Sedig and Cameron Brown Conference Posterfinal

Exploring the Human Behavior Behind Biomolecular Data: the Role of Captive-Taking in Population Movement Jakob W. Sedig# and Catherine M. Cameron*

1) Introduction. In this poster, we explore the potential of biomolecular techniques (ancient DNA [aDNA] and Isotopic Data isotope analysis) to reveal the social processes behind the movement of people in the past. Drawing on • Data in Table 3 suggest that women tend to be far more mobile than men. Cameron’s extensive examination of ethnohistoric data on captivity, we realized that biomolecular data could • Patrilocality and female exogamy are the most common explanations offered by scholars for this pattern. allow us to access the occurrence of this practice in the past, and that it is likely an important factor in the We argue that captivity of women also contributed this discrepancy. migrations and population transformations recently identified through biomolecular techniques (Figures 1-3 Archaeological Total N Non- % Non- Total N Non- % Non- below). We therefore introduce captive-taking,Articleparticularly the coerced integration of non-local women into culture/location of Females local local Males local local Males a captor’s society through raiding, warfare, or “marriage,” as a possible explanation for some of the patterns isotopic study Females Females Males Reconstructingemerging from thebiomolecular Deep Populationstudies. HistoryThe goal of of this study is to provide a model that we believe will be Late Neolithic-Bronze Age Central and South America 81 LETTER RESEARCH useful for interpreting at least someRESEARCH ofARTICLEthe trends identified in new biomolecular data. Europe 36 17 47.22 34 3 8.82 Graphical Abstract Authors RESEARCH ARTICLE st ac60° These results support mostly different origins for Beaker-complex- Genome-wide 1 Millennium Germanic 0.04 Y-chromosome Cosimo Posth, Nathan Nakatsuka, associatedStepp eindividuals, with no discernible Iberia-related ancestry ancestry components Britain Continental haplogroup Earlyoutside Bronze of Iberia. Age Neolithic Beaker complex I2a R1b Iosif Lazaridis, ..., Lars Fehren-Schmitz, 4000 BC 55° Nearly complete turnover of ancestry in Britain 82 Johannes Krause, David Reich The genetic profile of British Beaker-complex-associated individ- Barbarians 9 5 55.56 13 2 15.38 uals (n = 37) shows strong similarities to that of central European Beaker-complex-associated individuals (Extended Data Fig. 3). This 0.02 Corded Ware observation is not restricted to British individuals associated with the 50° ‘All-Over-Cord’ Beaker pottery style that is shared between Britain and 3500 BC central Europe: we also find this genetic signal in British individu- Neolithic Correspondence als associated with Beaker pottery styles derived from the ‘Maritime’ 83 forms, which were predominant earlier in Iberia. The presence of Mogollon Pueblo Villages 43 26 60.47 30 14 46.67 [email protected] (C.P.), large amounts of steppe-related ancestry in British Beaker-complex- 45° associated individuals (Fig. 2a) contrasts sharply with Neolithic indi- [email protected] viduals from Britain (n = 51), who have no evidence of steppe genetic affinities and cluster instead with Middle Neolithic and Copper Age 3000 BC 0 (N.N.), populations from mainland Europe (Extended Data Fig. 3). A previ- Central European Corded ous study showed that steppe-related ancestry had arrived in Ireland 2450 BC 40° 2 [email protected] (D.R.) by the Bronze Age23; here we show that, at least in Britain, it arrived earlier in the Copper Age (which, in Britain, is synonymous with the Beaker period). 