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Determinantes Ecológicos De Processos Macro E Micro Evolutivos Em Regiões Complexas

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Determinantes Ecológicos De Processos Macro E Micro Evolutivos Em Regiões Complexas ADRIÁN GARCÍA-RODRÍGUEZ DETERMINANTES ECOLÓGICOS DE PROCESSOS MACRO E MICRO EVOLUTIVOS EM REGIÕES COMPLEXAS Natal, Rio Grande do Norte - Brasil 2018 ADRIÁN GARCÍA-RODRÍGUEZ DETERMINANTES ECOLÓGICOS DE PROCESSOS MACRO E MICRO EVOLUTIVOS EM REGIÕES COMPLEXAS Tese apresentada à Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, como parte das exigências do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, para obtenção do título de Doutor. Orientador Dr. Gabriel Corrêa Costa Co-orientador Dr. Adrian Antonio Garda 2 ADRIÁN GARCÍA-RODRÍGUEZ DETERMINANTES ECOLÓGICOS DE PROCESSOS MACRO E MICRO EVOLUTIVOS EM REGIÕES COMPLEXAS Tese apresentada à Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, como parte das exigências do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, para obtenção do título de Doutor. Dr. Fabricio Villalobos Dr. Diogo Borges Provete Membro titular externo Membro titular externo Instituto de Ecología, A.C. UFMS (INECOL). México Dr. Adrian Antonio Garda Dr. Sergio Maia Queiroz Lima Membro titular interno Membro titular interno UFRN UFRN __________________________ Dr. Gabriel Corrêa Costa Orientador Auburn University, Alabama, EU 3 Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte - UFRN Sistema de Bibliotecas - SISBI Catalogação de Publicação na Fonte. UFRN - Biblioteca Setorial Prof. Leopoldo Nelson -Centro de Biociências - CB García-Rodríguez, Adrián. Determinantes ecológicos de processos macro e microevolutivos em regiões complexas / Carlos Adrián García Rodríguez. - Natal, 2018. 160 f.: il. Tese (Doutorado) - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte. Centro de Biociências. Departamento de Ecologia. Programa de Pós-Graduacão em Ecologia. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Gabriel Correa Costa. 1. Bioacústica - Tese. 2. Heterogeneidad climática - Tese. 3. Complexidade topográfica - Tese. 4. Divergência genética - Tese. 5. Especiação - Tese. 6. Macroevolução - Tese. I. Costa, Gabriel Correa. II. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte. III. Título. Elaborado por KATIA REJANE DA SILVA - CRB-15/351 4 Vive como si fueses a morir mañana. Aprende como si fueses a vivir para siempre. Mahatma Gandhi La ciencia se compone de errores, que a su vez, son los pasos hacia la verdad Julio Verne 5 AGRADECIMIENTOS Tras cuatro años de mucho aprendizaje y crecimiento personal, cierro aquí la que puedo decir -sin temor a equivocarme- ha sido la experiencia más enriquecedora de mi vida. Quedan plasmadas en estas páginas, las ideas que poco a poco fui madurando durante este tiempo, pero más que un documento que pretende hacer una pequeña contribución al conocimiento, este trabajo es el vivo reflejo de un esfuerzo (y sacrifício) conjunto, y a la vez mi humilde homenaje a todas las personas que me acompañaron en el camino. Agradezco sobre todo a mi família, que es el centro de mi vida. A mis padres, Carlos Alberto y Carmen María, por ser mi luz, mi ejemplo y mi más grande apoyo en todo momento. Por su amor incondicional, por siempre motivarme a perseguir lo que me apasiona, por acuerpar mis decisiones y por enseñarme, desde que tengo memoria, a valorar la educación como el tesoro más preciado que me podían dar. A mis hermanas Silvi, Lauri y Marce y mis sobrinos Sofi, Ale y Amandita por su cariño, su comprensión, su complicidad, su admiración y por ser mi fuerza y motivación aún en la distancia. A mi orientador Gabriel Costa, por ser mi principal guía en este proceso. Por su integridad profesional y su sincera amistad, por la admirable dedicación y paciencia que tiene con sus alumnos. Por su inspiradora capacidad para sacar 6 lo mejor de cada uno de nosotros y estar presente y disponible aún a 7000 km de distancia. A mis co-autores y amigos Marcelo Araya, Andrew Crawford, Adrian Garda, Carlos Guarnizo, Pablo Martinez, Brunno Oliveira y Alex Pyron por toda su colaboración y críticas constructivas durante el desarrollo de estos trabajos. A mis mentores en Costa Rica, Cachí, Fede y GB por su influencia y consejos durante mi formación como estudiante y después como profesional, por su apoyo contínuo hasta el día de hoy. A la Escuela de Biología de la Universidad de Costa Rica, especialmente a Gustavo Gutiérrez, Viviana Lang, Elsa de la O y demás funcionarios que siempre me han apoyado a lo largo de esta etapa, facilitando todos los procesos administrativos que permitieron mantener un vínculo profesional con mi querida Álma Mater. A todos mis amigos en Costa Rica (mis “Brothers” del cole, mis queridos “Peleles” de pretil, y toda la chusma de Biolo) por siempre tener una sonrisa para recibirme y un abrazo para despedirme, por desearme lo mejor y ante todo por no dejar que la distancia nos separe. A Juanca y Eu, mis hermanitos ticos que