Introduction by Louis Menand (New York: New York Review Books, [1950] 2008), P

N o t e s

I n t r o d u c t i o n

1 . See David Easton, The Political System (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1953), Chap. 5. 2 . L i o n e l T r i l l i n g , The Liberal Imagination: Essays on Literature and Society , introduction by Louis Menand (New York: New York Review Books, [1950] 2008), p. xvii. 3 . I b i d . 4 . I b i d . 5 . I b i d . , e m p h a s i s a d d e d . 6 . I b i d . , p . x x i . 7 . Ibid., pp. xxi, xx. 8 . Lionel Trilling, “The Leavis-Snow Controversy,” in Trilling, The Moral Obligation to be Intelligent , ed. Leon Wieseltier (Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 2009), p. 419. 9 . T r i l l i n g , Liberal Imagination , p. xix. 10 . Max Horkheimer and Theodor W. Adorno, Dialectic of Enlightenment: Philosophical Fragments, ed. Gunzelin Schmid Noerr, trans. Edmund Jephcott (Stanford: Stanford University Press, [1947] 2002), p. xiv. The term “Critical Theory” referred originally to the work of the Institute for Social Research, established in Frankfurt, Germany, in the late 1920s. 11 . See Max Horkheimer, “Art and Mass Culture,” in Max Horkheimer, Critical Theory: Selected Essays , trans. Matthew O’Connell et al. (New York: Seabury Press, 1972), pp. 273–90; Horkheimer and Adorno, Dialectic of Enlightenment , pp. 94–136; Theodor W. Adorno, The Culture Industry: Selected Essays on Mass Culture , ed. J. M. Bernstein (London and New York: Routledge, 1991); Douglas Kellner, “Film, Politics, and Ideology: Reflections on Hollywood Film in the Age of Reagan,” The Velvet Light Trap , no. 27 (Spring 1991): 9–24. 12 . Chris Benson, “Golden Globe, Critics’ Choice Wins for 12 Years a Slave Suggest New Freedom for Authentic Black Storytelling,” The Huffington Post , The Blog, January 22, 2014, at: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/chris- benson/12-years-a-slave-awards_b_4624468.html?utm_hp_ref=entertainm ent&ir=Entertainment (accessed January 23, 2014). 192 Notes

13 . Theodor W. Adorno, “How to Look at Television,” in The Culture Industry , pp. 178–86; Kellner, “Film, Politics, and Ideology”; Douglas Kellner, “The Frankfurt School and British Cultural Studies: The Missed Articulation,” in Rethinking the Frankfurt School: Alternative Legacies of Cultural Critique , ed. Jeffrey T. Nealon and Caren Irr (Albany, NY: SUNY Press, 2002), pp. 31–58. 14 . On movies, see Sven L ü tticken, “Planet of the Remakes,” New Left Review , second series, no. 25 (January–February 2004), pp. 103–19. 15 . Claus Offe, Reflections on America: Tocqueville, Weber and Adorno in the United States (Cambridge: Polity, 2005). Horkheimer and Adorno overstate their case when they say, “The more strongly the culture industry entrenches itself, the more it can do as it chooses with the needs of consumers—producing, controlling, disciplining them; even withdrawing amusement alto- gether” ( Dialectic of Enlightenment , p. 115). Yet even if the culture industry does not control the needs of its consumers, it shapes the freedom we experience in how our “lives are split between business and private life” (ibid., p. 125). 16 . Adorno later acknowledged that “vestiges of the aesthetic claim to something autonomous . . . remain even within the most trivial product of mass culture.” See Adorno, “How to Look at Television,” p. 159. 17 . Michael Wood, Film: A Very Short Introduction (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012), p. 84. Relatedly, Heather Hendershot notes the recent emer- gence of “terrific ‘not TV’ shows” on HBO and elsewhere in the “post- network” television era. See Heather Hendershot, “Losers Take All: On the New American Cinema,” The Nation, May 30, 2011, at: http://www.thenation.com/article/160606/losers-take-all-new-american-cinema (accessed September 14, 2014). 18 . See Kellner, “Film, Politics, and Ideology.” For example, different segments of the audience for All in the Family , the 1970s the CBS sitcom, understood the show’s bigoted main character, Archie Bunker, in conflicting ways. See Emily Nussbaum, “The Great Divide: Norman Lear, Archie Bunker, and the rise of the bad fan,” The New Yorker , April 7, 2014, pp. 64–68. 1 9 . S e v e r a l r e c e n t H o l l y w o o d m o v i e s — f o r e x a m p l e , In Time (2011), The Hunger Games (2012), Elysium (2013), and Snowpiercer (2014)—have addressed issues of economic inequality and environmental degradation in provocative ways; recent movies have addressed legacies of racism with varying insight; and several current television shows—such as “Girls” and “Orange Is the New Black”—explore gender and sexuality in challenging ways. On the latter, see A. O. Scott, “The Post-Man,” The New York Times Magazine, September 14, 2014, pp. 38–41, 60. 20 . Greil Marcus, Mystery Train: Images of America in Rock ’n’ Roll Music , 5th edition (New York: Plume/Penguin, [1975] 2008), p. 13. 21 . See Mark Shechner, “The Elusive Trilling (Part I),” The Nation , September 17, 1977, pp. 247–49; Ilan Stavans, “In the American Grain,” The Nation , September 7, 2000, at: http://www.thenation.com/article/american-grain (accessed February 3, 2013); Louis Menand, “Introduction,” in Trilling, Notes 193

Liberal Imagination, pp. vii–xiv; Adam Kirsch, Why Trilling Matters (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2011); Edward Mendelson, “The Demonic Trilling,” The New York Review of Books , June 7, 2012, at: http:// www.nybooks.com/account/signin/?next=/articles/archives/2012/jun/07/ demonic-lionel-trilling/ (accessed February 3, 2013). 22 . There have been exceptions. See Seyla Benhabib, “The Liberal Imagination and the Four Dogmas of Multiculturalism,” The Yale Journal of Criticism 12, no. 2 (1999): 401–13. See also John Frow, “Cultural Studies and the Neoliberal Imagination,” The Yale Journal of Criticism 12, no. 2 (1999): 424–30; Michael Warner, “Liberalism and the Cultural Studies Imagination: A Comment on John Frow,” The Yale Journal of Criticism 12, no. 2 (1999): 431–33. 2 3 . S e e J o h n R a w l s , A Theory of Justice , revised edition (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 1999); Ronald Dworkin, Justice for Hedgehogs (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 2013). 24 . Frow, “Cultural Studies and the Neoliberal Imagination,” p. 424. 2 5 . K i r s c h , Why Trilling Matters , ch. 3. 2 6 . T r i l l i n g , Liberal Imagination, p. xix. See also Benhabib, “Liberal Imagination,” pp. 401–2. 2 7 . T r i l l i n g , Liberal Imagination , p. xix. 28 . Ibid., pp. xix–xx. 2 9 . I b i d . , p . x x . 30 . Ibid., pp. xx–xxi. 31 . These shortcomings of Trilling’s effort to examine liberalism in a “critical spirit” are partly due to the fact that as a literary critic he was little inter- ested in analyzing competing understandings of “freedom,” “equality,” and “democracy.” As Robert Scholes says, Trilling’s book offers little help for “achieving a critical perspective on liberalism’s primal imagination.” See Robert Scholes, “The Illiberal Imagination,” New Literary History 4, no. 3 (Spring, 1973): 521–40, 522. 32 . Frow, “Cultural Studies and the Neoliberal Imagination,” pp. 425–26. Kirsch notes that Trilling’s ideas sometimes seem to align with neoconservative critiques of the welfare state ( Why Trilling Matters, p. 42); yet we can also find Trilling criticizing “the failures and injustices of capitalism” and inequalities of education opportunity. See Trilling, “William Dean Howells and the Roots of Modern Taste” (1951), in Moral Obligation , p. 214; and Trilling, “Mind in the Modern World” (1972), in Moral Obligation, p. 491. 33 . Ronald Reagan, “Inaugural Address” (1981), at: http://www.heritage.org/ initiatives/first-principles/primary-sources/reagans-first-inaugural-government-is-not-the-solution-to-our-problem-government-is-the-problem (accessed October 22, 2014). 3 4 . T r i l l i n g , Liberal Imagination , pp. xxi, xix; Benhabib, “Liberal Imagination,” pp. 406–11. 3 5 . K i r s c h , Why Trilling Matters , pp. 39–40, 62. 3 6 . T r i l l i n g , Liberal Imagination , p. xxi. 194 Notes

37 . Benhabib, “Liberal Imagination”; Charles Mills, “Occupy Liberalism! Or, Ten Reasons Why Liberalism Cannot Be Retrieved for Radicalism (And Why They’re All Wrong),” Radical Philosophy Review 15, no. 2 (2012): 305–23. 38 . Irving Howe, “Liberalism, History, and Mr. Trilling,” The Nation , no. 170 (May 27, 1950): 529. 39 . Horkheimer and Adorno, Dialectic of Enlightenment . 40 . Scholes, “The Illiberal Imagination,” p. 535. Scholes also notes the responsi- bility of Cold War liberals for the United States’ disastrous Vietnam War. 4 1 . I b i d . , p . 5 3 4 . 42 . Robert Kuttner, “Why Work Is More and More Debased,” The New York Review of Books 61, October 23, 2014, pp. 52–53; David Harvey, A Brief History of Neoliberalism (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007). 4 3 . J o h n D e w e y , Liberalism and Social Action (Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, [1935] 2000), p. 30. 4 4 . I b i d . , p . 3 5 . 4 5 . I b i d . 46 . Charles Mills, “Occupy Liberalism! Or, Ten Reasons Why Liberalism Cannot Be Retrieved fro Radicalism (And Why They’re All Wrong),” Radical Philosophy Review 15, no. 2 (2012): 305–23. 47 . Richard Schmitt, “Response to Charles Mills’s: ‘Occupy Liberalism!,’” Radical Philosophy Review 15, no. 2 (2012): 331–36, at p. 334. The influen- tial liberalism of John Locke, advanced in his Two Treatises of Government (1689), had just such an exclusionary character. For critiques of Lockean and other exclusionary forms of liberalism, see John Dewey, Liberalism and Social Action (1935); Carole Pateman and Charles W. Mills, Contract and Domination (Cambridge: Polity, 2007). 48 . Mills, “Occupy Liberalism!,” p. 309. 49 . Benhabib, “Liberal Imagination,” p. 410. 50 . That said, as Trilling realized with respect to racial justice, this does not mean that liberal ideals were fully realized. 51 . Trilling, “Preface,” in Liberal Imagination , p. xv. 52 . See “The great might-have-been” (review of Richard Norton Smith, On His Own Terms: A Life of Nelson Rockefeller [Norton, 2014]), The Economist , October 18, 2014, at: http://www.economist.com/news/books-and- arts/21625652-charming-and-shrewd-nelson-rockefeller-epitomised-mid- 20th-century-liberal-consensus (November 2, 2014). 53 . Summarizing results of election days polls of voters in the 2014 midterm elections, the New York Times speak of a “demoralized America”: “broadly distrustful of government, overwhelmingly disapproving of Congress, con- vinced that the nation’s economic system favors the wealthy.” See Jackie Calmes and Megan Thee-Brenan, “Surveys of Voters Signal Dismay With Both Parties,” The New York Times , November 6, 2014, P8. 5 4 . S u s a n - M a r y G r a n t , A Concise History of the United States of America (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012), pp. 337, 346–52. In 1954 the US Supreme Court ruled in Brown vs. Board of Education that legally Notes 195

segregated, supposedly “separate but equal” public schools violated the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution. 55 . Jonathan W. Warren and France Windance Twine, “White Americans, the New Minority?: Non-Blacks and the Ever-Expanding Boundaries of Whiteness,” Journal of Black Studies 28, no. 2 (1997): 200–218. 5 6 . G r a n t , Concise History of the United States, p. 359; Robert Brenner, “Structure vs. Conjunction: The 2006 Elections and the Rightward Shift,” New Left Review , second series, no. 43 (January–February 2007): 41. Cultural initiatives included the creation of the National Endowment for the Humanities and the National Endowment for the Arts, in 1965, and, with the Public Broadcasting Act of 1967, the Corporation for Public Broadcasting. See Eugenia Williamson, “PBS Self-Destructs,” Harper’s Magazine , October 2014, pp. 48–49; http://www.neh.gov/about and http://arts.gov/about-nea (accessed October 23, 2014). 57 . A characteristic statement was the Ten-Point Program of the Black Panther Party, drafted on October 15, 1966: “WE WANT FREEDOM; we want the power to determine the destiny of our black community.” See “10-Point Platform,” at: http://www.pbs.org/hueypnewton/actions/actions_platform. html (accessed October 23, 2014). The cresting of postwar liberalism, however, coincided with a gradual decline in the rate of private-sector unionization, from its peak of 36 percent in 1953 to 27 percent in 1973 and 22 percent in 1979 (Brenner, “Structure vs. Conjunction,” pp. 40, 42). 58 . Brenner, “Structure vs. Conjunction,” p. 37; Judith Stein, “The Rise of Reagan’s America,” Dissent 61 (Fall 2014): 123–26. The reach of the con- servative trend was evident in Democratic president Bill Clinton’s welfare reform and declaration that “The era of big government is over” in 1996 CNN transcript of President Clinton’s radio address, January 27, 1996, at: http://www.cnn.com/US/9601/budget/01-27/clinton_radio/ (accessed October 23, 2014). 5 9 . A n d r e w O ’ H a g a n , “ T e x t - I n s p e c t o r s , ” London Review of Books 36, September 25, 2014, p. 11. See also Mark Danner, “No Exit,” The New York Times Book Review , February 1, 2015, pp. 1, 18. 60 . According to a report by the Committee to Protect Journalists, an international organization that monitors on press freedoms, in October 2013, “The administration’s war on leaks and other efforts to control information are the most aggressive . . . since the Nixon administration” (quoted in O’Hagan, “Text-Inspectors,” p. 12). See also Steven Rosenfeld, “How Obama Became a Civil Libertarian’s Nightmare,” Alternet, April 18, 2012, at: http://www. alternet.org/story/155045/how_obama_became_a_civil_libertarian%27s_ nightmare (accessed October 1, 2014). 61 . Baldwin, “The Price of the Ticket” (1985), in James Baldwin: Collected Essays , ed. Toni Morrison (New York: The Library of America, 1998), pp. 835–36. I refer to “racialized” inequalities to emphasize that the idea of “race differences” is socially but not biologically meaningful. The American “race problem” is rooted in racist social processes “whereby social significance is attached to certain (usually phenotypic) human features, on the basis of 196 Notes

which those people possessing those characteristics” have been treated as dis- tinct races. See Robert Miles, Racism (New York: Routledge, 1989), p. 74. 62 . Baldwin, “Notes for a Hypothetical Novel,” in James Baldwin , pp. 229–30. 63 . For instance, in August 2009, Glenn Beck declared on Fox News that President Obama had “a deep-seated hatred for white people.” Beck made his remarks in response to President Obama’s reaction to the arrest of Harvard University Professor Henry Louis Gates Jr., who is black, outside of his home in Cambridge, Massachusetts, by a white policeman. Obama initially said that the police had acted “stupidly” in the case. See “Fox News host says Obama is ‘a racist,’” Today Television, MSNBC, at: http://today.msnbc. msn.com/id/32197648/ns/today-entertainment/ (accessed April 10, 2011). There have also been persistent, vocal charges that Obama is a Muslim and was not born in the United States. 6 4 . N e l l I r v i n P a i n t e r , The History of White People (New York: Norton, 2010). 6 5 . M a t t h e w F r y e J a c o b s o n , Whiteness of a Different Color: European Immigrants and the Alchemy of Race (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999), p. 7. 66 . The country was a republic only with respect to its white male citizens. See Alexander Saxton, The Rise and Fall of the White Republic: Class Politics and Mass Culture in Nineteenth Century America (London and New York: Verso, 1990); David R. Roediger, The Wages of Whiteness: Race and the Making of the American Working Class, revised edition (London: Verso, [1991] 1999), chs. 5–6. 67 . Mike Davis, “The Last White Election?,” New Left Review , second series, no. 79 (January–February 2013): 21. 68 . Perry Anderson, “Homeland,” New Left Review , second series, no. 81 (May– June 2013), p. 17. With regard to the 2012 US national election results, however, when we unpack the “gender gap” in party preferences we find much larger gaps that “separated different categories of women voters” (Davis, “Last White Election?,” pp. 25–26). 69 . According to a recent analysis of population trends by the Pew Research Center, the US population “will rise to 438 million in 2050, from 296 million in 2005, and 82% of the increase will be due to immigrants arriving from 2005 to 2050 and their U.S.-born descendants.” See Jeffrey S. Passel and D’Vera Cohn, “U.S. Population Projections: 2005–2050,” Pew Research Center, February 11, 2008, at: http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2008/02/11/ us-population-projections-2005-2050/ (accessed October 23, 2014). 70 . Warren and Twine, “White Americans, the New Minority?,” p. 201; Painter, History of White People , ch. 26. 71 . Warren and Twine, “White Americans, the New Minority?,” pp. 214–15; Painter, History of White People , ch. 28. 72. Anderson, “Homeland,” p. 18. Anderson reports that “in 2008 a majority of white voters living on less than $50,000 a year voted for McCain, a majority earning over $200,000 a year for Obama. Four years later, eight out of the ten richest counties in the country voted for Obama” (p. 18). Notes 197

73 . George M. Fredrickson, “America’s Diversity in Comparative Perspective,” The Journal of American History 85 (December 1998): 859–75, at p. 862. 7 4 . W . E . B . D u B o i s , Black Reconstruction, 1860–1880, introduction by David Levering Lewis (New York: Free Press [1935] 1998); Roediger, Wages of Whiteness . 75 . Anderson, “Homeland,” p. 25. 76 . Robert W. McChesney, “Sharp Left Turn for the Media Reform Movement: Toward a Post-Capitalist Democracy,” Monthly Review 65 (February 2014): 2. 7 7 . I b i d . , p . 3 . 78 . Martin Gilens and Benjamin I. Page, “Testing Theories of American Politics: Elites, Interest Groups, and Average Citizens,” Perspectives on Politics 12 (September 2014): 565. 79 . The classic American statement of this idea is James Madison’s defense of the constitutional framework of checks and balances in The Federalist Papers , no. 10. See The Origins of the American Constitution: A Documentary History , ed. Michael Kammen (New York: Penguin, 1986), pp. 145–52. See also Thomas Frank, “The Best Congress Money Can Buy,” The New York Times Book Review , October 19, 2014, p. 20. 80 . McChesney, “Sharp Left Turn for the Media Reform Movement,” p. 4. 81 . Ra úl Rodr íguez-Ferr á ndiz, “Culture Industries in a Postindustrial Age: Entertainment, Leisure, Creativity, Design,” Critical Studies in Media Communication 31, no. 4 (October 2014): 333. 82 . McChesney, “Sharp Left Turn for the Media Reform Movement,” p. 4. 8 3 . I b i d . , p . 2 . 84 . The trend toward deepening income and wealth inequality can be traced back to the recession of 1973, de-industralization of the 1970s and 1980s, the decline in private-sector unionization, and deregulation of business and changes to tax policy during the Reagan administration; the Clinton administration continued deregulation and further tax cuts for wealthy Americans were enacted under President George W. Bush (Anderson, “Homeland,” pp. 10–16; Brenner, “Structure vs. Conjunction”). 85 . Justin Gillisaug, “U.N. Draft Report Lists Unchecked Emissions’ Risks,” The New York Times, August 26, 2014, at: http://www.nytimes.com/ 2014/08/27/science/earth/greenhouse-gas-emissions-are-growing-and- growing-more-dangerous-draft-of-un-report-says.html?_r=2&utm_ content=buffer849f3&utm_medium=social&utm_source=twitter. com&utm_campaign=buffer (accessed September 5, 2014). 86 . See Luke Mitchell, “What Killed the Neanderthals?” London Review of Books 36 (May 8 2014): 15. 87 . As Ellen Willis says, feminism took on different resonances “as it arrived in black neighborhoods, union halls, Catholic and evangelical churches, Colorado and Mississippi, but no stratum of society or section of the country was untouched by it.” See Ellen Willis, “Escape from Freedom: What’s the Matter with Tom Frank (and the Lefties who Love Him)?,” Situations 1, no. 2 (2006): 11. 198 Notes

88 . In 2014, the Pew Research Center found that 61 percent of Americans believe that there is solid evidence of global warming, but only 48 percent regard global warming a major threat; 28 percent ranked global warming as a top priority for President Obama and Congress. See Seth Motel, “Polls Show Most Americans Believe in Climate Change, but Give It Low Priority,” Pew Research Center, September 23, 2014, at: http://www.pewresearch.org/ fact-tank/2014/09/23/most-americans-believe-in-climate-change-but-give- it-low-priority/ (accessed October 24, 2014). 89 . A Gallup poll in November 2012 found that about 39 percent of Americans held a positive view of socialism. See Frank Newport, “Democrats, Republicans Diverge on Capitalism, Federal Gov’t,” Gallup poll, November 29, 2012, at: http://www.gallup.com/poll/158978/democrats-republicans- diverge-capitalism-federal-gov.aspx (accessed October 24, 2014). 90 . Lionel Trilling, “The Leavis-Snow Controversy,” in Trilling, Moral Obligation , p. 411. 91 . Lionel Trilling, “Art, Will, and Necessity” (1973), in Moral Obligation , p. 511. 9 2 . T r i l l i n g , Liberal Imagination , p. 95. Pondering the horrors perpetrated by the Nazis, he worried of the possible eclipse of the “resistance that was offered to the assaults of mind” by the novel and other cultural forms (ibid., 264, 266). 93 . Ibid., p. 95. 9 4 . I b i d . , p . 9 6 . 9 5 . I b i d . , p . 1 0 0 . 9 6 . I b i d . 97 . Trilling, “Mind in the Modern World,” in Moral Obligation , p. 486. 9 8 . I b i d . 99 . Trilling, “Preface to Beyond Culture ,” in Moral Obligation , p. 551. 1 0 0 . I b i d . 101 . Ibid. 1 0 2 . I b i d . 1 0 3 . I b i d . 1 0 4 . T r i l l i n g , Liberal Imagination , pp. 206–7. 105 . Trilling, “Leavis-Snow Controversy,” p. 423. 106 . Trilling, “Preface to Beyond Culture ,” p. 551. 107 . Trilling, “Leavis-Snow Controversy,” p. 423, emphasis added. 1 0 8 . T r i l l i n g , Liberal Imagination , p. 191. 109 . Ibid., pp. 191–92. 110 . Ibid., p. 192. “The poet,” he said, “is an effect of environment, but we must remember that he is no less a cause” (p. 190). 111 . Ibid., pp. 197, 196. 112 . See Jed Perl, “Liberals Are Killing Art: How the Left Became Obsessed with Ideology Over Beauty,” The New Republic , August 4, 2014, at: http://www. newrepublic.com/article/118958/liberals-are-killing-art-insisting-its-always- political (accessed September 22, 2014). Perl says that the “challenge for everybody who is involved with the arts . . . is how to make the case for the Notes 199

arts without condemning the arts to the hyphenated existence that violates their freestanding significance” (ibid.) 113 . There are exceptions. Artists like the photographer Robert Mapplethorpe and performance artist Karen Finley generated public discussion precisely because their work has been controversial, and also because it was supported by the National Endowment for the Arts. See http://ccrjustice.org/ourcases/ past-cases/finley-v.-nea (accessed October 27, 2014). 114 . Alain Badiou, Cinema , ed. Antoine de Baecque; trans. Susan Spitzer (Cambridge, UK; Malden, MA: Polity, 2013), pp. 207–8. 1 1 5. I b i d . , p . 2 0 8 . 116 . In this regard, we could consider the aesthetic question of whether certain movies or television shows succeed artistically . We could also ponder, with Trilling, the extent to which “mass culture” might pose a “threat to high culture” (“The Situation of the American Intellectuals at the Present Time,” in Moral Obligation , p. 284). My concerns are more political than aesthetic. Like Trilling, however, I am concerned with the impact of people’s engage- ments with “culture” on their political judgment. 117 . I am using the term “critical theory” here to encompass thinkers associ- ated with the specific school of thought known as Critical Theory—such as Horkheimer and Adorno and, more recently, Seyla Benhabib and Douglas Kellner—as well as other cultural theorists, like Stuart Hall, who offer related views of popular culture. See Kellner, “The Frankfurt School and British Cultural Studies”; Stuart Hall, “Encoding/Decoding,” in Culture, Media, Language: Working Papers in Cultural Studies, 1972–79, ed. Stuart Hall et al. (London: Hutchinson, 1980), pp. 128–38. 118 . Stuart Hall, “What Is This ‘Black’ in Black Popular Culture?,” Social Justice 20, nos. 1–2 (1993): 104–14, at p. 107. 119 . Ibid., p. 108. In Adorno’s words, “We live in a society of commodities—that is, a society in which production of goods is taking place, not primarily to satisfy human wants and needs, but for profit.” See T. W. Adorno, “A Social Critique of Radio Music,” The Kenyon Review 7, no. 2 (Spring 1945): 208–17, at p. 210. 1 2 0 . I b i d . , p . 1 0 8 . 121 . Ibid., p. 106. In the United States, this has long been the case as “black American vernacular traditions” have continually shaped American national-popular culture (p. 105). 122 . Kellner, “The Frankfurt School and British Cultural Studies,” p. 46. 123 . Ibid. This pattern is moderated to varying degrees in different capitalist countries by different levels of public funding for public broadcasting in radio and television and for other forms of culture. 124 . Ibid.; Hall, “Encoding/Decoding,” pp. 130–34. 125 . Nicholas Garnham, “Political Economy and Cultural Studies,” in The Cultural Studies Reader, 2nd edition, ed. Simon During (London and New York: Routledge, 1999), p. 496. 1 2 6 . R o b e r t M c C h e s n e y , Rich Media, Poor Democracy: Communication Politics in Dubious Times (New York: New Press, 2000); Williamson, “PBS Self- Destructs.” 200 Notes