84-85 Among the continental Beaker-complex groups analysed in our data- Ware set, individuals from Oostwoud, the Netherlands, are the most closely 23 11 47.83 20 3 15.00 35° Anatolia Neolithic In Brief related to the large majority of Beaker-complex-associated individuals b −10° −5° 0° 5° 10° 15° 20° 25° –0.02 from southern Britain (n = 27). The two groups had almost identical France_MLN 4 steppe-related ancestry proportions (Fig. 2a), the highest level of shared genetic drift (Extended Data Fig. 6b) and were symmetrically related A large-scaleCzech_MN 2 analysis of ancient Principal component Mesolithic-Neolithic Danube 2 to most ancient populations (Extended Data Fig. 6a), which shows that Copper Age and Wales_N Early Bronze Age genomesScotland_N from Central and35 South they are likely derived from the same ancestral population with limited England_N 14 mixture into either group. This does not necessarily imply that the 4 Oostwoud individuals are direct ancestors of the British individuals, Hungary_LCA Europe 86 America yields insightsIberia_CA into the18 peopling but it does show that they were closely related genetically to the –0.04 Early Neolithic Gorges 3 population—perhaps yet to be sampled—that moved into Britain from 54 12 22.22 54 8 14.81 Corded_Ware_Czech continental Europe. of the Americas,Beaker-associated including four southward226 2000 BC Beaker-associated (published) 10 We investigated the magnitude of population replacement in 2 Hungary_BA 4 Britain with qpAdm by modelling the genome-wide ancestry of population spreadsEngland_CA_EBA and notable 25 Neolithic, Copper and Bronze EuropeAge individuals, including Beaker- Bell Beaker South-Central Scotland_CA_EBA 9 complex-associated individuals,Middle Neolithicas a mixture an ofd continental Beaker- population continuityPoland_BA in much3 of South Beaker-associatedcomplex-associated samplesCopper (using the Ag Oostwoude individuals as 1500 BC Czech_EBA 16 Central Europea surrogate) and the British Neolithic population (Supplementary Netherlands_BA 2 –0.06 Britain Information section 8). During the first centuries after the initial con- 87 America after arrival. Wales_CA_EBA 1 Southern Francetact, between approximately 2450 and 2000 bc, ancestry proportions Middle Bronze Europe 20 Northern Italywere variable (Fig. 3), which is consistent with migrant communities 22 12 54.55 38 20 52.63 England_MBA Age Wales_MBA 2 Iberia just beginning to mix with the previously established British Neolithic The Netherlands Scotland_MBA 4 population. After roughly 2000 bc, individuals were more homo- Scotland_LBA 5 Sicily geneous and possessed less variation in ancestry proportions and England_LBA 1 a modest increase in Neolithic-related ancestry (Fig. 3). This could 1000 BC Late Intermediate Period represent admixture with persisting British populations with high Late Bronze 5000 4500 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 −0.03 levels−0.02 of Neolithic-related−0.010 ancestry or, alternatively, with0.01 incoming Age 800 BC continental populations with higher proportions of Neolithic-related Date (years BC) Principal component 1 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% ancestry. In either case, our results imply a minimum of 90 ± 2% Figure 3 | Population transformation in Britain associated with the 88 Figure 1 | Spatial, temporal and genetic structure of individuals in c, Principal componentlocal analysis population of 990 turnover present-day by the Middle west Bronze Eurasian Age (approximately Extended Data Figure 4 | Geographic distribution of archaeological ancestry during the Middle Neolithic 7,00025,000 years ago. c, Arrival of arrival of the Beaker complex. Modelling Neolithic, Coppercultures and Bronze and graphic illustration of proposed population movements / steppe ancestry in central Europe during the Late Neolithic ,4,500 years ago. Peru 1500–1000 bc), with no significant decrease observed in 5 samples 16 2 12.50 15 2 13.33 Age (including Beaker-complex-associated) individuals fromturnovers Britain discussedas a in the main text. a, Proposed routes of migration by early White arrows indicate the two possible scenarios of the arrival of Indo- this study. a, Geographic distribution of samples with new genome-wide individuals (grey dots),from with the previously Late Bronze published Age. Although (pale the yellow)exact turnover and rate and 1-3 Figures 1-3. Examples of data.population Random jitter was added fortransformations sites with multiple individuals. Map ornew large ancient samples-scale projected ontomigration the first two principal