*'< * t
TAXONOMY OF FUNGI BIPERFEGTI 175
Genus - Asperisporium Maublance
Lavoura, 16 : 212, 1913.
The genus is characterized by sporodochia punctiform, pulvinate, brown, olivaceous brown or black. Mycelium immersed.
Stroma usually well developed, erumpent. tJetae and hyphopodia absent. Gonidiophores macronematous mononematous, closely packed together forming sporodochia, usually rather short, unbranched or occasionally branched, straight or fiexous, hyaline to olivaceous brown, smooth.Gonidiogenous cells polybiastic integrated, terminal, sympodial, cylindrical or clavate, cicatrized, scars prominent. Gonidia solitary, dry, acropleuro- genous, ellipsoidal, fusiform, obovoid, pyriform, clavate or obclavate, hyaline to brown or olivaceous brown, smooth or verrucose, with 0-3 transverse and sometimes longitudinal or oblique septa.
Type species ; Asperisporium caricae (Speg.) Maubl.
There are only two species of Asperisporium recorded from
India, Ullasa, Sohi and i^aghavendra Rao (1978) reported
A. caricae (Speg.) Maubl, on the leaves of Garica papaya from
Bangalore, Karnataka. Fatil and Thirumalachar (1966) reported
A. dalberglae on the living leaves of Dalber,e;ia sympathetica from Aiboli, Ratnagiri (State of Maharashtra).
Asperlsoorium dalbergiae Patil and Thirum.
Sydowia, 20 : 33-3^, 1966.
Fig. 90. 170
Sporodochia epiphylious, punctiform, puivinate, olivaceous
brown to black, closely packed together, oOO diameter. Stroma
well developed, superficial, pale brown to black. Conidiophores macronematous as well as mononematous, cbsely packed together
forming typical sporodochia, cylindrical, straight or flexuous,
sub-hyaline to olivaceous brown,smooth, septate, unbranched,
IIO-I3O X 3-5 Conidiogenous cells polyblastic, integrated,
terminal, sympodial, clavate, cicatrized with prominent scars.
Gonidia ellipsoidal, pyriform or clavate, pale brown verrucose,
one septate, 12-16 x 8-9 f^m.
Collected on leaves of Dalbergia melanoxylon G. and P. on
2nd September, 1982. Leg. FGJ. NIR-FI. 31.
Host constitutes an additional new record.
Genus - Bahusandhika Subram.
J. Indian bot. Soc. 25 : 469, 1956.
Colonies effuse, black, powdery, mycelium superficial and
immersed. Stroma none. Setae and hyphopodia absent. Conidiophores micronematous or semi-macronematous, unbranched or irregularfy
branched, straight or flexuous pale brown, smooth. Conidiogenous
cells monotretic, integrated and terminal or discrete, formed not
only on the conidiophores but also singly, in pairs or three on
conidia where they link the individual conidia in chains,
spherical or subsnherical, usually smooth, sub-hyaline or very
pale brown.Conidia dry, in simple or branched chains, separated
from each other by small, spherical, conidiogenous cells, 177 straight, ellipsoidal or cylindrical rounded at the ends, brown, thick walled, smooth or verrucUlose with several transverse septa.
Type species - Bahusandhika indica {Subram.) Subram.
The genus Bahusandhika is represented by only three species from India.
Bahusandhika indica I Subram.) Subraraanian
J. Indian bot. Soc., : 4b9,.1956.
Basionym - Polydesmus indicus Subram.
J. Indian bot. Soc., : 33, 1954.
Fig. 91; hlate Kig. 18 : 102.
Colonies black, effuse, powdery; hyphae repent, brown, septate, branched, upto U.5-5 (J-m broad, conidiophores arising laterally from cells of repent hyphae, short, mostly simple, sub-hyaline to pale brown, septate, thin walled, often torulose, upto 22-26 long and upto 5 l^m broad. Gonidia dark brown 2-3 celled, thick walled, faintly verruculose, acrogenous, produced acropetally in unbranched or branched chains from the tip of the conidiophore, connected with each other by an isthumus - separating cell, 13-18.5 x 5-6.5 isthumus small, narrow, pale brown, one celled produced singly from any part of apical or other cells of each conidium, or often upto four from the apical cell of conidium, resulting in branched chains of conidia,
2.5-3.5 X 2 in size. 173
Collected on dried leaves o! unidentified host at
Sheelphata on 13th August, 1982. Leg, PGJ. MR-FI. 70.
The fungus is recorded by Rao (19t>4), Subraraanian (1954,
1956) from various localities of India.
Genus - Brachysporium Saccardo
Michelia, § : 28, 1880.
The genus Brachysporiuni was established in 1860 by Saccardo.
The genus is characterized by colonies effuse, brown or dark brown, hairy. Mycelium mostly immersed. Stroma none. Setae and hyphopodia absent. Conidiophores macronematous, mononematous,
straight or flexuous, unbranched, often swollen at the base, brown or dark brown, smooth. Conidiogenous cells integrated,
terminal, polyblastic, sympodial, cylindrical, denticulate, the
conidia being borne at the ends of long, sometimes twisted, narrow, cylindrical pedicels or separating cells. Conidia
solitary, usually pendulous, acropleurogenous, simple, clavate,
ellipsoidal, fusiform, iimoniform, obovoid or pyriform, septate, brown, often with one or more cells paler than the others, smooth
except in one species in which they are sometimes verrucose.
Lectotype species : Brachysporium obovatum (Berk.) Sacc.
The genus is represented by only one species from India.
Uppal, Patel and Kamat (1935) reported B. arecae (Berk, and Br.)
Sacc, from the State of Maharashtra. l'/9
Brachysporium masonii Hughes
Naturalist, Hull. : 1951.
Fig. 92.
Colonies effuse, brownish, hairy, mycelium immersed. Goni- diophores macronematous, mononematous, straight, unbranched, often swollen at the base, brown or dark brown, smooth, 320-400 x
10-15 Rm. Gonidia nearly all 4-septate, 32-36 x 16-18 i^m, cell at each end hyaline or pale, middle cells brown.
Collected on rotting branches of Colebrookea oppositifolia
Sm. at Karnala on 29th September, 1981. Leg. PGJ. MR-FI. 78.
The fungus is rf^corded on rotten wood and bark of beech.
Chestnut, oak, Frunus avium etc. from Great Britain. Ellis
11971) described nine species of this genus.
Exosporiella Karsten
Finl. Mogelsv. I6O-I6I, 1892.
Colonies effuse, black. Mycelium immersed. No true stroma but hyphae are closely interwoven to form a pseudostroma. Setae and hyphopodia absent. Uonidiophores close together forming a pallisade, macronematous or semi-macronematous, mononematous, flexuous, branched, hyaline, smooth.Conidiogenous ceils mono- blastic, integrated and terminal or discrete, percurrent, cylindrical or doliiform. Gonidia solitary, dry, acrogenous,
simple, straight or slightly curved, ellipsoidal or cylindrical,
rounded at the apex, caudate at the base, usually 4-septate, ISO
smooth, the cells at each end hyaline, or pale brown, inter mediate cells brown tr dark brown.
Type species : Exosporiella I'ungorum IFr.) Karst.
The genus h^xosporiella is not so far reported from India.
(Bilgrami e^ aj.. , 1979, 1961). The genus is being reported for
the lirst time from India.
Exosporiella fici sp. nova.
Fig. 93.
Colony effuso nigra. Mycelio iminerso in ramae. Non eu
stromata et hypha arto intexereo efficero pseudostromatae. Setae
et hyphopcdiae noncompareae. Gonidiophore atro omnis efficero pallisade, micronemato vel semi-micronemato, mononematoe dividio, hyalinae, levis, magnitude 16-20 x 1-3 )4n,Gonidiogenous cellae monoblastae, necessario et quod vel discreteae, cylindriae.
Gonidia solitarae, aridus, acrogenae, simplicae recto vel minimo
curvatae, ellipsoidae vel cylindriciae apex orbisae, turpitero caudatae, 4-septate, levis, distal cellae hyalinae vel pallido brunnae medio cellae brunnae vel fusco brunnae, magnitude
25-26 X 10-13 m . .
In ramis mortuis Ficus bengalensis Linn, ad Khopoli on
lOth October, 1982. Leg. PGj. MR-FI. 73.
Colonies effuse, black. Mycelium immersed. No true stroma
but hyphae are closely interwoven to form a pseudostroma. Setae I S l
and hyphopodia absent. Gonidiophores close together forming a pallissde, flexuous, branched, hyaline, smooth, 16-20 x 1-3
Conidia solitary, dry, simple, slightly curved, ellipsoidal cylindrical, rounded at the apex, caudate at the base, 4-septate, smooth, middle cells brown to dark brown and end cells are hyaline, 25-28 x 10-13
On dead stems of Ficus bengalensis Linn, from Khopoli on
10th October, 1982. Leg. FGJ. MR-FI. 73.
Sr.No. Name of the fungus Conidiophore Conidia
1. E. fungorum (Fr.) U-V Rn 23-35 X Karst. thick 7-9
2. E. fici 16-20 x 25-28 X sp. nov. 1-3 Hm 10-13
As Conidicphore and conidia are not matching with the type species of Exosporiella. the present collection is accommodated under a new taxon viz. E. fici sp. nov.
Genus - Helicomyces Link
Obs. Myc., 1 : 19,: 1809,
The genus helicomyces was erected by Link in 1809 with
H. roseus Lk. as its type species. The genus is characterized by helicosporous solitary hyaline conidia produced on sympodially prolilerated conidiogenous cells which resemoles vegetative hyphae, 182
The genus is cosmopolitan in distribution.
