Exploring the Human Behavior Behind Biomolecular Data: the Role of Captive-Taking in Population Movement Jakob W. Sedig# and Catherine M. Cameron* 1) Introduction. In this poster, we explore the potential of biomolecular techniques (ancient DNA [aDNA] and Isotopic Data isotope analysis) to reveal the social processes behind the movement of people in the past. Drawing on • Data in Table 3 suggest that women tend to be far more mobile than men. Cameron’s extensive examination of ethnohistoric data on captivity, we realized that biomolecular data could • Patrilocality and female exogamy are the most common explanations offered by scholars for this pattern. allow us to access the occurrence of this practice in the past, and that it is likely an important factor in the We argue that captivity of women also contributed this discrepancy. migrations and population transformations recently identified through biomolecular techniques (Figures 1-3 Archaeological Total N Non- % Non- Total N Non- % Non- below). We therefore introduce captive-taking,Articleparticularly the coerced integration of non-local women into culture/location of Females local local Males local local Males a captor’s society through raiding, warfare, or “marriage,” as a possible explanation for some of the patterns isotopic study Females Females Males Reconstructingemerging from thebiomolecular Deep Populationstudies. HistoryThe goal of of this study is to provide a model that we believe will be Late Neolithic-Bronze Age Central and South America 81 LETTER RESEARCH useful for interpreting at least someRESEARCH ofARTICLEthe trends identified in new biomolecular data. Europe 36 17 47.22 34 3 8.82 Graphical Abstract Authors RESEARCH ARTICLE st ac60° These results support mostly different origins for Beaker-complex- Genome-wide 1 Millennium Germanic 0.04 Y-chromosome Cosimo Posth, Nathan Nakatsuka, associatedStepp eindividuals, with no discernible Iberia-related ancestry ancestry components Britain Continental haplogroup Earlyoutside Bronze of Iberia. Age Neolithic Beaker complex I2a R1b Iosif Lazaridis, ..., Lars Fehren-Schmitz, 4000 BC 55° Nearly complete turnover of ancestry in Britain 82 Johannes Krause, David Reich The genetic profile of British Beaker-complex-associated individ- Barbarians 9 5 55.56 13 2 15.38 uals (n = 37) shows strong similarities to that of central European Beaker-complex-associated individuals (Extended Data Fig. 3). This 0.02 Corded Ware observation is not restricted to British individuals associated with the 50° ‘All-Over-Cord’ Beaker pottery style that is shared between Britain and 3500 BC central Europe: we also find this genetic signal in British individu- Neolithic Correspondence als associated with Beaker pottery styles derived from the ‘Maritime’ 83 forms, which were predominant earlier in Iberia. The presence of Mogollon Pueblo Villages 43 26 60.47 30 14 46.67 [email protected] (C.P.), large amounts of steppe-related ancestry in British Beaker-complex- 45° associated individuals (Fig. 2a) contrasts sharply with Neolithic indi- [email protected] viduals from Britain (n = 51), who have no evidence of steppe genetic affinities and cluster instead with Middle Neolithic and Copper Age 3000 BC 0 (N.N.), populations from mainland Europe (Extended Data Fig. 3). A previ- Central European Corded ous study showed that steppe-related ancestry had arrived in Ireland 2450 BC 40° 2 [email protected] (D.R.) by the Bronze Age23; here we show that, at least in Britain, it arrived earlier in the Copper Age (which, in Britain, is synonymous with the Beaker period). 84-85 Among the continental Beaker-complex groups analysed in our data- Ware set, individuals from Oostwoud, the Netherlands, are the most closely 23 11 47.83 20 3 15.00 35° Anatolia Neolithic In Brief related to the large majority of Beaker-complex-associated individuals b −10° −5° 0° 5° 10° 15° 20° 25° –0.02 from southern Britain (n = 27). The two groups had almost identical France_MLN 4 steppe-related ancestry proportions (Fig. 2a), the highest level of shared genetic drift (Extended Data Fig. 6b) and were symmetrically related A large-scaleCzech_MN 2 analysis of ancient Principal component Mesolithic-Neolithic Danube 2 to most ancient populations (Extended Data Fig. 6a), which shows that Copper Age and Wales_N Early Bronze Age genomesScotland_N from Central and35 South they are likely derived from the same ancestral population with limited England_N 14 mixture into either group. This does not necessarily imply that the 4 Oostwoud individuals are direct ancestors of the British individuals, Hungary_LCA Europe 86 America yields insightsIberia_CA into the18 peopling but it does show that they were closely related genetically to the –0.04 Early Neolithic Gorges 3 population—perhaps yet to be