127 . John Bellamy Foster and Robert W. McChesney, “The Internet’s Unholy Marriage to Capitalism,” Monthly Review 62 (March 2011), at: http://month- lyreview.org/2011/03/01/the-internets-unholy-marriage-to-capitalism/ (accessed October 27, 2014). 128 . The decline in private sector unionization since the 1950s (see n. 57, above) and deregulation of the economy since the 1980s have diminished the limited democratization of the US economy brought about by the New Deal, at least in traditional capitalist firms; a small sector of worker cooperative firms has bucked this trend. See Kuttner, “Why Work Is More and More Debased”; Ajowa Nzinga Ifateyo, “A Co-op State of Mind,” In These Times , September 2014, pp. 18–23. 129 . Lawrence Grossberg, “Cultural Studies vs. Political Economy: Is Anybody Else Bored with This Debate?,” Critical Studies in Mass Communication 12, no. 1 (March 1995): 72–81, at p. 76. 1 3 0 . I b i d . ; H a l l , “ E n c o d i n g / D e c o d i n g . ” 131 . Kellner, “Film, Politics, and Ideology,” p. 21. 132 . Willie Osterweil, “Hollywood in Revolt?,” Dissent 60 (Fall 2013): 13. 133 . Kellner, “The Frankfurt School and British Cultural Studies,” p. 40. 134 . Kellner, “Film, Politics, and Ideology,” p. 14. 1 3 5 . T h u s , Gone With the Wind won eight academy awards (among other awards) in 1940. Its racist depictions of the South and of slavery were little noticed by white audiences and critics. Reviewing the movie in The New York Times, at the end of 1939, Frank Nugent wrote that producer David Selznick “skillfully and absorbingly recreated [novelist Margaret] Mitchell’s mural of the South in that bitter decade when secession, civil war and reconstruction ripped wide the graceful fabric of the plantation age.” See Frank S. Nugent, “MOVIE REVIEW: Gone With the Wind ,” The New York Times , December 20, 1939, at: http://www.nytimes.com/movie/revi ew?res=9807E2DA153EE432A25753C2A9649D946894D6CF (accessed October 29, 2014). 136 . Horkheimer and Adorno, Dialectic of Enlightenment , pp. 126, 118. 137 . Theodor W. Adorno, “Cultural Criticism and Society,” in Adorno, Prisms , trans. Samuel Weber and Shierry Weber (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1983), pp. 32, 34. 138 . Hall, “What Is This ‘Black’ in Black Popular Culture?,” p. 108; Adorno, “How to Look at Television,” pp. 160–67. 139 . Here there may be some truth to Daniel Bell’s concern that “adversarial culture” threatens bourgeois values: “changes in expressive symbols and forms . . . meet no resistance in the realm of culture itself.” See Daniel Bell, “The Cultural Contradictions of Capitalism,” Public Interest , no. 21 (Fall 1970), p. 17. 140 . One indication of the hegemony of this view is the way US political commentators like David Brooks readily speak of “democratic capitalism” as if these two notions fit together seamlessly. See, for example, David Books, “The Spiritual Recession: Is America Losing Faith in Universal Democracy?,” The New York Times , June 26, 2014, at: http://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/27/ Notes 201

opinion/david-brooks-is-america-losing-faith-in-universal-democracy.html? module=Search&mabReward=relbias%3Ar%2C%7B%221%22%3A%22R I%3A8%22%7D (accessed October 28, 2014). 141 . Horkheimer and Adorno, Dialectic of Enlightenment , pp. 109–10. 142 . Three of my topics are cultural-political phenomena rather cultural objects: the media celebration of the “genius” of Steve Jobs (cofounder of Apple Inc.) and the Occupy movement (in chapter 6 ) and racialized whiteness (in chapter 8 ), although I relate each to popular culture productions. 143 . There is much more to be said about how gender is represented in recent television shows—for example, “Orange Is the New Black,” “Girls,” “Louie,” “Parenthood,” “The Good Wife,” “Scandal,” and “How to Get Away with Murder” (see A. O. Scott, “The Post-Man”). 1 4 4 . P a u l W . K a h n , Finding Ourselves at the Movies: Philosophy for a New Generation (New York: Columbia University Press, 2013), p. ix. 145 . Ibid. That said, nonnarrative aspects of cultural objects also convey political values and visions. 1 4 6 . S e e J o d i D e a n ( e d . ) , Cultural Studies and Political Theory (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2000).

1 Keep on Rockin’ in the Free World

1 . N e i l Y o u n g , Living with War (Reprise, 2006). 2 . “Iraq Coalition Military Fatalities by Year,” at: http://www.icasualties.org/ (accessed November 25, 2006). 3 . “Iraq Body Count,” at: http://www.iraqbodycount.net/ (accessed November 24, 2006). 4 . Gilbert Burnham, Riyadh Lafta, Shannon Doocy, and Les Roberts, “Mortality after the 2003 Invasion of Iraq: A Cross-Sectional Cluster Sample Survey,” The Lancet 368 (October 2006): 1421–28, at: http://www.thelancet. com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(06)69491-9/fulltext (accessed March 5, 2015). 5 . Sabrina Tavernise, “Civilian Death Reaches New High in Iraq, U.N. Says,” The New York Times , November 23, 2006, A1. 6 . Steve Earle’s The Revolution Starts . . . Now (Artemis Records, 2004); Dixie Chicks, Taking the Long Way (Columbia/ Sony, 2006); the Coup, Pick a Bigger Weapon (Epitaph, 2006); Michael Franti and Spearhead, Yell Fire! (Epitaph, 2006). 7 . Antonio Gramsci, Selections from the Prison Notebooks (New York: International Publishers, 1971), p. 12. 8 . Ibid., pp. 193, 192. 9 . I b i d . p . 1 9 4 . 1 0 . I b i d . , p . 2 2 9 . 11 . Quoted in Stephen Smith-Said, “Why Neil Young Is Wrong,” The Progressive 70 (July 2006): 32. 202 Notes

1 2 . I b i d . 1 3 . H e r b e r t M a r c u s e , One-Dimensional Man (Boston: Beacon Press, [1964] 1991), p. 64; John Kenneth Galbraith, The Culture of Contentment (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1992). 1 4 . S t e v e E a r l e , El Coraz ó n (Warner Brothers Records, 1997), track 1. 15 . See Jonathan Schell, “The World’s Other Superpower,” The Nation , April 14, 2003, pp. 11–12; Scott Jaschik, “The Times—Are They A-Changin’?,” Inside Higher Education, January 25, 2006, at: https://www.insidehighered. com/news/2006/01/25/sds (accessed November 3, 2014); Gabriella Doob, “SDS revived: 1960s group wraps up active year,” The Brown Daily Herald , April 25, 2007, at: http://www.browndailyherald.com/2007/04/25/sds- revived-1960s-group-wraps-up-active-year/ (November 3, 2014); Record Editors, “Antioch Students Attend SDS Revival Convention,” The Record , August 31, 2007, at: http://recordonline.org/2007/08/31/antioch-students- attend-sds-revival-convention-2/ (accessed November 3, 2014). 16 . The political impact of these artists was largely due to how their efforts coalesced with mass-based political movements—something current dissi- dent musicians lack. Jenny Toomey and Rob Rosenthal, “Music for Change,” The Nation 280 (January 31, 2005): 14; Robert Cantwell, When We Were Good: The Folk Revival (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1996). 17 . Mark Binelli, “‘Doing What’s Right, Not What’s Legal’: Boots Riley on Occupy Oakland,” Rolling Stone , January 30, 2012, at: http://www.rollingstone.com/politics/news/doing-whats-right-not-whats-legal-boots-riley-on- occupy-oakland-20120130 (accessed September 2, 2014). 18 . Riley said of Occupy Oakland in 2012, “What we’re doing here gets a different message out, a stronger message out, to many more people than my music” (Riley, quoted in Binelli, “‘Doing What’s Right, Not What’s Legal’”). 19 . Riley, quoted in ibid. 20 . “Fox’s Interview with Boots Riley from the Coup Didn’t Go as Planned,” Spin.com, August 25 2014, at: http://www.spin.com/articles/boots-riley- the-coup-fox-interview-video-cleveland-communism/ (accessed October 31, 2014). 21 . Binelli, “‘Doing What’s Right, Not What’s Legal.’” 22 . Jeff Chang, “’Stakes Is High’: Conscious Rap, Neosoul and the Hip Hop Generation,” The Nation 276 (January 13/20, 2003): 17–21. 23 . See Juan Cole, “At Hussein’s Hearings, U.S. May Be on Trial,” truthdig, November 29, 2005, at: http://www.truthdig.com/report/item/hussein_trial (accessed November 3, 2014); Russ W. Baker, ‘‘ Iraqgate : The Big One that (Almost) Got Away,’’ Columbia Journalism Review 31 (March/April 1993): 48–54. 24 . I am referring to Jackson’s “Nation Time” speech at the 1972 National Black Political Convention in Gary, Indiana. 25 . David Corn, “Death-House Troubadour,” The Nation 265 (August 25/ September 1, 1997): 34–36. 2 6 . H a n n a h A r e n d t , On Revolution (New York: Viking Press, 1965). Notes 203

27 . See Hannah Arendt, “Lying in Politics,” Crises of the Republic (New York: Harvest/HBJ Book, 1972). 28 . To be fair, Earle, who lives in Nashville, has explained that he wrote the song after Rice spoke at Vanderbilt University in Nashville. See Jim Derogatis, “Combat Rock,” Harp Magazine 3 (September/ October 2004): 105. 29 . See Phil Ochs, I’m Not Marching Anymore (Elektra Records, 1965). 30 . See Wonder Knack and Michael Franti, Food for the Masses: Michael Franti — Lyrics and Portraits (Insight Editions, 2006). I owe this observation to Devon Lougheed. Franti also has recently done a film, “I Know I’m Not Alone,” documenting his visit to war zones in Iraq, Palestine, and Israel, and his song by that name is on Yell Fire! 31 . Emilio Estevez’s movie, “Bobby” (The Weinstein Company and Bold Films, 2006), which focuses on the last day in the life and presidential candidacy of RFK, plays to the same impulse. Actor William Macy, who is in the film, has commented, “We’ve been ill-served by our politicians for many years. We need a new Bobby Kennedy. We need somebody to stand up. We need a leader” (quoted in Gayle MacDonald, “Is Emilio Back?,” The Globe and Mail , Thursday, November 23, 2006, R4). 32 . “Ohio” is included on the Crosby, Stills, Nash, and Young album 4 Way Street (Atlantic record, 1971). 33 . Josh Tyrangiel, “In the Line of Fire,” Time Magazine, May 21, 2006, http:www.time.com/time/magazine/printout/0,8816,119641,00.html . 34 . John Schwartz and Geraldine Fabrikant, “War Puts Radio Giant on the Defensive,” The New York Times, March 31, 2003, at: http://www.nytimes. com/2003/03/31/business/media/31RADI.html?module=Search&mab Reward=relbias%3As%2C{%221%22%3A%22RI%3A8%22} (accessed November 3, 2014). Clear Channel’s political commitments were evident in 2003 in the cosponsorship by local Clear Channel stations of thirteen “Rally for America!” events, led by Glen Beck, including one in Atlanta that an estimated 25,000 people attended. Beck’s talk show was then syndicated by Premiere Radio Networks, a Clear Channel subsidiary (ibid.) 35 . Gabriel Rossman, “Elites, Masses, and Media Blacklists: The Dixie Chicks Controversy,” Social Forces 83, no. 1 (September 2004): 61–79. Clear Channel was also promoting “the Dixie Chicks’ then pending American tour” (Rossman, “Elites, Masses,” p. 73). 36 . Rossman, “Elites, Masses,” p. 61. 37 . Their story was well told in Barbara Kopple’s documentary film, “Shut Up and Sing” (Cabin Creek Films, 2006). 38 . Dixie Chicks, Taking the Long Way (Columbia/ Sony, 2006). 39 . “Dems Battle Over Confederate Flag,” Sunday, November 2, 2003, CNN. com, http://edition.cnn.com/2003/ALLPOLITICS/11/01/elec04.prez.dean. confederate.flag/ (accessed November 9, 2006). 40 . Clayborne Carson, “Parting the Country,” Dissent 45 (Summer 1998): 111; Frank, “What’s the Matter with Liberals?”. 4 1 . h t t p : / / h o s t e d . a p . o r g / d y n a m i c / f i l e s / e l e c t i o n s / 2 0 0 6 / g e n e r a l / b y _ s t a t e / sen_gov/MI.html?SITE=NPR&SECTION=POLITICS&TABULATE=1. 204 Notes

42 . Tamar Lewin, “Michigan Rejects Affirmative Action, and Backers Sue,” The New York Time s, Thursday, November 9, 2006, P16. 43 . “Survey of Voters: Who They Were,” The New York Time s, Thursday, November 9, 2006, P7. 44 . See Colin Kidd, “‘My God Was Bigger Than His,’” London Review of Books (November 4, 2004): 15–18; Tim Wise, “What’s the Matter with White Folks?,” LiP Magazine (Spring 2005). 45 . I owe this point to Carleton Gholz. 46 . Langston Hughes, “Let America Be America Again,” quoted in Howard Zinn, A People’s History of the United States, 1492- Present , revised and updated edition (New York: Harper Perennial, 1995): 395–96. 47 . In 2006, 18–29-year-olds voted more solidly for Democrats than other age groups: 61 percent cast Democratic votes and 39 percent cast votes for Republicans according to exit polls. Voters 30–44 went for Democrats over Republicans 54 to 46 percent; voters 45–59 voted for Democrats over Republicans 54 to 46 percent; voters age 60 and older favored Democrats 52 to 48 percent. Given the usual drop-off in voting by young Americans in midterm elections, however, only about 12 percent of all voters in 2006 were 18–29; in 2000 and 2004, presidential election years, voters ages 18–29 made up 17 percent of all voters. See “Survey of Voters,” P7. 48 . Jenny Toomey and Rob Rosenthal, “Music for Change,” The Nation 280 (January 31, 2005): 14. On progressive activism by musicians in the United States since 2006, see Peter Dreier and Dick Flacks, “Protest Music and People Movements: The Tradition Continues,” Common Dreams, May 26, 2014, at: http://www.commondreams.org/view/2014/05/26 (accessed May 26, 2014). 49 . Ra ú l Rodrí guez-Ferr á ndiz, “Culture Industries in a Postindustrial Age: Entertainment, Leisure, Creativity, Design,” Critical Studies in Media Communication 31, no. 4 (October 2014): 327 –341. 50 . Mark Crispin Miller, “Who Controls the Music? The National Entertainment State III,” The Nation 265 (August 25/September 1, 1997): 11–16; Jenny Toomey, “Empire of the Air,” The Nation 276 (January 13/20, 2003): 28–30. 51 . Eric Boehlert, “Radio’s Big Bully,” Salon.com, Monday, April 30, 2001, at: http://www.salon.com/2001/04/30/clear_channel/ (accessed November 3, 2014). Prior to this 1996 act, US law “permitted a single firm to own no more than twenty-eight stations nationally”; a few years later, Clear Channel, the country’s largest radio company, owned more than 1,200 stations nationally. See Robert W. McChesney and John Nichols, Our Media, Not Theirs: The Democratic Struggle Against Corporate Media (New York: Seven Stories, 2002), p. 53. 52 . Boehlert, “Radio’s Big bully.” 53 . Eric Boehlert, “Limbaugh’s Living Large while Radio Boss Clear Channel Implodes,” Huffington Post, The Blog, June 5, 2009, at: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/eric-boehlert/limbaughs-living-large-wh_b_196822.html (accessed November 5, 2014). Notes 205

54 . “Clear Channel Becomes iHeartMedia,” at: http://www.clearchannel.com/ Pages/Press.aspx (accessed November 5, 2014). 5 5 . I b i d . 5 6 . I b i d . 57 . Eric Boehlert, Interview on National Public Radio’s Fresh Air, July 23, 2003 (http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1354401 ), quoted in Maria Figueroa, Damone Richardson, and Pam Whitefield, for the AFL-CIO, “The Clear Picture on Clear Channel Communications, Inc.: A Corporate Profile,” Cornell University Digital Commons, January 28, 2004, p. 10, available at: http://digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcon- tent.cgi?article=1100&context=articles (accessed November 3, 2014). 58 . Schwartz and Fabrikant, “War Puts Radio Giant on the Defensive.” 59 . Max Horkheimer and Theodore W. Adorno, The Dialectic of Enlightenment: Philosophical Fragments , ed. Gunzelin Schmid Noerr, trans. Edmund Jephcott (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2002), pp. xviii–xix. 6 0 . I b i d . , p . 1 0 6 . 61 . Rossman, “Elites, Masses,” p. 65. 6 2 . I b i d . , p p . 6 5 – 6 6 . 6 3 . T h e New York Times reported in 2003 that the cultural homogenization at Clear Channel left “little room for boat-rocking and that gives little airplay to antiwar songs like current ones by Lenny Kravitz and Michael Stipe of R.E.M” (Schwartz and Fabrikant, “War Puts Radio Giant on the Defensive”). 64 . Boehlert, “Radio’s Big Bully.” 65 . The CD by the leftist US punk group Anti-Flag, For Blood and Empire , also released in 2006, is notable. Made for RCA (a unit of Sony Music Entertainment, which is also the Dixie Chicks parent company), the album includes defiantly anti-imperialist, anti-media monopoly tracks, such as “The Press Corpse,” “The Project for a New American Century,” and “The W.T.O Kills Farmers.” 66 . Dreier and Flacks, “Protest Music and People Movements.” 6 7 . M a r c u s e , One-Dimesional Man , p. 72. 6 8 . I b i d . , p . 7 3 . 69 . See Thomas Frank, “Why Johnny Can’t Dissent,” in Commodify Your Dissent: Salvos from the Baffle r, ed. Thomas Frank and Matt Weiland (New York: Norton, 1997). 7 0 . I b i d . 71 . Melissa A. Orlie, “Political Capitalism and the Consumption of Democracy,” in Democracy and Vision: Sheldon Wolin and the Vicissitudes of the Political (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001), pp. 151–53. 72 . Frank, “Why Johnny Can’t Dissent”; Chang, “‘Stakes Is High’”; Smith-Said, “Why Neil Young Is Wrong,” pp. 32–33. 73 . John Mayer, “Waiting for the World to Change,” from Mayer, Continuum (Aware/Columbia, 2006). 74 . Thus, Boots Riley has said of his intended audience, “I assume that you agree with me . . . I think it makes my music less preachy and it allows me to just 206 Notes

talk about the regular things I go through.” See Ann Powers, with Eddie Vedder, Boots Riley, Amy Ray, Carrie Brownstein, and Tom Morello, “The Power of Music,” The Nation 276 (January 13/20, 2003), p. 15. 75 . Neil Young, “Rockin’ in the Free World,” from Young, Freedom (Reprise, 1989). 7 6 . B r u c e S p r i n g s t e e n , We Shall Overcome: The Seeger Sessions (Columbia Records, 2006).

2 HUMPDAY, SOUL POWER, and the Politics of Hip

1 . Humpday , written, directed, and produced by Lynn Shelton (Magnolia Pictures, 2009); Soul Power, directed by Jeffrey Levy-Hinte; produced by Leon Gast, Jeffrey Levy-Hinte, and David Sonenberg (Sony Pictures Classics, 2009). 2 . John Leland, Hip: The History (New York: Harper Perennial, 2005), p. 10. 3 . Amiri Baraka (as LeRoi Jones), Black Music (New York: William Morrow,1970), p. 195. 4 . M i c h e l F o u c a u l t , The History of Sexuality, Volume 1: An Introduction (New York: Vintage Books, 1990 [1978]), p. 101. 5 . Quoted in Scott Saul, Freedom Is, Freedom Ain’t: Jazz and the Making of the Sixties (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2003), p. 66. 6 . Thomas Frank, “Why Johnny Can’t Dissent,” in Commodify Your Dissent: Salvos from the Baffler , ed. Thomas Frank and Matt Weiland (New York and London: W. W. Norton, 1997). 7 . Kesey, quoted in Leland, Hip , p. 9. 8 . See John Kenneth Galbraith, The Culture of Contentment (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin, 1992); Cheryl Harris, “Whiteness as Property,” Harvard Law Review 106 (June 1993): 1709–91. 9 . S a u l , Freedom Is, Freedom Ain’t , p. 57. 10 . Mezz Mezzrow, quoted in ibid., p. 43. 1 1 . When We Were Kings, directed by Leon Gast (Das Films, David Sonenberg Production, and Polygram Entertainment, 1996). 12 . To be clear, I am referring to the history of various peoples from Africa once Europeans began to designate and treat them all as “black” or “negro” people around 1500. See Bruce Baum, The Rise and Fall of the Caucasian Race: A Political History of Racial Identity (New York: New York University Press, 2006), pp, 43–44. 1 3 . F r a n t z F a n o n , The Wretched of the Earth , trans. Richard Philcox; foreword by Homi K. Bhabha (New York: Grove Press, [1961] 2004), chs. 3–4. 1 4 . L e l a n d , Hip , p. 356. 1 5 . S u s a n - M a r y G r a n t , A Concise History of the United States of America (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012), pp. 172–204, 239. Grant notes that between 1887 and 1934, 86 million acres of land “passed into the control of non-natives” (239–40). Notes 207

1 6 . W . E . B . D u B o i s , Black Reconstruction, 1860–1880, introduction by David Levering Lewis (New York: Free Press [1935] 1998), pp. 700–701. 17 . Ralph Waldo Emerson, “Self-Reliance,” in American Political Thought: A Norton Anthology , ed. Isaac Kramnick and Theodore J. Lowi (New York and London: Norton, 2009), p. 471. 18 . “Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Global Freedom Struggle: Memphis Sanitation Workers Strike (1968),” at: http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/ index.php/encyclopedia/encyclopedia/enc_memphis_sanitation_workers_ strike_1968/ (accessed November 7, 2014). 19 . Betty Friedan published The Feminine Mystique in 1963; the Stonewall uprising, which began when police raided the Stonewall Inn, a gay bar in Greenwich Village, New York, on June 28, 1969, was a pivotal moment in the gay rights movement. 2 0 . J o h n D e w e y , Liberalism and Social Action (Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, [1935] 2000), p. 35.