Helicomyces fuscopes 1= fuscipes) Linder
Missouri Bot. Gard, Ann., 16 : 15, 1931.
i*'ig. 94.
Colonies brown to grayish brown, irregular, extending upto
3-4.5 cm on the substratum. Mycelium consists of yellowish brown to dilute fuscous, branched, septate, 5-7 broad, anastomosing hyphae from which conidiophores arise. Gonidiophores simple, light brown to yellowish brown, gradually loosing colour apically, cylindrical, 5-8 septate, 25-55 long, k~7 broad at the base, producing oval to short cylindrical, hyaline to subhyaline projections, arise apically and laterally on the conidiophores. Conidia produced from the conidiogenous cells of conidiophores. Gonidia 1Sympodulospores) coiled 1.5 - 3.5 times hyaline to subhyaline, with a diameter of 16-25 and
2. 5-3. 5 t^m broad filament.
Collected on decaying wood of unidentified host at Chaul on
13tb September, 1982. Leg. t^GJ. Mrt-FI. 80.
The present fungus is nearer to Helicomyces roseus Link and
Helicomyces hyderabadense Raghuveer Rao and Dev Rao, but differs from them in conidial diameter and breadth of the filament.
The present taxon forms an addition to the fungi of
Maharashtra State. 1 8 3
Genus - Heltninthosporium Link ex Fries
Syst. Mycoi. } : 354, 1832.
= Exosporium Link
Mag, Ges. naturf. Fruende, Berlin, } : 10, 1809.
Mycelium composed of branched, septate, brownish hyphae.
Conidiophores mostly simple, erect, septate, Gonidia phaeo-
phragmospores, produced singly from a pore at the tip of the
conidiophore and oiten also from similar pores laterally on the
upper part of the conidiophore.
Type species - Helminthosporium velutinum Link ex Fries
= helminthosporium ciliare (Bull, ex Fries) Hughes
This is a widely occurring genus and represented by 84
species from India. 15 species are reported from the State of
Maharashtra,
Helminthosporium siwalikum Subram.
J. Indian bot. Soc. ' 457, f, 4, 1956.
= Helminthosporiujn obclavatum Massee
Kew Bull. 166, 1899,
Fig. 95.
Colonies effuse, spreading and covering the substratum,
black, consisting of an abundance of crov/ded conidiophores.
Conidiophores simple, erect, straight or bent, cylindrical,
600-900 long, stromatic at the base, 13-15,5 H-m wide
immediately above the stromatic base, 10,5-12 H-m wide in the 18k middle and 9-11,5 Hn wide at the tip which is rounded and has a distinct scar showing the point of attachment of the fallen conidium, brown, darker below, paler above, thick walled and many septate. Gonidia produced acrogenously and singly at the tips of the conidicphores, obclavate, widest nearer the base than above, tapering above into a somewhat prolonged, narrow, cylindrical tip, 9-15 septate, pale to golden brown in colour, thick called sometimes constricted at one or more septa, and each having a prominent, flat dark scar at the base indicating the point of attachment to the conidiophore, 70-90 |im long,
17-19.2 wide in the middle, 5.5-6.5 wide at the apex and
11-13 Km wide at the flat base.
Collected on dried branches of Carissa congesta Linn, from
Salav on 23rd September, 1982. Leg. FGJ. iviR-FI. 74.
Subramanian (1956) recorded this fungus as Helminthosporium obclavatum Massee. Butler and Bisby (1931) reported this fungus from various localities from India,
The present taxon forms as addition to the fungi of
Maharashtra State and host constitutes an additional record.
Genus - Melanographium Sacc.
Annls. Mycol., 11 : 557-558, 1913.
Basicnyms - Sporostachys Sacc.
Attl. Accad. Scient. \^aneto-trent. istriana Ser. 3,
10 : 92, 1919. 185
= Pseudocamptoum i*'ragoso and Ciferri
Boin. R. aoc. esp. Hist. Nat., 2| : 453-455, 1925.
The genus is characterized by colonies effuse, dark, tufted,
bristly or velvety. Mycelium immersed. Stroma all immersed or
partly superficial, prosenchymatous or pseudoparenchymatous. Setae
and hyphopodia absent. Conidiophores macronematous, mcnonematous,
caespitose or synnematous, unbranched, straight or flexuous,
brown, smooth. Conidiogenous cells polybiastic, integrated,
terminal, sympodial, cylindrical or clavate, cicatrized but scars
thin and not easily seen. Gonidia solitary, dry, acropleurogenous,
seldom found attached, simple, frequently reniform but may be ellipsoidal, limoniform, obovoid or pyriiorm, brown, smooth or verrucose, 0 septate, olten with a hyaline germ slit.
Type species - Melano.^raphium selenioides (Sacc. and Paoletti)
hillis 1= M. spleniosporum oacc.)
Key to the species of Melanographium described in this work,
Gonidia 12-18 |4n broad, b r o w n ...... M. cookei.
Gonidia 6-13 Wn broad, faint brown ...... M. citri.
Melanographium citri (Frag, and Gif.) Ellis
Mycol. Pap., 21 : 21-23, 1963.
Basionym - Pseudocomptoum citri (Fragoso and Giferri) M.B. Ellis
Bot. soc. esp. Hist. nat., 2| : 454, 1925. 186
Synonyms : Oamptoum palrnarum Boedijn
Rec. i'rav. bot. neeriand. , 26 : L32, 1929.
= Nlonotospora renilormis Teng.
Gontr. bioi. lab. sci. soc. China, Bot. Ser. 8 : 1+2, 1932.
Melanosraphium trachycarpi Hino and Katumoto apud Katumoto.
0. jap. Bot. hot., : 29b, 1962.
Fig. 96; M a t e Fig. 18 : 103.
Uolonies el'luse, velvety or tuited, dark brownish black,
atroma mostly immersed, lower part colourless, upper part mid to
dark brown, 50-100 i^m high, '/0-'^50 wide. Gonidiophores in
loose to moderately dense but never tightly compacted, erect
lascicies, 120-250 (im broad, pale to dark brown, 1000-1200 t^m
long. Gonidia curved renilorm, iaint brownish black, smooth,
oi'ten with a hyaline longitudinal slit, 16-18 x 9-11 Mm.
Goilected on deaa twig of Garissa carandus L,inn. From Chaul
on li+th August, 1981 and Karnala on 28th December, l9bl. Leg. PGJ.
WK-FI. 13.
Only live species of Melanographium are so far known from
different parts of the world. M. citri comes close to M.
fascicuiatum Hughes and M. cookei M.B.Ellis, but differs from
them having curved or reniform conidia that are distinctly
smaller. M. citri is known to occur on dead wood and bark oi
various trees mainly from tropical parts of the world
(M.B. Ellis, 1971).
Munjal and Kapoor (1973) reported this fungus from Himalayas, 187
There is no previous record of this species from Maharashtra iKamat ^ , 19/1). Therefore, it forms a new addition to the fungi of Maharashtra and host constitutes an additional new record.
Melanographium cookei M.B. iiillis
Mycol. Fap., : 72-77, 1953.
Fig. 97.
Colonies effuse, velvety or tufted, dark blackish brown.
Stroma mostly immersed, lower part colourless, upper part mid to dark brown, 6O-I3O i^m high, 6O-3OO nm wide. Gonidiophores arising from the upper cells of the stromata in loose to moderately dense but never tightly compacted, dark brown, erect fascicles which are t^ilO urn broad, conidiophores simple, straight or flexuous, pale brown to dark brown, paler at the tips, smooth walled, septate, 550-700 long, 4-5.5 thick at the base, expanding graaually to 5-0.5 M-m near the apex.Conidia formed singly at the apex of the conidiophore at the tips of successive new growing points which develop immediately below and to one side of the previous terminal conidium, curved, reniform or elliptical, one celled, dark brown, with a hyaline longitudinal slit, smooth lg-22 X 12-18 fim.
Collected on dead twigs of Carissa carandus Linn, at Chaul on 28th December, 1981. Leg. PGJ. MR-FI. 13 A.
The fungus is reported from Australia, Ghana, Sierra, Leone,
Sudan. There is no previous record of this species from India
(Bilgrami et al., 19/9, 1981). Therefore, it forms a new addition 188
$ to the fungj- oi' India and host constitutes an additional new record.
Genus - Memnoniella Hohnel
Zentbl. Bakt. Parasitkde, Abt. 2, 60 : 16-17, 1923,
Colonies eifuse, black, velvety or powdery. Mycelium all immersed or partly superficial. Stroma none, i^etae and hyphopodia absent. Conidiophores macronematous, mononematous, unbranched or occasionally forked, sometimes swollen at the apex, pale to mid grey, olivaceous or brown, smooth or minutely verruculose, often covered in part with dark granules. Gonidiogenous cells mono- phialidic, discrete, in groups upto 10 at the apex of the stipe, determinate, clavate, pyriform, cylindrical or ellipsoidal, usually with a small opening and no collarette. Gonidia catenate, acrogenous, simple, spherical, subspherical sometimes slightly flattened in one plane or hemispherical, grey, dark brown or blacjj, smooth or verrucose.
Type species - Memnoniella aterrima Hohnel
Memnoniella echinata (Hiv.), Galloway
The genus Memnoniella is represented by four species from
India.
Memnoniella levispora Subram.
j. Indian bot. Soc., 21 • ^0-2, f. 5, 195^.