sampled—that moved into Britain from 54 12 22.22 54 8 14.81 Corded_Ware_Czech continental Europe. of the Americas,Beaker-associated including four southward226 2000 BC Beaker-associated (published) 10 We investigated the magnitude of population replacement in 2 Hungary_BA 4 Britain with qpAdm by modelling the genome-wide ancestry of population spreadsEngland_CA_EBA and notable 25 Neolithic, Copper and Bronze EuropeAge individuals, including Beaker- Bell Beaker South-Central Scotland_CA_EBA 9 complex-associated individuals,Middle Neolithicas a mixture an ofd continental Beaker- population continuityPoland_BA in much3 of South Beaker-associatedcomplex-associated samplesCopper (using the Ag Oostwoude individuals as 1500 BC Czech_EBA 16 Central Europea surrogate) and the British Neolithic population (Supplementary Netherlands_BA 2 –0.06 Britain Information section 8). During the first centuries after the initial con- 87 America after arrival. Wales_CA_EBA 1 Southern Francetact, between approximately 2450 and 2000 bc, ancestry proportions Middle Bronze Europe 20 Northern Italywere variable (Fig. 3), which is consistent with migrant communities 22 12 54.55 38 20 52.63 England_MBA Age Wales_MBA 2 Iberia just beginning to mix with the previously established British Neolithic The Netherlands Scotland_MBA 4 population. After roughly 2000 bc, individuals were more homo- Scotland_LBA 5 Sicily geneous and possessed less variation in ancestry proportions and England_LBA 1 a modest increase in Neolithic-related ancestry (Fig. 3). This could 1000 BC Late Intermediate Period represent admixture with persisting British populations with high Late Bronze 5000 4500 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 −0.03 levels−0.02 of Neolithic-related−0.010 ancestry or, alternatively, with0.01 incoming Age 800 BC continental populations with higher proportions of Neolithic-related Date (years BC) Principal component 1 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% ancestry. In either case, our results imply a minimum of 90 ± 2% Figure 3 | Population transformation in Britain associated with the 88 Figure 1 | Spatial, temporal and genetic structure of individuals in c, Principal componentlocal analysis population of 990 turnover present-day by the Middle west Bronze Eurasian Age (approximately Extended Data Figure 4 | Geographic distribution of archaeological ancestry during the Middle Neolithic 7,00025,000 years ago. c, Arrival of arrival of the Beaker complex. Modelling Neolithic, Coppercultures and Bronze and graphic illustration of proposed population movements / steppe ancestry in central Europe during the Late Neolithic ,4,500 years ago. Peru 1500–1000 bc), with no significant decrease observed in 5 samples 16 2 12.50 15 2 13.33 Age (including Beaker-complex-associated) individuals fromturnovers Britain discussedas a in the main text. a, Proposed routes of migration by early White arrows indicate the two possible scenarios of the arrival of Indo- this study. a, Geographic distribution of samples with new genome-wide individuals (grey dots),from with the previously Late Bronze published Age. Although (pale the yellow)exact turnover and rate and 1-3 Figures 1-3. Examples of data.population Random jitter was added fortransformations sites with multiple individuals. Map ornew large ancient samples-scale projected ontomigration the first two principal components.from ancientmixture of continental Beaker-complex-associatedDNA studies individualsfarmers (red) into and Europe ,9,00027000 years ago. b, Resurgence of hunter-gatherer European language groups. Symbols of samples are identical to those in Fig. 1. Highlights its geographic pattern await refinement with more ancient sam- the Neolithic population from Britain (blue). Each bar represents genome- data from the R package ‘maps’. b, Approximate time ranges for samples This figure is a close-upples, of ourExtended results imply Data that Fig. for individuals3a. See Methods from Britain for during and wide mixture proportions for one individual. Individuals are ordered d with new genome-wide data. Sample sizes are given next to each bar. abbreviations of populationafter the names. Beaker period, a very high fraction of their DNA derives chronologically and included in the plot if represented by more than Genome-wide analysis of 49 Central and South Americans 100,000 SNPs. Circles indicate the Y-chromosome haplogroup for male Hopewell Mid-continent from ancestors who lived in continental Europe before 2450 bc. An independent line of evidence for population turnover comes from individuals. G2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved up to 11,000 years old uniparental markers. Whereas Y-chromosome haplogroup R1b was as R1b-S116/P312. The widespread presence of the R1b-S116/P312