3 The Hero America Deserves? The Dark Knight, THE DARK KNIGHT RISES, and the Liberalism of Fear

1 . Slavoj Ž i ž ek, “Dictatorship of the Proletariat in Gotham City,” Blog da Boitempo, August 2012, at: http://boitempoeditorial.wordpress. com/2012/08/08/dictatorship-of-the-proletariat-in-gotham-city-slavoj-z- izek-on-the-dark-knight-rises/ (accessed August 9, 2012). 2 . Batman Begins, directed by Christopher Nolan, produced by Larry Franco, Charles Roven, and Emma Thomas (Warner Bros., 2005); The Dark Knight , directed by Christopher Nolan, produced by Charles Roven, Emma Thomas, and Christopher Nolan (Warner Bros., 2008); and The Dark Knight Rises , directed by Christopher Nolan, produced by Emma Thomas, Christopher Nolan, and Charles Roven (Warner Bros., 2012). 3 . A striking example is the Spider-Man franchise: a series of well-regarded movies, starring Tobey Maguire, in the 2000s ( Spider-Man, in 2002; Spider- Man 2 , in 2004; and Spider-Man 3 , in 2007) has already been followed by a new series, starring Andrew Garfield (so far: The Amazing Spider-Man , 2012 and The Amazing Spider-Man 2 , 2014). 4 . See Manohla Dargis and A. O. Scott, “Super-Dreams of an Alternate World Order,” The New York Times , June 27, 2012, at: http://www.nytimes. com/2012/07/01/movies/the-amazing-spider-man-and-the-modern-comic- book-movie.html?scp=14&sq=Dargis%20Superhero&st=Search (accessed July 20, 2012). 5 . Ž i ž ek discusses all three movies. See also David Graeber, “Super Position,” The New Inquiry, October 8, 2012, at: http://thenewinquiry.com/essays/ super-position/ (accessed November 11, 2014). 208 Notes

6 . The US Supreme Court, in Hamdan v. Rumsfeld (2006), rejected President Bush’s creation of military commissions by executive order for suspected ter- rorists held by the United States at Guant á namo Bay. The Bush administration, with Congress, enacted the Military Commissions Act of 2006 (MCA). It denied to detainees the right of habeas corpus —their right to challenge their detention in a court of law. See “FAQs: The Military Commissions Act,” Center for Constitutional Rights, at: http://ccrjustice.org/learn-more/ faqs/faqs%3A-military-commisions-act (accessed November 10, 2014); David Cole, “Can Privacy Be Saved?,” The New York Review of Books 61, March 6, 2014, pp. 23–24. 7 . T e x t o f G e o r g e B u s h ’ s s p e e c h , The Guardian , September 21, 2003, at: http:// www.theguardian.com/world/2001/sep/21/september11.usa13 (accessed November 10, 2014). 8 . Stephen Holmes, “What’s in It for Obama?,” London Review of Books, July 18, 2013, pp. 15–18. 9 . Arguably, a neoconservative version of the liberalism of fear became the dominant ethos of the Bush administration. See Mark Danner, “In the Darkness of Dick Cheney,” The New York Review of Books, March 6, 2014, pp. 49–53. 10 . In the United States today, liberal invocations of “hope” might seem to be discredited by the rhetorical uses of “hope” by Democratic presidents Bill Clinton and Barack Obama. And the gap between my meaning and theirs may have something to do with their respective senses of the kind of liberalism of hope that could provide a winning political slogan and platform in recent US politics. Still, I don’t think that this association discredits the basic idea. 11 . Judith N. Shklar, “The Liberalism of Fear,” in Liberalism and the Moral Life , ed. Nancy L. Rosenblum (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1989), pp. 21–38, at p. 21. 1 2 . T h o m a s H o b b e s , Leviathan (London: Andrew Crooke, 1651; McMaster University Archive of the History of Economic Thought, 1999), Ch. 13, p. 78 at: http://resolve.library.ubc.ca/cgi-bin/catsearch?bid=7178069 (accessed November 11, 2014). 13 . The liberty of a subject of a state, Hobbes says, consists “only in those things which . . . the sovereign hath pretermitted: such as is the liberty to buy, and sell, and otherwise contract with one another; to choose their own abode, their own diet, their own trade of life, and institute their children as they themselves think fit” (ibid., Ch. 21, p. 131). 14 . Shklar, “Liberalism of Fear,” p. 24. 15 . Ibid., pp. 23–24, 29. 1 6 . I b i d . , p . 2 6 . 17 . Ibid., p. 27. 1 8 . I b i d . 1 9 . I b i d . , p p . 2 8 – 2 9 . 2 0 . h t t p : / / w w w . b o x o f f i c e m o j o . c o m / m o v i e s / ? p a g e . m a i n & i d . d a r k k n i g h t . h t m (accessed April 2009). Notes 209

21 . Paul Krugman, “Bailout for Bunglers,” The New York Times , February 2, 2009, at: http://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/02/opinion/02krugman. html?_r.1&th&emc.th . (accessed February 13, 2009). 22 . See Krishna Guha and Edward Luce, “Greenspan Backs Bank Nationalization,” Financial Times, February 18, 2009, at: http://www. ft.com/cms/s/0/e310cbf6-fd4e-11dd-a103-000077b07658.html (accessed February 23, 2009). 23 . Manohla Dargis, “A Rejected Superhero Ends Up at Ground Zero,” The New York Times , July 18, 2012 (in print July 20), at: http://movies.nytimes. com/2012/07/20/movies/the-dark-knight-rises-with-christian-bale.html?nl =todaysheadlines&emc=edit_th_20120720&pagewanted=2 (accessed July 20, 2012). 24 . Ž i ž ek, “Dictatorship of the Proletariat.” 25 . Ž i ž ek, Dargis, and others have noted echoes of French Revolution and the Occupy Movement. 26 . Scott Foundas, “Cinematic Faith,” filmcomment , November/December 2012, at: http://filmcomment.com/article/cinematic-faith-christopher-nolan-scott-foundas (accessed November 13, 2014). 2 7 . I b i d . 28 . See the Introduction, pp. 17–20. 29 . Jeff Jensen, “‘The Dark Knight Rises’: Bring on the ‘Knight,’” Entertainment , posted July 13, 2012; published in issue no. 1216, July 20, 2012, at: http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20612774_9,00.html (accessed November 11, 2014). I owe this reference to Ž i ž ek, “Dictatorship of the Proletariat.” 3 0 . I b i d . 31 . Ž i ž ek, “Dictatorship of the Proletariat.” Compare Catherine Shoard, “Dark Knight Rises: Fancy a Capitalist Caped Crusader as Your Superhero?,” The Guardian , July 17, 2012, at: http://www.theguardian.com/film/filmblog/ 2012/jul/17/dark-knight-rises-capitalist-superhero (accessed November 11, 2014); David Sirota, “‘The Dark Knight Rises’ and the New ‘Call of Duty’ Game Both Demonize Occupy. Has Pop Culture Turned on Populism?,” Salon.com, July 18, 2012, at: http://www.salon.com/2012/07/18/batman_ hates_the_99_percent/ (accessed November 11, 2014). 32 . Ž i ž ek, “Dictatorship of the Proletariat.” 3 3 . I b i d . 3 4 . I b i d . 35 . Nolan’s insistence that it’s “not true” that he has made a film that criticizes the Occupy movement elides the deeper issue. In interviews he has focused on this angle: “if . . . a movement can be co-opted for evil, then is that a critique of the movement itself?” (Nolan, in Foundas, “Cinematic Faith.”) See also Rolling Stone, “Christopher Nolan: ‘Dark Knight Rises’ Isn’t Political,” Rolling Stone, July 20, 2012, at: http://www.rollingstone.com/movies/ news/christopher-nolan-dark-knight-rises-isn-t-political-20120720 (accessed November 13, 2014). 36 . Shoard, “Dark Knight Rises.” 210 Notes

37 . Sirota, “‘The Dark Knight Rises’ and the New ‘Call of Duty’ Game Both Demonize Occupy.” 3 8 . I b i d . 39 . See Stuart Hall, “Encoding/Decoding,” in Culture, Media, Language: Working Papers in Cultural Studies, 1972–79, ed. Stuart Hall et al. (London: Hutchinson, 1980), pp. 128–38. Nolan says that the movie is “off the con- ventional political spectrum, so it’s very subject to interpretation and misin- terpretation” (Nolan, in Foundas, “Cinematic Faith”). 40 . Glen Weldon, “Catharsis in a Cape: On Comic-Book Heroes and Real- World Violence,” NPR: Monkey See, July 20, 2012, at: http://www.npr. org/blogs/monkeysee/2012/07/20/157115707/catharsis-in-a-cape-on-comic- book-heroes-and-real-world-violence (accessed November 12, 2014). 41 . Ibid. Weldon made these comments in response to the fatal shooting of 12 people in a movie theater in Aurora, Colorado, at a screening of The Dark Knight Rises. See Dan Frosch and Kirk Johnson, “Gunman Kills 12 in Colorado, Reviving Gun Debate,” The New York Times , July 20, 2012, at: http://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/21/us/shooting-at-colorado-theater- showing-batman-movie.html?nl=todaysheadlines&emc=edit_th_20120721 (accessed July 21, 2012). 42 . On the realistic elements of Nolan’s Dark Knight movies, see Foundas, “Cinematic Faith.” 43 . Shklar, “The Liberalism of Fear,” p. 33. 4 4 . I b i d . 4 5 . I b i d . 46 . Ibid, p. 37. 47 . Cole, “Can Privacy Be Saved?” 4 8 . G r a e b e r , “ S u p e r P o s i t i o n . ”

4 Apes, Humans, and Other Animals: PROJECT NIM and RISE OF THE PLANET OF THE APES

1 . Robert Filmer, Preface to his Observations upon Aristotle’s Politiques (1652), quoted in John Locke, Two Treatises of Government, ed. Peter Laslett (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988), pp. 156, 152. 2 . Genesis 1: 28, quoted in Locke, Two Treatises , p. 156. 3 . L o c k e , Two Treatises , pp. 157, 159. 4 . I b i d . 5 . I b i d . , p . 1 5 9 . 6 . I b i d . 7 . Mill died long before the term “environmentalist” was coined, but he expressed in the nineteenth century what we now call environmentalist concerns. Notes 211

8 . Bernard Williams, “Must a Concern for the Environment Be Centred on Human Beings?,” in Ethics and the Environment, ed. C. C. W. Taylor (Oxford: Corpus Christi College, 1992), p. 48. 9 . See Arne Naess, “Deep Ecology and Ultimate Premises,” Society and Nature , 1 (December 1992): 108–19. 10 . Williams, “Must a Concern for the Environment Be Centred on Human Beings?,” p. 48. 1 1 . I b i d . , p p . 4 7 – 4 8 . 1 2 . Noah , directed by Darren Aronofsky; produced by Darren Aronofsky, Scott Franklin, Arnon Milchan, and Mary Parent (Paramount Pictures, 2014). 1 3 . Project Nim , directed by James Marsh; produced by Simon Chinn (Roadside Attractions and Mongrel Media, 2011); Rise of the Planet of the Apes, directed by Rupert Wyatt; produced by Peter Chernin, Dylan Clarke, Rick Jaffa, and Amanda Silver (Twentieth Century Fox, 2011). Rise of the Planet of the Apes is one of the more fruitful examples of Hollywood revitalizing an old movie franchise. 14 . Marianne Dekoven, “Guest Column: Why Animals Now?,” PLMA 124, no. 2 (March 2009): 361–69, at 367. 1 5 . I b i d . 16 . Bruno Latour, We Have Never Been Modern, trans. Catherine Porter (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993), p. 137. 1 7 . J a c q u e s D e r r i d a , The Animal That Therefore I Am, ed. Marie-Louise Mallet, trans. David Wills (New York: Fordham University Press, 2008), p. 98. 1 8 . I m m a n u e l K a n t , Anthropology from a Pragmatic Point of View , ed. and trans. Robert B. Louden (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006), pp. 232–33n, quoted in Derrida, The Animal That Therefore I Am , pp. 98–99. 1 9 . I b i d . 2 0 . D o n n a H a r a w a y , Primate Visions: Gender, Race, and Nature in the World of Modern Science (New York and London: Routledge, 1989), p. 5. 2 1 . G i o r g i o A g a m b e n , The Open: Man and Animal , trans. Kevin Attell (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2004), pp. 24–25. 22 . Other commentators have also raised these questions. See Nicolas Rapold, “An Experiment That Evolved Into a Tragedy,” The New York Times , Arts and Leisure, Sunday, July 3, 2011, p. 7; Peter Singer, “The Troubled Life of Nim Chimpsky,” The New York Review of Books, 58 (October 13, 2011): 13–14. 2 3 . H a r a w a y , Primate Visions , pp. 140–46. 24 . Elizabeth Hess, Nim Chimpsky: The Chimp Who Would Be Human (New York: Bantam, 2008). 2 5 . D o n n a H a r a w a y , The Companion Species Manifesto: Dogs, People, and Significant Otherness (Chicago: Prickly Paradigm Press, 2003). 26 . On Jane Goodall’s work with chimpanzees, see Haraway, Primate Visions , pp. 179–85. 212 Notes

27 . Ludwig Wittgenstein broached this issue in his Philosophical Investigations. He wrote, “If a lion could talk, we could not understand him” (Philosophical Investigations , trans. G. E. M. Anscombe, 2nd edition [Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1958], p. 223). 28 . David Edelstein, “‘Project Nim’: Monkeying around with a Chimp,” NPR, Fresh Air, July 7, 2011, at: http://www.npr.org/2011/07/07/137672140/project-nim-monkeying-around-with-a-chimp (accessed September 28, 2011). 29 . Bob Ingersoll, quoted in “‘Project Nim’: A Chimp’s Very Human, Very Sad Life,” NPR, Fresh Air, July 20, 2011, at: http://www.npr. org/2011/07/20/138467156/project-nim-a-chimps-very-human-very-sad- life (accessed August 16, 2011). 30 . Quoted in Margot Adler, “The Chimp That Learned Sign Language,” NPR, Day to Day, May 28, 2008, at: http://www.npr.org/2008/05/28/90516132/ the-chimp-that-learned-sign-language (accessed September 28, 2011). 31 . The first movie was based on Pierre Boulle’s 1963 novel Planet of the Apes . There were four immediate sequels: Beneath the Planet of the Apes (1970), Escape From the Planet of the Apes (1971), Conquest of the Planet of the Apes (1972), and Battle for the Planet of the Apes (1973). Escape was a prior “prequel” to the first movie, a remake of which was released in 2001. See Terrence Rafferty, “Apes from the Future, Holding a Mirror to Today,” The New York Times , Sunday Review, July 27, 2011, at: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/31/ movies/a-new-film-in-the-planet-of-the-apes-line.html?sq=Rise%20of%20 the%20Planet%20of%20the%20Apes%20Sunday%20Review&st=cse&sc p=3&pagewanted=print (accessed September 11, 2011). 32 . In owe the reference to Alcatraz to David Denby. See David Denby, “Noble Creatures: ‘Rise of the Planet of the Apes’ and ‘Chasing Madoff,’” The New Yorker , September 5, 2011, p. 85. 3 3 . A g a m b e n , The Open , p. 77. 34 . In the Attica uprising, in September 1971, more than 1,000 prison inmates—mostly Blacks and Puerto Ricans—protested their dehumaniza- tion in the prison system. They elected representatives to negotiate on their behalf and requested “the presence of official ‘observers’ to ensure produc- tive and peaceful interactions with the state” (Heather Ann Thompson, “The Lingering Injustice of Attica,” The New York Times , Friday, September 9, 2011, p. A31). New York governor Nelson Rockefeller sent more than 500 state troopers to put down the uprising, causing the deaths of 29 inmates and 10 hostages. Heather Thompson remarks, “The portrayal of prisoners as incorrigible animals contributed to a distrust of them; the erosion of hard-won prison reforms; and the modern era of mass incarceration” (ibid.). Relatedly, consider Emmanuel Levinas’s firsthand account of the racist ani- malization of French Jews in a Nazi prison camp during World War II: “We were subhuman, a gang of apes . . . We were beings entrapped in their species; despite all their vocabulary, beings without language . . . [A]nti-Semitism is the archetype of all internment . . . How can we deliver a message about our humanity which, from behind the bars of quotation marks, will come across as anything other than monkey talk?” (Levinas, quoted in Matthew Notes 213

Calarco, “Faced by Animals,” in Radicalizing Levinas, ed. Peter Atterton and Matthew Calarco [Albany, NY: SUNY Press, 2010], p. 114–15). 3 5 . H a r a w a y , Primate Visions , pp. 160–62. 36 . See chapter 7 in this book. 37 . Rapold, “An Experiment That Evolved Into a Tragedy,” p. 7. 3 8 . I b i d . 39 . Singer, “The Troubled Life of Nim Chimpsky,” pp. 13–14. 4 0 . I b i d . 41 . Ibid., p. 14. Elizabeth Kolbert notes that great apes are “capable of making inferences, of solving complex puzzles, and of understanding what others are (and are not) likely to know” (Elizabeth Kolbert, “Sleeping with the Enemy: What Happened between the Neanderthals and Us?,” The New Yorker , August 15 and 22, 2011, p. 71). 42 . On the lineage of such ideas, see John Rodman, “The Dolphin Papers,” in On Nature: Nature, Landscape, and Natural History, ed. Daniel Halpern (San Francisco: North Point Press, 1987), pp. 252–80. 43 . Singer, “The Troubled Life of Nim Chimpsky,” p. 14. 44 . Ibid. As Derrida says, we are dealing with “what the human calls the animal” (Derrida, The Animal That Therefore I Am , p. 24. 4 5 . D e r r i d a , The Animal That Therefore I Am , pp. 31, 29; Derrida’s emphasis. 4 6 . I b i d . , p . 3 1 . 47 . Ibid., pp. 89, 110, 95. 48 . John C. Mitani, “Fearing a Planet without Apes,” The New York Times , Sunday Review, August 20, 2011, at: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/21/opinion/sunday/fearing-a-planet-without-apes.html?scp=2&sq=Apes&st=cse (accessed September 11, 2011). 4 9 . D e r r i d a , The Animal That Therefore I Am , p. 88. 5 0 . I b i d . 51 . Ibid., pp. 32, 95, 111–40. 52 . Ibid., pp. 107, 160. For an alternative biological egalitarian view, see Rosi Braidotti, “Animals, Anomalies, and Inorganic Others,” PLMA 124, no. 2 (March 2009): 526–32. 53 . Denby, “Noble Creatures,” p. 85. 54 . Of course, there is no consensus among the people of the Earth on this, and human knowledge and understanding of the issue is quite uneven. 55 . Mitani, “Fearing a Planet without Apes.” 5 6 . I b i d . 5 7 . I b i d . 58 . On the legislative history of the Great Ape Conservation Reauthorization Amendments Act of 2011, see govtrack.us, at: http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bill.xpd?bill=h112-1760 (accessed February 11, 2015). 59 . American Museum of Natural History, Hall of Biodiversity, Transformation of the Biosphere, at: http://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/permanent/biodiversity/biosphere/ (accessed September 30, 2011). 60 . See http://movieclips.com/Y72BL-planet-of-the-apes-movie-the-statue-of- liberty/ (accessed October 16, 2011). 214 Notes

6 1 . H a n n a h A r e n d t , Between Past and Future: Eight Exercises in Political Thought , introduction by Jerome Kohn (New York: Penguin Books, 2006), pp. 162–63; Arendt, The Human Condition (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1958), pp. 4–11. 6 2 . L a t o u r , We Have Never Been Modern , pp. 136–45. 63 . Michael Tomasello, quoted in Kolbert, “Sleeping with the Enemy,” p. 71. 6 4 . A r i s t o t l e , The Politics , ed. Stephen Everson (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988), p. 3. 6 5 . K a r l M a r x , Selected Writings, ed. Lawrence H. Simon (Indianapolis and Cambridge: Hackett Publishing, 1994), p. 34. 66 . See Andrew Martin, “‘For the Dogs’ Has a Whole New Meaning,” The New York Times, Business Day, June 4, 2011, at: http://www.nytimes. com/2011/06/05/business/05pets.html (accessed October 19, 2011). 67 . Eric Schlosser, “What Goes In, What Comes Out,” The New York Times Book Review , November 23, 2014, p. 28. 6 8 . I b i d . 6 9 . I b i d . 7 0 . D e r r i d a , The Animal That Therefore I Am , pp. 24–25. 71 . Elizabeth Rosenthal, “Where Did Global Warming Go?,” The New York Times , Sunday Review, October 16, 2011, pp. 1, 7. 7 2 . J o h n S t u a r t M i l l , Principles of Political Economy , seventh edition, ed. Donald Winch (London: Penguin Books, [1871] 1985), Book IV, Chapter VI, p. 113. 7 3 . I b i d . , p . 1 1 5 . 7 4 . I b i d . 75 . Ibid., pp. 115–16. 7 6 . I b i d , p . 1 1 6 . 77 . Carl Haub, “How Many People Have Ever Lived on Earth?” Population Reference Bureau, October 2011, at: http://www.prb.org/Publications/ Articles/2002/HowManyPeopleHaveEverLivedonEarth.aspx (January 27, 2015); “World Population,” at: http://worldhistorysite.com/population.html (accessed January 27, 2015). 7 8 . D e r r i d a , The Animal That Therefore I Am , pp. 24–25. 79 . We have solid evidence now that our activities are producing unwanted effects. We cannot know, however, such things are precisely how many species of animals we can save if we change our current practices in such and such a way (e.g., if we cut back on collective global CO2 emissions by 50% in the next 20 years). 8 0 . E r a z i m K o h á k , The Embers and the Stars: A Philosophical Inquiry into the Moral Sense of Nature (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1984), p. 128. 81 . Ibid., pp. 128–29. 8 2 . I b i d . , p p . 2 1 2 , 1 2 9 . 83 . Williams, “Must a Concern for the Environment Be Centred on Human Beings?,” p. 48. 8 4 . K o h á k , The Embers and the Stars , pp. 90–91. Notes 215