components.from ancientmixture of continental Beaker-complex-associatedDNA studies individualsfarmers (red) into and Europe ,9,00027000 years ago. b, Resurgence of hunter-gatherer European language groups. Symbols of samples are identical to those in Fig. 1. Highlights its geographic pattern await refinement with more ancient sam- the Neolithic population from Britain (blue). Each bar represents genome- data from the R package ‘maps’. b, Approximate time ranges for samples This figure is a close-upples, of ourExtended results imply Data that Fig. for individuals3a. See Methods from Britain for during and wide mixture proportions for one individual. Individuals are ordered d with new genome-wide data. Sample sizes are given next to each bar. abbreviations of populationafter the names. Beaker period, a very high fraction of their DNA derives chronologically and included in the plot if represented by more than Genome-wide analysis of 49 Central and South Americans 100,000 SNPs. Circles indicate the Y-chromosome haplogroup for male Hopewell Mid-continent from ancestors who lived in continental Europe before 2450 bc. An independent line of evidence for population turnover comes from individuals. G2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved up to 11,000 years old uniparental markers. Whereas Y-chromosome haplogroup R1b was as R1b-S116/P312. The widespread presence of the R1b-S116/P312 hunter-gatherers, onecompletely maximized absent in inNeolithic Neolithic individuals individuals (n = 33), it represents from morethe Neolithic Britain (Supplementary Table 3), suggests that both men 89 polymorphism in ancient individuals from central and western Europe Levant and Anatolia, andthan 90%one of maximized the Y chromosomes in Neolithic in individuals individuals from Copper from and and women were involved in this population turnover. Bronze Age Britain (n = 52) (Fig. 3). The introduction of new mtDNA Our ancient DNA transect-through-time in Britain also enabled us to USA 29 3 10.34 18 1 5.56 suggests that people associated with the Beaker complex may have had Iran and present in admixed form in steppe populations (Extended d 2Two) previouslyCaptivity unknown geneticand exchangesMovement between North . haplogroups, such as I, R1a and U4, which were present in Beaker- track the frequencies of alleles with known phenotypic effects. Derived an importantSocial role in the dissemination Group of this lineage Distancethroughout most Data Taken Fig. 3b). complex-associated populationsAge/Gender from continental Europe but not inof alleles at rs16891982 in SLC45A2Proportion and rs12913832 in HERC2/OCA2, of Date of account of its present-day distribution. Both principal component analysis and ADMIXTURE are powerful and South America 4 | N A T URE | VO L 000 | 00 M ONTH 2018 90 4-7 tools for visualizing genetic structure,Captives but they do not provide formal slaves in LBK Cameron’s examination ofSpread of people associated with the Beaker complex tests of admixture between populations. We grouped Beaker-complex- 49 9 38.33 77 14 18.18 d Distinct link between a Clovis culture-associated genome We performed principal component analysis by projecting the ancient associated individuals on the basis of geographic proximity and genetic samples onto the genetic variation in a set of west Eurasian present-day similarity (Supplementary Information section 6), and used qpAdm2 to society dozensand the oldestof Southnon Americans-state societies inpopulations. We replicated previous findings11 of two parallel clines, directly test admixture models and estimate mixture proportions. We with present-day Europeans on one side and present-day Near modelled their ancestry as a mixture of Mesolithic western European SUM 281 102 36.30 288 65 22.57 Eastern populationsNorth on the otherPacific (Extended Data Fig.150 3a). Individuals to 1500 hunter-gatherers, km northwesternor AnatolianPurpose Neolithic farmers of and raidsEarly unknown Oral history and d Continent-wide replacement of Clovis-associated ancestry associated with the Beaker8 complex are notably heterogeneous Bronze