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Willerslev-Etal-Science-2003.Pdf Diverse Plant and Animal Genetic Records from Holocene and Pleistocene Sediments Eske Willerslev, et al. Science 300, 791 (2003); DOI: 10.1126/science.1084114 The following resources related to this article are available online at www.sciencemag.org (this information is current as of October 20, 2009 ): Updated information and services, including high-resolution figures, can be found in the online version of this article at: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/300/5620/791 Supporting Online Material can be found at: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/1084114/DC1 This article cites 18 articles, 6 of which can be accessed for free: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/300/5620/791#otherarticles This article has been cited by 66 article(s) on the ISI Web of Science. This article has been cited by 25 articles hosted by HighWire Press; see: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/300/5620/791#otherarticles This article appears in the following subject collections: Paleontology http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/collection/paleo Information about obtaining reprints of this article or about obtaining permission to reproduce on October 20, 2009 this article in whole or in part can be found at: http://www.sciencemag.org/about/permissions.dtl www.sciencemag.org Downloaded from Science (print ISSN 0036-8075; online ISSN 1095-9203) is published weekly, except the last week in December, by the American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1200 New York Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20005. Copyright 2003 by the American Association for the Advancement of Science; all rights reserved. The title Science is a registered trademark of AAAS. R EPORTS ity. The transition could thus be accompanied 5. S. E. Kesson, J. D. Fitz Gerald, J. M. Shelly, Nature 393, transition pressure to compensate for the thermal by phase separation between iron-rich HS 253 (1998). expansion. It is therefore not possible to express 6. G. Serghiou, A. Zerr, R. Boehler, Science 280, 2093 precisely the transition pressures in terms of depths and magnesium-rich LS ferropericlases. This (1998). within Earth, because the thermal expansion coeffi- could explain x-ray diffraction observations 7. G. Fiquet et al., Geophys. Res. Lett. 27, 21 (2000). cient at those pressures is not known. suggesting a breakdown of ferropericlase 8. D. Andrault, J. Geophys. Res. 106, 2079 (2001). 24. L. Dubrovinsky et al., Eur. J. Mineral. 13, 857 (2001). (24), which were observed in the same pres- 9. S.-H. Shim, T. S. Duffy, G. Shen, Science 292, 2437 25. W. B. Durham, C. Goetze, J. Geophys. Res. 82, 5737 (2001). (1977). sure range as our spin transition. 10. D. M. Shermann, J. Geophys. Res. 96, 14299 (1991). 26. W. B. Durham, C. Froideveaux, O. Jaoul, Phys. Earth The observed transitions indicate that the 11. J. Brodholt, unpublished data. Planet. Inter. 19, 263 (1979). lower mantle would be segregated into two 12. R. E. Cohen, I. I. Mazin, D. G. Isaak, Science 275, 654 27. J. Weertman, J. R. Weertman, Annu. Rev. Geophys. 3, (1997). 293 (1975). different layers characterized by different iron 13. The sample (Mg0.83Fe0.17)O was prepared by anneal- 28. P. E. van Keken, D. A. Yuen, A. P. van den Berg, J. partitioning between perovskite and ferroperi- ing of a mixture of MgO and Fe2O3 maintained at Geophys. Res. 100, 15233 (1995). clase. The transition pressures are consistent 1673 K for 24 hours under a controlled oxygen 29. A. Zerr, R. Boehler, Science 262, 553 (1993). fugacity between 10Ϫ9 and 10Ϫ11 atm. These sam- with the depths at which lower mantle layering 30. V. Corrieu, C. Thoraval, Y. Ricard, Geophys. J. Int. 120, ples were characterized by x-ray diffraction and 516 (1995). has been proposed (1) and provide a mineral shown to be pure ferropericlase. 31. LS ferropericlase is a much better radiative thermal physics basis for an Earth’s lower mantle made 14. See supporting data on Science Online. conductor than HS ferropericlase (10) because it is 15. G. Peng et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 65, 2527 (1994). transparent to thermal radiation in the near-infrared. of two distinct layers. Moreover, observations 16. F. M. F. de Groot et al., Phys. Rev. B 51, 1045 (1995). that the iron-free olivine (forsterite) is more 17. X. Wang et al., Phys. Rev. B 56, 4553 (1997). Supporting Online Material viscous than iron-bearing phases (25, 26) imply 18. J.-P. Rueff et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 3284 (1999). www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/1081311/DC1 that, similarly, an iron-free perovskite is likely 19. J. Badro et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 83, 4101 (1999). SOM Text 20. J.-P. Rueff et al., Phys. Rev. B 60, 14510 (1999). Fig. S1 to be more viscous than an iron-rich one. This 21. F. Sette et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 75, 850 (1995). References idea is also corroborated by the fact that viscos- 22. V. Malavergne, F. Guyot, Y. Wang, I. Martinez, Earth ity scales in many materials (27) with T/T (the Planet. Sci. Lett. 146, 499 (1997). 