85 . On practical difficulties of this task, see Elizabeth Kolbert, “Head Count,” The New Yorker , October 21, 2013, pp. 96–99. 86 . See chapters 5, 6 , and 8 . 8 7 . S e e T . C . M c L u h a n , Touch the Earth: A Self-Portrait of Indian Existence (New York: Touchstone/ Simon and Schuster, 1971). 88 . See Alicia Miller, “Eating Your Ethics: Halal Meat,” The Ecologist , September 22, 2014, at: http://www.theecologist.org/green_green_living/2530013/ eating_your_ethics_halal_meat.html (accessed January 28, 2015); Frank Morales, “The Hindu Concept of Vegetarianism: A Philosophical Defense,” Veda Academy, at: http://veden-akademie.de/index.php?article_ id=159&clang=1 (accessed January 30, 2015); Gadadhara Pandit Das, “A Hindu’s Call To Vegetarianism,” Huffington Post, The Blog, October 9, 2011, at: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/gadadhara-pandit-dasa/a-hindus- call-to-vegetarianism_b_989423.html (accessed January 30, 2015). In Islam, how animals are treated before they are slaughtered for food is addressed by the principle of “tayyib,” which means “to be ‘good’, [and] has to do with how the animal is raised, and . . . carries the meanings of wholesomeness, healthiness and safety.” Some Muslims believe that an exclusive “emphasis on halal overlooks tayyib” (Miller, “Eating Your Ethics”). 89 . This approach would revise Mill’s liberal principle that our individual freedom can be limited rightfully when our actions would cause “harm to others” to encompass harm to nonhuman animals. See John Stuart Mill, On Liberty and Other Essays , ed. John Gray, p. 14. One promising development is a new California law, as of January 1, 2015, due to Proposition 2; it requires that “all eggs sold in California will have to come from chickens that live in more spacious quarters—almost twice as spacious, in fact, as the cages that have been the industry standard.” See Dan Charles, “How California’s New Rules Are Scrambling The Egg Industry,” NPR , December 29, 2014, at: http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2014/12/29/373802858/how-californias- new-rules-are-scrambling-the-egg-industry (accessed January 28, 2015). 90 . Mark Bittman reports that between 1961 and 2007, the world’s per capita consumption of meat more than doubled, and “[w]orld meat consumption is expected to double again by 2050, . . . resulting in a ‘relentless growth in livestock production.’” He notes that the “environmental impact of growing so much grain for animal feed is profound. Agriculture in the United States—much of which now serves the demand for meat—contributes to nearly three-quarters of all water-quality problems in the nation’s rivers and streams, according to the Environmental Protection Agency.” In 2008, the United States, with 5 percent of the world’s population, raised and killed “nearly 10 billion animals a year, more than 15 percent of the world’s total.” See Mark Bittman, “Rethinking the Meat-Guzzler,” The New York Times , Published: January 27, 2008, at: http://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/27/ weekinreview/27bittman.html (accessed January 30, 2015). 9 1 . K o h á k , The Embers and the Stars , p. 210. 9 2 . I b i d . , p . 2 1 2 . 9 3 . I b i d . , p . 2 1 3 . 216 Notes

9 4 . I b i d . 95 . See James Gorman, “Considering the Humanity of Nonhumans,” The New York Times , December 10, 2013, at: http://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/10/ science/considering-the-humanity-of-nonhumans.html?nl=todaysheadlines &emc=edit_th_20131210 . 9 6 . U l r i c h B e c k , Power in the Global Age, trans. Kathleen Cross (Cambridge, UK and Malden, MA: Polity Press, 2006).

5 Hollywood’s Crisis of Capitalism: Inside Job, The Company Men, and the Myth of a Good Capitalism

1 . Except where otherwise noted, quotations are from Inside Job, directed by Charles H. Ferguson; produced by Charles Ferguson and Audrey Marrs (Sony Pictures Classics, 2010), and The Company Men, written and directed by John Wells; produced by Claire Rudnick Polstein, Paula Weinstein, and John Wells (The Weinstein Company, 2010). 2 . Strauss-Kahn was then the likely Socialist Party candidate for the French presidency, and poised to become France’s next president. He resigned from his IMF office after his arrest in New York City, on May 14, 2011, on charges of attempted rape and an illegal sexual act. Other accounts have now emerged of his predatory behavior toward women. See Steven Erlanger and Katrin Bennhold, “Soul-Searching in France After Official’s Arrest Jolts Nation,” The New York Times, May 15, 2011, at: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/16/ world/europe/16france.html?_r=1&nl=todaysheadlines&emc=tha2 (accessed May 17, 2011). 3 . S l a v o j Ž i ž e k , First as Tragedy, Then as Farce (London and New York: Verso, 2009), p. 78. 4 . U l r i c h B e c k , Power in the Global Age, trans. Kathleen Cross (Cambridge, UK and Malden, MA: Polity Press, 2006), Ch. 4. 5 . S l a v o j Ž i ž e k , The Year of Dreaming Dangerously (London and New York: Verso, 2012), p. 77. 6 . Other recent US movies merit examination in this context, notably, Capitalism: A Love Story, directed by Michael Moore, produced by Anne Moore and Michael Moore (Overture Films, Paramount Vantage, The Weinstein Company, Dog Eat Dog Films, 2009); American Hustle (2013), directed by David O. Russell; and The Wolf of Wall Street (2013), directed by Martin Scorsese. Moore’s film, which I discuss briefly later, is a more systematic critical analysis of the limits of capitalism; the other two movies, similarly to, The Company Men, focus on “bad capitalists” rather than on capitalism per se. For instance, while The Wolf of Wall Street reveals the highly manipulative and damaging business practices of it protagonist, Jordan Belfort (whose memoir the movie is based), it does not offer any obvious criticism of the prospect of a good, socially responsible capitalism. See Michael Wood, “At the Movies,” London Review of Books 36 (March 6, 2014): 37. Notes 217

7 . Peter Gowan, “Crisis in the Heartland: Consequences of the New Wall Street System,” New Left Review 55 (January–February 2009), online version, p. 9, at: http://www.newleftreview.org/?page=article&view=2759 (accessed March 8, 2011). 8 . I b i d . 9 . Hernado de Soto, “The Destruction of Economic Facts,” Bloomberg Businessweek , May 2–8, 2011, p. 62. 1 0 . I b i d . 11 . Jonathan Kirshner, “Business as Usual: The Next Wall Street Collapse,” The Boston Review (January/February 2001), at: http://www.bostonreview.net/ BR36.1/kirshner.php (accessed February 21, 2011). 1 2 . I b i d . 13 . Mark Levinson, “The Politics of Inequality,” Dissent 58 (Spring 2011): 93. 14 . Jeff Madrick, “They Didn’t Regulate Enough and Still Don’t,” The New York Review of Books 56 (November 5, 2009): 54–57. 1 5 . J e f f M a d r i c k , “ T h e W a l l S t r e e t L e v i a t h a n , ” The New York Review of Books 58 (April 28, 2011): 70–73. 16 . Peter Lattman, “The Filmmaker Who Does a ‘Job’ on Wall Street” (interview with Charles Ferguson), The New York Times, October 1, 2010, at: http://dealbook.nytimes.com/2010/10/01/the-filmmaker-who-does-a-job- on-wall-street/?ref=movies (accessed May 5, 2011). 17 . Talking Heads, “Once in a Lifetime,” from Remain in the Light (Warner Bros., 1980). 18 . David Denby, “‘True Grit,’ ‘The Company Men,’ ‘Somewhere,’ and ‘The Tempest,’” The New Yorker, December 20, 2010, at: http://www. newyorker.com/arts/critics/cinema/2010/12/20/101220crcI_cinema_ denby#ixzz1Mafn2ehe (accessed May 17, 2011). 19 . Rex Reed, “Up the Creek without a Paycheck: The Company Men Paints a Moving, Nuanced Picture of Life After Layoffs,” The New York Observer , December 7, 2010, at: http://www.observer.com/2010/culture/creek-without-paycheck-company-men-paints-moving-nuanced-picture-life-after- layoffs?utm_medium=partial-text&utm_campaign=home (accessed May 7, 2011). 20 . David Brooks, “The Politics of Solipsism,” The New York Times , May 5, 2011, at: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/06/opinion/06brooks.html (accessed May 5, 2011). 2 1 . I b i d . 22 . Reed, “Up the Creek without a Paycheck.” 2 3 . R o b e r t A . D a h l , On Democracy (New Haven, CT and London: Yale University Press, 1998), p. 175. 24 . Madrick, “The Wall Street Leviathan,” p. 73. 2 5 . Ž i ž e k , First as Tragedy , p. 13. 26 . Daniel Costello, “The Draught Is Over (At Least for C.E.O.’s),” New York Times , Sunday Business, April 10, 2011, p. 1. 2 7 . I b i d . 28 . A 2014 report by AFL-CIO Executive PayWatch found that “the average CEO of an S&P 500 company pocketed $11.7 million in 2013, while the 218 Notes

average worker earned $35,293.” See Mike Hall, “PayWatch: CEO Pay Hits ‘Insane Level,’” April 15, 2014, at: http://www.aflcio.org/Blog/Corporate- Greed/PayWatch-CEO-Pay-Hits-Insane-Level (accessed March 26, 2015). 2 9 . I b i d . , p p . 1 , 6 . 30 . Gretchen Morgenson, “Enriching a Few at the Expense of Many,” New York Times , Sunday Business, April 10, 2011, pp. 1, 6. 3 1 . Capitalism: A Love Story . 32 . Isthmus Engineering & Manufacturing, at: http://www.isthmuseng.com/ company/worker-owned-cooperative/ (accessed January 30, 2015). 33 . Alvarado St. Bakery, at: http://www.alvaradostreetbakery.com/ (accessed January 30, 2015). The company website defines a cooperative enterprise as “an autonomous association of persons united voluntarily to meet their common economic, social, and cultural needs and aspirations through a jointly- owned and democratically-controlled enterprise.” Regarding worker control, the statement of principles says, “Co-operatives are democratic organizations controlled by their members, who actively participate in setting their policies and making decisions. Men and women serving as elected representatives are accountable to the membership.” See http://www.alvaradostreetbakery.com/ cooperative.php (accessed January 30, 2015). 3 4 . Capitalism: A Love Story . 35 . Seyla Benhabib, “The Liberal Imagination and the Four Dogmas of Multiculturalism,” The Yale Journal of Criticism 12, no. 2 (1999): 410.

6 Occupy Wall Street, Steve Jobs’s “Genius,” and Mad Men: Reflections on the American Democratic Imagination

1 . Jobs , directed by Joshua Michael Stern, produced by Mark Hulme and Joshua Michael Stern (Open Road Films and Five Star Institute, 2013). Director Danny Boyle and screenwriter Aaron Sorkin making another Jobs biopic. See Ben Child, “iQuit 2: Christian Bale Leaves Steve Jobs Biopic,” The Guardian , November 4, 2014, at: http://www.theguardian.com/film/2014/ nov/04/christian-bale-leonardo-dicaprio-steve-jobs-apple-biopic (accessed December 4, 2014). 2 . Jo Littler, “Meritocracy as Plutocracy: The Marketising of ‘Equality’ Under Neoliberalism,” New Formations , nos. 80–81 (2013): 54. 3 . John Schaar, “Equality of Opportunity, and Beyond,” in Equality: Nomos IX, ed. J. Roland Pennock and John Chapman (New York: Atherton Press, 1967), pp. 236, 237–38. 4 . There are debates about how children and people with serious cognitive dis- abilities might be included. 5 . R o b e r t A . D a h l , On Democracy (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1998), p. 10. Notes 219

6 . There is considerable disagreement, however, concerning the extent to which the rich have really earned their wealth. According to a recent Pew public opinion survey, “A narrow plurality [of Americans] (46%) believes the rich are wealthy because they were born into money or ‘know the right people.’ But nearly as many (43%) say the rich got that way because of their own ‘hard work, ambition or education.’” Blacks and Hispanics are more inclined than whites to see the economic success of the rich as rooted in socioeconomic advantages (54–36 and 51–38, respectively); whites are evenly divided (44/44) on whether the rich made their wealth on their own or due to their inherited advantages. See Rich Morin, “Rising Share of Americans See Conflict between Rich and Poor,” January 11, 2012, at http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2012/01/11/ rising-share-of-americans-see-conflict-between-rich-and-poor/ (accessed May 22, 2014). 7 . R o b e r t A . D a h l , A Preface to Economic Democracy (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985), p. 117. 8 . Judith N. Shklar, “The Liberalism of Fear,” in Liberalism and the Moral Life , ed. Nancy L. Rosenblum (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1989), p. 31. 9 . Ibid. This situation is not changed by “public corporations” in which ownership shares are publically traded in stock markets and “are usually held by a large number (hundreds or thousands) of shareholders.” See “Public Corporation,” at: http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/public- corporation.html (accessed December 3, 2014). 10 . Judith Shklar, “American Idea of Aristocracy,” in Shklar, Redeeming American Political Thought, ed. Stanley Hoffmann and Dennis F. Thompson (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1998), pp. 149–52; Shklar, “Liberalism of Fear,” p. 31. 1 1 . J o h n S t u a r t M i l l , Principles of Political Economy , Collected Works of John Stuart Mill, Vol. 3, ed. John M. Robson, Introduction by V. W. Bladen (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1965), p. 759, Mill’s emphasis. 12 . Ibid., pp. 767–69. 1 3 . I b i d . , p . 7 7 5 . 1 4 . I b i d . , p . 7 9 3 . 15 . Seyla Benhabib, “The Liberal Imagination and the Four Dogmas of Multiculturalism,” The Yale Journal of Criticism 12, no. 2 (1999): 410. On this idea, see the “Introduction” of this book, section I. 16 . Brandeis called for economic democracy in 1915 before the US Commission on Industrial Relations. See Louis Brandeis, “Industrial Absolutism and Democracy,” in American Political Thought: A Norton Anthology, ed. Isaac Kramnick and Theodore J. Lowi (New York and London: Norton, 2009), pp. 1099–1102. 17 . Notable advocates of economy democracy in the United States include Gar Alperovitz and Richard Wolff. See Richard Wolff, Democracy at Work: A Cure for Capitalism (Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2012); Gar Alperovitz, 220 Notes

“Five Years after the Big Bailout: Time to Begin Building a ‘New Economy,’” Common Dreams , October 3, 2013, at: http://www.commondreams.org/ views/2013/10/03/five-years-after-big-bailout-time-begin-building-new- economy (accessed December 4, 2014). 1 8 . D a h l , Preface to Economic Democracy , p. 117. 19 . Max Horkheimer and Theodore W. Adorno, Dialectic of Enlightenment: Philosophical Fragments , ed. Gunzelin Schmid Noerr, trans. Edmund Jephcott (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2002), p. 109. 20 . Genius is given a more heroic television incarnation in the CBS TV drama Scorpion (2014–). In it, an eccentric but caring man, Walter O’Brien, with an IQ of 197, leads a group of brilliant misfits in a Homeland Security think tank. These geniuses solve incredible predicaments for noble ends. 21 . Shklar, “The American Idea of Aristocracy,” p. 147. 2 2 . I b i d . , p . 1 5 0 . 23 . Jefferson, quoted in ibid., p. 150. 2 4 . I b i d . 25 . Shklar, “The American Idea of Aristocracy,” p. 149. 2 6 . I b i d . 2 7 . I b i d . 2 8 . I b i d . , q u o t i n g A d a m s . 29 . Tamsin Shaw, “Wonder Boys?,” The New York Review of Books 61, October 9, 2014, p. 4. 3 0 . I b i d . , q u o t i n g D a r r i n M . M c M a h o n , Divine Fury: A History of Genius (New York: Basic Books, 2014). The idea of genius also has a telling relationship with the modern scientific idea of race, which emerged in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Up until the twentieth century the race concept typically involved the belief that certain racial groups were intellec- tually superior to others. See George Fredrickson, Racism: A Short History (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2002), p. 63; Shklar, “American Idea of Aristocracy,” p. 150. 3 1 . I b i d . ; L i t t l e r , “ M e r i t o c r a c y a s P l u t o c r a c y . ” 3 2 . I b i d . 3 3 . U l r i c h B e c k , Power in the Global Age, trans. Kathleen Cross (Cambridge, UK and Malden, MA: Polity Press, 2006), Ch. 4. 34 . Another pop culture celebration of “genius” was a special issue of Time magazine, “The Secrets of Genius,” 2013. In the issue, John Cloud notes that Jobs fits the definition of a genius because “his thinking was both original and exemplary.” See John Cloud, “Inside the Dazzling Mind,” in Time , p. 21. 3 5 . J o s e p h A . S c h u m p e t e r , Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1942). 3 6 . D a h l , On Democracy , pp. 177–78. 37 . Joseph E. Stiglitz, “Of the 1%, by the 1%, for the 1%,” Vanity Fair , May 2011, at: http://www.vanityfair.com/society/features/2011/05/top-one-percent-201105 (accessed November 25, 2011). Notes 221

3 8 . W a l t e r I s a a c s o n , “ T h e G e n i u s o f J o b s , ” The New York Times, October 29, 2011, at: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/30/opinion/sunday/steve-jobss-genius. html?scp=3&sq=Isaacson%20Steve%20Jobs&st=cse (accessed November 11, 2011). 39 . Greg Quill, “Walter Isaacson: The Right Man for the Jobs Job” (an interview with Isaacson), The Star (Toronto), Tuesday, November 29, 2011, online at: http://www.thestar.com/mobile/entertainment/article/1093177 (accessed November 29, 2011). 40 . Walter Isaacson, “American Icon,” Time, Vol. 178, October 17, 2011, p. 34. Jobs was also posthumously honored with a Trustees (Grammy) Award, in February, 2012, by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences for “outstanding contributions to the industry in a nonperforming capacity.” The Academy noted that he helped create “technology that transformed the way we consume music, TV, movies, and books.” See James C. McKinley Jr., “Steve Jobs to Receive a Grammy,” The New York Times , December 22, 2011, at: http://artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/12/22/steve-jobs-to-receive-a-grammy/?scp=1&sq=Steve%20Jobs%20Grammy&st=cse (accessed December 26, 2011). 41 . Lev Grossman and Harry McCracken, “The Inventor of the Future,” Time , Vol. 178, October 17, 2011, p. 39, emphasis added. 4 2 . I b i d . , p . 4 0 . 4 3 . I b i d . , p . 4 1 . 44 . Isaacson, “American Icon,” p. 34. 4 5 . I b i d . 46 . Malcolm Gladwell, “The Tweaker: The Real Genius of Steve Jobs,” The New Yorker , November 14, 2011, p. 33. 47 . Ibid. For a thoughtful account of Jobs’s ingenuity, see Evgeny Morozov, “Form and Fortune,” The New Republic , March 15, 2012, pp. 18–27. 48 . Sue Halpern, “Who Was Steve Jobs?,” The New York Review of Books 59, January 12, 2012, pp. 24–25. 4 9 . I b i d . , p . 2 6 . 50 . http://jobsthefilm.com/ (December 10, 2014). 51 . Text of the commercial is available at: http://barbadosfreepress.wordpress. com/2011/10/07/steve-jobs-heres-to-the-crazy-ones-misfits-the-rebels/ (accessed December 10, 2014). 52 . Mike Daisey, quoted in Catherine Rampell, “A Trip to China Can Make a Guy Hate His iPhone,” The New York Times, September 29, 2011, at: http:// www.nytimes.com/2011/10/02/theater/mike-daisey-discusses-the-agony- and-ecstasy-of-steve-jobs.html (accessed November 29, 2011). See also Charles Isherwood, “Moral Issues Behind iPhone and Its Makers” (review of The Agony and the Ecstasy of Steve Jobs ), The New York Times , October 17, 2011, at: http:// theater.nytimes.com/2011/10/18/theater/reviews/the-agony-and-the-ecstasy- of-steve-jobs-review.html?scp=1&sq=The%20Agony%20and%20the%20 Ecstasy%20of%20Steve%20Jobs&st=cse (accessed November 29, 2011). 53 . Morozov, “Form and Fortune,” pp. 24–25. 222 Notes

54 . Daisey’s fabrications were revealed after he allowed his work to be presented as a journalistic account on public radio’s This American Life . See http:// www.thisamericanlife.org/radio-archives/episode/454/mr-daisey-and-the- apple-factory?act=1 (accessed December 13, 2014). 55 . Halpern, “Who Was Steve Jobs?,” p. 26; David Barboza, “After Suicides, Scrutiny of China’s Grim Factories,” The New York Times, June 6, 2010, at: http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/07/business/global/07suicide.html?scp =6&sq=Foxconn&st=cse (accessed January 3, 2011). 56 . Halpern, “Who Was Steve Jobs?,” p. 26, quoting Bloomberg News. Jobs defended Foxconn, but in 2010 Apple sent Timothy D. Cook, then its chief operating officer, to China to review the Foxconn’s operations after a series of suicides by factory employees raised concerns about working conditions. Cook and some experts on suicide prevention made recommendations for changes at the factory and subsequently reviewed changes that Foxconn made. See Miguel Helft, “Apple Says Chinese Supplier Made Changes after Suicides,” The New York Times, February 15, 2011, at: http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/02/15/apple- says-chinese-supplier-made-changes-after-suicides/?ref=foxconntechnology (accessed January 4, 2012); Halpern, “Who Was Steve Jobs?,” p. 26. 57 . Halpern, “Who Was Steve Jobs?,” p. 26. 58 . Eric Alterman, “Steve Jobs: An American ‘Disgrace’,” The Nation , November 28, 2011, p. 9. 59 . There is some debate over the extent of Jobs’s autocratic tendencies. See Janet Maslin, “Review: ‘Becoming Steve Jobs’ Focuses on Another Apple Era,” The New York Times March 25, 2015, at: http://www.nytimes. com/2015/03/26/books/review-becoming-steve-jobs-focuses-on-another-apple-era.html?nlid=36110834&src=recpb&_r=0 (accessed March 30, 2015). 6 0 . Mad Men, created by Matthew Weiner, executive producers Matthew Weiner, Scott Hornbacher, Andr é Jacquemetton, and Maria Jacquemetton (AMC TV series, 2007–15). 6 1 . J o n C a r a m a n i c a o f The New York Times explains that in a related short-lived reality TV show on Fox, “Does Someone Have to Go?,” bosses at small busi- nesses temporarily “cede[d] authority to the workers, who decide[d] whether to punish their colleagues with pay cuts, demotions or firings.” Yet the show “paint[ed] bosses as benevolent and open-eared, willing to let the wisdom of the masses guide their decision making.” See Jon Caramanica, “Setting Worker against Worker,” The New York Times, May 22, 2013 (May 27, 2013), at: http://tv.nytimes.com/2013/05/23/arts/television/does-someone- have-to-go-on-fox.html (accessed May 27, 2013). 62 . Matthew Weiner, “The Art of Screenwriting No. 4,” The Paris Review , no. 208 (Spring 2014): 118. 6 3 . L i o n e l T r i l l i n g , The Liberal Imagination: Essays on Literature and Society , introduction by Louis Menand (New York: New York Review Books, [1950] 2008), p. 251. 64 . A. O. Scott, “The Death of Adulthood in American Culture,” The New York Times Magazine September 11, 2014, at: http://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/14/ Notes 223

magazine/the-death-of-adulthood-in-american-culture.html?module= Search&mabReward=relbias%3As (accessed December 5, 2014). 65 . Weiner, “Art of Screenwriting,” p. 118. 66 . There is much more to be said about how Mad Men addresses gender, race, and sexuality. 6 7 . Mad Men, AMC, Season 3, Episode 6: “Guy Walks Into an Advertising Agency,” transcript at: http://www.springfieldspringfield.co.uk/episode_ scripts.php?tv-show=mad-men&season=3 (accessed April 16, 2014). 68 . In one scene in season 3, Pete meets with a group that wants to help build public support for their effort to level Penn Station to build the new Madison Square Garden. Critics of the plan regarded Penn Station as an architectural landmark. Pete scoffs at the critics as interfering with progress: “My great- great-grandfather, Silus Stagman, would have turned his boat around if he had known that this city would one day be filled with crybabies.” In the last episode of the same season, after Roger and Don set in motion a plan to buy back their firm, they are drinking together at a bar. Roger admits to Don, “I’ve acted like I’ve started a business my whole life, but I inherited it.” For the former scene, see Season 3, Episode 2, “Love Among the Ruins,” transcript at: http://www.springfieldspringfield.co.uk/view_episode_scripts. php?tv-show=mad-men&episode=s03e02 (accessed April 15, 2014). For the latter scene, see Season 3, Episode 13, “Shut the Door. Have a Seat,” transcript at: http://www.springfieldspringfield.co.uk/view_episode_scripts. php?tv-show=mad-men&episode=s03e13 (accessed April 15, 2014). 6 9 . Mad Men , Season 3, Episode 4: “The Arrangements” transcript, Mad Men Episode Scripts, at: http://www.springfieldspringfield.co.uk/view_episode_ scripts.php?tv-show=mad-men&episode=s03e04 (accessed December 5, 2014). 7 0 . I b i d . 7 1 . Mad Men, Season 3, Episode 3, “My Old Kentucky Home,” transcript, at: http://www.springfieldspringfield.co.uk/view_episode_scripts.php?tv-show =mad-men&episode=s03e03 (accessed December 5, 2014). 7 2 . I b i d . 7 3 . Mad Men, Season 3, Episode 9, “Wee Small Hours,” transcript at: http:// www.springfieldspringfield.co.uk/view_episode_scripts.php?tv-show=mad- men&episode=s03e09 (accessed December 5, 2014). 7 4 . L i o n e l T r i l l i n g , Liberal Imagination: Essays on Literature and Society , Introduction by Louis Menand (New York: New York Review Books, [1950] 2008), p. 206. 75 . Orly Lobel, “My Ideas, My Boss’s Property,” The New York Times , April 13, 2014, at: http://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/14/opinion/my-ideas-my-bosss- property.html?emc=edit_th_20140414&nl=todaysheadlines&nlid=361108 34&_r=0 (accessed April 14, 2014). 7 6 . Mad Men, Season 4, Episode 7, “The Suitcase,” transcript, at: http://jasonko- bely.com/2010/09/mad-men-suitcase-transcript-peggy-dons-fight/ (accessed April 12, 2014). 7 7 . I b i d . 224 Notes