Age steppe populations; the first two of these contributed to the the Americas, Africa, Southeastwithin the EuropeanRim cline along an axis of variation moredefined by Early ancestry of earlier Neolithic Europeans.partly We find that desirein areas outside for early historic Table 3. Location and archaeological Culture of isotopic studies with information on sex and non-local or local provenience beginning at least 9,000 years ago Bronze Age Yamnaya individuals from the steppe at one extreme and of Iberia, with the exception of Sicily, a large majority of the Beaker- Middle Neolithic and Copper Age Europeans at the other extreme complex-associated individuals that we sampled derive a considerable Asia, and Europe revealed that(Fig. 1c; Extended Data Fig. 3a). This suggests that genetic(mainland differenti- portion Alaska of their ancestry to from steppe populationswomen (Fig. 2a). By contrast, accounts (early ation among Beaker-complex-associated individuals may be related in Iberia such ancestry is present in only 8 of the 32 individuals that we to variable amounts of steppe-related ancestry. Wefar obtained Aleutian quali- analysed; Islands) these individuals represent the earliest detection of steppe- 1800s) tatively consistent inferences using ADMIXTURE model-based related genomic affinities in this region. We observed differences in warfare and raiding wereclustering17. Beaker-complex-associated individuals harboured three ancestry not only at a pan-European scale, but also within regions and Additional Evidence main geneticNorthwest components: one characteristic of EuropeanClose Mesolithic neighbors even within sites. For instance, at SzigetszentmiklósWomen in Hungary,and we 5 – 25% Early historic 2, 46 extremely common and that2 | N A T URECoast | VO L 000 9| 00 M ONTH 2018 often enslaved; children preferred depending on accounts (late 18th & • We did a preliminary examination of data in prominent aDNA studies to determine if “genetic” outliers Posth et al., 2018, Cell 175, 1–13 th captiveNovember-taking 15, 2018 Publishedwas by Elsevieran Inc. almost some long-distance (all ages, sexes group early 19 centuries); within a sample set or population tended to have sex bias; results were inconclusive. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2018.10.027 universal practice. raids; slaves moved taken) oral histories; • We highlight case studies that have combined evidence in a manner conducive to identifying captives. further through prehistoric • Raids and warfare were trade ARTICLE RESEARCH Case Studies Tutchone unknown Mostly children & 10% (although Reconstructed for Sex Bias in Genetic Outliers? a C_Iberia_CA instigated with the goal of Cer_I0257 Cer_I0258 Cer_I0260 Cer_I0261 Cer_I0262 Cer_I0263 Location Summary Cer_I0823 Cer_I0825 Cer_I0826 Cer_I1553 Arr_I0459 Bands of teenagers; wives some debt period 1840 – 1860 Arr_I0460 Arr_I0461 Arr_I0462 Vir_I5665 Mag_I6471 Mag_I6472 obtaining women to serve Mag_I6475 b Hum_I6539 Hum_I6588 Lech River Valley, High diversity of mtDNA haplogroups, especially amongst non- Hum_I6584 Hum_I6587 BK_Spain_Cer (10) Central Europe 10 Yes_I4245 Britain Yes_I4247 Yes_I6542 BK_Spain_BUR1 (2) Southern France Yukon stolen slaves & some (minimal European Yes_I6622 Yes_I6623 Northern Italy Alm_I0839 Alm_I0840 Iberia Mou_I4229 BK_Spain_BUR2 (3) 81 Ver_I1970 The Netherlands Ver_I6467 Per_I4930 Sicily Gui_I1979 BK_Spain_MAD1 (7) as wives, concubines, Gui_I2477 Germany local women; local women shared mt haplogroups, non-locals Gui_I2478 Mar_I1388 Far_I2575 BK_Spain_MAD2 (4) purchased) contact) Vil_I3874 Vil_I3875 Sta_I1770 Win_I1765_d BK_Spain_Mag1 (1) Win_I1767 Win_I5382 Low_I6679 Abi_I2450 BK_Portugal_POR (5) Abl_I5513 did not; sex ratio apx 1:1; non-locals buried with locals: authors Ame_I2416 11 Ame_I2417 Ame_I2418 BK_Italy_Per (1) Ame_I2459 Kalinago Up to 800 km Women, children, 5% (very rough Early historic period Ame_I2565 agricultural labor in Ame_I2566 Ame_I2598 BK_Italy_Gui1 (1) Can_I5379 Dit_I6774 Net_I4951 Net_I5512 Ove_I2454 BK_Italy_Gui2 (1) Ove_I2455 Tha_I5376 Tru_I3255 attribute to “exogamous patrilocal