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Chapter 1: After the 1991 Gulf War

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Notes Chapter 1: After the 1991 Gulf War I. Noam Chomsky, 'The weak shall inherit nothing', The Guardian, London, 25 March 1991. 2. In the early 1990s there were many signs of escalating commercial tensions between the United States and Japan. In 1992 there were growing threats of a trade war between the US and Europe. With the Cold War over, the leading commercial players of the world were increasingly able to revert to their traditional practices of economic confrontation. 3. Mike Graham, 'Bush finds comic relief in a ragbag of rivals', The Sunday Times, London, 8 September 1991. 4. Ibid. Virtually alone among the journalistic pundits, Andrew Stephen (The Observer, London, 8 September 1991), while opining that Bill Clinton 'has probably had too many girlfriends for comfort', reckoned that the 1992 election would be 'much closer, much more exciting, than everyone else seems to think' . 5. A detailed account of how journalists were restricted in their efforts to cover the Gulf War is given by John R. MacArthur, Second Front, Censorship and Propaganda in the Gulf War, Hill & Wang, New York, 1992. 6. Karl Waldron, 'Splintered remnants of a rout', The Independent, London, 4 March 1991. 7. Ed Vulliamy, 'Limbs and lives blasted away by allied bombs', The Guardian, London, 5 March 1991. 8. Bob Dogrin, 'Desert claims death convoy', The Guardian, London, II March 1991. 9. Ibid. See also the account by Michael Kelly, 'Carnage on a forgotten road', The Guardian, London, II April 1991. 10. Christopher Bellamy, 'Arithmetic of death in wake of Gulf conflict', The Independent, London, 20 March 1991. II. Richard Norton-Taylor, 'Allies tot up Iraqi losses', The Guardian, London, I March 1991. 12. Simon Jones, 'US demographer sacked for exposing Iraqi civilian deaths', The Independent, London, 23 April 1992. 13. Robert Lifton, 'Last refuge of a hi-tech nation', The Guardian, London, 12 March 1991. 14. Ibid. 15. Patrick Sloyan, 'Iraqi troops buried alive say American officers', The Guard- ian, London, 13 September 1991. 16. Nick Cohen, 'Radioactive waste left in Gulf by allies', The Independent on Sunday, London, 10 November 1991; Nick Cohen and Tom Wilkie, 'Gulf teams not told of risk from uranium', The Independent on Sunday, London, 10 November 1991. 17. Patrick Cockburn, 'Pentagon revises its Gulf war scorecard', The Independ- ent, London, 14 April 1992. 347 348 Notes to Chapter 1 18. Barton Gellman, 'Study questions famed accuracy of US weapons', The Guardian, London, II April 1992. 19. The Washington Post, 18 March 1991. 20. Richard Norton-Taylor, 'Gulf war allies had nuclear option, claims officer', The Guardian, London, 28 September 1991. 21. Mohamed Heikal, Illusions of Triumph. An Arab View of the Gulf War, HarperCollins, London, 1992, p. 289. 22. Lee Hockstader, 'Health crisis looms in Baghdad', The Guardian, London, 5 March 1991. 23. Ibid. 24. Safa Haeri, 'Food and medicines "crucial" to save Iraq', The Independent, London, 26 March 1991. 25. Peter Jenkins, 'War continues by other means', The Independent, London, 24 April 1991. 26. Ed Vulliamy, 'Doctors find Iraq is slowly dying', The Guardian, London, 16 April 1991. 27. Susan Okie, 'Child death rate doubles in aftermath of Gulf conflict', The Guardian, London, 23 May 1991. 28. Patrick Tyler, 'Trade ban starves Iraqis', The Guardian, London, 25 June 1991. 29. Ibid. 30. Sara Helm, 'Child deaths "have trebled" since Gulf war', The Independent, London, 20 September 1991. 31. Ibid. 32. Helga Graham, 'Starving Iraqis riot as food crisis deepens', The Observer, London, 3 November 1991. 33. Sara Helm, 'Oxfam urges action to end Iraqi hardship', The Independent, London, 21 November 1991. 34. Marie Colvin, 'Saddam thrives as babies starve', The Sunday Times, 1 De- cember 1991. 35. Louise Cainkar, 'Desert sin: a post-war journey through Iraq', in Phyllis Bennis and Michel Moushabeck (eds), Beyond the Storm. A Gulf Crisis Reader, Canongate, London, 1992, pp. 335-55. 36. Patrick E. Tyler, 'Bush links ending of trading ban to Hussein exit', The New York Times, 21 May 1991. 37. Helga Graham, 'King Hussein bursts sanctions to rebuild Saddam's power', The Observer, London, 23 June 1991. 38. Trevor Rowe, 'UN allows Iraqi sale of oil to buy food', The Independent, London, 16 August 1991; Mark Tran, 'UN permits sale of $1.6bn of Iraqi oil', The Guardian, 16 August 1991. 39. Tony Smythe, 'Oil revenues won't feed Iraq' (letter), The Independent, London, 19 August 1980; Leonard Doyle, 'Iraq oil exports "insufficient to prevent famine" " The Independent, London, 7 September 1991. 40. Robert Fisk, 'Families vanish in tragedy without end', The Independent, London, 8 March 1991. 