78 . Sean Mcelwee, “Steve Jobs Didn’t Build That,” July 19, 2013, Salon.com, at: http://www.salon.com/2013/07/19/steve_jobs_didnt_build_that/ (accessed July 22, 2013). 7 9 . I b i d . 8 0 . J o h n L o c k e , Second Treatise of Government , ed. C. B. Macpherson (Indianapolis and Cambridge: Hackett, [1690] 1980), p. 19, Sec. 27. 81 . Ibid., p. 19, Sec. 28. 82 . C. B. Macpherson, “Introduction,” to Locke, Second Treatise , p. xviii. 83 . Sly and the Family Stone, “Everyday People,” Stand! (Epic Records, 1969). 84 . William Greider, “Born-Again Democracy,” The Nation , December 12, 2011, p. 3. 8 5 . R o b e r t A . D a h l , On Democracy (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1998), p. 10. 8 6 . W o l f f , Democracy at Work , p. 177. 87 . Marina Sitrin, “One No, Many Yeses,” in Occupy!, ed. Atra Taylor, Keith Gessen, and others (London: Verso, 2011), p. 8. 8 8 . I b i d . 8 9 . I b i d . 90 . Benjamin Kunkel, “Twilight of the Fossils,” Occupy Gazette , nd, p. 33. 91 . Nikil Saval, “Labor, Again,” in Occupy! , p. 114. 92 . Mark Greif, “Occupy the Boardroom,” in Occupy!, pp. 117–24; Manuel Castells, Networks of Outrage and Hope (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2012), p. 162. See also my discussion of Boots Riley in chapter 1 . 9 3 . W o l f f , Democracy at Work , p. 177. Manuel Castells cautions, however, the Occupy movement’s criticism focused on financial capitalism and “the majority of supporters . . . [were] not openly critical of capitalism” ( Networks of Outrage and Hope , p. 197). 9 4 . C a s t e l l s , Networks of Outrage and Hope , p. 191; Rebecca Solnit, “Occupy Your Victories: Occupy Wall Street’s First Anniversary,” TomDispatch. com , September 16, 2012, at: http://www.tomdispatch.com/post/175593/ tomgram%3A_rebecca_solnit%2C_success_is_for_the_stubborn/ (accessed December 8, 2014). 9 5 . C a s t e l l s , Networks of Outrage and Hope , p. 191. 96 . Richard Kim, “We Are All Human Microphones Now,” The Nation , October 3, 2011, at: http://www.thenation.com/blog/163767/we-are-all- human-microphones-now (accessed December 8, 2014); Marina Sitrin and Dario Azzellini, They Can’t Represent Us!: Reinventing Democracy from Greece to Occupy (London: Verso, 2014), p. 152. Against “fetishizing the demand for consensus,” see James Miller, “Is Democracy Still in the Streets?,” The Occupy Handbook, ed. Jane Byrne (New York: Back Bay Books, 2012), pp. 173–83. 97 . Cy n t h i a , A l v a r e z , “ P r o g r e s s i v e s M u s t M o v e B e y o n d O c c u p y , ” Common Dreams, September 17, 2012, at: http://www.commondreams.org/ view/2012/09/17 (accessed September 17, 2012). 9 8 . I b i d . Notes 225

9 9 . W o l f f , Democracy at Work , p. 117; Tom Malleson, After Occupy: Economic Democracy for the 21st Century (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014). 100 . Ibid., p. 12. 1 0 1 . I b i d . , p . 1 2 4 . 102 . Ibid., p. 169. Wolff suggests several possibilities in this regard (pp. 169–79). One promising example is in New York City where in June 2014 the Council enacted a Worker Cooperative Business Development and allocated $1.2 million for the agency to establish 28 new worker cooperatives (Ajowa Nzinga Ifateyo, “A Co-op State of Mind,” In These Times, September 2014, p. 19). For a survey of projects of economic democracy in the United States, see Lyle Jeremy Rubin, “A Realistic Radicalism,” Dissent online, May 28, 2013, at: http://www.dissentmagazine.org/online_articles/a-realistic-radicalism (accessed June 1, 2013). 1 0 3. W o l f f , Democracy at Work , Chs. 9–11. 104 . John Stuart Mill, “On Genius,” in The Collected Works of John Stuart Mill , Vol. 1, ed. John M. Robson and Jack Stillinger; introduction by Lionel Robbins (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1981), p. 330. 1 0 5 . I b i d . , p . 3 3 8 . 1 0 6 . M i l l , Principles of Political Economy, pp. 717–81; Wolff, Democracy at Work , p. 162. 107 . Benhabib, “The Liberal Imagination,” p. 410. 108 . In addition to WSDEs, I discussed other relevant forms of economic democratization in chapter 5 . 109 . Angela Davis, “(Un)occupy,” in Occupy! , p. 139. 110 . Ibid., p. 11.

7 Hollywood on Race and Racism in the Age of Obama

1 . Judith N. Shklar, “The Liberalism of Fear,” in Liberalism and the Moral Life , ed. Nancy L. Rosenblum (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1989), p. 27. 2 . J u d i t h N . S h k l a r , American Citizenship: The Quest for Inclusion (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1991). 3 . See the Introduction for further discussion of this point. 4 . Seyla Benhabib, “The Liberal Imagination and the Four Dogmas of Multiculturalism,” The Yale Journal of Criticism 12.2 (1999): 401. 5 . I b i d . , p . 4 0 2 . 6 . I b i d . , p . 4 0 3 . 7 . I b i d . 8 . Iris Marion Young, “Ruling Norms and the Politics of Difference: A Comment on Seyla Benhabib,” The Yale Journal of Criticism 12.2 (1999): 415. 9 . I b i d . 226 Notes

1 0 . I b i d . 11 . See Steve McQueen, Chiwetel Ejiofor, Kara Walker, Eric Foner, and Nelson George, “An Essentially American Narrative” (a dialogue), The New York Times , Sunday, October 13, 2013, Arts and Leisure, pp. 18–19. 1 2 . Invictus , directed by Clint Eastwood, produced by Clint Eastwood, Robert Lorenz, Lori McCreary, and Mace Neufeld (Warner Bros., 2009); Precious: Based on the Novel ‘Push’ by Sapphire, directed and produced by Lee Daniels (Lionsgate, 2009); Lincoln , directed by Steven Spielberg, produced by Kathleen Kennedy and Steven Spielberg (Dreamworks, 2012); 12 Years a Slave , directed by Steve McQueen, produced by Dede Gardner, Anthony Katagas, Jeremy Kleiner, Steve McQueen, Arnon Milchan, Brad Pitt, and Bill Pohlad (Fox Searchlight, 2013); Lee Daniels’ The Butler, directed by Lee Daniels, produced by Lee Daniels, Cassian Elwes, Buddy Patrick, Pamela Oas William, and Laura Ziskin (The Weinstein Company, 2013); Fruitvale Station, directed by Ryan Coogler, produced by Nina Yang Bongiovi and Forest Whitaker (The Weinstein Company, 2013). 1 3 . Selma (2014), directed by Ava Marie DuVernay, was released too late for me to consider; and in focusing on high-profile movies, I have left out several recent movies that highlight others important struggles. These include Cesar Chavez (2014), a biopic produced and directed by Diego Luna, and Shouting Secrets (2011), directed by Korinna Sehringer, which was honored as the Best Film at the American Indian Film Festival in 2011. 14 . Breanna Edwards, “4 Dead Unarmed Men and the Police: What You Need to Know,” The Root , August 15, 2014, at: http://www.theroot.com/articles/ culture/2014/08/_4_dead_unarmed_men_and_the_police_what_you_ need_to_know.html?wpisrc=topstories (accessed August 15, 2014). 15 . Adam Nagourney, “Obama Elected President as Racial Barrier Falls,” The New York Times, November 4, 2004, at: http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/05/ us/politics/05elect.html?_r=1 (accessed January 16, 2010). 16 . Nicholas Kristof, “When Whites Just Don’t Get It, Part 4,” The New York Times , Sunday Review, November 16, 2014, p. 9. 1 7 . I b i d . 1 8 . I b i d . 19 . Patrick Bond, “From Racial to Class Apartheid: South Africa’s Frustrating Decade of Freedom,” Monthly Review 55, no. 10 (March 2004): 45–59. 2 0 . Invictus (Warner Brothers, 2009); Precious: Based on the Novel ‘Push’ by Sapphire (Lionsgate, 2009). 21 . Iris Marion Young, “Structural Injustice and the Politics of Difference,” in Multiculturalism and Political Theory , ed. Anthony Simon Laden and David Owen (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007), pp. 60–88. 22 . A powerful counterpoint is the documentary “Fair Play,” directed by Connie Field and part of a seven-part film series by Field, Have You Heard From Johannesburg (Clarity Films, USA, 2007, 2010). It looks at the Springboks team during the apartheid era, when it was a symbol of white South Africa and became a target of international boycotts against South African apartheid sports teams. See http://www.clarityfilms.org/joburg/index.html (accessed November 23, 2014). Notes 227

2 3 . T . O . M o l e f e , “ M a n d e l a ’ s U n f i n i s h e d R e v o l u t i o n , ” The New York Times , December 13, 2013, at: http://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/14/opinion/ molefe-mandelas-unfinished-revolution.html (accessed December 15, 2013). 24 . Lydia Polgreen and Marcus Mabry, “In Nation Remade by Mandela, Social Equality Remains Elusive,” The New York Times , December 7, 2013, at: http://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/08/world/africa/in-nation-remade-by- mandela-social-equality-remains-elusive.html?nl=todaysheadlines&emc=ed it_th_20131208 (accessed December 10, 2013). 2 5 . M o l e f e , “ M a n d e l a ’ s U n f i n i s h e d R e v o l u t i o n . ” 26 . “Matt Damon Shapes Up To Play A South African Hero,” from “All Things Considered,” NPR, December 11, 2009, at: http://www.npr.org/templates/ story/story.php?storyId=121236643 (accessed April 22, 2010). 2 7 . F r a n t z F a n o n , The Wretched of the Earth, trans. Charles Lam Markmann (New York: Grove Press, 1967), p. 101. 2 8 . I b i d . , p . 1 0 2 2 9 . I b i d . , p . 1 0 1 . 30 . See Howard Winant, The World Is a Ghetto: Race and Democracy Since World War II (New York: Basic Books, 2002). 31 . Darryl Lorenzo Wellington, “Sex, Race, and Precious ,” Dissent online, March 6, 2010, at: http://dissentmagazine.org/online.php?id+340 (accessed March 31, 2010). 32 . Ishmael Reed, “Fade to White,” The New York Times , February 5, 2010, at: http://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/05/opinion/05reed.html?module=Search &mabReward=relbias%3Aw (accessed April 23, 2010). 3 3 . L y n n H i r s c h b e r g , “ T h e A u d a c i t y o f ‘ P r e c i o u s , ’ ” The New York Times Magazine , October 25, 2009, at: http://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/25/25precious-t. ht . . . .?_r=1 (accessed April 23, 2010). 34 . Wellington, “Sex, Race, and Precious .” 35 . Lee Daniels, quoted in Hirschberg, “The Audacity of ‘Precious.’” 3 6 . I b i d . 3 7 . I b i d . 38 . Wellington, “Sex, Race, and Precious .” 3 9 . I b i d . 40 . Reed, “Fade to White.” 4 1 . G u n n a r M y r d a l , An American Dilemma (New York, 1944), vol. II, pp. 928–29, quoted in Thomas McCarthy, Race, Empire, and the Idea of Human Development (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009), p. 85. 4 2 . D a n i e l P a t r i c k , The Negro Family: The Case for National Action , in The Moynihan Report and the Politics of Controversy, ed. Lee Rainwater and William L. Yancy (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1967), p. 93. The Moynihan Report did acknowledge the impact of “[t]hree centuries of injustice . . . [on] the life of Negro Americans” (p. 93). 43 . Armond White, quoted in Wellington, “Sex, Race, and Precious .” 44 . Wellington, “Sex, Race, and Precious .” 45 . Quoted in Henry Louis Gates Jr., “Forty Acres and a Wealth Gap,” The New York Times, November 18, 2007, at: http://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/18/ opinion/18gates.html (accessed April 23, 2010). 228 Notes

46 . Michael B. Katz and Mark J. Stern, “Beyond Discrimination: Understanding African American Inequality in the Twenty-First Century,” Dissent, vol. 55 (Winter 2008): 63. 47 . The amendment was passed by the Congress on January 31, 1865, and then ratified by the states on December 6, 1865. See “Primary Documents in American History: 13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution,” at: http:// www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/ourdocs/13thamendment.html (accessed November 19, 2014). 48 . Tony Kushner based his screenplay for Lincoln on Doris Kearns Godwin’s Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2012). 49 . An earlier Lincoln movie was released in 1930: Abraham Lincoln (D. W. Griffith Productions), directed by D. W. Griffith, who is infamous for his racist depiction of the Civil War and Reconstruction in The Birth of a Nation (1915). Griffith’s movie remains the only one that covers the full span of Lincoln’s life. 50 . David W. Blight, “Lincoln the Emancipator,” Democracy: A Journal of Ideas , no. 28 (Spring 2013): 101–8, pp. 102–3. 51 . Tony Kushner, “Lincoln” (screenplay), Final Shooting Script, December 20, 2011, at: http://www.dreamworksawards.com/assets/download/Lincoln.pdf (accessed November 18, 2014), p. 58. 5 2 . I b i d . 5 3 . I b i d . 5 4 . I b i d . 5 5 . I b i d . 5 6 . A a r o n B a d y , “Lincoln against the Radicals,” Jacobin, Blogs, November 26, 2012, at: https://www.jacobinmag.com/2012/11/lincoln-against-the-radicals-2/ (accessed January 10, 2014). 57 . Kushner, “Lincoln” (screenplay), p. 75. 5 8 . I b i d . , p . 7 6 . 5 9 . I b i d . 60 . Kate Masur notes that “the White House servants Elizabeth Keckley and William Slade were leaders” in Washington, DC’s “organized and highly politicized community of free African-Americans.” See Kate Masur, “In Spielberg’s ‘Lincoln,’ Passive Black Characters,” The New York Times , November 12, 2012, at: http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/13/opinion/in- spielbergs-lincoln-passive-black-characters.html?_r=2& (accessed November 18, 2014). See also Eric Foner, Letter to the Editor, The New York Times , November 26, 2012, at: http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/27/opinion/ lincolns-use-of-politics-for-noble-ends.html?_r=0 (accessed November 19, 2014). 6 1 . B a d y , “ Lincoln against the Radicals.” 62 . The crucial next step was the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution, ratified on July 9, 1868. Although it was not enforced through most of the Jim Crow era, it granted citizenship to “all persons born or naturalized in the United States” and forbid states from denying any person “life, liberty or property, Notes 229

without due process of law,” and from denying “to any person within its jurisdic- tion the equal protection of the laws.” See “Primary Documents in American History: 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution,” at: http://www.loc. gov/rr/program/bib/ourdocs/14thamendment.html (accessed November 19, 2014). 63 . The skit, “Lincoln,” was shown on NBC’s Saturday Night Live on November 3, 2012. The expletives were deleted for network television. 6 4 . S t e p h e n S t e i n b e r g , The Ethnic Myth: Race, Ethnicity, and Class in America , 3rd edition (Boston: Beacon Press, 2001), Ch. 7; “Slavery by Another Name,” PBS, at: http://www.pbs.org/tpt/slavery-by-another-name/home/ (accessed November 20, 2014). 6 5 . Lee Daniels’ The Butler, directed by Lee Daniels (Follow Through Productions, 2013). Gaines service in the White House is a fictionalized version of the career of Eugene Allen. Allen worked in the White House through eight presidential administrations. See Wil Haygood, “A Butler Well Served by This Election,” Washington Post, November 7, 2008; A01, at: http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/11/06/ AR2008110603948_pf.html (accessed January 29, 2014); Kevin Fallon, “‘The Butler’ Fact Check: How True Is This True Story?,” The Daily Beast , at: http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/08/16/the-butler-fact-check- how-true-is-this-true-story.html (accessed January 29, 2014). 66 . A. O. Scott, “Black Man, White House, and History,” The New York Times , August 15, 2013, at: http://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/16/movies/lee-daniels-the-butler-stars-forest-whitaker.html (accessed January 28, 2014). 67 . The movie’s budget was about $30 million; as of February 7, 2014 it had grossed $116,631,310. See http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1327773/ (accessed November 19, 2014). 68 . Consider the black-white gap in unemployment. The official unemployment rate is currently about 5 percent for whites compared to about 12 percent for blacks. As the New York Times reports, the gap has not been narrowing notably over the past 40 years: “In 1972, the jobless rate among African-Americans was 2.04 times that among whites. In 2013, the ratio was 2.02.” Moreover, “the overall income gap between white and black workers” appears to be widening: “In 1983, the median weekly pay of white workers was 18.4 percent higher than that of black workers. Three decades later, the premium had risen to 21.6 percent.” The racial wealth gap is even more severe. See Neil Irwin, Claire Cain Miller, and Margot Sanger-Katz, “Persistent Inequality: America’s Racial Divide, Charted,” The New York Times , August 19, 2014, at: http://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/20/upshot/americas-racial-divide- charted.html?action=click&contentCollection=Opinion&module=MostE mailed&version=Full®ion=Marginalia&src=me&pgtype=article&abt= 0002&abg=0 (accessed August 20, 2014). See also Rakesh Kochhar, Richard Fry, and Paul Taylor, “Wealth Gaps Rise to Record Highs between Whites, Blacks and Hispanics,” Pew Research Center Publications, July 26, 2011, at: http://pewresearch.org/pubs/2069/housing-bubble-subprime-mortgages- hispanics-blacks-household-wealth-disparity#whites (accessed January 19, 230 Notes

2012); Colin Gordon, “Segregation’s Long Shadow,” Dissent , September 18, 2014, at: http://www.dissentmagazine.org/online_articles/segregations- long-shadow-ferguson-poverty-inequality (accessed September 27, 2014). 69 . Chris Benson, “Golden Globe, Critics’ Choice Wins for 12 Years a Slave Suggest New Freedom for Authentic Black Storytelling,” The Huffington Post , The Blog, January 22, 2014, at: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/chris- benson/12-years-a-slave-awards_b_4624468.html?utm_hp_ref=entertainm ent&ir=Entertainment (accessed January 23, 2014). 70 . Salamishah Tillet, “Hollywood Finally Catches Up with History,” The Root , October 15, 2013, at: http://www.theroot.com/views/hollywood-finally- catches-history (accessed October 24, 2013). 71 . Steve McQueen, quoted in Bilge Ebiri, “A Tale Twice Told: Comparing 12 Years a Slave to 1984’s TV Movie Solomon Northup’s Odyssey,” At: http:// www.vulture.com/2013/11/12-years-a-slave-vs-gordon-parks-1984-solomon-northups-odyssey.html (accessed February 1, 2014). 72 . Michael Wood, “At the Movies,” London Review of Books , February 6, 2014, at: http://www.lrb.co.uk/v36/n03/michael-wood/at-the-movies?utm_ sou . . . utm_campaign=3603&hq_e=el&hq_m=3015923&hq_l=20&hq_ v=79774ff02d (accessed February 20, 2014). 73 . This tendency is even more marked in The Help (directed Tate Taylor, produced by Michael Barnathan, Chris Columbus, and Brunson Green [DreamWorks Pictures, 2011]). It focuses on racial segregation in Jackson, Mississippi in 1963. Aside from the southern white liberal protagonist, Skeeter Phelan (Emma Stone), almost all of the other white southerners are unabashed racists. Consequently, it is easy for contemporary white viewers to distance themselves from the racist actions and attitudes in the movie. 74 . Benson, “Golden Globe, Critics’ Choice Wins for 12 Years a Slave .” 75 . Orville Lloyd Douglas, “Why I Won’t Be Watching The Butler and 12 Years a Slave ,” The Guardian, September 12, 2013, at: http://www.theguardian. com/commentisfree/2013/sep/12/why-im-not-watching-the-butler-12- years-a-slave (accessed October 7, 2013). 76 . Another recent film that thoughtfully addresses how the legacy of American racism as ongoing is the college satire, Dear White People , which was written and directed by the black filmmaker Justin Simien and produced by Effie Brown, Ann Le, Julia, Lebedev, Angel Lopez, Justin Simien, and Lena Waithe (Lionsgate, 2014). It also examines intersections of race, gender, and sexuality. 7 7 . h t t p : / / w w w . s u n d a n c e . o r g / b l o g s / n e w s / 2 0 1 3 - s u n d a n c e - f i l m - f e s t i v a l - a n - nounces-feature-film-awards (accessed November 20, 2014). 78 . The killing was captured on cellphone cameras. In July 2014, a San Francisco civil jury ruled in favor of Johannes Mehserle, the former BART officer who shot Grant, in a federal suit filed by Oscar Grant Jr., Oscar Grant III’s father. Mehserle, who is white, has said that he mistakenly used his service revolver when he wanted to grab a Taser. BART settled suits with Grant’s mother and daughter. See Michael McLaughlin, “Ex-Transit Officer Who Killed Oscar Grant, Unarmed Black Man, Wins Lawsuit,” The Huffington Post , July 1, Notes 231