Fig. 98. 189
Colonies black, velvetty to floccose, later powdery of
variable size, Hyphae hyaline to subhyaline, septate, 2-4
thick. Gonidiophores erect, straight or bent, hyaline at the
base and greenish to greenish black above, mostly 2-3 septate,
30-52 X 3. 2-3. 5 4-5 broad at the base, the swollen apex,
5.5-7 broad, phialides arising from the swollen apex, hyaline,
of characteristic shape (bottle shape) 6-7 x 2,5-4 Mm. Conidia black, globose, smooth walled, mostly 5.5-7 Hm in diameter,
produced basipetally from the tips of phialides in chains, chains
upto 8-9 conidia, breaking up into single conidia or short chains
of conidia.
Collected on dead leaves Man^ifera indica Linn, at Chaul on
23rd September, 19B1 and Shriwardhan on ISth August, 19S2,
Leg, PGJ. Subramanian (1954), l^iunjal and Kapoor (1963) Rehana
Begum et al, (19/8) reported this fungus from various localities
of India. MR-FI. 77.
It is a new addition to the fungi of Maharashtra State and 9 host constitutes new record.
Paathramaya Subramanian
J. Indian bot, Soc., 21 • 68-70, 1956,
The genus is characterized by Colonies effuse, dark brown
or blackish brown, with numerous scattered synnemata. Mycelium
imrrjersed. Stroma not seen. Setae and hyphopodia absent, Conidio-
phores macronematous, synnematous, splaying out to form a brush 190 like head, straight or flexuous, straw coloured or pale brown, smooth, lower part cylindrical, sterile, upper part clavate, fertile, bearing conidiogenous vesicles at the apex and along the sides. Conidiogenous vesicles usually constricted at the base and not cut off by septa, monoblastic, discrete, determinate, at first spherical, collapsing to become calyciform when conidia are released. Conidia solitary, dry, acrogenous (one to each vesicle), simple, ellipsoidal to sub-spherical, very dark brown, smooth, 0 septate.
Type species - Paathramava sunaara Subram.
The name Paathramaya is a Sanskrit derivation from Paathra means vessel or cup, and maya means with many or full of. It is a very beautiful fungus. The genus is of rare occurrence and has only two species viz. P. sundara Subram., P. drewsi iDominic (1969) and one variety of P. sundara var, microspora Ghiplunkar (1970),
Paathramaya sundara Subram.
J.Indian bot. Soc., - 70, 1956.
Fig. 99.
Fungus forming numerous scattered dark to blackish brown synnemata, each with globose capitate head consisting of closely aggregated free ends of conidiophores and conidia produced on them. Each synnema with an erect stalk composed of numerous, closely parallel, unbranched, septate, sub hyaline to pale brown hyphae, which appear dark boown in mass, stalk of each synnema 191 sub cylindrical 450-650 long, 210-240 thick at the base,
155-1/5 thick in the middle, and 150-155 H'm thick immediately b ^ w the head. Head concolorous with the stalk, fan shaped in relatively young fructifications, but somewhat hemispherical or irregularly subglobose when mature, and consisting of closely aggregated free ends of conidiophores, 350-400 ^m across and
180-200 fim tall, Conidiophores unbranched, few septate, sub hyaline individuaily but brownish in mass, non-septate, sub in the upper part which alone is fertile, thick walled with wavy margins, somewhat cylindrical, of variable length, the length of fertile part being upto 180-200 Hm, 8-11 Hm broad in the fertile region, and upto 6-8 i^m broad below. Each conidiophore terminating in a conspicuous cup-like protuberance subtended by a constriction and having also many similar cup-like protuberances arising from scattered points laterally all over the fertile part. The acrogenous and pleurogenous cup-like structures concolorous with the conidiophore, the former
14.5-16 X 9-12 and the latter 6-'/ x 5-7 l^. Conidia produced singly at the tips of the acrogenous and pleurogenous cup-like protuberances, one celled dark brown round to oval in shape, smooth, thick waited, noncatenate, 22-27 x 15-20 M^m diameter.
Collected on dead tv/ig of Woodfordia floribunda Salisb. at
Karnala on 28th September, 1982. Leg. PGJ. MR-FI. 3^.
Host constitutes a new record for this fungus. 192
Genus - Periconia Tode ex Schweinitz
Synopsis Fungorum Carolinae Superioris, p. 125, 1822.
= Sporoc^be Fries
Systema orbis vegetabilis, p. 1?0, 1825.
= Sporodum Gorda
Icon. Fung., 1, 18, 1837.
= Trichocephallum Costantin
Les Mucedine’es Simples, p. 106, 1888.
= Berkeleyna 0. Kuntze
Revisio Generum Plantarum, 2(2): Uk'/, 1898.
= Trichobotrys Penz. and Sacc.
Malpighia, I'l : 245, 1901.
= Pachytrichum Sydow
Ann. Mycol. Berl., 2| : 420, 1925.
The genus Periconia is characterized by Colonies effuse or
in a few species, small and compact, gray, brown, olivaceous
brown or black, hairy, Mycelium mostly immersed but sometimes
partly superficial. Stroma frequently present, mid to dark brown,
pseudoparenchymatous. Separate setae absent but in a few species
the apex of the conidiophores is sterile and setiform. Hyphopodia
absent. Conidiophores macronematous and sometimes also micro-
nematous, mononematous. Macronematous conidiophores mostly with a
stipe and spherical head, looking like round headed pins, branches
present or absent, stipe straight or flexuous, in one species
torsive, pale to dark brown, often appearing black and shining
by reflected light, smooth or rarely verrucose, sometimes the apex 193 is sterile and setiform. Conidiogenous cells monoblastic or polyblastic discrete on stipe and branches, determinate, ellipsoidal, spherical or subspherical. Gonidia catenate, chains often branched, arising at one or more points on the curved surface of the conidiogenous cell, sim.ple, usually spherical or subspherical, occasionally ellipsoidal, oblong or broadly cylindrical, pale to dark brown, veruculose or echinulate,
0 seotate.
Type species - Periconia lichenoides Tode ex M e ’rat.
The genus Periconia was proposed by Tode in l'/91 in his
’Fungi Mecklenburgenses slecti’, facs., 2, p. 2. A detailed account ol' the genus and species was, however, first given by
Mason and Ellis (1V53) in their publication : ’British species of Periconia’. Subramanian (1955, 1957a) gave an account of
Indian species of Pericpnia. In his publications he described lU species of which 7 were new while the other seven were recorded for the first time from India. Raghuveer Rao and Dev
Rao (1964) described 20 species of Periconia from Hyderabad of which 11 were described as new. Besides these major contributions, there are several stray reports of different species found in various parts of India. So far fortythree species of Periconia are reported to occur in India, and only six species are reported from the State of Maharashtra. 194
Key to the species of Periconia described in this work.
(A) Conidiophores 200-1+00 |4n long or occasionally upto 2 mm.
1. Conidia spherical brown, verrucose, 10-1$
diameter ...... P. byssoides.
2. Conidia spherical, straw coloured to pale brown
verruculose, 4-6 (occasionally 7) |im
diameter ...... P. minutissima.
Periconia byssoides Pers. ex. M e ’rat.
Nouv. FI. Environs Paris, Ed. 2, 1 : 16-19, 1621.
Basionyms - Stilbum byssoides (Pers.) Sprengel
Lime's Systema vegetabilum, ed. 16, ^ : 456, 1627.
= Sporocybe byssoides (Pers.) Fries
Syst. Mycol., 3, 2 : 3U, 1632.
Synonyms - Periconia pycnospora Fres
Beitrage Zur Mykologie, 1 : 20, 1650.
= Periconia botrytiformis Fres
Beitrage Zur Mykolcgie, 2 : 72, 1652.
= Periconia parasitica Tilak
Mycopath. Mycol. appal., 2 * 194-96, 165S.
= Periconia ipomoeae Rao
Mycopath. Mycol. appal., 12 : 332-334, 1962.
= Periconia xanthicola Rao
Mycopath. Mycol. appal., 12 • 332-334, 1962.
Fig. 101. 195
Colonies black, hairy, f-'^ycelium embedded in the substratum.
Hyphae septate, smooth walled, branched. Stroma partly embedded, dark brown. Macronematous conidiophores arise singly or in small groups. Stipe straight or flexuous, dark, brown, 3OO-HOO long, 15-25 H-m thick at the base, 8-12 immediately below the head, with a subhyaline apical cell. Sporogenous cells borne on apical cell of the conidiophore and also in the collar region, hyaline and smooth walled at first, later becoming brown and rough walled. Conidia spherical, brown, verrucose, 10-15 l^m in size, with wall U' to 2 thick.
Collected on dead stem of unidentified host at Poladpur on
19th June, 1962 and Pali on l?th August, 1982. Leg. PGJ. MR-FT.6 7 .
P. byssoides is the most common species widely distributed all over the world and found growing saprophytically usually on dried herbaceous stems.
Subramanian (195^), Agarwal and Hasija (1961), Tilak and
Vis-'Aanathan (I960), Munjal and Kapoor (1963), Raghuveer Rao and
Dev Rao (196/4), Karan D. (1966), Ponappa (196?, 1968), Anahosur and Fazalnoor (19/2), reported this fungus from different localities of India.
Periconia minutissima Corda
Icon. fung., 1 : 19, 1837.
Basionym - Periconia fusca Gorda f. mirutissima (Corda) Rabenh
Kryptogamenf1., 1 : 119, 1844. 196
Synonyms = Oedemium tomentosujii Corda
Icon fung., 1 : 19, 1837.
= Periconia chlorocephala tresen. f. minor Sacc.