residential patterns Tru_I3256 BK_Italy_Gui3 (1) Upa_I4950 and men taken. estimate) (1492 – 1600s) Wes_I2453 Wic_I6775 Wil_I2452 BK_France_Mar (1) Wrd_I6777 Wrd_I6778 Yar_I2443 horticultural societies, or as BK_France_AHP (3) Yar_I2445 Yar_I2446 Yar_I2447 Ach_I5385 Sor_I5367 BK_England_NOR (5) Thu_I5471 Dry_I2568 Tui_I4067 Women kept as Tui_I4068 BK_England_SOU (27) Tui_I4069 85, 91 Tui_I4073 Tui_I4074 Tui_I4075 BK_England_SOUout (1) Tui_I4076 Tui_I5748 Tui_I5750 Eulau, Germany Adult females were non-local, males and children were locals; Heg_I1392 BK_Scotland_Ach (1) Mon_I1381 producers of other sorts of Mon_I1382 Rou_I1391 Sie_I1390 BK_Scotland_Sor (1) wives. Men & boys Sio_I5755 Sio_I5757 Sio_I5759 Ben_I1546 Ben_I1549 BK_Scotland_ELO (2) QVII_I0805 QVII_I0806 QXII_I0112 QXII_I0113 BK_Netherlands_Tui (9) evidence of sudden, violent death; varied mtDNA haplogroups Rot_I0060 Rot_I0108 Rot_I0111 eventually Alb_I3588 BK_France_Heg (1) goods. Alb_I3589 Alb_I3590 Alb_I3592 Alb_I3594 BK_France_Mon (2) Alb_I3600 Alb_I3601 Alb_I3602 AugA_I5017 BK_France_HAR (2) AugA_I5519 amongst women: Kristiansen and colleagues postulate AugA_I5520 AugA_I5521 AugH_E09568_d BK_Switzerland_Sio (3) AugH_E09613_d AugH_E09614_d sacrificed. AugU_E09537_d AugU_E09538 BK_Germany_SAN (9) • AugU_E09569 “Captive” is a temporary Irl_I4249 Irl_I4250 Irl_I5655 BK_Germany_BAV (45) Irl_I5658 Irl_I5659 Irl_I5661 evidence of captivity, which could have “contributed 11 Irl_I5663 BK_Germany_Wor (1) Irl_I5833 Irl_I5834 Irl_I6590 Conibo Up to 600 km Marriageable > 10% 1557 first contact; Irl_I6591 BK_Czech_CZE (36) Irl_I6624 Kun_I3604 Kun_I3607 Kun_I5019 Lan_I5020 BK_Poland_POL (5) Lan_I5523 Lan_I5524 Lan_I5525 status; women could th th Man_I5014 BK_Poland_Sam (3) Man_I5527 significantly to formation of Corded Ware culture.” Ost_I5021 women and children then late 17 to 19 Ost_I5022 Ost_I5023 BK_Hungary_Sfu1 (1) Ost_I5529 Wei_I5531 Wei_I6482 Wor_I5836 BK_Hungary_HUN (4) Bra_I7249 Bra_I7250 Bra_I7251 Bra_I7269 BK_Hungary_HUN2 (4) Bra_I7270 Bra_I7275 Bra_I7276 Bra_I7278 BK_Hungary_Sfu2 (1) become concubines, Jin_I4895 of both sexes centuries Jin_I4896 Jin_I4946 Jin_I5514 BK_Hungary_Sfu3 (1) Kne_I5024 Kne_I5025 Kob_I4885 Porton and Father and daughter ID’d through aDNA buried at different Kob_I4886 Kob_I4888 −0.004 −0.002 0.000 0.002 0.004 0.006 Kob_I4889 12 Kob_I4890 Kob_I4891 f4(Mbuti, Test; Steppe_EBA, Anatolia_N) Kob_I4945 Yanamamö Women, some 12 – 17% of Ethnography 1950s- Loc_I5666 Lov_I6476 Mal_I7281 Rad_I7205 Rad_I7210 secondary wives, or wives. Rad_I7211 Rad_I7213 Rad_I7282 Rad_I7286 Amesbury Down, sites several kms apart; daughter buried at site with high Rad_I7287 Rad_I7288 Rad_I7289 Rad_I7290 children wives captives 1990s Vel_I6468 Vel_I6480 Jor_I6580 2 Kor_I6534 Kor_I6582 Str_I6538 Zer_I6583 Sam_I4251 England proportion of female burials Sam_I4252 Children might be fully Sam_I4253 13 Bud_I2364 Bud_I2365 Bud_I5015 Iroquois Some raids covered Women and child As many as Historic Accounts Lup_I3528 Lup_I3529 Sfu_I2741 Sfu_I2786 Sfu_I2787 Sfu_I4178 44 Catherine M. Cameron Svu_I7044 Svu_I7045 rds Corded_Ware_Germany incorporated into their 100’s of km. captives more often 2/3 of −0.004 −0.001 0.002 0.005 0.008 f4(Mbuti, Test; Steppe_EBA, Anatolia_N)

Figure S2. f-statistics of the form f4(Mbuti,Extended Data FigureTest; 2 | Supervised Steppe_EBA, ADMIXTURE analysis. SupervisedAnatolia_N Samara (yellow),) measu EHG (pink) andring WHG (green) populations. Dates in spared death population ADMIXTURE analysis modelling each ancient individual (one per row), parentheses indicate approximate range of individuals in each population. Table 4. Examples of case studies that combine aDNA, isotopic, and archaeological evidence captor’s society. steppe affinitiesFigures (more affinity5-6. Examplesto Steppe_EBAas a mixture of populations results representedof genetic by in clusters lower that are constrained values outliers Thisof differs the from statistic). Fig. 1d infrom that it contains a, some previously published st th Individually for each Beaker-associatedto contain individual northwestern-Anatolian. Neolithicb, Using (grey), Yamnaya the from grouping samples7, 9,scheme10,19,23,26 and includes in sample identification numbers. Germanic 100’s of miles; Women, children ¼ to 1/3 of law 1 to 7 centuries CE 2, 46 • Captives who are fully Table S1.key Numberstudies of individuals for each group is given in parentheses. Error bars Tribes of continent wide trade and men taken; codes deal represent ±1.5 standard errors. EBA, Early Bronze Age; Anatolia_N, Anatolia Neolithic. incorporated may not be northern possibly more with enslaved 4) Discussion Recent studies have identified the wide- evident in material culture, Europe14 women spared or semi-servile death than men. individuals. spread practice of warfare, raiding, and captive-taking in but can be in biomolecules. © 2018 Macmillan Publishers Limited, part of Springer Nature. All rights reserved. Table 1. Recorded evidence of captive taking in non-state societies non-state societies in the past. Data presented above indicate that females are underrepresented in the 3) Biomolecular Data and Movement in the Archaeological Record. We used two sources of data in our study: archaeological record, yet more females had relocated to Genetic sex from aDNA, incorporated into the Reich Laboratory database: new communities during their lifetime than males; thus, • Determining sex morphologically has ambiguities and can be difficult with fragmentary or poorly captive-taking almost surely explains some of patterns WWW.NATURE.COM/NATURE | 155 preserved remains; aDNA avoids these difficulties. evident in the data. Yet even with multiple, distinct lines of • We compiled genetic sex assessment from 2545 individuals15-81 from different locations and cultures evidence, the adoption of new social roles by captives across the globe to examine sex ratios evident in the archaeological record. makes them difficult to identify, especially if captives are Published isotopic studies that identify local and non-local individuals: forced to change their social practices (we provide criteria Location and Age of Samples • We used studies that classified individuals as local or non-local and identified the sex of the individuals. for identifying captives in Table 5). I • We compiled data from 380 individuals to identify any patterns in the movement of femalesS vs. males. Although biomolecular techniques have provided new 7 92-94 Figure 7. Conibo Indians in the late 1880’s, possible captives in front Kind insight on migration, some have raised concernsThe Variability of the Human Experience 43 IsotopeI SexS regarding the sweeping claims aDNA studies have made

Average Date BP about ancient social groups and movement. These scholars are concerned that the broad categories used by 135 10,000 geneticists flatten archaeological cultures andFigurelack 3.2.the Conibo Indians photographed in the late 1880s along the Rio Ucayali, Peru. Photo by either nuance evident in material culture. Yet we noteCharlesthat Kroehleprior or George Huebner. Courtesy National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution to biomolecular advancements, the archaeologicalPhoto Lotstudy 129. of migration was mostly limited tofacedexaminations rituals of “socialof death”the when they arrived in their took large numbers of captives either for use in Viking set- spread of material culture, and argumentscaptor’s villages.about Inwhether the Cauca Valley of Columbia, the ear- tlements or to trade. The frequency with which the Vikings or not abrupt changes in material liestculture Spanishpatterns explorerswere found a large number of chiefdoms targeted Ireland and stole local women is indicated geneti- spurred by migrants or diffusion ofengagedideas in. The “universal,data unending,we and intense warfare. . . . cally; the maternal DNA of contemporary Icelandic people examined demonstrate that, at Thethe principalindividual motive seemslevel, to have been the taking of cap- still contains a significant Celtic admixture, which points tives” (Carniero 1991:176). Of these captives, many served to female Irish captives taken to Iceland (Helgason et al. women move from place