2014, at: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/07/01/oscar-grant-lawsuit- bart-officer_n_5548719.html (accessed November 20, 2014). 79 . A. O. Scott, “A New Year, and a Last Day Alive,” The New York Times, at: http://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/12/movies/fruitvale-station-is-based-on- the-story-of-oscar-grant-iii.html?_r=0 (accessed March 1, 2014). 80 . Stephanie Zacharek, “A Shivery, Understated Tension Runs Through Fruitvale Station ,” Village Voice , July 10, 2013, at: http://www.villagevoice. com/2013-07-10/film/fruitvale-station/ (accessed November 20, 2014). 8 1 . Boyhood (IFC Productions and Detour Filmproduction, 2014). 82 . Edwards, “4 Dead Unarmed Men and the Police.” 83 . I owe this observation to Jennifer Simpson, and I am indebted to her for what follows. Armond White and Teo Bugbee have also noted the whiteness of Boyhood . See Armond White, “Movies that Time Forgot,” National Review, July 11, 2014, at: http://www.nationalreview.com/article/382460/ movies-time-forgot-armond-white (accessed November 21, 2014); Teo Bugbee, “Black ‘Boyhood’ Is Always Black First, Boy Later,” The Daily Beast , August 30, 2014, at: http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/08/30/ black-boyhood-is-always-black-first-boy-later.html (accessed September 1, 2014). Other (white) reviewers have missed this. See Stanley Klawans, “Boys, Men, Dogs, Eels,” The Nation, August, 4–11, 2014; Anthony Lane, “Balancing Acts,” The New Yorker, July 21, 2014; Seth Stevenson, “This Little Space in between Subject Has Been All along,” Slate, July 10, 2014, at: http://www.slate.com/articles/arts/culturebox/2014/07/boyhood_ review_richard_linklater_movie_highlights_his_true_subject_as_a.html (accessed August 24, 2014). 84 . Grisel Y. Acosta, “Racism in Boyhood Is the Worst Kind,” Latino Rebels , February 9, 2015, at: http://www.latinorebels.com/2015/02/09/racism-in- boyhood-is-the-worst-kind/ (accessed February 18, 2015). 85 . Bugbee, “Black ‘Boyhood’ Is Always Black First, Boy Later.” 8 6 . U S B u r e a u o f t h e C e n s u s , Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2010 , Report P60, n. 238, Table B-2, pp. 68–73, cited in “Poverty in the United States Frequently Asked Questions,” The National Poverty Center, the University of Michigan, at: http://www.npc. umich.edu/poverty/ (accessed November 20, 2014); Curtis Skinner, “Child Poverty by the Numbers,” The American Prospect, May 31, 2013, at: http:// prospect.org/article/child-poverty-numbers (accessed November 21, 2014). Inequalities in employment, income, and wealth also access to health insurance, pension coverage, and quality education (Gordon, “Segregation’s Long Shadow”). 8 7 . American Promise (Rada Film Group, 2013). Armond White and Teo Bugbee also compare Boyhood to American Promise . 88 . Bugbee, “Black ‘Boyhood’ Is Always Black First, Boy Later.” 89 . Brown was set to start at a for-profit trade school rather than a four-year college. This further difference between he and Mason of Boyhood is also notable. The Normandy school district in which Brown went to high school “is among the poorest and most segregated [i.e., overwhelmingly black] in 232 Notes

Missouri . . . [and] ranks last in overall academic performance.” Only about half of the black male students at Brown’s high school graduate and only “one in four graduates make it into a four-year college.” See Nikole Hannah- Jones, “How School Segregation Divides Ferguson—and the United States,” The New York Times , Sunday Review, December 21, 2014, p. 4. 90 . Christopher J. Lebron, The Color of Our Shame: Race and Justice in Our Time (New York: Oxford University Press, 2013), pp. 42, 146–53.

8 President Barack Obama and the “White Problem”

1 . James Baldwin, “Nationalism, Colonialism, and the United States: One Minute to Twelve—A Forum” (1961), in James Baldwin, The Cross of Redemption: Uncollected Writings, ed. by Randall Kenan (New York: Vintage International, 2011), p. 11. 2 . One of the difficulties of discussing the white problem is that many white Americans become defensive at any suggestion of such a thing. This is evident in reader comments in response to Nicholas Kristof’s series of columns in The New York Times , “When Whites Just Don’t Get It.” See chapter 7 . 3 . John H. Johnson, “Publisher’s Statement,” Ebony , August 1964, p. 27. 4 . James Baldwin, “The White Problem,” in 100 Years of Emancipation , ed. Robert A. Goldwin (Chicago: Rand McNally, 1964), p. 84. 5 . S e e G e o r g e F r e d r i c k s o n , The Black Image in the White Mind: The Debate on Afro-American Character and Destiny, 1817–1914 (New York: Harper & Row, 1971); Alexander Saxton, The Rise and Fall of the White Republic (New York: Verso, 1990); Toni Morrison, Playing in the Dark: Whiteness and the Literary Imagination (New York: Random House, 1993). 6 . I overheard this exchange. 7 . See the remark by Dina, which I quoted in chapter 7. A white college stu- dent also expresses this thought in the satirical college campus movie, Dear White People (2014). See also Cheryl R. Kaiser, Benjamin J. Drury, Kerry E. Spalding, Sapna Cheryan, and Laurie T. O’Brien, “The Ironic Consequences of Obama’s Election: Decreased Support for Social Justice,” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 45 (2009): 556–59. 8 . As I will discuss later, there is no consensus that the United States is now truly an “equal opportunity” society, although white Americans generally believe that it is. 9 . For my use of racialized rather than racial identity, see the Introduction, n. 63. 10 . In public opinion research based on data from the American National Election Survey (ANES) and the General Social Survey (GSS), a “white” person is defined by exclusion, that is, not African American and not Hispanic. 11 . Consider the diverse peoples from Africa that have been racialized as “negro” or “black” people. Notes 233

12 . For instance, Lawrence Bobo and Camille Charles, note that “differences in basic perspective that derive from the historic and contemporary loca- tion of black and white Americans.” See Lawrence D. Bobo and Camille Z. Charles, “Race in the American Mind: From the Moynihan Report to the Obama Candidacy,” The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 621 (January 2009): 254–55. A big part of the story, however, concerns how the social locations of various racialized groups in the United States have been profoundly shaped by white dominated—often white supremacist—social and political dynamics that have produced American racial categories and identities. See Nell Irvin Painter, The History of White People (New York: Norton, 2010). 1 3 . L i o n e l T r i l l i n g , The Liberal Imagination: Essays on Literature and Society , introduction by Louis Menand (New York: New York Review Books, [1950] 2008), p. 206. 14 . Rapha ë l Tardon, “Richard Wright Tells Us: The White Problem in the United States” (October 24 1946, pp. 10–11), in Conversations with Richard Wright, ed. Keneth Kinnamon and Michel Fabre (Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1993), p. 99. 1 5 . I b i d . 16 . Lerone Bennett Jr., “The White Problem in America,” Ebony , August 1964, p. 32. 1 7 . I b i d . , p . 2 9 . 18 . Ibid., p. 32, Bennett’s emphasis. 1 9 . I b i d . 20 . James Baldwin, “On Being ‘White’ . . . and Other Lies” (1984), in Black on White: Black Writers on What It Means to Be White, ed. David R. Roediger (New York: Schocken Books, 1998), pp. 178–79. On this aspect of racialized whiteness, see Bruce Baum, The Rise and Fall of the Caucasian Race: A Political History of Racial Identity (New York: New York University Press, 2006); and Painter, History of White People . 21 . Baldwin, “On Being ‘White,’” p. 180. 22 . Baldwin, “White Problem,” pp. 80, 82. 2 3 . I b i d . , p p . 8 2 – 8 3 . 24 . Ibid., p. 83. 25 . James Baldwin, “Dark Days” (1980), in Baldwin: Collected Essays, ed. Toni Morrison (New York: The Library of America, 1998), p. 788. 26 . James Baldwin, in Baldwin, Nathan Glazer, Sidney Hook, and Gunnar Myrdal, “Liberalism and the Negro: A Round-Table Discussion,” Commentary 37 (March 1964): 25–42, at p. 32. 2 7 . I b i d . 28 . James Baldwin, “An Open Letter to My Sister, Angela Y. Davis,” in Angela Y. Davis (and other political prisoners), If They Come in the Morning (New York: Signet/ New American Library, 1971), p. 22. 2 9 . C h a r l e s W . M i l l s , The Racial Contract (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1997), p. 127. 234 Notes

30 . Jonathan W. Warren and France Windance Twine, “White Americans, the New Minority?: Non-Blacks and the Ever-Expanding Boundaries of Whiteness,” Journal of Black Studies 28, no. 2 (1997): 200–218. 3 1 . I b i d . , p . 2 0 2 . 32 . Matthew Frye Jacobson, Whiteness of a Different Color: European Immigrants and the Alchemy of Race (Cambridge. MA: Harvard University Press, 1998), Ch. 3. 33 . Warren and Twine, “White Americans, the New Minority?”; Painter, History of White People , Ch. 28. 34 . Tim Wise, Dear White America: Letter to a New Minority (San Francisco. CA: City Lights Books, 2012), pp. 11–12; Joe L. Kincheloe, “The Struggle to Define and Reinvent Whiteness: A Pedagogical Analysis,” College Literature 26 (Fall 1999): 4; George Lipsitz, The Possessive Investment in Whiteness (Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, 1998), Ch. 1. 35 . David Owen, “Towards a Critical Theory of Whiteness,” Philosophy and Social Criticism 33, no. 2 (2007): 212; Michael K. Brown and David Wellman, “Embedding the Color Line: The Accumulation of Racial Advantage and Disaccumulation of Opportunity in Post-Civil Rights America,” Du Bois Review 2, no. 2 (2005): 187–207. 36 . Joel Olson, “Whiteness and the Polarization of American Politics,” Political Research Quarterly 61 (December 2008): 709. 37 . Brown and Wellman, “Embedding the Color Line.” 3 8 . L i p s i t z , Possessive Investment in Whiteness , Ch. 1. 39 . Charles W. Mills, “White Ignorance,” in Race and the Epistemologies of Ignorance , ed. Shannon Sullivan and Nancy Tuana (Albany: The State University of New York Press, 2007), p. 28. 40 . David R. Roediger, The Wages of Whiteness: Race and the Making of the American Working Class, revised edition (London: Verso, [1991] 1999), p. 13. 41 . Kincheloe, “Struggle to Define and Reinvent Whiteness,” p. 4. 42 . Amanda E. Lewis, “‘What Group?’ Studying Whites and Whiteness in the Era of ‘Color-Blindness,’” Sociological Theory 22 (December 2004): 626, 634. 43 . Ibid., p. 634 n. 20. 44 . Mills, “White Ignorance,” p. 22. 45 . Kincheloe, “Struggle to Define and Reinvent Whiteness,” p. 12; Lewis, “‘What Group?,’” p. 626. 46 . Linda Martí n Alcoff, “Epistemologies of Ignorance,” in Race and the Epistemologies of Ignorance , p. 45. 47 . Mills, “White Ignorance,” p. 24. 48 . Alcoff, “Epistemologies of Ignorance,” pp. 47, 48, 50. As Alcoff says, oppressed groups may underestimate their oppression but generally “have strong reasons to gain a clear-eyed assessment of their society” (p. 44). 49 . Andrew Romano and Allison Samuels, “Is Obama Making It Worse?,” Newsweek , April 16, 2012, p. 41. In the poll, conducted between March 30 and April 1, 2012, soon after the killing of the black 17-year-old Trayvon Notes 235

Martin, in Sanford, Florida, 60 percent of blacks versus only 19 percent of whites agreed that “racism is a big problem today” (p. 41). 5 0 . M a r t i n L u t h e r K i n g J r . , Where Do We Go from Here: Chaos or Community? (Boston: Beacon Press, 1968), p. 68. 51 . National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders, 1968. Report of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders , introduction by Tom Wicker (New York: Bantom Books, 1968), p. 2. 5 2 . I b i d . , p . 4 1 0 . 53 . Tom Wicker, “Introduction,” in Report of the National Advisory Commission , p. ix. 54 . Gary Orfield, “Race and the Liberal Agenda: The Loss of the Integrationist Dream, 1965–1974,” in The Politics of Social Policy in the United States , ed. Margaret Weir, Ann Shola Orloff, and Theda Skocpol (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1988), p. 314. 5 5 . I b i d . , p . 3 3 4 . 5 6 . I b i d . 57 . Ibid.; Thomas Edsall, with Mary D. Edsall, Chain Reaction: The Impact of Race, Rights, and Taxes on American Politics (New York: W. W. Norton, 1992). 58 . Lawrence D. Bobo, “Somewhere between Jim Crow & Post-Racialism: Reflections on the Racial Divide in America Today,” Daedalus: Journal of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences 140, no. 2 (2011): 15. 59 . Ibid., p. 24. 6 0 . T h o m a s J . S u g r u e , Not Even Past: Barack Obama and the Burden of Race (Princeton, NJ and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2010), p. 113. 61 . Bobo, “Somewhere between Jim Crow & Post-Racialism,” p. 29. 6 2 . I b i d . 6 3 . I b i d . , p . 2 5 . 6 4 . I b i d . , p p . 2 5 – 2 7 . 65 . Bobo and Charles, “Race in the American Mind,” p. 247. The categories “Asian” and “Asian American” are fraught with complications. 66 . Bobo, “Somewhere between Jim Crow & Post-Racialism,” p. 28; Pew Research Center, “Partisan Polarization Surges in Bush, Obama Years: Trends in American Values: 1987–2012,” June 4, 2012, at: http://www. people-press.org/2012/06/04/partisan-polarization-surges-in-bush-obama- years/ (accessed June 8, 2012). 67 . Ira Katznelson, When Affirmative Action Was White: An Untold History of Racial Inequality in Twentieth Century America (New York: W. W. Norton, 2005), p. 148; Jennifer Hochschild, “Affirmative Action as Culture War,” in The Blackwell Companion to Racial and Ethnic Studies, ed. David Theo Goldberg and John Solomos (Oxford: Blackwell, 2002), pp. 282–303. 68 . Bobo and Charles, “Race in the American Mind,” p. 248. 69 . Concerning a Michigan referendum in 2006, see chapter 1. 70 . Hochschild, “Affirmative Action as Culture War,”, p. 288. 7 1 . I b i d . 72 . Bobo, “Somewhere between Jim Crow & Post-Racialism,” p. 15. 236 Notes

73 . Steven A. Tuch and Michael Hughes, “Whites’ Racial Policy Attitudes in the Twenty-First Century: The Continuing Significance of Racial Resentment,” The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science , no. 634 (March 2011): 136. 74 . David O. Sears, Collette van Larr, Mary Carillo, and Rick Kosterman, “Is It Really Racism?: The Origins of White American Opposition to Race- Targeted Policies,” Public Opinion Quarterly 61, no. 1 (1997): 21–22. 7 5 . I b i d . , p . 3 1 . 76 . Orfield, “Race and the Liberal Agenda.” 77 . Rich Morin, “Are Blacks as Financially Well Off as Whites? Depends on Whom You Ask,” Pew Research Center, August 27, 2013, at: http://www. pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2013/08/27/are-blacks-as-financially-well-off-as- whites-depends-on-whom-you-ask/ (accessed November 20, 2014). 7 8 . I b i d . 79 . Bennett, “White Problem in America,” p. 32. In a psychology study of racial “bias,” researchers found that “Whites now believe that anti-White bias is more prevalent than anti-Black bias.” See Michael I. Norton and Samuel R. Sommers, “Whites See Racism as a Zero-Sum Game That They Are Now Losing,” Perspectives on Psychological Science 6, no. 3 (May 2011): 217. 80 . See “King’s Dream Remains an Elusive Goal; Many Americans See Racial Disparities,” Pew Research Center, August 22, 2013, at: http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2013/08/22/kings-dream-remains-an-elusive-goal-many- americans-see-racial-disparities/ (accessed November 26, 2014). 81 . John Woolly and Gerhard Peters, The American Presidency Project (n.d.), at: http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/showelection.php?year=1948 (accessed April 3, 2011). 82 . Orfield, “Race and the Liberal Agenda,” pp. 347–48. 83 . Orfield (ibid.) uses the estimate of 60 percent. The ANES estimated that Nixon and Wallace together won about 64 percent of the white vote (see table 8.1). The Gallup Poll estimated that Nixon won 47 percent of the white vote, Wallace 15 percent, and Humphrey 38 percent, while 85 percent of “nonwhite” voters voted for Humphrey. See “Election Polls: Vote by Groups, 1968–1972,” at: http://www.gallup.com/poll/9457/election-polls-vote- groups-19681972.aspx (accessed April 3, 2011). 84 . Republican candidate Barry Goldwater, who opposed the 1964 Civil Rights Act, won among white southerners (55% of their vote). See Earl Black and Merle Black, The Rise of Southern Republicans. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002), p. 209. 85 . Democratic President Bill Clinton’s reelection in 1996 just slightly deviated from this pattern. Clinton thus did relatively well among white voters despite his popularity among black Americans (winning 43% versus 46% voting for Republican Robert Dole, with 9% of whites voting independent). Yet Clinton moved the Democrats in a direction congenial to many white voters: he called for an “end to big government” and, in August 1996, enacted welfare reform, ending one of the nation’s most racially charged social programs, Aid for families with Dependent Children. See Sugrue, Not Even Past, pp. 84–85. Notes 237

86 . Orfield, “Race and the Liberal Agenda,” p. 314. 87 . Donald Kinder and Allison Dale-Riddle, The End of Race?: Obama, 2008, and Racial Politics in America (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2011), pp. 24–25. 88 . Hillary Rodham Clinton, quoted in Kathy Kiely and Jill Lawrence, “Clinton Makes Case for Wide Appeal,” USA Today, May 8, 2008, at: http://www. usatoday.com/news/politics/election2008/2008-05-07-clintoninterview_N. htm (accessed April 6, 2011). 89 . Obama, quoted in Sugrue, Not Even Past , p. 116. 90 . Kevin Drum, “Obama and Affirmative Action,” The Washington Monthly , May 14, 2007, at: http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/archives/individual- /2007_05/011305.php (accessed April 7, 2011). 9 1 . S u g r u e , Not Even Past , p. 118. 92 . Ibid., pp. 118–21. 93 . Michael Tomasky, “How Historic a Victory?” The New York Review of Books , December 18, 2008, at: http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2008/ dec/18/how-historic-a-victory-2/ (accessed April 10, 2011). 9 4 . I b i d . 95 . Obama lost to McCain 41–57 percent among whites 30–44 years old, 42–56 percent among whites 45–59 years old, and 41–57 percent among whites 60 and older (New York Times , 2008). See “National Exit Polls Table,” The New York Times, November 5, 2008, at: http://elections.nytimes. com/2008/results/president/national-exit-polls.html (accessed December 1, 2014). 96 . Michael S. Lewis-Beck and Charles Tien, “Race Blunts the Economic Effect? The 2008 Obama Forecast,” PS: Political Science and Politics 42 (January 2009): 21. Kinder and Dale-Riddle and Vincent Hutchings share this assessment. See Kinder and Dale-Riddle, The End of Race?, p. 114; Vincent L. Hutchings, “Change or More of the Same? Evaluating Racial Attitudes in the Obama Era,” Public Opinion Quarterly 75, no. 5 (2009): 936–37. 97 . Hutchings, “Change or More of the Same?,” p. 925. 98 . Ibid., pp. 925–27. 9 9 . I b i d . , p . 9 2 9 . 1 0 0 . S u g r u e , Not Even Past , pp. 129–30. 101 . Kate Zernike and Megan Thee-Brenan, “Poll Finds Tea Party Backers Wealthier and More Educated,” The New York Times , April 14, 2010, at: http://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/15/us/politics/15poll.html (accessed June 18, 2012). 102 . Beck made his remarks in response to President Obama’s reaction to the arrest of Harvard University Professor Henry Louis Gates Jr., who is black, outside of his home in Cambridge, Massachusetts by a white policeman for disorderly conduct. Obama initially said that the police had acted “stupidly.” See Today Television, “Fox News Host Says Obama Is ‘a Racist,’” 2009, MSNBC, at: http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/32197648/ns/today-entertainment/ (accessed April 10, 2011). 103 . Kinder and Dale-Riddle, The End of Race? , p. 147. 238 Notes

104 . Ibid., pp. 147, 152. 105 . Matt Spetalnick and Steve Holland, “UPDATE 2-Subdued Obama Says Suffered a Voter ‘Shellacking,’” Reuters, November 3, 2010, at: http://www.reuters.com/article/2010/11/03/usa-elections-obama- idUSN0312598020101103 (accessed April 10, 2011). 1 0 6 . E l e c t i o n 2 0 1 0 , The New York Times , n.d., at: http://elections.nytimes. com/2010/results/house (accessed November 30, 2014). 107 . Ruy Teixeira and John Halpin, “Job Loss and Liberal Apathy: A New Interpretation of the 2010 Election Results,” The New Republic, November 5, 2010, at: http://www.newrepublic.com/article/politics/78936/jobs-and-apathy-drove-the-election (accessed November 9, 2010). 108 . John B. Judis, “A Lost Generation: Obama Deserved to Lose—but the Country Doesn’t Deserve the Consequences,” The New Republic , November 3, 2010, at: http://www.tnr.com/article/politics/78890/a-lost- generation?page=0,1 (accessed April 10, 2011). 109 . Teixeira and Halpin, “Job Loss and Liberal Apathy.” 1 1 0 . J u d i s , “ A L o s t G e n e r a t i o n . ” 1 1 1 . R o n a l d B r o w n s t e i n , “ W h i t e F l i g h t , ” National Journal , January 7, 2011, at: http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/in-2012-obama-may-need-a- new-coalition-20110107 (accessed January 11, 2011). 112 . Public Religion Research Institute, “Old Alignments, Emerging Fault Lines: Religion in the 2010 Election and Beyond,” Findings from the 2010 Post- Election American Values Survey, November 17, 2010, at: http://www.pub- licreligion.org/research/published/?id=428 (accessed March 12, 2011). 1 1 3 . L i p s i t z , Possessive Investment in Whiteness , pp. 18–19. 114 . Baldwin, “White Problem,” p. 84. 1 1 5 . 42 , directed by Brian Helgeland, produced by Thomas Tull (Warner Bros., 2013). 116 . A. O. Scott, “That Rookie at First Is in a New Position,” The New York Times , April 11, 2013, at: http://movies.nytimes.com/2013/04/12/movies/42-with- chadwick-boseman-as-jackie-robinson.html?pagewanted=all (accessed July 17, 2013). 1 1 7 . I b i d . 118 . Geoffrey Ward and Kens Burns agree that Rickey sought “fair play and big profits.” See Geoffrey C. Ward and Kens Burns, Baseball: An Illustrated History (New York: Knopf, 1994), p. 284. 1 1 9. J a c k i e R o b i n s o n , I Never Had It Made (1972), quoted in Dana Jennings, “The Superhero Who Leapt Color Lines,” The New York Times , April 5, 2013, at: http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/07/movies/jackie-robinson-the- hero-in-42.html?pagewanted=all (accessed July 17, 2013). 1 2 0 . I b i d . 121 . Jennings also notes that Robinson played himself in “the pious, lame, cheaply made ‘Jackie Robinson Story,’ from 1950,” and that Robinson was a Republican. Yet, Robinson’s own politics is another matter. Moreover, a dutiful telling of Robinson’s story in 1950, prior to the civil rights movement, had a quite different resonance than a pious version of his story had in 2013. Notes 239

