Journal 15 December 2006

ANZPA Journal 15 December 2006 ANZPA journal 15; 2006 ANZPA Executive President: Jenny Hutt Vice President: Kevin Franklin Secretary: Cher Williscroft Treasurer: Diana Jones Membership Secretary: Kate Hill This Journal is published by the Australia and New Zealand Psychodrama Association Inc, Committee: Sara Crane (ANZPA). Peter Howie Tony Densley ANZPA Inc is an organisation of people trained and certified in the psychodrama method ANZPA Journal and its applications and developments, as a Psychodramatist, Sociodramatist, Sociometrist, Role Trainer or Trainer, Educator, Practitioner 2006 Editorial Team: Rollo Browne (editor) (TEP). Bev Hosking Bona Anna The purposes of the Association particularly Helen Phelan include professional association with one another, the setting and maintaining of standards and promoting the establishment and All corresondence, editorial and advertising reputation of this method. submissions for the ANZPA Journal should be addressed to: Members associate particularly within its geographical regions, at the annual conference, Rollo Browne, through regular bulletins and this journal. Editor, ANZPA Journal, PO Box 1042 This Journal has been published to bring about Rozelle NSW Australia 2039 these purposes through the dissemination of good quality writing and articles on the Telephone: +61 2 9555 8424 Psychodrama Method and its application by e-Mail: [email protected] practitioners in Australia and New Zealand. For more information visit our website:- http://www.anzpa.org Copyright © 2006 Australia and New Zealand Design and Artwork: Stuart Ewings Psychodrama Association Inc. Printing: Aviweb, Glebe NSW All Rights Reserved. Contents Articles Integrating Infant Mental Health and Psychodrama Perspectives page 1 Patricia O’Rourke Psychodrama, Ritual and Ceremony: As Katrina Prepares to Die page 14 Anna Heriot J.L. Meets the Warrior Princess: Exploring Psychodrama and Feminism page 22 Gillian Rose Joan Chappell- Matthias Reflects page 30 John Faisandier Exploring the Therapeutic Potential of Skilled Auxiliary Work page 38 Baljit Kaur Conflict Resolution Through Encounter page 48 Sandra Turner J.L. Moreno and Meister Eckhart: A Not So Unlikely Couple page 54 Margie Abbott Accessing Spontaneity in a Role Training Session page 60 Mike Consedine Working with the Ladder of Inference – A Psychodramatists Guide page 68 Peter Howie Sociometry and Social Network Analysis: Applications and Implications page 76 Diana Jones Contents Reviews page 86 ‘Moreno Movies’ produced by René Marineau, review by Diz Synnot page 88 ‘Rebels With A Cause: Working with Adolescents Using Action Techniques’ by Mario Cossa, review by Martin Putt page 91 ‘The Unconscious at Work’ edited by Anton Obholzer and Vega Zagier Roberts, review by Penny Beran page 93 ‘Leadership Agility: Five Levels of Mastery for Anticipating and Initiating Change’ by Bill Joiner & Stephen Josephs, review by Diana Jones Other Items page 95 ANZPA Journals - Back-order Copies by Post, Web Link to Articles List 1992-2006 page 96 Selected Abstracts from ‘Zeitschrift fur Psychodrma und Soziometrie’ 2006 page 98 Call for Papers - Contributors Guidelines page 100 About the Wellington Conference “The quality of the doubling affects the infant’s destiny...” ANZPA Journal 15 December 2006 Integrating Infant Mental Health and Psychodrama Perspectives Patricia O’Rourke Patricia is a child psychotherapist in private practice and at the Women And Children’s Hospital in Adelaide, South Australia. This article draws heavily on the literature review in her recent thesis “Working with the Warm Up. The application of infant mental health principles and the psychodrama method”. Our experience in infancy is the cornerstone theory of spontaneity and child development. of our development. It shapes us and most Finally, some implications for those applying importantly, it occurs within relationship. The psychodrama in this field are identified. mother-infant bond holds many clues to how we come to be who we are and, by extension, The field of parent-child relationship has how our children will come to be who they are become more prominent in the last decade as a and our children’s children and so on. It is both result of wide ranging research that has shown fascinating and terrifying. that the quality of infant relationships is the most significant indicator of social adaptation The nature of the baby’s attachment relationship in later life (Emde & Spicer, 2000; Fonagy, 2000, within the mother-infant (or primary caregiver- 2001; McCain & Mustard, 1999; Schore, 1996; infant) bond affects their development in a Sroufe, 1996). Public policies in a number of number of interrelated areas. The most important countries including Australia, have recently of these are their emotional development