to place asoften, sacrificialmaking victims,cultural but “a substantial number” were kept 2000; see also Karras 1988; Seaver 2007). Parts of England boundaries fluid. We feel that a multias agricultural-layered slavesapproach allowing their master to gain wealth and continental Europe also experienced warfare and that incorporates captive researchbycan farminghelp largerameliorate quantities ofFigure land (Carniero8. Northwest 1991:177- Coast Village.captive-taking Villagers gather andto greet there a raiding was an extensive trade in slaves 178). Figure 3.3 shows membersFigureparty 3.1.of returning A the Northwest Guarani Coasthome Village.7 tribe, Villagers a gatheracross to greet Europe a raiding party (Pelteret returning home 1981; with bound Walvin 2006). these concerns and help bridge the gap between captives and the heads of their enemies displayed on poles. Image by François Girard, Canadian Museum of History, 1-A-42, S95-23505. archaeological theory and biomolecularParaguayandata. group, who have been captured by slave hunters (illustration by Jean BaptisteFigure Debret, 3.1 is an artist’s early reconstruction 19th century). of a Northwest Al- Coast Warfare and raiding wereThe common Lives among of bandCaptives level, raiding party returning home with captives and trophy heads tribal, and chiefly groups in South America and there is Criteria Evidence though the slave hunters(image in this courtesy case of were the Canadian likely Museum inspired of History). by The abundant evidence that this was not a post-contact phe- Skewed Sex Ratios Within a region,European do some labor sites demands, have moreslaves the taken evidentmales were mostlythan despair women females, ofand thechildren, Guaranior but vice also some-versa?nomenon With (BalIndeed eeáDNA, 2007; I Beckerman conceive genetic and a Yost2007; Columbia Carneiro slave to be the most men (Donald 1997:38-39). The proportion of slaves among 1991:176-177;unfortunate Chagnon wretch 1968; Chacon in existence; and Mendoza the 2007; proprietors exercise sex determinationswomen can and bechildren made from at theirthe small various plight bone Northwest seems fragments, Coast universal. groups could thus range many from less moreRedmondthe individuals most 1994; Santos-Granero absolute can authority be 2009:2). Captive-taking over them even to life and Map based on average of Long. and average of Lat.. Color shows sum of Average of 95.4% date range in calBP (defined as 1950 CE). Size shows details about examined and incorporated into examinationsthan 5 percent toof almost sex 25 ratios. percent of the population (Donald was common, and again, mostly focused on the capture Kind. Shape shows details about Kind. Details are shown for Master ID. The view is filtered on Exclusions (Kind,Master ID), which keeps 2,574 members. Warfare was equally1997:182–193). commonamong In the southeastern the coastal part of North chief- America, of womendeath and and children. on the For example, most trifling the river-dwelling fault wound and maim Isotopic Data Within a region,doms are ofmales the Philippinesmore mobile16th during than century thefemales? Spanish 12th explorers through The encountered reported 16th chiefdoms cen- proportion that Conibothem of of eastern most captives Peru sickeningly. considered in their . upland . . These non-Conibo wretched slaves often were constantly at war. The chronicles of the expedition neighborschange to be proprietors enemies; they made two war or on three them and times took in the course of a small-scale societiesturies (Junkerwas substantial, 2008). Warriors rangingof Hernando raided from de Soto and 5 described–25% traded indigenous and throughout as warfare much in theas 50%their women in some and children groups. captive (DeBoer 1986; Santos- awideareaofSoutheastAsia.RaidsweremostlyintendedtoSoutheast as constant and an established element of social Graneroseason 2009:55–63). and when They often they traveled . . . hundreds [die] they of miles are left prey to Dogs Additionally, captives were generally takeninteractions from among beyond the chiefdoms the of the regions