Fungi ital., 889, 1881.
Fig. 100; Plate Fig. 18 : 104.
Colonies dark brown to black, hairy, mycelium partly
embedded. Hyphae pale brown, smooth, branched, septate, stromata
absent, macronem.atous conioiophores arise singly or in groups of
2-3.Stipe straight or flexuous, often swollen at the base,
tapering towards the apex, black, smooth, upto 8 septate, 90-380
Hm long, 12-20 |xm wide at the base, 5-9.5 l^m wide immdiately below the head, branched below the tip, the branches arising
singly or 2 or 3 together, immediately below the septa, branches
at first appressed, later spreading, often with 2-3 secondary
branches, which are smooth and subhyaline at their tips. Conidial
heads ovoid to spherical, brown, 55-95 in diairieter. Conidia
produced in branched chains, usually 2-5 in each chain, on both
primary and secondary branches, often borne on ovoid sporogenous
cells, sometimes produced directly on the branches of vegetative
hyphae. Conidia spherical, faint brown,thick walled, verruculose,
5. 5-6. 5 in diameter.
Collected on dried twigs and leaves of unidentified plant
at Karjat on li+th August, 1981 and Bhira on 23rd November, 1982.
Leg. PGJ. MR-FI. 71. 197
The fungus is common and \^dely distributed on dead stems, twigs, leaves and other plant parts, usually close to or on the ground.
Subrtmanian (1954), Tandon and Chandras (1963-64),Raghuveer
Rao and Dev Rao (1964), ^''ath^tl' and Prakash (1976) reported this fungus from the different localities of India.
Genus - Septonema Gorda
Icon. fung., I, 9, f. 147, 1837.
The genus is characterized by mycelium composed of mostly superficial, subhyaline to brown, septate, branched hyphae.
Conidiophores arising singly or in groups, simple, rarely forked at the base, subhyaline to pale brovm, septate. Conidia produced in long acropetal chains at the tip of the conidiophore or laterally in branched chains, breaking apart at maturity, somewhat cylindrical or variable in shape, with two or more transverse septa, brown in colour.
Type species - Septonema secedens Gorda
The diagnostic feature of this genus is the fungi are thread like with the cross walls. The genus is represented by six species from India. Subramanian (1956) reported only one species (S. bombayense Sbbram.) from the State of Maharashtra.
Septonema harknessii (Ellis) Hughes
Ganad. J. Bot., 31 : 5^5, 1953. 19S
— Dendryphion harknessii Ellis in Ellis and Harkn., 1881.
Fig. 102.
Colonies dark olivaceous, gregarious. Gonidiophores arising from repent hyphae, closely crowded, erect, straight or curved, septate, dark brown in colour, cylindrical, simple, branched toward the tip, merging into the conidial chains which are acrogenous, 350-400 x 10-15 i^m. Gonidia produced acrogenously on the conidiophore, breaking apart readily, cylindrical, 3-^ septate, 80-85 x 7-12 m in chains of 3~6.
Collected on the branches of Golebrookea oppositifolia Sm. at Karnaia on 23rd September, 1981. Leg. PGJ. MR-FI. 92.
The fungus exactly tallies with Septcnema harknessii but differs in conidial measurements. The conidial length is more.
Subramanian (1956) reported this fungus from Madras.
The present species is a new record to the fungi of
Maharashtra State and host constitutes new record.
Genus - Stilbum Tode ex Fries
Syst. Mycol., | • 299, 1832.
= Stilbella Lindau
In Engler and Prantl's M e naturlichen Pflanzenfam.
I. 1 : 489, 1900.
Genus Stilbuiri was proposed by Tode (1/90) with S. vulaare as its type species and also five other species. Fries (1832) in his 199 treatment on this genus included 22 species and placed the genus under the group hyphomycetes. Lindau (1900) proposed the name
Stilbella which was subsequently rejected by Wakei'ield and Bisby
(1941) and Mains (1948).
The genus is characterized by synnemata with a stalk and a head, white or bright coloured. Stalk composed of parallel, closely compacted hyphae, becoming free above. Gonidia produced singly at the tips of the conidiophores (ultimate branches ol' the hyphae of the synnemata becoming iree above), one celled, slimy, forming a gelatinous mass at the tip of the stalk, hyaline, sometimes bright coloured in mass.
It is interesting to note that this genus is represented by about 200 species all over the world. In India, however, eight species have been recorded by various workers including Currey
(1874), Subba Rao (1938) and Kapoor and Munjal (1966).
Stilbum nanum Massee
Kew Bull. p. 112, 1898.
Fig. 103.
Synnemata minute, hardly 0.5 mm tall, gregarious yellowish.
Stipe thin, concolorous. Head yellowish, globose or obovate, conidia many, copious minute, hyaline, one celled, elliptical, enclosed in mucus 5 x 2.5 Mm.
Collected on dead petiole of Phoenix sylvestris Linn, from
Karnala on 15th August, 1981 and Chaul on 22nd November, 1962.
Leg. FGJ. Mii-KI. 76. 200
Butler (1918), Fetch {1907-192?) reported this fungus on leaves and branches of living Thea sinensis.
The fungus is being reported for the first time from the
State of Maharashtra and host constitutes an additional nev; record.
Genus - Tharoopama Subram.
J. Indian bot. 5oc., 35 : &L-b5, f. 16, 19b5.
The genus is characterized by synnemata superficial, erect, with well defined stalk and head, stalk erect, subcylindrical, fertile above, composed of closely aggregated, parallel, unbranched, septate brown hyphae. Individual hyphae of synnema progres::ively becoming free in the fertile part of stalk, diverging from the stalk to form conidiophores. Gonidiophores subhyaline to brown, septate, branched once, twice or thrice.
Ultimate branches alone fertile, one celled, geniculate toward the apex. Gonidia produced acrogenously and single at the tips of ultimate branches or form successive new growing points arising from immediately below the scar of a fallen conidium, hyaline, globose, one celled.
Type species - Tharoopama trina Subram.
The name Tharoopama is a Sanskrit, oerived from Tharu means tree, and upama means like or resembling. This fungus apoears to be a miniature tree. 201
The genus Tharoopama is represented by only two species from India.
Tharoopama trina Subram.
J. Indian bot.Soc., : 84-65, f. 16, 1965.
Fig. 10i4-, Plate Fig. 1& : 105.
Synneraata scattered, superl'icial, erect with a well defined short, single stalk and an apical head. Synnemata 0.6-2.2 cm tall, and the apical heads upto 1-1.2 mm in diam.eter. Stalk of synnema dark brown, subcylindrical, simple, swollen at the base, with lovv’er sterile and upper fertile part, made up of numerous, closely aggregated, brown, unbranched, septate, parallel, hyphae upto 3~^>5 thick. Stalks 0.5-1 mm long, 90-140 i^m thick at the base and 40-/5 l^m thick above. Individual hyphae of synnema progressively become free in the upper fertile region of each stalk and diverge from the main stalk to form the conidiophores.
Gonidiophores brown in colour but become progressively paler and finally hyaline towards the tips, 100-340 (J^m long, 3-8 thick, straight, bent or curved, septate, branched repeatedly. Ultimate branches alone fertile, one celled, 15-30 P-m long, 3-4 wide, geniculate towards the apex. Conidia hyaline, globose, sm.ooth, one celled 3-4 l^m in diameter, produced acrogenously and singly at the tips of ultimate one celled branches or from successive new growing points immediately below the scar of the fallen conidi um. 202
Collected on dried leaves of Ficus bengalensis Linn, and
Terminalia belerica Roxb. at Shivtharghal on 2nd January, 1982
and Poladpur on 18th August, 1962. Leg. PGJ. MR-FI. 20.
Genus - Volutella Tode ex Fries
Syst. Mycol., 1 : 466, 1832.
The genus Volutella Tode ex Fries is characterized by the presence of discoid or globose pulvinate sporodochia with marginal dark setae. Setae are olivaceous black, septate, with obtuse tips, thick walled. Gonidiophores short, simple filiform, fasciculate. Gonidia acregenous, cylindrical fusoid, ovoid to oblong, one celled, hyaline.
This genus is represented by eight species in India, out of which two are reported from the State of Maharashtra.
Volutella fici sp. nov.
Fig. 105.
Sporodochia superficialis, discoidis, sessilis, 250-275 H-m diameter, cinctus atra setae, 150-200 x 3. 5-5 H^m. Gonidiophores compactus, hyalinis, conidia obiongis vel arcuatus, hyalinis, continuis, 2-3 guttulatis, 25-27, 5 x 2-2, 5 H-m.
In Follis vivis Ficus benpalensis Linn, ad Ghaul,
29th Octobris, 1981. Leg, FGJ. MR-FI. 91.
Sporodochia superficial, disc shaped, sessile, 250-275
diameter, with long dark setae at the margin, 150-200 x 3.5-5 203
Conidiophores simple, in compact pallisade, hyaline. Conidia oblong to slightly curved, hyaline, one celled, 2-3 guttulate,
25-27. 5 X 2-2.5 H-m.
On living leaves of Ficus ben.galensis Linn, from Chaul on
29th October, 1982. Leg. PGJ. MR-FI. 91.
Species Sporodochia ■^etae Conidia
1. Volutella lini - 57.75-96. 25 x 19.2-21 X Mukerjii, 5.75- 7.7 t^m h~8 |im J-ewari and Rai
2. Volutella fici 250-275 1^. 150-200 X 25-27. 5 X sp. nov. 3.5-5 2-2.5
The present collection is comDarable in its conidial measurements with that of Volutella lini Mukerjii, Tewari and
Rai while it differs with Volutella lini in having bigger septate setae. Hence a nev; species is created and named as Volutella ft cl sp. nov.
