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Descarga Las Efemérides Aquí EFEMÉRIDES ASTRONÓMICAS HISTÓRICAS JUNIO 2021 Compilador: Biólogo Juan José Durán Nájera ?? DE JUNIO 1610 Nace el astrónomo aficionado William Crabtree quien junto con el astrónomo Jeremias Horrocks, observaron y dataron el tránsito de venus de 1639 William Crabtree (1610-1644) fue un astrónomo, matemático y comerciante de Broughton, y luego en Cien de Salford, Lancashire, Inglaterra. Fue una de las dos únicas personas que observaron y registraron el primer tránsito predicho de Venus en 1639. Su interés por la astronomía lo llevó a emprender una serie de observaciones precisas, solo una pequeña fracción de las cuales se publicaron algún tiempo después de su muerte, y mantener una correspondencia activa, la mayor parte ahora perdida, con Samuel Foster, profesor de astronomía en Gresham. College, Londres, y los jóvenes astrónomos Jeremiah Horrocks, William Gascoigne y Christopher Towneley. Las observaciones de Crabtree lo convencieron de que, a pesar de sus errores, las Tablas de Rudolphine de Kepler eran las mejores existentes; y se convirtió en uno de los primeros conversos a la nueva astronomía de Kepler, aceptando las órbitas elípticas de esta última y concurriendo en su llamado a la creación de una física celestial. Crabtree se correspondió con Jeremiah Horrocks (quien a veces escribía su nombre en forma latinizada como Horrox), otro entusiasta astrónomo aficionado, desde 1636. Un grupo de astrónomos del norte de Inglaterra, que incluía a William Gascoigne, se formó alrededor de ellos y fue el primer seguidor británico. De la astronomía de Johannes Kepler. "Nos Keplari", como se llamaba a sí mismo el grupo, se distinguieron por ser las primeras personas en obtener una noción realista del tamaño del William Crabtree, tal como aparece en Los Murales sistema solar. Crabtree y Horrocks fueron los únicos astrónomos que observaron, trazaron y registraron de Mánchester en el Ayuntamiento de Mánchester el tránsito de Venus a través del Sol, como lo predijo Horrocks, el 24 de noviembre de 1639. Imagen dominio público/Manchester Town Hall Calendario juliano (4 de diciembre, calendario gregoriano). El planeta menor 4137 Crabtree lleva su nombre. REFERENCIAS: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Crabtree https://www.lindahall.org/william-crabtree-jeremiah-horrocks/ https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/literature-and-arts/architecture-biographies/william-crabtree 01 DE JUNIO 1633 Nace el astrónomo italiano Geminiano Montanari iniciador de la astronomía observacional Nace en Modena, Italia el astrónomo Geminiano Montanari (1 de junio de 1633- 13 de octubre de 1687), fabricante de lentes y proponente del enfoque experimental de la ciencia. Considerado entre los iniciadores de la astronomía observacional con telescopio, en 1662 o 1663 se traslado a Bologna y ahí dibujo un mapa exacto de la luna usando un micrómetro ocular de su propia creación. En 1667, comprobó la variabilidad de la estrella “Algol” perteneciente a la constelación de Perseo, registró observaciones del cometa de 1664 (conocido después como el famoso cometa Halley). En 1669 sucedió a Giovanni Cassini como Maestro de Astronomía en el observatorio de Panzano, cercano a la Ciudad de Modena, Italia, donde uno de sus deberes fue compilar un almanaque astrológico. REFERENCIAS: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geminiano_Montanari http://www.saburchill.com/HOS/astronomy/023.html Porta-retrato de Geminiano Montanari Imagen dominio público 01 DE JUNIO 1796 Nace el ingeniero mecánico y físico militar Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot, considerado el padre de la termodinámica El subteniente Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot (1 de junio de 1796 - 24 de agosto de 1832) fue un ingeniero mecánico francés en el ejército francés, científico y físico militar, y a menudo descrito como el "padre de la termodinámica". Al igual que Copérnico, publicó un solo libro, las Reflexiones sobre la fuerza motriz del fuego (París, 1824), en el que expresó, a la edad de 27 años, la primera teoría exitosa de la máxima eficiencia de las máquinas térmicas. En este trabajo, sentó las bases de una disciplina completamente nueva: la termodinámica. El trabajo de Carnot atrajo poca atención durante su vida, pero más tarde fue utilizado por Rudolf Clausius y Lord Kelvin para formalizar la segunda ley de la termodinámica y definir el concepto de entropía. Su padre usó el sufijo Sadi para nombrarlo debido a su intenso interés en el personaje de Saadi Shirazi, un conocido poeta iraní. Basado en preocupaciones puramente técnicas, como mejorar el rendimiento de la máquina de vapor, el intelecto de Sadi Carnot sentó las bases para los diseños tecnológicos de la ciencia moderna, como el automóvil o el motor a reacción. En 1970, la Unión astronómica internacional dio el nombre del físico francés al cráter lunar Carnot. El asteroide (12289) Carnot también conmemora su nombre REFERENCIAS: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_L%C3%A9onard_Sadi_Carnot Pintura de Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot en 1813 a la edad de 17 años