and reflected this by raising government priorities the ability to regulate their feelings, their social for intervention in the 0 to 5 years age range. interaction, their exploratory behaviour and their developing brain. The roles and system Donald Winnicott of role relationships that are formed in infancy Winnicott was a paediatrician and an analyst. within this bond form the baby’s sense of self, Not always popular with other analysts, he their capacity for spontaneity and the nature nevertheless pursued his ideas tenaciously. He of their relationship to themselves and other wrote and spoke prolifically about his work with people in their life. mothers and babies and human development, to diverse audiences - fellow professionals, If we can positively influence a baby’s primary students, mothers groups and even the general attachment relationship, we can enhance their public via weekly radio talks broadcast by the development and functioning over their life BBC. He was arguably the earliest advocate of span. the current global trend to address issues of prevention, promotion and early intervention in In this article, I first draw out the basic principles primary mental health care. of infant mental health and attachment theory and then relate them to Moreno’s It was Winnicott who stated that “there is no ANZPA Journal 15 December 2006 page 1 such thing as a baby” (1964:88) meaning that unimpeded. there is always only a baby and someone. The maternal state of mind and functioning affects However, this sensitively attuned relationship the baby’s development, and the baby’s mental must “gradually disappoint” the baby state and functioning affects the mother. It is (Winnicott, 1965:87). The mother makes the shift what Sameroff and Fleese (2002) define as a from responding to her baby through empathy transactional relationship. to responding to a particular gesture or cry that signals a need. And over time and for increasing Primary Maternal Preoccupation moments in time, the mother makes the baby Central to Winnicott’s statement is his concept of wait. This gradual disappointment enables the “primary maternal preoccupation” (1958). This baby to learn about being a separate being. is a state of ‘heightened sensitivity’, a ‘primitive At this stage, if the baby is not overwhelmed somatic identification’ of the mother with the by unmet needs, they gradually learn to self baby. When all goes well this condition develops regulate, and are able to identify and achieve over the course of the pregnancy, becoming more mastery over their needs and wanting. intense in the third trimester, peaking around birth and lasting for some weeks afterwards. In The “Good Enough” Mother this state a mother is able to adapt sensitively Winnicott describes this whole provision for and delicately to the infant’s needs, which she the baby as the “environmental condition of becomes preoccupied with, for this brief period, holding” (1974:131). This is provided by the to the exclusion of everything else. “good enough” mother (ibid:11). It is crucial that mothers are not perfect, but that they are This term best describes the mother’s original simply good enough. Recent research has warm-up to the baby and the baby to the demonstrated that even in relationships rated mother. The achievement of this condition is as sensitive and responsive, a mother and baby vital for the infant’s unimpeded development. will “miss” each other over 60% of the time and When a mother experiences primary maternal mothers and toddlers have a conflict every three preoccupation, Winnicott says, she is able to minutes with a serious one every hour (Alicia ‘feel’ herself into her baby’s place and in this Lieberman, conference communication). way knows what her baby needs. ‘Holding’ Initially the mother attunes herself to her The term ‘holding’ derives from the maternal baby’s bodily needs and from this relatedness function of the mother physically holding the between the mother and the baby, the baby’s baby. Winnicott sees holding as a “form of sense of self gradually develops. It is this loving” motivated by the mother’s primary state of primary maternal preoccupation that maternal preoccupation. It encompasses the enables the baby’s natural constitution and physical and psychological holding of the developmental pathway to unfold. The baby, in baby by the mother. Winnicott emphasises the absence of external impingements, is able to the importance of establishing a therapeutic develop along its own line of life or “going on relationship as a “holding relationship”. being” (Winnicott, 1965:86). Winnicott suggests the experience of repeated interruptions at this Winnicott had a profound influence on early stage, interferes with this ‘going on being’

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