Genus - Volutina Penzig and Saccardo
Malpighia 1| : 257, 1902.
The genus is characterized by sporodochia obconical-hemi-
spherical, superficial, bright coloured, provided with pale
coloured setae. Setae simple, subulate, septate. Hyphae of sporo- dochium radiating, for'ming concentric strata one over another,
and composed of conidiophores. Conidiophores simple, bacillar.
Conidia cylindrical, one cellea, hyaline, catenate. 204
Type species - Volutina concentrica Penzig and Saccardo
The genus is represented by only two species from India and one species from the State of Maharashtra, i.e. V. indlca Rao and Anahosur (1V71).
Volutina concentrica Penzig and Saccardo
Malpighia i| : 257, 1902.
Fig. 10b.
Sporodochia sparse or gregarious, sessile but slightly narrowea toward the base, pale in colour, 325-450 diameter, setose. Setae radiating, cuspidate, septate, hyaline, thin to thick, walled, 40L-475 x 5-6 Mm. Sporodochial hyphae radiating and diverging, forming concentric strata aperimposed, over one another, compact.Gonidiophore straight, small, hyaline, 6-11 x
2-2.5 Km. Gonidia cylindrical truncate at both ends, hyaline, catenate, o .t 'S x 1-2 nn.
Collected on decayed leaves of Ficus bengalensis Linn, at
Khcpoli-ghat on 15th July, 1981. Leg. FGJ. MR-FI. 6S.
It is first time recorded from the State of Maharashtra and host constitutes an additional new record.
Genus - Zy^oscorium Mont.
Ann. Sci. nat. 2, i7 : 121, 205
Synonyms = Frimina Grove
J. Bot. Lena. 26 : 206, 1868.
= Urobasidium Giesenhagen
Flora, Jena, '/6 : 139, l t 9 2 .
= Urophiala Vuillemin
Bull.Soc. Sci. Nancy 3, 11 : 158, 1910.
The genus is characterized by repent hyphae, subhyaline to pale brown, indistinctly septate or clearly septate, individual cells or rows ol' cells of the hyaline hyphae broadening and turning brown sometimes, i'ertile hypha or conidiophore resembling a bill hook and designated a flax. Falces sessile and borne on undifferentiated repent hyphae or borne on an intermediate differentiated hypha; the falciphore. i*'lsx composed of a stalk or stipe which may be one celled or septate, a dark coloured vesicle and two to four sporogenous cells borne on the vesicle.
Conidia^ produced singly at the tips of the sporogenous cells as blown out ends of the cells, one celled, hyaline to subhyaline, ellipsoid, oval or spherical. Falciphore simple or branched, septate, usually fuscous below, but with the apical cell hyaline to subhyaline and with slightly swollen tip.
Type species - Zygosporium oscheoldes Mont,
The genus Zygosporium is represented by only six species from. India. 206
Zygosporiuin oscheoides Mont.
Ann. Sci. nat., 2, 1/ : 121, 1842.
Synonyms = Gladotrichujn passiflorae Pirn.
Gdnrs. Chron. N.S. 2^ : 724, f, 1885.
ZygosDorium. poraense Vincens.
Bull. Soc. Path. Veg. Fr., 2 : 19, 1915.
= Zygosporium blighiae Frag, and Gif.
Bol. Soc. esp. Hist, nat., 2'/ : 332, 1927.
Fig. 107; Plate Fig. 18 : 106.
Colonies effuse, blackish brown, hypophyllous. Repent hyphae light brown, clearly septate and upto 3.5-4 wide. Gonidiorihore consisting of a more or less upright, simple main axis
(i-alciphore) bearing, singly and laterally, specialized branches
Ifalces) with one or more sporogenous cells at the distal end; falciphore, erect, simple, tapering uoward, concolorous, with hyphae except for the apical subhyaline cell 2 to a few septate,
26-48 long, about 2.5-3 M'HI wide at the base. Falces arising normally at a right angle as lateral branches, one from the base of each falciphore. Stipe one celled, usually obconic, concolorous, 3-5 P-m long, 2.5-3.5 Hmwide. Vesicle opaque, blackish brown to black, strongly curved, broadly clavate or quarter to half moon shaped in side view, 8.5-10.5 long,
7-8 thick in the broadest part, at its apex are two truncate conical projections one on either side of a median sinus, each bearing a sporogenous cell, Sporogenous cells at first oval, 2.0/
later obpyrifcrm, soon forming an acute apex and sometimes a
tapering neck, I'inaiiy caducous, 3.5-5.5 x 2.5-3 M-m in size.
Conidia solitary, produced as blown cut ends Irom the sporogenous cells, oval, smooth, hyaline, one celled, 6-8 x 4-5 f^m in size.
Gollpcted on dead leaves of Agave americana Linn, at Karnala on 23rd November, 1981 and Karjat on 10th February, 1982.
Leg. PGJ. MR-FI. 69.
Subramanian (1952), Khare (1975), Rao (1963), Pande and
Patwardhan (1966) reported this fungus from the various localities from India.
Genus - Botryodiplodia Sacc.
5yll. Fung., I : 377, 1864.
The genus Bot.ryodiplodia has been established by Saccardo
(1884) with B. mali as its type species. The pycnidia of this genus are in dense clusters, immersed in a basal stroma,erumpent, between membranaceous and carbonaceous, often with a distinctly paipllate ostiole. Conidiophores short, oblong. Conidia oblong or obovoid, uniseptate, smoky brown,
Tnis "enus is represented by 16 species in India and two
species from f'laharsshtra State, Out of which B. theobrcmae Pat. is very common on variety of hosts.
B. ficina Syd.
Ann. Mycol., 1^ : 202, 1916.
Fig. log. 20S
Pycnostroina aggregated, erumpent, 0.5-1 mm diameter.
Pycnidia black, ostiolate, erumpent, 350-400 x 200-250 nm.
Conidiophore simple, short, 43-5 5 x 3-5 Immature conidia one celled, hyaline, becoming brown and uniseptate thick walled oval or broadly elliptical, 20-25 x V-13 Hm.
Collected on dry stem of Ficus bengalensis Linn, from Chaul on 19th July, 19fc2. Leg. PGJ. MR-FI. oy.
The fungus is new to India.
B. theobromae hat.
Sci. and Cult., 20 ; 533r 1954-1955.
P’ig. 109.
Stroma carbonous, paipllate, ostiolate, 190-400 x 170-370 ^471.
Pycnidia globose or subglobose, measure lbO-200 x 120-200 i^m.
Conidiophores hyaline, single celled more or less oblong or cylindrical, y-20 x 2-5 pm. Conidia colourless when young, becoming brov;n and uniseptate later, thick walled oval or broadly elliptical, 22-25 x fc-11 H-m.
B. theobromae Pat. is a common fungus in the tropics on variety of hosts.
Genus - Gvtospora iiihrenb.
5yl. Berol. 28 ; 1818.
This cosmopolitan genus was erected by Ehrenberg with
Cytospora leucostoma (Pers.) Sacc, as the type species. 209
Over 400 species are reported till now and few are reported as
imperfect states of the Diaporthaceous genus Valsa Fr.
The genus Gytospora is characterized by conical to
verrucilorm stroma with irregularly formed locules together with
allantoid conidia form characteristic feature. The spores are
discharged in cirri or beads.
Indian records show that the genus is represented by over
15 species, mainly reported by Sydow and Butler (1916). Only
three species of this genus are reported from the State of
Maharashtra.
Key to the species of Gytospora described in this work.
(A) Stroma multilocular
conidia 5-7 x 2 i^m ...... C. carissae
(B) Stroma unilocular
conidia 9-13 x 3~4 ...... G. orthosiphonae
Gytospora carissae sp. nov.
Fig. 110.
Pycnidia immersa, globosa, stromatibus multilocularibus,
locularis irregularss, discreta, magnit 400-475 x 150-200 IJm, neck I0C-I50 X 55-65 i^. Gonidiophora simplicia vel hyalina
elongatis, magnit IO-I3 x 2 |*m. Gonidia hyalina, allantoides,
magnit 5-7x2 i^m. 210
In ramis emorthis Carissa carandas Linn. Ad Chaul on
19th January, 1982. Leg. PGJ. MR-FI. UO.
Pycnidia immersed, globose, stroma multilocular, locules irregular, discrete, measure 400-475 x 150-200 pm, neck 100-155 x
55-65 Hm. Conidiophores simple to hyaline, elongate, measure
10-13 X 2 f^m.Conidia hyaline, allantoid, measure 5-7 x 2 ni-m.
On dead stem of Carissa carandas Linn, fron^haul on 19th
January, 1982. Leg. PGJ. MR-FI. 40.
The fungus is found to be new to science on the basis of host specificity (Mathur, 1979).
Gytospora orthosiphonae sp. nov.
Fig. 111.
Pycnidia immersa, globosa, stromatibus, unilocularibus, magnit 160-190 x 165-lSO loculae discreta, map^nit 150-165 x
I5O-ISO |Jm. Conidiophora simplicia vel hyalina, elongatis, magnit 12-20 x 1-3 fim.Gonidia hyalina, allantoides, magnit
9-13 X 3-4 Nn.
In ramis em.crtuis Orthosjphon tomentosus Bth. ad Salav on
20th January, 1982. Leg. PGJ. MR-FI. 61.