con el uniforme de estudiante de la https://www.investigacionyciencia.es/revistas/investigacion-y-ciencia/forja-104/sadi-carnot-3083 École Polytechnique (París) http://depa.fquim.unam.mx/amyd/archivero/Lectura_1aLey_28961.pdf Imagen dominio público (Pintor Louis Leopold Boily) 01 DE JUNIO 1841 Nace el astrónomo Alemán Friedrich Wilhelm Rudolf Engelmann quien observo 124 nebulosas Friedrich Wilhelm Rudolf Engelmann (1 de junio de 1841- 28 de marzo de 1888), Astrónomo alemán. Entre 1866 y 1879 observó 124 nebulosas desde el Observatorio de Leipzig (círculo meridiano de 6"). Coautor con Newcomb de un famoso texto de divulgación de la ciencia: «Populäre Astronomie» (1878). REFERENCIAS: http://www.tayabeixo.org/biografias/jun_1q/jun_1q.htm http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Engelmann Friedrich Wilhelm Rudolf Engelmann Imagen dominio público 01 DE JUNIO 1845 Nace el astrónomo irlandés John Ellard Gore quien descubrió muchas estrellas variables John Ellard Gore (1 de junio de 1845 - 18 de julio de 1910) fue un astrónomo aficionado irlandés, escritor prolífico y miembro fundador de la Asociación Astronómica Británica. Estuvo principalmente interesado en las estrellas variables, siendo el descubridor de muchas de ellas, como W Cygni en 1884, U Orionis en 1885, e independientemente de su descubrimiento oficial, de la nova GK Persei. Gore no tenía entrenamiento formal en astronomía y comenzó a estudiar el cielo mientras trabajaba en India. Mientras estuvo allí, confió en sus ojos desnudos, binoculares, un telescopio de tres pulgadas y un telescopio de diez centímetros en una montura ecuatorial. Su primer libro "Southern Stellar Objects for Small Telescopes" se publicó en India en 1877. A su regreso a Irlanda en 1877, utilizó un telescopio de tres pulgadas y binoculares. Estableció un observatorio en Sligo, y más tarde se estableció en 3 Nortumberland Street, Dublín. Su mayor contribución fue sus estudios de estrellas dobles y variables, y publicó catálogos de variables y estrellas binarias. En 2009, la IAU nombró un cráter de impacto lunar ubicado cerca del polo norte de la misma luna. REFERENCIAS: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ellard_Gore John Ellard Gore https:// //full/1910PA.....18..519M/0000519P001.html Imagen dominio público https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-1-4419-9917-7_531 01 DE JUNIO 1907 Nace el oficial de vuelo de la Real Fuerza Aérea Británica Sir Frank Whittle inventor del motor turborreactor El comodoro aéreo Sir Frank Whittle, OM, KBE, CB, FRS, FRAeS (1 de junio de 1907 - 9 de agosto de 1996) fue un oficial de vuelo de la Real Fuerza Aérea Británica. Se le atribuye haber inventado el motor turborreactor por sí solo. Maxime Guillaume presentó una patente en 1921 para una invención similar; Sin embargo, esto era técnicamente inviable en el momento. Los motores a reacción de Whittle se desarrollaron algunos años antes que los del alemán Hans von Ohain, quien fue el diseñador del primer motor de turborreactor operacional. Realizó estudios de ingeniería en la Universidad de Cambridge, y en 1926 ingresó como cadete en la Royal Air Force. Estuvo destinado a un escuadrón de cazas y, tras un breve periodo como piloto instructor, se trasladó a la base de experimentación aeronáutica de la Marina británica, donde fue piloto de pruebas. Se inscribió en la escuela de ingenieros de la RAF. Fruto de sus estudios fue la patente en 1930 de uno de los primeros motores de reacción. Se estableció por su cuenta con otros asociados y fundó la empresa Power Jets Ltd, contratada por la RAF para desarrollar turbinas de gas para aviones a reacción. El primer aparato en el que se montó un motor Whittle fue un Gloster E28/39, el 15 de mayo de 1941, y hacia 1944 entraron en servicio sus motores, principalmente en cazas destinados a la lucha contra las bombas volantes V1 y V2. Al finalizar la Segunda Guerra Mundial, Whittle fue nombrado consejero técnico del gobierno y se retiró del servicio activo con el grado de comandante. En 1948 fue nombrado caballero. En 1977 se trasladó a Estados Unidos como investigador para la Academia Naval del ejército en Annapolis, en Maryland. REFERENCIAS: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Whittle https://www.biografiasyvidas.com/biografia/w/whittle.htm Sir Frank Whittle Imagen russcosm https://www.britannica.com/biography/Frank-Whittle 01 DE JUNIO 1928 Nace el cosmonauta soviético Georgy Timofeyevich Dobrovolsky comandante de la Soyuz 11 Georgy Timofeyevich Dobrovolsky, (nace el 1 de junio de 1928, Odessa, Ucrania, URSS [ahora Ucrania] - murió el 29 de junio de 1971, en el espacio), cosmonauta soviético, comandante de misión en Soyuz 11 en la que él, junto con el ingeniero de diseño Viktor Ivanovich Patsayev y el ingeniero de vuelo Vladislav Nikolayevich Volkov, permanecieron en el espacio un récord de 24 días. Habitaron la primera estación científica orbital tripulada mediante el acoplamiento de su nave espacial Soyuz 11 con la estación Salyut no tripulada lanzada dos meses antes, pero fueron encontrados muertos en su cápsula espacial después de que realizó un aterrizaje perfecto en Kazajstán.
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