9 December 2002; accepted 25 March 2003 m 23. The critical parameter for this type of transition is Published online 3 April 2003; ratio of temperature to melting temperature) density; in the absence of structural phase transi- 10.1126/science.1081311 and that the melting point of an iron-free per- tions, the effect of temperature is to increase the Include this information when citing this paper. ovskite is much higher than that of an iron- bearing one (28, 29). In that sense, because perovskite is the major lower-mantle phase, the on October 20, 2009 transition could have a fairly strong rheological Diverse Plant and Animal Genetic signature as inferred from geophysical observa- tions (30) and could affect the geodynamics in Records from Holocene and the lowermost mantle. Further studies could constrain geodynamical interpretations (2, 3)of the seismic observations and could enable Pleistocene Sediments quantification of the effect of such a viscous Eske Willerslev,1* Anders J. Hansen,1*† Jonas Binladen,1 Tina B. layer on the dynamics of plumes. Note that such Brand,1 M. Thomas P. Gilbert,2 Beth Shapiro,2 Michael Bunce,2 a layering model requires no isolated convec- 3 4 2 Carsten Wiuf, David A. Gilichinsky, Alan Cooper www.sciencemag.org tion cells, because the chemistry of the two layers is reversible as a function of depth (the Genetic analyses of permafrost and temperate sediments reveal that plant and transition is reversible upon decompression); animal DNA may be preserved for long periods, even in the absence of obvious uplifted materials will recover the partitioning macrofossils. In Siberia, five permafrost cores ranging from 400,000 to 10,000 properties of the top layer. years old contained at least 19 different plant taxa, including the oldest au- Iron-free perovskite is stable to very high thenticated ancient DNA sequences known, and megafaunal sequences includ- pressures and temperatures. It was speculated ing mammoth, bison, and horse. The genetic data record a number of dramatic that the breakdown of iron-bearing perovskite changes in the taxonomic diversity and composition of Beringian vegetation and Downloaded from (6) at the core-mantle boundary (CMB) was fauna. Temperate cave sediments in New Zealand also yielded DNA sequences responsible for the chemical heterogeneities of extinct biota, including two species of ratite moa, and 29 plant taxa char- observed in the DЉ layer. We suggest, how- acteristic of the prehuman environment. Therefore, many sedimentary deposits ever, that the iron-free end member is the one may contain unique, and widespread, genetic records of paleoenvironments. that is most likely to be present at those depths, and that the interaction of iron-rich Most authenticated ancient DNA studies (1) cene (past 10 ky). Preserved genetic informa- ferropericlase with the liquid outer core have analyzed hard or soft tissue remains of tion has provided unique insights into many should instead be taken into consideration. flora and fauna from the late Pleistocene evolutionary and ecological processes (2–6) Geodynamical modeling of this lowermost [ϳ100 to 10 ky (thousand years)] or Holo- and also provides an important test of meth- layer could contribute to our understanding of ods for reconstructing past events (7–9). core-mantle interactions because dominant 1Department of Evolutionary Biology, Zoological In- However, a broader utility for ancient DNA iron-depleted perovskite could create an elec- stitute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken studies has been prevented by experimental 2 trically, thermally (31), and rheologically in- 15, Denmark DK-2100 Ø. Henry Wellcome Ancient difficulties (1, 10) and the rarity of suitable Biomolecules Centre, Department of Zoology, Univer- sulating lid above the CMB. sity of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK. 3Department of fossilization. Even in areas with excellent Statistics, University of Oxford, 1 South Parks Road, ancient DNA preservation and large numbers Oxford OX1 3TG, UK. 4Soil Cryology Laboratory, In- of specimens, such as Beringia (the late Pleis- References and Notes stitute for PhysicoChemical and Biological Problems tocene ice-free refugium that stretched from 1. R. van der Hilst, S. Ka´rason, Science 283, 1885 (1999). in Soil Science, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290, 2. T. Lay, Q. Williams, E. J. Garnero, Nature 392, 461 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia. northeast Siberia across the exposed Bering (1998). land bridge to western Canada), it has been 3. L. H. Kellogg, B. H. Hager, R. D. van der Hilst, Science *These authors contributed equally to this work. 283, 1881 (1999). †To whom correspondence should be addressed. E- possible to obtain only limited paleoenviron- 4. E. Knittle, R. Jeanloz, Science 235, 668 (1987). mail: [email protected] mental views (3).
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