se embarcaron conmigo en esta aventura brasilera y fueron siempre mi pedacito de Tiquicia en el exilio. A los ticos con los que en algún momento coincidí estando Brasil: Sarita, Kabeto, Boris y Hellen, gracias por la ayuda, la solidaridad y los buenos momentos. A mis grandes amigos y colegas, Pitillo, 7 Erick, Victicor, Sofi Rodríguez, Sofi Granados y Bety por su ayuda en el campo y su amistad sincera. A mis amigos en Brasil, quienes hoy son mi família lejos de casa. Mis colegas del lab Juampi, Bruninho, André, Brunnão, Tales y Felipe, por la compañia, las buenas energias y la ayuda siempre desinteresada. A mis roomies, con quiénes compartí mil historias y cuya compañia hizo todo más fácil desde el inicio, principalmente a Camura y Anita mis hermanitos y cómplices, gracias por tanto cariño y sonrisas compartidas, tamo junto sempre. A Vekinha, que le tocó aguantarme en la recta final de esta tesis, gracias por el apoyo, la paciencia y los chineos durante esta “labor de parto”. A quienes a ojos cerrados literalmente me entregaron sus casas, sus carros y sus mascotas: mis hermanos y consejeros Hélder y Carolzinha, mis amados Duka e Helo, mi otro hermano Juampi y mis queridas Tamy e Isa, gracias no sólo por todo lo que facilitaron mi vida, sino por esas grandes muestras de confianza, somos familia. A mis grandes amigos y colegas Castiele, Eliana, Vinicius y Francisco, que haciendo un esfuerzo gigantesco me visitaron en Costa Rica y también me acompañaron en mis giras de campo, recuerdos para siempre mis queridos. A mis amigas, consejeras, confidentes y hasta enfermeras Andressa y Nadia por cuidarme cuando no estuve bien y escucharme siempre que lo necesité. A Gus y Serginho 8 por su sincera amistad y por siempre tener esa energía leve y una palabra adecuada para compartir. Agradezco a todos los profesores, amigos y alumnos con quiénes coincidí en el Programa de Posgraduacao em Ecologia de la UFRN. Ha sido un placer y un honor ser parte del programa y un gusto inmenso haberlos encontrado en este camino. Todos y cada uno de ustedes forman parte de mi historia, son el más puro reflejo de la solidaridad y una muestra clara de que la amistad trasciende idiomas y fronteras... saudades galera! Agradezco infinitamente a este Brasil querido, por recibirme de brazos abiertos, por presentarme algunos de los lugares más lindos y personas más especiales que conocí en mi vida. Por desbordarme con su diversidad cultural y sus bellezas naturales, por contagiarme de esa alegría que nunca acaba y hacerme sentir en casa. Nada de esto hubiera sido posible sin el apoyo de la Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) que financió durante 48 meses mi vida en Brasil y National Geographic Society que apoyó mi trabajo de campo en Costa Rica. Gracias a todos, gracias por todo! 9 SUMÁRIO Agradecimientos................................................................6 Resumo..............................................................................12 Abstract..............................................................................14 Introdução Geral................................................................16 Capítulo 1. Faster amphibian speciation supports the role of mountains as biodiversity pumps Abstract……………………………………………….. 26 Introdução........................................................................ 27 Material e métodos........................................................... 30 Resultados........................................................................ 36 Discussão......................................................................... 44 Referências...................................................................... 50 Material suplementar....................................................... 61 Capítulo 2. Idiosyncratic responses to drivers of genetic differentiation in the complex landscapes of Isthmian Central America Abstract………………………………………………... 65 Introdução........................................................................ 67 Material e métodos........................................................... 72 Resultados........................................................................ 82 10 Discussão......................................................................... 88 Referências...................................................................... 98 Material suplementar....................................................... 104 Capítulo 3. The role of geography, topography and climate in the acoustic divergence of Neotropical Diasporus frogs Abstract........................................................................... 116 Introdução....................................................................... 118 Material e métodos.......................................................... 121 Resultados........................................................................ 128 Discussão........................................................................
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