region: whereon men flotillasand Crowsnormally of huge canoes as they looked to attack are deniedother groups. ordinary Conibo burial. [observa- for wives (DeBoeracquire 2008). resources, Distances especially usually slaves. were greater Raiders than targeted 50 km, other but couldraidstions were exceed intended of Sir to1000 George destroy km. the Simpson, settlements of governor their en- of the Hudson’s Nearly all of the provinces that these Spaniards tra- emies and take as many captive women and children as chiefdoms, but especially theirverse up-river were at war with neighbors one another. .who . . The warwere that possible;Bay enemy Company, men were made usually inkilled. the The 1820s. canoesMerk were 1931:101; cited Genetic Ancestry Admixture proportions, mt /y haplogroups,they waged and consisted related of ambushes individuals and stratagems, provided mak- a new class of data less socially complex. Womening surprise were attacks the on most the fisheries, common hunting grounds, cap- half-emptyin Donald on the outbound 1997:79] trip, filled with captives and Figure 4. Location and date of individuals in study and Relatedness for assessing captivity. For example, captured women might be expected tobooty have on the different way home. Santos-Granero or estimates that captives, and the proportion ofcultivated captive-slaves fields, and roads. in . .the . Those labor whom they force cap- more diverse mt haplogroups than their turedcaptors. in such assaults “Outlier” were held as slaves.individuals [Vega in Shelby withintive slavesa group madeOnSeptember upmay more thanalso 1015, be percent1866, of Conibo a Comanche com- named Kerno reached almost half the population1993:438-39] in some groups, es- munities and slaves were “a standard feature of Conibo Genetic Sex indicative of captivity. society”captured (2009:57). ten-year-old Figure 3.2 shows Bianca an Amazonian Babb raid- during a raid in Wise pecially toward the endLike of the the people period of the Northwest (Junker Coast, 2008:119). Southeastern war- ing partyCounty, with captive Texas. women Kerno and children; placed the Biancacaptives in in the care of his • Other Archaeological evidence for raiding orriors warfare also preferentially is a strong captured womenindicator and children that (Sny- captivethis photo-taking are not clearly also marked or bound but may have We found that females tend to be Genetic Sex N % Vikings conducted similarder 2010:66-67). raids throughout the North childless sister Tekwashana, whose husband had died Archaeological occurred. Other indicators of captive-taking include iconography which may show bound or underrepresented in the archaeological Atlantic and Mediterranean (Walvin 2006:27–30). They in the course of the raid. Tekwashana tried to teach Female 1071 42.08 Evidence abused people, oral histories in which captives or slaves are characters, and biomorphological record. evidence of trauma/abuse. • In a normally distributed population, sex Male 1459 57.32 Table 5. Key criteria for identifying captives in the archaeological record ratios should be approximately 1:1. The broad Unassigned 15 .60 5) Future Research dataset represented in Figure 4 and in Table 2 • Harness the power of biomolecules to identify captives and consider their role amongst new evidence might be expected to have a sex ratio of 1:1, Total 2545 100.00 of ancient migrations. but instead it is 1.36:1, with a significantly • Synthesize biomolecular and archaeological data so that captive individuals become apparent, leading larger number of males than females. Table 2. Number and percentage of individuals with published genetic sex 15-80 to a richer understanding of the movement of people in the past. Exploring the Human Behavior Behind Biomolecular Data: the Role of Captive-Taking in Population Movement Works Cited

#Jakob W. Sedig, Reich Laboratory of Medical and Population Genetics, Harvard Medical School [email protected]

*Catherine M. Cameron, Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado, Boulder [email protected]

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