Pycnidia immersed, globose, stroma unilocular, measure
160-190 X 165-180 i^m. Locules discrete, measure 150-165 x 150-160
Him, conidiophores simple, hyaline, elongate, measure 12-20 x 1-3
(im.Gcnidia hyaline, allantoid, measure 9-13 x 3-4 Hm. 211
On dead stem ol' Orthosiphon tomentosus Bth. from Salav. on
20th January, 19S2. Leg. PGJ. MR-FI. 61.
The fungus is found to be new to science on the basis of comparative morphological description and host specificity besides being reported on unreported host (Mather, 1979).
Genus - liiplodina iVestd.
Bull. Acad. Belg. Cl.iici. Nat. II, 2 : 562, 1857.
The genus was established by Westend in lfc57 with
0. microsperma (John.) Sutton as its type species. The genus is characterized by the presence of pycnidia mostly on stems, more rarely on leaves also, with a complete more or less uniform parenchymatous thick brown wall. Gonidiophores filiform, but often inconspicuous. Gonidia uniseptate, hyaline.
Six species of this genus are reported from India, and only one species viz. cassiicola Subhedar and Hao ( 1975) is reported from the State of Maharashtra.
D. asteracanthae sp. nov.
Fig. 113.
Pycnidia solitaria, erumpentia, ostiolata, non-stromatibus, magnit 150-160 x v5-90 p.m, conidiophora simplicia, brevia, b-12 X 1-2 i^m, conidia hyalina, uniseptata, ellipsoidea, magnit
4-5 X 1-2 H-m. 212
Typus lectus in ratnis mortuis Asteracantha lonp:ifolia Nees
ad Matheran on Uth July, 1982. Leg. PGJ. MR-FI. 56.
Pycnidia solitary, erumpent, ostlolate, non-stromatic, measure 150-150 x 75-90 |im. Conidiophores simple, short,
fc-12 X 1-2 (im, conidia hyaline, uniseptate, ellipsoid, measures
L-5 X 1-2 H-m.
Collected on Asteracantha longifolia Nees from Matheran on
4th July, 1982. Leg. PGJ. MR-FI. 56.
D. Pilyricidiae s d . nov.
Fig. 112.
Pycnidia solitaria, erumpentia, ostiolata, non-stromatibus, magnit 550-600 x 150-200 jim. Gonidiophora simnlicia, brevia,
20-25 X 2-3 Wn, conidia hyalina, uniseptata, ellipsoidea, magnit,
6-B X 2-3
Typus lectus in ramis mortuis Glyrlcida sp. ad Kho^oj i on
17th Uctobris, 1981. Leg. PGJ. MR-FI. 41.
Pycnidia solitary, erumpent, ostiolate, non-stromatic, measure 550-600 x 150-200 p.m. Conidiophores simple, short,
20-25 X 2-3 h'-fn. Conidia hyaline, uniseptate, ellipsoid, measure
6-8 x 2-3
Collected on Glyrlcida sp. from Khopoli on l7th Octotei:', 1981,
Leg. PGJ. MR-FT. 41. 213
The described speci^^s of Qiplodlna are new to science on the basis of comparative morphology and host specificicty Sutton
(1973), Mathur {19?9).
Genus - Jlothichiza Lib. em. Sacc. and Roum.
Hel. Lib., 1 : b27, 1S80.
The genus Hothichiza has been established in 18B0 with
D. sorbi Lib. ex. Roum. as its type species. The genus is characterized by Gonidiomata pycnidoid, scattered to gregarious, conical, unilocular to irr^''gularly loculate, glabrous, conidio- phores arising all round the locule from the innermost layer of a^ls of the wall, septate, hyaline. Gonidia amerosporous, ellipsoidal, slightly curved, hyaline, smooth walled, some older conidia subhyaline to pale brown with verruculose walls (Nag Raj and DiGosmo, 1976).
The genus is of rajf^ occurrence and represented by only the species from India. Golatkar (1976) reported Qothlchiza padi
Sacc, and Rouxn. from ^''ahabaleshwar, Maharashtra on dry stems of
Calotropis gigantea.
0. eucalypti sp. nov.
Fig. IIU.
Pycnidia separatus, qui-congrenarious, erumpentio ex liberbrious, quam. punctum comparitous in caluis inormis dehiscoerous, subcorticularis, subglobcsus ad orbis forraatus, fuscus, modus 250-350 x 1060-1150 Gonidiophore inconditus. 214 tenuis, hyaline, 5-B x 1 i^m. Conidio hyalineae, unicellarieae, ovoideae, cyiindrieae, levis cingereae, 2-3 t^m.
Typus lectus in ramis mortuis Eucalyptus globosus Linn, ad
Panvel on 23rd December, 1982, Leg, PGJ. MR-FT, 46.
Pycnida separate, gregarious, erurnpent from bark appearing as a minute specks on the stems, dehiscing irregularly, sub- cortical, subglobose to disc shaped, brown to dark brown, measuring 250-350 x 1060-1150 j^m. Conidiophore simple, hyaline, slender, measuring 5-8 x 1 H-m. Conidia hyaline, unicellular, ovoid to cylindrical, smooth walled measuring 2-3 ^m.
Collected on dead branches of Evcalyptus plobosus Linn, from Panvel on 23rd IJecember, 1982. Leg. PGJ. MR-FI. 1+6.
D. zizyphi sp. nov.
Fig. 115.
Pycnidia separatus, qui-congrenarious, erumpentio ex liberbrious, quam punctum comparitous in caulis, inormis dehiscoerous, subcorticularis, subglobosus ad orbis formatus, fuscus, modus 950-1050 x 5 50-600 }im. Conidiophore inconditus, tenuis, hyaline, 12-16 x 1-2 M.m. Conidio hyalineae, unicellularieae, ovoideae, cyiindrieae, levis, cingereae,
2 X 1.5 f^m.
Typus lectus in ramis mortuis Zizyphus .iu.juba Lam. ad Chaul on 2nd January, 1982. Leg. PGJ. WR-FT. 42. 215
Pycnidia separate, gregarious, erumpent from bark appearing as a minute dots on the stems, dehiscing irregularly, subcortical, subglobose to disc shaped, brown to dark brown, measuring
95O-IO5O X 55O-6OO (im. Conidiophore simple, hyaline, slender, measuring 12-16 x 1-2 M-m.
Conidia hyaline, unicellular ovoid to cylindrical, smooth walled measuring 2x1.5 t^m.
Collected on dead branches of Zizyphus .iu.iuba Lam. from
Chaul on 2nd January, 1982. Leg. PGJ . MR-FI. 42 •
Sr. Name of the Pycnidia Gonidiopho:re Conidia No. fungus
1. (li. sorbi - - 3-4 X Lib. ex Roum. 1-1.5 Hm
2. Ji. padi 40-90 x 9i:9-16.5 X 6.4-9.9 X Sacc. and Roum. 49-99 Jim 1-1.7 jJjn 1.7-3. 3
3. -0. eucalypti 1060-1150 X 5-B X 2-3 m sp. nov. 250-350 1
4. 0. zizyphi 950-1050 X 12-16 X 2 X 1.5 p-m sp. nov. 550-600 jJm 1-2 i^m
There is no known species of Oothichiza matching with the present collections as evident from the table, hence new species are created viz. e ucalypti and B. zizyohi. 216
Genus - jiothioreiia Sacc.
Michelia, 2 : 5, 1880.
The genus j^thioreila was established by Saccardo in 1880 with greg,aria Sacc. as its type species. The genus is characterised by Pycnostromata black, erumpent, multiloculate, the wall of which pseudoparenchymatous. Conidiogenous cells indistinct. Gonidia hyaline, oval.
It enjoys a world wide distribution in habit with over
150 knov.Ti species. From India, this genus is represented by only
9 species, and from Maharashtra only three species are reported.
B. fici Tilak
Mycooath. Mycol. appl., = 354-355, 1966.
Fig. 116.
Pycnidia in groups, scattered over, forming crusts at maturity, stroma cortical to sub-cortical, rupturing irregularly or at apex at maturity, 150-370 x 220-300 |i.m. Conidiophores short, sim.ple, hyaline, 12-16 x 3-5 i^m. From tip conidia are produced which are hyaline, oblong to ellipsoid, one celled,
19-25 X 6-12 released at iraturity in the central cavity.
Collected on dried stems of Ficus glomerata Linn, from
Panvel on 19th October, 1982. Leg. PGJ. MR-FT. 68.
Host constitutes an additional record for this fungus. 217
Genus - Haplosporeila Speg.
Fung. Arg. iii : 34, 188O.
Spegazini (1880) established this form genus with
Haplosporeila chlorostroma Speg. as its type species. The genus is characterized by globose, paipllate, pycnidia which are blackish brown in colour and arranged in tufts on a stroma or sianken in it.
Gcnidiophores linear, usually short. Conidia ovoid or oblong, continuous, fuligenous brown to dark, one celled, thick walled.
Generally saprophytic rarely pathogenic.
Petrak and Sydov/ (1926-1927) were the first to report over
70 species of Haplosporeila. being collected cn different hosts.
Later, Ahmad, Ahmad and Arshad (lv62, 1971, 1972) reported several species of Haplosporeila from West Pakistan.
The genus Haplosporeila Speg, is represented by 31 species from India, out of which 16 species are recorded from the State of Maharashtra.
Key to the species of Haplosporeila described in this work.
(A) Pycnostroma uniloculate conidia
24-28 X £-12 ...... H. canthii.
(B) Pycnostroma multiloculate conidia
16-20 X II-I4 ...... H. gymnosporiae.
