas do Museu Bocage e feito tudo para que tudo funcionasse na perfeição, pelo interesse e pelas sugestões. Phillipe Bouchet and Gerhard Falkner made it possible to study the freshwater mussel collection at the Museum National d‟Histoire Naturelle de Paris. Thanks to G. Falkner for the very interesting discussions and introducing me to the Bavarian culture! To Karl Nagel I thank the interesting discussions about freshwater mussels in Europe, the help analyzing the shell morphology and for providing extra Unio crassus specimens from around Europe. Ao Parque Natural do Vale do Guadiana e em particular ao Carlos e à Cristina pelo apoio constante ao longo destes anos, pela ajuda no campo e por terem feito com que tudo fosse possível nas saídas de campo! A todos os que ajudaram nas saídas de campo nacionais: Daniel, Filipe, Helena, Joana, Maria, Marta, Paula, Quim, Vanda, Zé e a todo o pessoal do Parque do Guadiana! i A todos los que participaron en las campañas de muestreo en España y Marruecos: Carlos, José Miguel, Elena, Marijo, Nacho, Ghamizi. A todos os que no Museu Bocage facilitaram o trabalho e tornaram as estadias mais agradáveis durante as experiências com aquários: Judite, Xana Marçal, Xana Cartaxana, Diana, Hugo, Joana, Zé Pedro, Maria, Teresa, Paulo, Ana, Joaquim, Pedro. Ao Ricardo pela ajuda na montagem dos aquários e ao Prof. Alexandre Valente por ter cedido os exemplares de Escalo do norte. A todos en el Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales que en el despacho ó laboratorio ayudaron de alguna forma, aunque fuera solo su compañia: Carlos, Silvia, Ivan, Marina, Cristina, Isabela, Mario, Chiara, Maria, Laura, Marta, Carolina, Diana, Joaquin, Bea, Oscar, Pilar y todos los que estuvieron presentes en las varias estancias en Madrid. In Virginia my sincere thanks to all who made me feel at home. To Hua Dan, Jess Jones, Bill Henley, Jake, Rachel and Missy for helping in the lab and in the field. Special thanks to Nate, for helping in work but especially for having become a good friend! À Marta por ter ajudado em quase todas as fases do trabalho, pelo apoio na elaboração dos artigos e análises de dados genéticos, por acreditar e fazer com que tudo pareça mais fácil. Ao Quim Teodósio, pela ajuda no campo, estadias no Algarve, filmes inacabados, casa nos Açores, e umas brânquias! À Filipa pela ajuda e por ter acompanhado todos os passos desde o Life- Saramugo, passando pelo ICN, depois na Virginia e ao longo do doutoramento, ajudando a percorrer o longo caminho até à tese! À Helena pela ajuda na elaboração e revisão do manuscrito, pelas críticas e sugestões, pelo encorajamento, disponibilidade, pela paciência imensa e por estar presente! À Maria João e ao Nuno pela disponibilidade constantes. À Nônô devo o despertar do interesse pelos mexilhões-de-rio, o entusiasmo pelo rio, a ajuda no inicio desta caminhada e a sua amizade. Sem ela este trabalho não teria sequer começado. Sem ela esta tese não teria visto a luz do dia! Finalmente, sem a minha família nada disto teria sido alguma vez possível. Obrigado aos meus irmãos Armanda, João e Mila, aos meus sobrinhos João e Pedro, ao Zé Armando e ao Zé Tavares, à Silvina, e muito especialmente à minha mãe, pelo apoio sempre incondicional! ii RESUMO Os mexilhões-de-rio ou náiades (Bivalvia: ordem Unionoida) estão entre os grupos faunísticos mais ameaçados do mundo. Nos Estados Unidos são mesmo considerados o grupo mais ameaçado, com inúmeras espécies já extintas e uma proporção muito significativa de espécies ameaçadas e protegidas a nível federal ou estatal. No entanto, os esforços para a conservação destas espécies não têm sido adequados em várias regiões do mundo, nomeadamente na Europa, devido a um conhecimento deficiente da diversidade específica existente. Este problema deriva, em parte, dos excessos cometidos pelos autores do século XIX, que descreveram centenas de espécies baseados em caracteres incipientes e, em parte, do reduzido esforço que foi feito posteriormente no sentido de esclarecer a sistemática do grupo. Foi só nos últimos 20 anos que se começou a assistir a um aumento progressivo do número de estudos de sistemática e taxonomia da família Unionidae na Europa, utilizando caracteres moleculares, morfológicos, do ciclo de vida, entre outros, os quais têm contribuído para o conhecimento da diversidade do grupo, para a avaliação do estado de conservação das espécies e das estratégias a implementar em cada caso. O principal objectivo da presente dissertação foi o estudo da sistemática, taxonomia, distribuição e biologia do mexilhão-de-rio Ibérico Unio tumidiformis Castro, 1885, com vista à avaliação do seu estado de conservação e à definição de propostas de medidas de gestão adequadas. Esta espécie não era considerada válida antes deste estudo, sendo as suas populações habitualmente consideradas como pertencendo a Unio crassus Retzius, 1788, uma espécie da Europa Central. A sistemática e a distribuição de U. tumidiformis foram estudadas numa vasta área incluindo a Península Ibérica e Norte de África (Marrocos, Argélia e Tunísia), recorrendo à bibliografia existente, à análise das colecções de moluscos dos Museus de História Natural de Lisboa, Coimbra, Porto, Madrid e Paris, e a amostragens nas príncipais Bacias Hidrográficas da Península Ibérica (Portugal e Espanha: Andaluzia, Aragão, Catalunha, Galiza e Castela-la-Mancha) e de Marrocos (todas as príncipais Bacias Hidrográficas a norte do Rio Oum Er Rbia até à fronteira com a Argélia). A biologia e a ecologia foram estudadas na Bacia do Guadiana, com especial destaque para o único rio que apresenta uma população sustentável, o Rio Vascão. Neste rio, as populações de mexilhões-de-rio e potenciais hospedeiros, assim como vários iii parâmetros ambientais, foram monitorizadas ao longo de dois anos para caracterizar o ciclo reprodutor; foi igualmente estudado o crescimento individual dos bivalves nesta população ao longo de sete anos, recorrendo a métodos directos (captura-recaptura) e indirectos (aneis de crescimento) em paralelo com a análise dos registos dos respectivos parâmetros ambientais. Os estudos efectuados recorrendo a marcadores morfológicos e moleculares permitiram identificar pelo menos seis espécies de mexilhões-de-rio em Portugal, representando 60% da diversidade ibérica. Das 10 espécies identificadas na Península Ibérica, apenas U. tumidiformis não foi encontrada em outras regiões Europeias ou do Norte de África, constituindo um endemismo ibérico potencial. No entanto, a análise da bibliografia e das colecções de moluscos do Museu Nacional de História Natural de Paris, indica a existência de uma espécie semelhante a U. tumidiformis e U. crassus no Norte de África. Não tendo sido localizada qualquer população dessa espécie, não foi possível analisar os vários caracteres que permitiriam revelar as suas relações com outras espécies, nomeadamente, U. tumidiformis. A diversidade de mexilhões-de-rio ibéricos terá tido origem em múltiplos eventos de colonização da Península, que explicam por que razão as espécies ibéricas apresentam mais semelhanças e são filogeneticamente mais próximas de espécies da Europa Central e do Norte de África do que entre si.
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