41. The character of the Kuwaiti regime had long been apparent. In 1986 the Emir abolished the embryonic democratic system and continued to rule by personal decree. Germaine Greer exposed the 'slave-owners of Kuwait', noting that the Emir is a kinsman of the Kuwaiti princesses, Sheika Faria al-Sabah and Notes to Chapter J 349 Sheika Samiya, who in Britain subjected their imported slave Laxmi Swami to daily whippings and other torture (The Independent Magazine, London, 13 October 1990). The systematic abuse of human rights in Kuwait was well known: 'Now and then the Kuwait Times reported spectacular cases of servants thrown from roof-tops, burnt or blinded or battered to death; the systematic abuse they endured was unworthy of remark' (ibid.). Laxmi Swami was deliberately starved; if she tried to reach food from a dustbin through a barred window she was beaten 'sometimes with a broomstick or horse-whip, sometimes with a knotted electric flex' (The Independent, London, 8 Febru- ary 1991). The UK Home Office issues visitors' visas to such slaves and denies them the right to work for any other employer. This has meant that over the last fifteen years some 40,000 slaves - owned by Kuwaiti royalty and other rich Arabs - have passed through Britain with no hope of escape or release. 42. Matthew Engel, 'Tensions between Kuwaitis and Palestinians sour peace', The Guardian, London, 6 March 1991. 43. Paul Taylor, 'Gun law of avenging Kuwaitis', The Independent, London, 20 March 1991. 44. Robert Block, Torture of Palestinians "supported by military" " The Inde- pendent, London, 21 March 1991. 45. Kathy Evans, 'An emirate unfit for Palestinians', The Guardian, London, 13 March 1991. 46. Ian Glover-James, 'Iraqis live in fear as Kuwaitis take revenge', The Sunday Times, London, 24 March 1991. 47. John Kifner, 'US warns Kuwait to end Arab reprisals', The Guardian, Lon- don, 4 April 1991 ; Kathy Evans, 'Watchdogs on trial of Kuwaiti abuses', The Guardian, London, 9 April 1991. 48. Shyam Bhatia, 'Rapists run amok in Kuwait', The Observer, London, 14 April 1991. 49. Khaled Ghaleb, 'We toiled for them; now they curse us', The Independent, London, 17 April 1991. 50. Shyam Bhatia, 'Kuwaitis pave the way for public hangings', The Observer, London, 21 April 1991; Andrew Alderson, 'Rough justice at Kuwait's war- crime trials', The Sunday Times, London, 21 April 1991. 51. Michael Simmons, 'Amnesty asks emir to help end torture', The Guardian, London, 19 April 1991. 52. Robert Fisk, 'Kuwait's royal torturers', The Independent, London, 27 April 1991. 53. John Cassidy, 'Death verdicts fuel anger at Kuwait's chaos', The Sunday Times, London, 16 June 1991; Michael Simmons, 'Rights groups outraged by Kuwait trials', The Guardian, London, 18 June 1991; Kathy Evans, 'Kuwait moves trials to civilian courts', The Guardian, London, 26 June 1991. 54. 'Asian maids flee Kuwaiti terror', The Sunday Times, London, 3 May 1992. 55. Liz Thurgood, 'Kuwait "condones" assaults on maids', The Guardian, Lon- don, 15 April 1992. 56. Kathy Evans, 'Deportations raise fresh questions on Kuwait army,' The Guardian, London, 20 January 1993. 57. Julie Flint, 'Iraq in open revolt', The Observer, London, 3 March 1991. 350 Notes to Chapter 1 58. David Beresford, Alfonso Rojo and Kathy Evans, 'Iraq rebels appeal for allied help', The Guardian, London, 4 March 1991. 59. Christopher Bellamy, Annika Savill and Safa Haeri, 'Kurdish guerrillas at- tack army HQ', The Independent, London, 6 March 1991. 60. Martin Woollacott, 'Fragile union to oust a tyrant', The Guardian, London, II March 1991. 61. Robert Fisk, 'Iraq opposition groups question US intentions', The Independ- ent, London, II March 1991; Raymond Whitaker, 'US military defends its stand-off role as Baghdad tames rebels' , The Independent, London, 13 March 1991. 62. Hella Pick, 'Britain and US part over Iraqi rebels', The Guardian, London, 13 March 1991. 63. Hugh Pope, John Lichfield, Safa Haeri and John Bullock, 'Washington dithers as Iraqi rebels claim more victims', The Independent on Sunday, London, 24 March 1991; Rupert Cornwell, 'Washington trapped by awkward options', The Independent, London, 26 March 1991; Martin Walker, 'US fights shy of joining in Iraq civil war', The Guardian, London, 28 March 1991; Rupert Cornwell, 'US resolved not to be pulled into Iraq', The Inde- pendent, London, I April 1991. 64. Andrew Stephen, 'George casts morals away', The Observer, London, 7 April 1991. 65. Ibid. 66. Robert Fisk, The Independent, London, 30 May 1991; 31 May 1991; 3 June 1991. 67. Hugh Pope, 'Kurds agonise over pact with Saddam', The Independent, Lon- don, 26 June 1991. 68. Paul Rogers and Tony Mason, 'Target behind the target', The Guardian, London, 13 July 1991. 69. Ibid. 70. Rupert Cornwell, 'Conflicting US signals on threats to Saddam', The Inde- pendent, London, 21 September 1991. 71. Martin Walker, 'Iraqi move leaves Bush flummoxed', The Guardian, Lon- don, 25 September 1991. 72. Kurt Schork, 'Kurds to pull their troops out of cities', The Independent, London, 13 November 1991. 73. David Hirst, 'Kurds trapped between Iraqi army terror and the winter's approaching fury', The Guardian, London, 7 December 1991; Kurt Schork, 'Kurds seek safety from snow and Saddam's troops', The Independent, London, 7 December 1991.
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