I0-2O X 6-lC Hin ...... H. holgrrhenae.
15-25 X 10-12 Hn ...... H. wrightiae. 2 IS
Haplosporella canthii sp. nov.
Fig. 117.
Pycncstroma atra, erumpentia, magnitudine 350-400 x 200-275
H-m, non-ostiolate, one loculate, magnitudine 200-275 x 190-255
conidiophora simplicia, hyalina, non-ramosa, magnitudine 20-30 x
5-^ HTi, conidia sub-globosa, brunnea, uniceiluia, magnit,
24-28 X c-12 Hm.
ffypus lectus in ramis rrortuis Ganthium didymurn Grab, ad
Matheran on 4th uuiy, 19fc2. Leg. PGJ. MR-FI.
Pycncstroma black, erumpent, measure 350-400 x 200-275
non-ostiolate, one locule, measure 200-275 x 190-255 Rn, ccnidio-
phores simple, hyaline, unbranched, measure 20-30 x 5-8 Hjti,
conicia sub-globose brovm unicellular measure 24-28 x 6-12
Collected on the branches of Ganthium didymum Grah. from
Matheran on 4th July, 1982, Leg. PGJ. MR-FI. 54.
Haplosporella gymnosporiae sp. nov.
Fig. 118.
Pycnostroma atra, erumpentia, magnitudine, 650-750 x 250-350
2-5 Icculita, non-ostiolata, magnitudine, 120-190 x 65-80 hto,
Conidiophora simplicia, hyalina, non-ramosa, conidia sub-globosa,
brunnea-atra, uniceiluia, magnit 16-20 x 11-14 Mm, sterile
threads nullae. 219
Typus lectus in remis mortuis Gyrnnosporia montana Benth.
Reodanda on l&th February, 1962. Leg. PGJ. MR-FI. 62.
Pycnostroma black, erumpent, measure 650-'/$0 x 250-350 ^4n,
2-5 loculate, non-ostioiate, measures 120-190 x 65-80 i^m,
conidicphores simple, hyaline, unbranched, conidia sub-globosa,
brovm, black, unicellular, measure 16-20 x 11-14 l^m, sterile
threads absent.
Collected on de?d branches of Gym.nosporia montana Benth. from -jeodanda on 18th February, 1982. Leg. PGJ. MR-FI. 62.
Haplosporella Stroma No. of Conidia sp. locules
1. H, acaciae 700-1200 x 3-5 12-20 X Tilak and Rao 600-1000 m 8-12 Mm Brown to black
2. H. gym.nosporiae 6 5 0 - 7 5 0 X 2-5 16-20 X sp. nov. 250-^50 m 11-14 jam Brown to black
Present collection is comparable morphologically with
H. acaciae Tilak and Rao {1964), but differs in the stromatic
and coni.dial dimensions as indicated in the table. So a new
species is created of Haplosporella viz. H. gymnosporiae sp. nov,
Haolosporella holarrhenae sp. nov.
Fig. 119. 220
Pycnostroma atra, erumpentia, magnitudine 950-ilCO x 250-350
non-osticlate, 4-5 loculate, magnitudine '/50-600 x 260-350 fj-m.
Conidiophora simpiicia, hyalina, non-ramosa, magnitudine 10-15 x
1-2 pm. conidia sub-globosa, brunnea, unicellula, magnit 16-20 x
b-10 |im.
Typus lectus in ramis mortuis HoJarrhena sp. ad Matheran on
4th July, 19fc2. Leg. PGJ. MR-FT. 51.
Pycnostroma black, erumpent, measure 950-1100 x 250-350 P-m, non-ostiolate, 4-5 loculate, measure /50-600 x 260-350 i^.
Conidiophores simple, hyaline, unbranched, measure 10-15 x 1-2 pm,
conidia sub-globose, brown, unicellular, measure 16-20 x fc-10
Collected on Holarrhena sp. from Matheran on 4th July 1982.
Leg. PGJ. MR-FT. 51.
A study of literature showed no species on Haplosporella
has been described so far on Holarrhena sp. Hence, the same has been described here as new to science.
Haplosporella wrightiae sp. nov.
Fig. 120.
PycnostroTna atra, erum.pentia, m.agnitudine, tOO-1000 x
550-600 (im, non-ostiolate, 3-4 loculate, magnitudine 250-350 x
100-150 pm, conidiophora simpiicia, hyalina, non-ramosa,
magnitudine 15-25 x 1.5-2 jjm. Conidia sub-globosa, brunnea,
unicellula, magnit 15-25 x 10-12 Km. 221
Typus iectus in ramis mortuis Wrightia tinctoria Br., ao.
Matheran on Lth July, 1983. Leg. PGJ. MR-FT. 6'/.
Pycnostroma black, erumpent, measure 600-1000 x 550-600 Hm,
non-ostlolate, 3~U loculate, measure 250-350 x 100-150 Hm,
conidiophores simple, hyaline, unbranched, measure l5-?5 x 1.2-2
fifn, conidia sub-globose, brown, unicellular measure 15-25 x
10-12
Collected on the branches of Wrightia tinctoria Br. from
I'^.atheran on 4th July, 1983. Leg. PGJ. MR-FI. 5'/.
The measurements of locules conidiophores and conidia are
not matching with any known species of genus Haplosporella. So
a new specific taxon is proposed, viz. Haplosporella wrightiae
sp. nov.
The described fOHr species of Haplosporella are new to
science on the basis of comparative morphology and host
specificity, Sutton (1973), Mathur (1979).
Genus - Leptostroma Fr.
Ob s. Myc. 2 : 3t)l, 1818.
The genus Leptostroma has been established by Fries (1818) with L. scirpinum Fr. as its type species. The genus is
characterized by acervuli superficial, subcuticular, elongate or
striate, black. Basal strom.a of small, relatively thin walled, pale yei-iowish brcwn cells. Conidia small, ellipsoidal or 222 allantoid, unicellular hyaline, smooth walled (Morgan-Jones,
Nag Raj and Kendrick, 19/2).
The genus is of rate occurrence. Bakshi, Reddy, Puri and
Sujan Singh (1972) reported only one species viz. L. ahmadii
Petrak from India.
The genus is not so far reported from the State of
Maharashtra tBilgrami £t al., 1979 and 1981). Therefore, it makes a new generic record to the State.
L, micropunctum Gooke
Grev. XII, 22, 1682.
Fig. 121.
Stromata sm^all, subcuticular, elongate with striations meawure less than 0.5 mm small. Pycnidia labrynthy form with broad ostiole, 150-175 x lfcO-225 e^m.Gonidiophore hyaline, situated at the bottm of the pycnidia, slender, thin walled,
8-12 X 2-3 Hm. Conidia eiiipsoidal unicellular, hyaline, smooth walled, 5-7 x 2-3 1^.
Collected on Grewia sp. from Karnala on kth July, 19S2.
Leg. PGJ. MR-FI. DO.
The fungus is new to India.
Genus - Necttiospora ]Jesm*.
Not. Crypt. 10 : 12, lEk3. 223
The genus Neottiospora has been established in 18if3 with
N. caricum JJesm. as its type species. The genus is characterized by pycnidia simple without any setae, separate, soheroid,
ampulliform or ovate, unilocular, ostioiate, pigmented, several
cells thick with outer layer showing dark pigmentation. Cor'idio- gencus cells enteroblastic, phialidic (mono-phielidic) phialides elongated, septate, conidia aseptate, unicellular, guttulate,
fusil'orm with distinct mucilagenous sheath.
This genus is of rate occurrence and only one species viz.
N. curcumae is reported from India. Hamkrishnan and Sundaram
il9$7) reported it from Madras (Tajnil Nadu) on the leaves of
Curcuma amada Roxb.
The genus is not so far reported from the State of
Maharashtra and, therefore, it makes a new record to the State.
Neottiospora grewiae sp. nov.
Fig. 122.
Pycnidia minuta, nigra, immersa, erumpentia, ostiolata, globosa, 150-lb5 x 100-125 (^. Gonidiophori 3~5 x 1-2 (-i-m.
Conidia unicellulata, hyalina, cylindrica, apicubus, rotundis,
25-28 X £-12 |im.
Typus lectus in ramis mortuis Grewia orbiculata Rcttl. ad
Khopoli on l?th Octobris, 1961. Leg. PGJ. MR-FI. 31. 224
Pycnidia minute, black, irrmersed or erampent, ostiolate, globose, 150-165 x 100-125 Wn. Gonidiophores 3~5 x 1-2 Hm.
Conidia unicellular, hyaline, cylindrical, apical sides round,
25-28 X 8-12
Collected on Grev;ia orbiculata Rottl. from Khopoli on
17th October, 1981. Leg. PGJ. MR-FI. 31.
Sr.No. Marne of the fungus Conidia
1. N. caricina (Desm.) Hoehnel 10-17 X 2-4
2. N. curcumae Ram.K. and Sundaram 16-25 X 5-g fj-m
3. N. paludosa Sacc. and Fiori 24-49 X L-b. 5
4. N. schizochlamys Ferd and Winge 23-39 X 5-8. 3
5. N. grewiae sp. nov. 25-28 X 8-12
In the present fungus the conidia are much broad as evident from the table. It is, therefore, considered to assign this fungus to a new species.
Genus - Pyrenochaeta lie Not.
Micr. Ital. | : 15, HI, lth 5 .
The genus Pyrenochaeta has been established by 3e Notaris
11845) with P. nobilis as its type species. The genus is characterized by isolated setose pycnidia which are thin walled, brown, simple, superficial with circular ostiole. Conidio/^enous 225 cells monophialidic where phialides are indistinguishable from inner pycnidial wall cells, conidia hyaline, aseptate, ellipsoidal.