1 2 2 . J a m e s B a l d w i n , Nobody Knows My Name (New York: Dell Publishing, 1961), p. 58. 123 . Brown and Wellman, “Embedding the Color Line.” 124 . See chapter 7 , notes 65 and 82, and the references cited there. The fact that Brian Helgeland, who wrote and directed 42, is white may be significant here. 1 2 5 . Breaking Bad , created by Vince Gilligan, executive producers Vince Gilligan and Mark Johnson (AMC TV series, 2008–13). 126 . Michiko Kakutani, “Television That’s Worth Dissecting,” The New York Times, December 3, 2012, at: http://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/04/books/ the-revolution-was-televised-by-alan-sepinwall.html?nl=todaysheadlines&e mc=edit_th_20121204&_r=0 (accessed December 4, 2012). 1 2 7 . I n t h i s r e g a r d , Breaking Bad contrasts with the movie Falling Down (Warner Bros., 1993), which features another well-educated, white middle-class man who effectively “breaks bad.” In Falling Down the fact that the main character is a white man is central to the movie’s focus on white racial resentment and misogyny. See Ian Haney L ó pez, Dog Whistle Politics (New York: Oxford University Press, 2014), p. 174. 128 . See A. O. Scott, “Bad in the Bones,” The New York Times, July 24, 2013, at: http://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/28/arts/television/how-walter-white- found-his-inner-sociopath.html?pagewanted=all (accessed August 4, 2013). 129 . Olson, “Whiteness and the Polarization of American Politics,” p. 709. 130 . David Segal, “The Dark Art of ‘Breaking Bad,’” The New York Times Magazine , July 6, 2011, at: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/10/magazine/the-dark-art-of-breaking-bad.html?pagewanted=all (accessed July 24, 2013). 131 . By contrast, the woman- and prison-centered drama series Orange Is the New Black (Netflix, 2013–) appreciates that, like the white woman who is the main character, the women of color in the prison also have backstories. 132 . Malcolm Harris notes that Walter’s journey follows an old trope of the “white guy who enters a world supposedly beneath him where he doesn’t belong yet nonetheless triumphs over the inhabitants.” See Malcolm Harris, “‘Breaking Bad’: White Supremacist Fable?,” Salon.com, September 12, 2012, at: http:// www.salon.com/2012/09/12/breaking_bad_white_supremacist_fable/ (accessed July 26, 2013). It eventually becomes clear in the series that Walter was not a quiet, upstanding guy. 133 . James Meek, “It’s the Moral Thing to Do,” London Review of Books 35, no. 1 (January 3, 2013): 7–9, at: http://www.lrb.co.uk/v35/n01/james-meek/its- the-moral-thing-to-do (accessed October 12, 2013). 1 3 4 . I b i d . 135 . Meek, “It’s the Moral Thing to Do.” 136 . One story line in the first season, in episode 7, addresses white racism through the arrest of a Native American janitor at Walter’s school, Hugo, who is blamed for Walter’s theft of materials from the chemistry lab. 137 . Baldwin, “Nationalism, Colonialism, and the United States,” p. 11. 240 Notes

138 . Notably, President Obama and his former attorney general, Eric Holder, who is also black, faced harsh criticism when they have discussed publicly antiblack racism, such as after the killing of Trayvon Martin (see n. 49). According to the Newsweek poll that I discussed earlier (from April 2012), 47 percent of whites versus 8 percent of blacks disapproved of how President Obama “handled race relations”; 51 percent of whites “believe[d] that he’s been unhelpful in bridging the country’s racial divide”; 78 percent of blacks versus only 28 percent agreed that Obama’s comments about the shooting of Martin were appropriate. Obama expressed sympathy for Martin’s parents and said, “If I had a son, he’d look like Trayvon.” See Romano and Samuels, “Is Obama Making It Worse?,” pp. 40–42. 139 . Paul Krugman, “In Defense of Obama,” Rolling Stone, October 8, 2014, at: http://www.rollingstone.com/politics/news/in-defense-of-obama-20141008 (accessed November 28, 2014). 140 . National Exit Polls 2014, The New York Times, November 4, 2014, at: http:// www.nytimes.com/interactive/2014/11/04/us/politics/2014-exit-polls.html ?module=Search&mabReward=relbias%3As%2C{%221%22%3A%22RI% 3A9%22} (accessed November 28, 2014). Among black voters, 90 percent voted for Democrats and 9 percent for Republicans; among Hispanic voters, 64 percent voted for Democrats and 34 percent for Republicans; among Asian voters, 52 percent voted for Democrats and 48 percent for Republicans. See “The Vote,” summary of 2014 election-day voting, The New York Times , November 6, 2014, P8. 141 . Jackie Calmes and Megan Thee-Brenan, “Surveys of Voters Signal Dismay with Both Parties,” The New York Times , November 6, 2014, P8. 142 . My point here is not to defend President Obama’s policies. It seems clear, however, that his economic policies have been more appropriate than the tax and budget cuts that Republicans have proposed. 143 . Bennett, “White Problem in America,” p. 32. 144 . Adam Nagourney, “To Angry Voters, Washington Comes Out the Biggest Loser,” The New York Times , November 6, 2014, P1, P9. 145 . James Baldwin, “Stranger in the Village,” in James Baldwin , p. 129. 146 . Christopher Hitchens, “White Fright,” Slate , August 30, 2010, online at: http://www.slate.com/id/2265515/ (accessed March 12, 2011). Events in the summer of 2010 included conflict over Arizona’s immigration law; a pro- posal by some Republicans to amend the 14th Amendment to denatural- ize “anchor babies”; contestation over the so-called Ground Zero mosque in New York; Beck’s rally at the Lincoln Memorial; and continuing allegations “that Obama is either foreign-born or a Muslim” (ibid.). 147 . Baldwin, “Open Letter to My Sister, Angela Y. Davis,” p. 22. 148 . Jon Queally, “CEO Pay Soars, Workers Toil in Capitalism’s New Gilded Age,” www.CommonDreams.org , April 16, 2014, at: http://www.commondreams.org/headline/2014/04/16-0 (accessed April 16, 2014). 1 4 9 . I b i d . , p p . 2 2 – 2 3 . 1 5 0 . L ó p e z , Dog Whistle Politics . Notes 241

C o n c l u s i o n

1 . E r a z i m K o h ák , The Embers and the Stars: A Philosophical Inquiry into the Moral Sense of Nature (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1984), p. 97. 2 . Ibid., p. 91, 90. 3 . Ibid., p. 97. 4 . D i a n e J o h n s o n , “ L e t ’ s G o t o D y s t o p i a , ” The New York Review of Books 61 (June 5, 2014): 22. 5 . Lionel Trilling, “The Leavis-Snow Controversy,” in Trilling, The Moral Obligation to Be Intelligent: Selected Essays, ed. Leon Wieseltier (Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 2009), p. 419. 6 . Lionel Trilling, “William Dean Howells and the Roots of Modern Taste,” in Trilling, The Moral Obligation to Be Intelligent , p. 214. 7 . Ibid. p. 213, emphasis added. 8 . I b i d . , p . 2 1 3 . 9 . Here Comes the Boom , directed by Frank Coraci, produced by Kevin James and Todd Garner (Columbia Pictures, 2012). 1 0 . L i o n e l T r i l l i n g , Liberal Imagination: Essays on Literature and Society , Introduction by Louis Menand (New York: New York Review Books, [1950] 2008), p. 206. 1 1 . Brooklyn Castle, directed by Katie Dellamaggiore, produced by Katie Dellamaggiore, Nelson Dellamaggiore, and Brian Schulz (Producers Distribution Agency, 2012). It grossed $219,407 in US box office ticket sales (see http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1800266/ , accessed December 26, 2014). By contrast, with a budget of $42 million and only moderate success, Here Comes the Boom had a domestic box office gross of $45,290,318; international box office gross: $27,948,940 (as of February 15, 2013); domestic video sales: $17,924,390. See “The Numbers,” at: http://www.the-numbers.com/movie/ Here-Comes-the-Boom#tab=summary (accessed December 26, 2014). 1 2 . h t t p : / / w w w . b r o o k l y n c a s t l e . c o m / a b o u t / s y n o p s i s ( a c c e s s e d D e c e m b e r 2 7 , 2014). 1 3 . Waiting for “Superman,” directed by Davis Guggenheim, produced by Michael Birtel and Lesley Chilcott (Paramount Pictures, 2010); Won’t Back Down , directed by Daniel Barnz, produced by Mark Johnson (Twentieth Century Fox, 2012). 14 . Michael Cieply, “In Reality and Film, a Battle for Schools,” The New York Times , February 20, 2013, at: http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/21/movies/viola-davis-and-maggie-gyllenhaal-in-parent-trigger-film.html (accessed April 22, 2013). 15 . Diane Ravitch, “The Myth of Charter Schools,” The New York Review of Books 57 (November 11, 2010): 22–24, at p. 22. 16 . Seven US states currently have parent trigger laws, and many others have considered such legislation. Subsequent to the release of Don’t Back Down , parents in Adelanto, California became “the first (and so far, only) school 242 Notes

in California and the U.S. to be fully chartered under a Parent Trigger law, which allows a simple majority of a school’s parents to wrest control of a low-performing school from a public school district, and transform it into a charter school.” See Bill Raden, “Adelanto Report Card: Year Zero of the Parent Trigger Revolution,” Capital & Main, October 16, 2014, at: http:// capitalandmain.com/adelanto-report-card-year-zero-of-the-parent-trigger- revolution/ (accessed January 10, 2015). Raden explains that while the trigger charter school is funded by tax dollars, “it is not bound by . . . much of the governing oversight . . . of a traditional public school” (ibid.). 17 . The movies budget was $19 million; its domestic box office sales were $5,310,554. See “Won’t Back Down,” The Numbers , at: http://www.the- numbers.com/movie/Learning-to-Fly#tab=summary (accessed February 16, 2015). 18 . Dana Goldstein, “Bad Lessons from ‘Won’t Back Down,’” The Nation , September 26, 2012, at: http://www.thenation.com/article/170175/bad- lessons-wont-back-down (accessed March 22, 2014). In contrast, the charter school created by the Adelanto action (see n. 16), Desert Trails Preparatory Academy, appears to be fraught with problems (Raden, “Adelanto Report Card”). 19 . Goldstein, “Bad Lessons from ‘Won’t Back Down.’” 20 . Ravitch, “The Myth of Charter Schools,” The New York Review of Books 57 (November 11, 2010): 22–24, at p. 22. 2 1 . I b i d . 22 . Ibid., p. 24. 2 3 . I b i d . 2 4 . I b i d . 2 5 . I b i d . 2 6 . I b i d . 27 . Diane Ravitch, “Saving Our Public Schools,” The Progressive , October 2013, p. 19; Diane Ravitch, “The Myth of Chinese Super Schools,” The New York Review of Books 61 (November 20, 2014): 25–27. 2 8 . I b i d . , p . 1 9 . 29 . Ravitch, “Saving Our Public Schools”; Diane Ravitch, “Schools We Can Envy,” The New York Review of Books 59 (accessed March 8, 2012), at: http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2012/mar/08/schools-we-can- envy/?insrc=toc (accessed January 12, 2015); Jonathan Zimmerman, “Why Is American Teaching So Bad?,” The New York Review of Books 61 (December 4, 2014): 29–31. 30 . Sean F. Reardon, “No Rich Child Left Behind,” The New York Times , April 27, 2013, at: http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/04/27/no-rich- child-left-behind/ (accessed April 28, 2013). In the United States “the rich now outperform the middle class [in school] by as much as the middle class outperform the poor . . . The academic gap is widening because rich students are increasingly entering kindergarten much better prepared to succeed in school than middle-class students” (ibid.). 31 . Ibid.; Ravitch, “Saving Our Public Schools,” pp. 20–21. Notes 243

32 . Ravitch, “Saving Our Public Schools,” p. 20; Doug Henwood and Liza Featherstone, “Marketizing Schools,” Monthly Review 65 (June 2013): 66–70. 33 . Henwood and Featherstone, “Marketizing Schools,” pp. 62–68; James Traub, “What No School Can Do,” The New York Times Magazine , January 16, 2000, p. 54. 34 . Studies on educational attainment have shown, however, that the inequalities students experience in their homes and neighborhoods tend to “become the inequalities with which they confront adult life at the end of school” (James Coleman, quoted in Traub, “What No School Can Do,” p. 55; Ravitch, “Myth of Charter Schools,” p. 23). 35 . Antonio Gramsci, “On Education,” in Selections from the Prison Notebooks , ed. and trans. Quintin Hoare and Geoffrey Nowell Smith (New York: International Publishers, 1971), pp. 32–33. 3 6 . Elysium , directed by Neill Blomkamp, produced by Bill Block, Neill Blomkamp, and Simon Kinberg (Sony Pictures, 2013). 37 . Xan Brooks and Henry Barnes, video interview with Elysium director Neill Blomkamp, The Guardian, August 21, 2013, at: http://www.theguardian. com/film/video/2013/aug/21/elysium-director-neill-blomkamp (accessed January 3, 2015). 38 . Ramachandra Guha, “How the Filthy Rich Live in Rising Asia,” The New Republic, October 14, 2014, at: http://www.newrepublic.com/article/119722/ rana-dasguptas-capital-eruption-delhi-review-delhis-1 (accessed January 15, 2015). 39 . In the United States, we can think of how poorer parts of Los Angeles (South Central, Watts, etc.) relate to the city’s wealthy districts (Bel Air, Hollywood Hills, etc.). 4 0 . “ A l l M y T r i a l s ” ( t r a d i t i o n a l ) , i n Rise Up Singing , ed. Peter Blood-Patterson (Bethlehem, PA: Sing Out, 1988), p. 130. In Time (directed by Andrew Niccol, produced by Marc Abraham, Eric Newman, and Andrew Niccol [Twentieth Century Fox, 2011]), takes even more literally the idea that living is something that money can buy. It presents a future world, divided in two time/wealth zones, in which time is a scarce commodity that is bought and sold and used to purchase other goods. 41 . In this regard, Blomkamp may be similar to Christopher Nolan, the director of The Dark Knight and The Dark Knight Rises (see ch. 3). 42 . Alex Godrey, interview with Neill Blomkamp, The Guardian, August 17, 2013, at: http://www.theguardian.com/film/2013/aug/17/elysium-neill- bloomkamp-interview (accessed January 3, 2015). 43 . Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, “The Coming Race War Won’t Be about Race,” Time Magazine, August 17, 2014, at: http://time.com/3132635/ferguson-coming- race-war-class-warfare/ (accessed August 19, 2014). 44 . On knowing and not-knowing, see Slavoj Ž i ž ek, “How Did Marx Invent the Symptom?,” in Mapping Ideology , ed. Slavoj Ž i ž ek (London: Verso, 1994), pp. 315–16. 45 . See also chapter 3, above. 46 . Johnson, “Let’s Go to Dystopia,” p. 22. 244 Notes

4 7 . S h e l d o n S . W o l i n , Politics and Vision: Continuity and Innovation in Western Political Thought, expanded edition (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2004), Ch. 1. 48 . “Earth Days: Introduction,” PBS American Experience , at: http://www.pbs. org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/introduction/earthdays-introduction/ (accessed December 25, 2014). 49 . A group of scientists recently have “concluded that humans are on the verge of causing unprecedented damage to the oceans and the animals living in them.” See Carl Zimmer, “Ocean Life Faces Mass Extinction, Broad Study Says,” The New York Times, January 15, 2015, at: http://www.nytimes. com/2015/01/16/science/earth/study-raises-alarm-for-health-of-ocean-life. html?emc=edit_th_20150116&nl=todaysheadlines&nlid=36110834&_r=0 (accessed January 16, 2015). 50 . Erazim Kohá k, “The Twenty-First Century Blues,” Dissent (Summer 1988): 322–26. 51 . Mike Davis, “Who Will Build the Ark?,” New Left Review, no. 61 (January– February 2010): 29–46, p. 46. 52 . Ibid., p. 38. 5 3 . I b i d . 5 4 . L i o n e l T r i l l i n g , Liberal Imagination: Essays on Literature and Society , Introduction by Louis Menand (New York: New York Review Books, [1950] 2008), p. 206. 5 5 . T r i l l i n g , The Liberal Imagination , p. xix. 56 . Davis, “Who Will Build the Ark?,” p. 43. See also Elizabeth Kolbert, “Can Climate Change Cure Capitalism?,” The New York Review of Books , December 4, 2014, pp. 14–16. 57 . The stakes are heightened when we recognize that political leaders in China, with its fast-growing economy and population of 1.3 billion people, notably Chinese President Xi Jinping, have begun speaking of a “Chinese dream” that is similar to typical notions of the American dream. See Thomas L. Friedman, “China Needs Its Own Dream,” The New York Times , October 2, 2012, at: http://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/03/opinion/friedman-china- needs-its-own-dream.html?src=recg (accessed October 6, 2012); Jane Cai and Verna Yu, “Xi Jinping Outlines His Vision of ‘Dream and Renaissance,’” South China Morning Post, March 18, 2013, at: http://www.scmp.com/news/ china/article/1193273/xi-jinping-outlines-his-vision-chinas-dream-and-renaissance (accessed May 1, 2013). 58 . Davis, “Who Will Build the Ark?,” p. 43; Friedman, “China Needs Its Own Dream.” 5 9 . J o h n S t u a r t M i l l , Principles of Political Economy , 7th edition, ed. Donald Winch (London: Penguin Books, [1871] 1985), Book IV, Chapter VI, pp. 115–16. 6 0 . H e r b e r t M a r c u s e , One-Dimensional Man: Studies in the Ideology of Advanced Industrial Society, 2nd edition, with a new introduction by Douglas Kellner (Boston: Beacon Press [1964] 1991), p. 7. Notes 245

61 . Rosi Braidotti, “Animals, Anomalies, and Inorganic Others,” PMLA 124, no. 2 (March 2009): 526–32, at p. 530; Bruce Baum, “Ecology, Critical Theory, and ‘What’s Wrong with Negative Liberty,’” in Isaiah Berlin and the Politics of Freedom: ‘Two Concepts of Liberty’ 50 Years Later , ed. Bruce Baum and Robert Nichols (New York: Routledge, 2013), pp. 231–46. 62 . I have adapted this point from Nancy Fraser, Justice Interruptus: Critical Reflections on the “Postsocialist” Condition (New York: Routledge, 1997), p. 30. There may be a generational divide here with younger Americans pos- sibly more open to the idea that inherited ideas about the American dream demand rethinking. 6 3 . G r a m s c i , Selections from the Prison Notebooks , pp. 12–14, 192–95. 64 . Stanley Aronowitz, “The Winter of Our Discontent,” Situations 4, no. 2 (2012): 75. 6 5 . L i o n e l T r i l l i n g , The Liberal Imagination: Essays on Literature and Society , Introduction by Louis Menand (New York: New York Review Books, [1950] 2008), p. 100. 66 . Lionel Trilling, preface to Beyond Culture (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, [1965] 1979), p. v, quoted in Harvey M. Teres, Renewing the Left: Politics. Imagination, and the New York Intellectuals (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996), p. 264. 67 . George M. Fredrickson, “America’s Diversity in Comparative Perspective,” The Journal of American History 85 (December 1998): 859–75, at p. 862. 6 8 . W . E . B . D u B o i s , Black Reconstruction, 1860–1880, Introduction by David Levering Lewis (New York: Free Press, [1935] 1998). 69 . Abdul-Jabbar, “Coming Race War Won’t Be about Race.” 70 . In mainstream US politics, the Democratic Party is arguably caught in the horns of this dilemma while the Republican Party does its best to ride it. See Ira Katznelson, When Affirmative Action Was White: An Untold History of Racial Inequality in Twentieth-Century America (New York: W. W. Norton, 2006); Joseph Lowndes, From the New Deal to the New Right: Race and the Southern Origins of Modern Conservatism (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2008). 7 1 . I b i d . 72 . Noam Scheiber, “De Blasio, Obama and a Flawed Vision of Liberalism,” The New York Times , January 24, 2015, at: http://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/25/ opinion/sunday/de-blasio-obama-and-a-flawed-vision-of-liberalism.html (accessed February 17, 2015). 73 . Douglas Kellner, “Film, Politics, and Ideology: Reflections on Hollywood Film in the Age of Reagan,” The Velvet Light Trap, no. 27 (Spring 1991): 22. 7 4 . G r a m s c i , Selections from the Prison Notebooks , pp. 323–33. 75 . Jonathan Chait, “The Vast Left-Wing Conspiracy Is on Your Screen,” New York Magazine, August 19, 2012, at: http://nymag.com/news/features/ chait-liberal-movies-tv-2012-8/ (accessed December 13, 2014). Chait cites evidence indicating “that watching [the NBC sitcom] Will & Grace made audiences more receptive to gay rights” (ibid.). Yet, if we consider typical 246 Notes

television programming (e.g., situation comedy’s such as CBS TV’s 2 Broke Girls ), we still also find gender and racial stereotypes. 76 . See chapters 5–8 in this book. In this regard, the views of capitalism conveyed in The Company Men and Mad Men (see chapters 5 and 6 ) are more typical than those conveyed by Elysium . 7 7 . J o h n K e a n e , Democracy and Media Decadence (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013), pp. 4, 5. 78 . Alain Badiou, Cinema , ed. Antoine de Baecque, trans. Susan Spitzer (Cambridge, UK; Malden, MA: Polity, 2013), pp. 207–8. 79 . Douglas Kellner, “Film, Politics, and Ideology: Reflections on Hollywood Film in the Age of Reagan,” The Velvet Light Trap , no. 27 (Spring 1991): 22. 8 0 . L i o n e l T r i l l i n g , Liberal Imagination: Essays on Literature and Society , Introduction by Louis Menand (New York: New York Review Books, [1950] 2008), p. 206. 81 . Theodor W. Adorno “Culture and Administration,” in Adorno, The Culture Industry: Selected Essays on Mass Culture , ed. J. M. Bernstein (London: Routledge, 2001), p. 126. 82 . See Adorno, “How to Look at Television,” in Adorno, The Culture Industry , pp. 158–77. 83 . See the Introduction to this book, section III. 84 . Cornel West, “The New Cultural Politics of Difference,” October, no. 53 (Summer 1990): 93–109; Stuart Hall, “What Is This ‘Black’ in Black Popular Culture?,” Social Justice 20, no. 1–2 (1993): 104–14. 85 . See Jeffrey Scheuer, “Media, Democracy, and the Left,” Dissent 54 (Fall 2007): 7–10; Robert W. McChesney, “Sharp Left Turn for the Media Reform Movement: Toward a Post-Capitalist Democracy,” Monthly Review 65 (February 2014): 1–14. 86 . Lionel Trilling, “The Uncertain Future of the Humanistic Educational Ideal,” The American Scholar 44, no. 1 (Winter 1974–75): 52–67, at p. 59; Michael S. Roth, “Learning as Freedom,” The New York Times , September 5, 2012, at: http://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/06/opinion/john-deweys-vision-of- learning-as-freedom.html?nl=todaysheadlines&emc=edit_th_20120906 (accessed September 6, 2012). 87 . Gramsci, “On Education,” p. 40. Index