Indian records show that the genus is represented by over
12 species, only two species viz. P. crotalariae Rao and
Solankure (19/1), P. indica Viswanathan (1957) are reported from
the State of Mahar9shtra.
P. crotalariae Rao and Solankure
Gurr. Sci., ^0 ; 169, 1971.
Fig. 123.
Fycnidia superficial, brown to brown-black, irregular, globular to oval, ostiolate, 200-225 Mm in diameter. Setae surrounds the ostiole, brown, rigid, septate, obtuse, many,
150-175 X 5-B |Jm. Pycnidioppores unicellular, hyaline, ovate,
5-7 X 2-3 Mm.
Collected on Golebrookea oppositifolia Sm. from Matheran on
Z.th July, 19S2. Leg. PGJ. MR-FT. U6,
Host constitutes a new record for this fungus.
Genus - Selenophoma Maire
Bull. Soc. Hot. Fr. : 87, 1906.
The genus Selenophoma hes been instituted by Maire (1906) with S. catananches as its type speoies. The genus is characterized by brownish pycnidia, globose, im-mei^sed, erumpent, ostiolate, conidia hyaline, one celled, bent or curved, typically lunate or less often boomerang shaoed. 226
Indian records show that the genus is represented by five
species, only two species viz. S. kamatii Kalani (iy64),
S. terminaliae Thite (1970) are reported from the State of
Maharashtra.
S. ipomoe sp. nov.
Fig. 124.
Pycnidia brunnea, glcbosa, paulum immersa vel erumpentia,
centraliter, ostioiate, 190-225 x 80-115 Pycnidicsporae
unicellulares, b-lO x 1 i-m, paulum curvatae vel flexae,
emergentes e pycnidiophoris bulbosis oriundis ex textura
hymeniali puivinate ad basin pycnidii.
Tyous lectus in ramis mortuis Ipomoea palmata Forsk. ad
Matheran on 4th July, 1982. Leg. PGJ. MR-FI. 63.
Pycnidia brown globose, slightly immersed or erumoent,
centrally ostioiate, l90-2?5 x 60-115 l^n. Pycnidiospores are one
celled, 8-10 x 1 in dimensions, slightly curved or bent and
arise from bulbose pycnidiospores which arise from bulboee
pycnidiophores which arise from cushion shaped mound of hymenial
tissue at the base of pycnidium.
Collected on dry branches of Ipomoea palm,ata Forsk. from
Matheran on ij-th July, 1962. Leg. PGJ. m R-FI. 63. 227
Sr. Name of the Pycnidial Pycnidia Pycnidiospores No. fungus character
1. S. curva 15-20 X Saco. 4 .5 Hm
2. S. donacis 18-3C X Spra and 2.5 m Johnson
3. S. obtusa Globose UC-5G X 13-ly X Spra and 40-138 2. 5-4.2 i^m Johnson
4. S. eu.geniae Globose to 9S-1S2 X 9-15 X Ghona.and pitcher 98-210 M'ni 3 Munjai shaped
5. S. kamatii Flask shaped 92-148 X 23-30 X Kalani 182-260 m 3.5
6. S. terminaliae Globular 80-85 X 12-20 X Thite 135-145 m 4 mn
7. S. ioomoe Globose 190-225 X 8-10 X sp. nov. 80-115 1 m
A close comparison of different species is represented in the table, which evidently suggests that the present collection has several distinct morphological features which separate it from other species. This fungus is therefore described as a new species. Fig. 90 : Asperisporium dalbersiae Patil and Thirum.
A Sporodochia
B Section passing through stroma
G Conidiophore
jD Conidia
Fig. 91 : Bahusandhika indica (Subram.) Subram.
A : Conidiophore
B : Conidia with isthxamus
Fig. 92 : Brachysporium masoni Hughes
A ; Conidiophore
B : Conidia
Fig. 93 : Exosporiella fici sp. nov.
A Section passing through pseudostroma
B Conidiophore
C Conidia
Fig, 94 : Helicomyces fuscopes {= fuscipes) Linder
A : Conidiophore with conidia
Fig. 95 : Helminthosporium siwalikum Subram.
A : Conidiophore
B : Conidia 200xim lOum
lOjum lOAjm Fig. 96 : Melano^raphiuin citri (Fragoso and Giferri)
M.B. Ellis
A • Fascile of conidiophores
B « Basal parts of conidiophores
('/ertical section of stroma)
• C • Apical parts of conidiophores
• a • Conidia
Fig. 97 : Melanographium cookei M.B. Ellis
* A • Fascicle of conidiophores
B • Basal parts of conidiophores
(Vertical section of stroma)
C • Apical parts of conidiophores
D • Conidia
Fig. 98 : Memnoniella levispora Subram.
A ; Gonidiophore with conidia
Fig. 99 : Paathramaya sundara Subram.
• A • Synnema
m B • Hyphae
C Acrogenous cup like structure
0 • Pleurogenous cup like structure
• E • Phaeospores
F • Conidia 100 jUm Fig. 100 : Periconia minutissima Corda
A Habit
B : Gonidiophore with conidial head
C : Gonidia
Fig. 101 : Periconia byssoides Pers. ex. M e ’rat.
A : Gonidiophore with conidial head
B Apical portion of the conidiophore w
sporogenous cells
G : Gonidia
Fig. 102 ; Septonema harkenssii (Ellis) Hughes
A : Gonidiophore with conidia
B Gonidial chain
C : Gonidia
Fig. 103 : Stilbum nanum Massee
A Synnemata
B : Group of conidiophores with conidia
C : Gonidiophore with conidia
0 Conidia 1 0 3 200^m Fig. 10 4 ; Tharoopama trina Subram.
A : Habit
B : Part of the conidiophore showing ultimate
branches acting as sporogenous ceils
C : Conidia
Fig. 105 : Volutella fici sp. nov.
A Sporodochium
B Setae
C Conidia
Fig. 106 : Volutina concentrica Penzig and Saccardo
A Sporodochium
B Setae
C Conidia
Fig. 107 : Zygosporium oscheoides Mont.
A : Conidiophore
B : Basal part of the conidiophore with
falces and sporogenous cells
C : Conidia 200A^m 25/um ^ 10 um Fig. 108 Botryodiplodia ficlna Syd.
A Habit
B Section passing through pycnostroma
C Conidiophore with conidia
a Conidia
Fig. 109 Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat.
A Habit
B Section passing through pycnostroma
G Conidia
Fig. 110 Cytospora carissae sp. nov.
A Habit
B Section passing through stroma
C Conidiophore with conidia
0 Conidia
Fig. Ill Cytospora orthoslphonae sp. nov.
A Habit
B Section passing through stroma
C Conidiophore
0 Conidia 109 ( f
f) U J 10 \ m i r
lOO'Um Fig. 112 iPlplodina gliricidiae sp, nov.
A Habit B Section passing through pycnidia C Conidiophore with conidia 0 Conidia
Fig. 113 Diplodina asteracanthae sp. nov.
A Habit B Section passing through pycnidia C Conidiophore with conidia D Conidia
Fig. 114 Oothichiza eucalyptii sp. nov.
A Habit B Section passing through pycnidia C Conidiophore with conidia i) Conidia
Fig. 115 flothichiza zizyphi sp.nov.
A Habit B Section passing through pycnidia C Conidiophore with conidia B Conidia
Fig. 116 Dothiorella fici Tilak
A Habit B Section passing through pycnostroma C Conidiophore .0 Conidia 300;um Fig. 117 Haplosporella canthi sp. nov.
A Habit
B Section passing through pycnostroma
C Conidiophore with conidia
D Conidia
Fig. 118 Haplosporella gymnosporiae sp, nov.
A Habit
B Section passing through pycnostroma
C Gonidiophores with conidia
D Conidia
Fig. 119 Haplosporella holarrhenae sp, nov.
A Habit
B Section passing through pycnostroma
C Gonidiophores with conidia
Conidia
Fig. 120 : Haplosporella wrip;htiae sp. nov.
A Habit
B Section passing through pycnostroma
C Gonidiophores with conidia
a Conidia 300Ajm Fig. 121 Leptostroma micropunctum Cooke
A Habit
B Section passing through stroma
G Conidiophores with conidia
J) Conidia
Fig. 122 Neottiospora grewiae sp. nov.
A Habit
B Section passing through pycnidium
C Conidiophores with conidia
i) Conidia
Fig. 123 Pyrenochaeta crotalariae Rao and Solankure
A Habit
B Pycnidium
C Section passing through pycnidium
0 Conidiophores with conidia
E Conidia
Fig. 124 Selenophoma ipomoe sp. nov.
A Habit
B Section passing through pycnidium
C Conidiophores with conidia
a Conitia 0
10 Aim 5 0
A ■A'..
\j it\ A.
XJ
5dum
m
lo o X x -rr t PLATE 18
Plate fig. 102 : Gonidia of Bahusandhika indica
(Stibrain.) Subramanian
Plate fig. 103 : Conidiophores (dense and erect) of
Melanosr&phium citri (Frag, and Gif.) Ellis
Plate i'ig. 104 : Septate conidiophore and conidial head with
chains of conidia of Periconia minutissima
Gorda
Plate fig. 105 : Synnemata with an apical head of
Tharoopama trina Subrem.
Piste fig. 106 : Gonidiophore showing of falciphore, falces,
vesicle, sporogenous cells and conidia of
Zygosporium oscheoides Mont.