9/11 attacks, 2, 4, 10, 53–4, 56 language and “animality,” 77 12 Years a Slave (film, 2013), 3, 23, and Noah (2014), 68–71 126, 134, 140–3, 145–6, 188 and personhood, 69–70, 75, 84–7 42 (film, 2013), 150, 163–6, 168, 189 and post-humanism, 24, 77–8, 81–4, 86 Abdul-Jabbar, Kareem, 181, 186 and Project Nim (2011), 23, 68–9, Adams, John, 105–6 71–2, 74–5, 77, 86–7 Adorno, Theodor W., 3, 4, 22, 39, and Rise of the Planet of the Apes 104, 192n16 (2011), 23, 69, 71, 74–6, 78, 80, and commodities, 199n119 86–7, 211n13 and Critical Theory, 199n117 “Sixth Extinction,” 79–80 and culture industry, 38, 192n15 sovereignty and its limits, 78–80 and educational privilege, 188–9 animal studies, 69 and ideology, 21 Anschutz, Philip, 175 Affordable Care Act (ACA), 59 antiwar movement, 10, 25, 31–3, Afghanistan war, 10, 53 205n63 Agamben, Giorgio, 75 Apple Corporation, 101, 106, 108–12, Albert, Daniel, 94 222n56. See also Jobs, Steve Ali, Muhammad, 47–8 Apprentice (reality television program, Almanac Singers, 28 2004–), 113 Al-Qaeda, 10, 34, 53, 54 Arab Spring, 66 Alterman, Eric, 111 Arendt, Hannah, 80 American exceptionalism, 5, 11, 62, 165 aristocracy, 18, 104–6, 113–14, 123 American expansionism, 7, 50 Aristotle, 81 American Indian Movement, 10 Arnold, Matthew, 16 American materialism, 174 Aronofsky, Darren, 68, 70 American militarism, 7, 29 Noah (2014), 68–71 American Promise (documentary, art. See culture 2013), 144–5 Anderson, Perry, 12–13, 196n72 Badiou, Alain, 18–19, 188 animal rights movement Baldwin, James, 11, 147–8, 151–2, and animal species, 78 163, 165–6, 168–70 and hunting, 79 Baraka, Amiri (LeRoi Jones), 43–4, 46, 49 248 Index

Barnz, Daniel and protest music, 2, 25–36, 39 Won’t Back Down (2012), 174, and war on terror, 10, 25, 54 175–8 Butler, The (Lee Daniels’ The Butler, Batman (film, 1989), 56 film, 2013), 126, 134, 138–40, Batman Begins (film, 2005), 53, 61. 142, 145, 163 See also Nolan, Christopher Batman comics, 57 capitalism, 19–22, 38–9, 56–7, Beck, Glenn, 11, 161, 170, 196n63, 181–3 203n34, 237n102 and “bad” capitalists, 91, 95–6, Benhabib, Seyla, 9, 100, 104, 125–6 98–9, 111, 187, 216n6 Bennett, Lerone, Jr., 151, 157 and The Company Men (2010), Benson, Chris, 3, 140–2 89–90, 95–9 Black Power, 10, 48, 139 and corporations, 101–12 Blight, David, 134–5 and Critical Theory, 3, 7–8 Blomkamp, Neill, 179–81 and culture, 3–4, 19–20 Elysium (2013), 62, 174, 179–87, and deregulation, 92–3, 95, 197n84, 189 200n128 Bobo, 156, 233n12 and Financial Crisis, 13–14 Boehlert, Eric, 37, 39 and inequality, 90, 92, 99–101, 170 Boyhood (film, 2014), 126, 143–5, and Inside Job (2010), 89–96, 98 231–2n89 and the Internet, 13 BP Gulf of Mexico oil spill, 90–1, 106 and liberal vales, 3, 7–8 Brandeis, Louis, 104 and Mad Men (2007–15), 113–19 Breaking Bad (television drama series, myth of good capitalism, 90–1, 95, 2008–13), 23, 150, 163, 166–8, 97–9 187, 189, 239n127 and political economy, 19–20 Brewster, Joe Capitalism: A Love Story (documentary, American Promise (2013), 144–5 2009), 100, 216n6 Brooklyn Castle (documentary, 2012), Chomsky, Noam, 72, 77 174, 175, 178, 184 Citizens United v. FEC, 13 Brooks, David, 97–8, 200–1n140 civil rights movement (1954–65), Brown, James, 43, 47–50 9–10, 41, 48, 62, 127 Brown, Michael, 127, 143–5, 181 Civil Rights Act, 9, 139, 154, 158, Brown v. Board of Education, 130 236n84 Buffett, Warren, 107, 111 and election of Obama, 148 Bush, George H. W., 41 Fair Housing Act, 9 Bush, George W. and Lee Daniels’ The Butler (2013), Bush-Obama era, 9–15, 59 138–40 and election of 2008, 160 Loving v. Virginia, 9 and the Financial Crisis, 92, 94 Voting Rights Act, 9, 158 and Hamdan v. Rumsfeld, 208n6 white problem in post-civil rights and No Child Left Behind, 178 era, 152, 154–7 and Nolan’s Dark Knight movies, class inequalities, 12, 20, 23, 62, 65, 53–4, 59, 65 186–7. See also inequality Index 249

Clear Channel (iHeartMedia), 34, cultural politics, 34, 37, 48–9, 187, 37–9, 203n34, 204n51, 201n142 205n63 all politics as, 1, 185 climate change, 14, 82, 85, 87, 182–3. and Critical Theory, 4 See also global warming defined, 26 Clinton, Bill, 92–3, 114, 195n58, and identity, 125–6 197n84, 208n10, 236n85 and ideology, 14 and Earle’s “Christmas in and Obama’s presidency, 11 Washington,” 27–8 and popular culture, 2–3 and Telecommunications Act, 37 and public education, 179 Clinton, Hillary Rodham, 159 culture Cold War, 10, 194n40 and autonomy, 17–18, 185–6, 188, Collins, Susan, 94 192n16 Company Men, The (film, 2010), culture industries, 3–4, 19–21, 89–90, 95–9 37–9, 53, 184, 187, 192n15 Coogler, Ryan, 142 and elitism, 3, 16–19, 188 Fruitvale Station (film, 2013), encoding and decoding of, 20 126–7, 134, 142–4, 146 mass culture, 11, 18–19, 192n16, Coraci, Frank 199n116 Here Comes the Boom (2012), 174–5, Trilling’s meanings of, 16–17 184 See also popular culture Coup, The, 26, 27, 28–30, 38, 39, 40–1 Dahl, Robert, 98, 102–4, 120 “Ass-Breath Killers,” 30 Daisy, Mike, 110–11, 177, 222n54 “Baby Let’s Have a Baby before Bush Damon, Matt, 130 Do Somethin’ Crazy,” 29 Daniels, Lee, 128, 132–3, 138 “Get That Monkey Off Your Back,” Lee Daniels’ The Butler (2013), 29–30 126, 134, 138–40, 142, 145, “Head (Of State),” 29 163 “I Love Boosters!,” 30 Precious: Based on the Novel ‘Push’ “I just wanna lay around all day in by Sapphire (2009), 126, 128, bed with you,” 29 131–3, 138, 141, 146, 184 Pam the Funkstress (DJ), 28 Dargis, Manohla, 59 Pick a Bigger Weapon (2006), 23, Dark Knight, The (film, 2008), 23, 53, 28–9 56–61, 63–5 Riley, Raymond (“Boots”), 28–30, Dark Knight Rises, The (film, 2012), 41, 202n18, 205–6n74 23, 53–4, 56, 59–66, 179 “We Are the Ones,” 29 Davis, Angela, 124 Crawford, John, III, 143, 144 Davis, Mike, 183–4 Critical Theory, 3, 7, 15, 17, 19, Dean, Howard, 35 199n117 Dekoven, Marianne, 69 Cromwell, John Dellamaggiore, Katie Abe Lincoln of Illinois (1940), 245 Brooklyn Castle (2012), 174, 175, cultural causation, 16–19 178, 184 250 Index democracy Earle, Steve, 26–8, 30–1, 38–40, and aristocracy, 104–6, 113–14, 123 203n28 “corporate,” 99 “Christmas in Washington,” 27–8 Gramsci on, 189 “Condi, Condi,” 31 and inequality, 107, 110–12, 119, “F the CC,” 31 121–3 The Revolution Starts . . . Now liberalization of, 9, 104 (album, 2004), 26–8, 30–1 and Mad Men (2007–15), 104, “Rich Man’s War,” 31 113–19 “Warrior,” 31 and meritocracy, 101–2, 104, 106, Eastwood, Clint, 126, 128 113–16, 119, 123–4 Invictus (2009), 126, 128–31, 145, and music, 29–31 146 and Occupy Wall Street (OWS) ecology, 8–9, 68–71, 79–84, 86–7, movement, 101–2, 104, 107, 171, 179, 182–4, 187–8 119–24 Einstein, Albert, 108 “post-racial,” 129 Elysium (film, 2013), 62, 174, 179–87, and Steve Jobs’s “genius,” 101, 102, 189 104, 106, 108–12 Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 50 and Trilling, 193n31 Enlightenment, European, 7 democratic socialism, 1, 6, 8 environmental issues demographic shifts, 11–12 BP Gulf of Mexico oil spill, 90–1, 106 deregulation, 31, 92–3, 95, 197n84, climate change, 14, 82, 85, 87, 200n128 182–3 Derrida, Jacques, 71, 78, 213n44 global warming, 14, 27, 69, 70, Dewey, John, 8, 103, 104 82–4, 87, 198n88 Liberalism and Social Action, 8 sustainability, 8, 24, 79, 81, 85–6, disability rights movement, 8, 23, 146, 90, 100, 170, 184–5 153, 218n4 See also ecology Dixie Chicks, 35–6, 39–40 equality, 3, 6, 8, 10 “I Hope,” 35 and capitalism, 90, 92, 99–100, 170 Maines, Natalie, 34–5, 39 and democracy, 101–3, 106–7, 112, “Not Ready to Make Nice,” 35 119–24 Taking the Long Way (2006), 26, egalitarianism, 8–9, 46, 54, 66, 85, 34–5 104–5, 107, 111, 119–21, 134, “The Long Way Around,” 35 145, 179, 181, 189 Dodd-Frank Act, 99 See also democracy; inequality Douglas, Orville, 142 Dreier, Peter, 39 Fanon, Frantz Du Bois, W. E. B., 50, 137 Black Skin, White Masks, 47–8 Dworkin, Ronald, 5 The Wretched of the Earth, 48, 130–1 Dylan, Bob, 28, 32, 33 feminism, 8, 51, 197n87 dystopian movies, 173, 179–81 second wave feminism, 10, 14, 35, 182 Index 251

Ferguson, Charles, 89, 91, 95 Gilligan, Vince, 166 Inside Job (film, 2010), 89–96, 98 Breaking Bad (2008–13), 23, Ferguson, Missouri, 143, 145, 150, 163, 166–8, 187, 189, 181–2 239n127 Filmer, Robert, 67 Gladwell, Malcolm, 109 Financial Crisis (2007–8), 13–14, 54, global warming, 14, 27, 69, 70, 82–4, 56, 59, 107, 161 87, 198n88. See also climate and The Company Men (2010), change 89–91, 95–100 Goldman Sachs, 93–5, 99 and Inside Job (2010), 89–95, Goldwater, Barry, 10, 236n84 98–100 Gone With the Wind (1939), 21, Flacks, Dick, 39 200n135 Ford, Ezell, 143, 144 Gore, Al, 28, 68, 160 Ford, John, 18 Gramsci, Antonio, 26–7, 189 The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance Granholm, Jennifer, 36 (1962), 57–8 Grant, Oscar, 126–7, 142–4, Young Mr. Lincoln (1939), 134 230–1n78 Foreman, George, 47–8 Great Apes Conservation Act, 79 Franti, Michael, and Spearhead, 26, 27, Great Recession, 13–14 31–2, 38, 39, 40, 41 Greenspan, Alan, 57, 93 “East to the West,” 32 Greider, William, 119 “Hello Bonjour,” 32 Grossman, Lev, 108 “Time to Go Home,” 31–2 Guantánamo Bay detention camp, “What I’ve Seen,” 32 53–4, 208n6 “Yell Fire!,” 32, 33 Guggenheim, Davis, 177 Yell Fire (2006), 26, 31–3 Waiting for” Superman” (2010), 174, French Revolution, 61–2, 209n25 175–8 Frow, John, 5 Guthrie, Woody, 27, 28, 30 Fruitvale Station (film, 2013), 126–7, 134, 142–4, 146 Hall, Stuart, 19–20 Fuld, Richard, 95 Halloran, Ann, 169 Halpern, Sue, 109, 111 Galbraith, John Kenneth, 46 Hancock (film, 2008), 56 Garner, Eric, 143 Haraway, Donna, 71 Garnham, Nicholas, 20 Helgeland, Brian, 163 Gates, Bill, 107, 111 42 (2013), 150, 163–6, 168, Gates, Henry Louis, Jr., 196n63, 189 237n102 Here Comes the Boom (film, 2012), Geithner, Timothy, 95 174–5, 184 gender, 8, 14, 20–3, 29, 47, 82, 153, Hess, Elizabeth 187, 188, 196n68, 201n143, Nim Chimpsky: The Chimp Who 245–6n75 Would Be Human, 72 252 Index hip and hipness power inequalities, 20–1 defined, 43 and protest, 54–6, 64–6, 101–2, 121 and Humpday (film, 2009), 23, racialized inequalities, 11–14, 29, 43–50 128, 133–4, 141–8, 153–6, 159, and Soul Power (film, 2009), 43–4, 166, 171, 195–6n61 47–50 Inside Job (film, 2010), 89–96, 98 Hitchcock, Alfred, 18 Internet, 13, 20, 26, 34, 39, 41 Hitchens, Christopher, 170 Interstellar (film, 2014), 174, 179 Hobbes, Thomas, 54–5, 58, 65, Invictus (film, 2009), 126, 128–31, 208n13 145, 146 Hochschild, Jennifer, 156 Iraq war, 10, 25–6, 28–9, 33, 34, Holder, Eric, 240n138 53–4, 56, 160 Holmes, John Clellon, 45–6 Iron Man (film, 2008), 56 homosexuality. See LGBT rights Isaacson, Walter, 108–9 movement; sexuality hop-hop, 23, 28–9, 41, 48 Jackson, Jesse, 29, 48 Horkheimer, Max, 3, 4, 22, 38, 39, jazz, 43, 47 104, 192n15, 199n117 Jefferson, Thomas, 105–6, 113–14 Hormel Foods, 81–2 Jim Crow era, 11–12, 139, 163–4, Howe, Irving, 6–7 228–9n62 Hughes, Langston, 36 Jobs, Steve humanism, 23, 69–70, 76–8, 81–6, as autocratic, 112, 222n59 179, 181, 185, 189 and Foxconn factories, 111, 222n56 post-humanism, 24, 77–8, 81–4, 86 and genius, 101, 102, 104, 106, Humpday (film, 2009), 23, 43–50 108–12, 132, 201n142, 220n34 Humphrey, Hubert, 158, 236n83 as “hero inventor,” 118 Hunger Games trilogy (films, 2012–15), and Jobs (2013), 101, 109–10 174, 179, 181 Johnson, Diane, 173–4 Hurricane Katrina, 27 Johnson, John, 148 Hussein, Saddam, 29, 34 Johnson, Lyndon B., 139, 158–9 Hutchings, Vincent, 160 Great Society programs, 9–10, 154 Jones, LeRoi. See Baraka, Amiri iHeartMedia. See Clear Channel Immigration Act (1965), 9, 12 Kahn, Paul, 23–4 In Time (film, 2011), 174, 180, 182 Kant, Immanuel, 71, 75, 84 inequality Keane, John, 188 and capitalism, 90, 92, 99–100, 170 Keb’ Mo’, 35 class inequalities, 8, 12, 20, 23, 62, Kellner, Douglas, 19–21 65, 90, 127, 171, 186–7 Kennedy, John, 139, 159 and democracy, 107, 110–12, 119, Kennedy, Robert, 147, 168, 203n31 121–3 Kerouac, Jack and education, 176–9 On the Road, 45–6 and environmental policy, 85 Kerry, John, 28, 34, 160 Index 253

Kesey, Ken Locke, John, 5, 67–8, 119 One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest, 46 Two Treatises of Government, 67, King, Don, 47, 48, 49 194n47 King, Martin Luther, Jr., 27, 30, 50–1, Louie (television sitcom, 2010–), 137 137, 154, 157 Louis C. K., 137–8, 139 Kirsch, Adam, 6, 193n32 Kirshner, Jonathan, 92 Mad Men (television drama series, Kohák, Erazim, 84, 86–7, 173 2007–15), 23, 104, 113–19, 166, Kristof, Nicholas, 127 188, 189 Krugman, Paul, 57 Madrick, Jeff, 99 Kunkel, Benjamin, 120 Mailer, Norman “The White Negro,” 43 Lehman Brothers, 95 Maines, Natalie, 34–5, 39. See Dixie Leland, John, 43, 46, 49 Chicks Levin, Carl, 94 Makeba, Miriam, 48–9 Levin, David, 177 Man Who Shot Liberty Valance, The Levinas, Emmanuel, 212–13n34 (film, 1962), 57–8 Levitt, Arthur, 93 Mandela, Nelson, 127–30 Levy-Hinte, Jeffrey Marcuse, Herbert, 39 Soul Power (2009), 43–4, 47–50 Marsh, James, 72–3 Lewis-Beck, Michael S., 160 Project Nim (2011), 23, 68–9, 71–2, LGBT rights movement, 8, 10, 36, 74–5, 77, 86–7 207n19, 245–6n75 Martin, Trayvon, 127, 143, 144, liberalism 240n138 and the Bush-Obama era, 9–10 Marx, Karl, 81–2 classical liberalism, 5, 8, 189 Marxism, 119 and Critical Theory approach to Mayer, John cultural criticism, 15–22 “Waiting for the World to Change,” historical understandings of, 1–9 40–1 liberalism of fear, 54–6, 63–6, 102, McCain, John, 159–60, 196n72, 125, 208n9 237n95 radical liberalism, 6, 8, 24, 55, 65–6, McChesney, Robert, 13–14 83, 99, 178–9, 182, 184–9 McCracken, Harry, 108 Trilling’s primal imagination of, McCutcheon v. FEC, 13 2–3 McQueen, Steve, 140–1 Lincoln (film, 2013), 23, 126, 134–8, 12 Years a Slave (film, 2013), 3, 23, 141–3, 145–6 126, 134, 140–3, 145–6, 188 Linklater, Richard, 143–4 Meek, James, 167 Boyhood (2014), 126, 143–5, Mezzrow, Mezz, 47 231–2n89 Mill, John Stuart, 5, 55, 68, 82–5, Linnaeus, Carolus, 71–2 102–4, 119, 185 Living with War (album, 2006), 25–6, and environmentalist concerns, 32–4, 36 210n7 254 Index

Mill, John Stuart—Continued Obama, Barack and freedom, 215n89 The Audacity of Hope, 159, 208n10 “On Genius,” 123 Bush-Obama era, 9–15, 54, 59 Principles of Political Economy, election of (2008), 10, 11, 57, 82–3 237n96 Millionaire Matchmaker (reality and Financial Crisis, 57, 95 television program, 2008–), movies released during 113 administration of, 128–45, 163 Mills, Charles, 8, 152–3 and Nolan’s Dark Knight movies, Mitanni, John C., 78, 79 57, 59, 65 Molefe, T. O., 129–30 and protest music, 32–3 Moore, Michael race and racism during Capitalism: A Love Story (2009), administration of, 126–8, 100, 216n6 132, 136, 140, 145, 147–9, Morin, Rich, 157 157–63, 169, 196n63, 237n102, Morrison, Jim, 32 240n138 Morrison, Toni, 189 and the white problem, 147–9, 154, Moynihan, Daniel Patrick, 133 157–63, 169, 196n72 The Negro Family: The Case for Occupy Wall Street (OWS) movement National Action, 133 and The Dark Knight Rises (2012), multiculturalism, 8, 21, 36, 90, 128 62–4, 66 Myrdal, Gunnar, 133 and democracy, 101–2, 104, 107, 119–24 Nagourney, Adam, 127 O’Hagan, Andrew, 10 National Security Agency (NSA), 10 Oyelowo, David, 76 naturalization law, 11 New Deal, 5, 9–10, 12, 35, 57, 160, Patriot Act (2003), 11, 36, 53 182n, 200n128 Paulson, Henry, 89, 92–4 New Left movement, 10 Perl, Jed, 17–18, 198–9n112 Niccol, Andrew personhood, 69–70, 75, 84–7 In Time (2011), 174, 180, 182 Pick a Bigger Weapon (album, 2006), 23 Nietzsche, Friedrich, 17 Planet of the Apes (film, 1968), 80. Nixon, Richard, 10, 139, 155, 158–9, See also Rise of the Planet of the 195n60, 236n83 Apes (film, 2011) Noah (film, 2014), 68–71 Plato, 123 Nolan, Christopher, 4, 53–65, 209n35, political action committees (PACs), 13 210n39 political economy, 19–20, 38, 54, 57, Batman Begins (2005), 53, 61 81, 90, 119–20, 170 The Dark Knight (2008), 23, 53, popular culture 56–9, 63–5 and activism, 25–41, 43–51 The Dark Knight Rises (2012), 23, and alternative institutions and 53–4, 56, 59–66, 179 policies, 173, 184–9 Norway, 99–100 beyond literature, 16 Index 255

and capitalism, 18–22, 38 and Precious (2009), 126, 128, corporate ownership of, 3–4, 19 131–3, 138, 141, 146, 184 and Critical Theory, 3 racialized divisions, 12, 186 cultural-political phenomena as, racialized inequalities, 11–14, 29, 201n142 128, 133–4, 141–8, 153–6, 159, and culture industries, 3 166, 171, 195–6n61 and democracy, 19, 104 See also white problem; whiteness globalization of, 19–20 radio, 31, 34, 37–41, 199n123, and ideology, 20–1 204n51, 222n54 and pluralism, 20–1 Clear Channel (iHeartMedia), 34, political consequence of, 2 37–9, 203n34, 204n51, 205n63 production and distribution of, 13, Cox Radio, 34, 39 20–1, 38 Cumulus Media, 34, 39 and white problem, 163–6 homogenization of, 26, 38–9 See also hip and hipness satellite radio, 38, 41 post-liberal imagination, 2, 9, 22, 54, Rawls, John, 5 70, 179–83, 189 Reagan, Ronald, 6, 10, 29, 92, 93, Precious: Based on the Novel ‘Push’ 138, 139–40, 197n84 by Sapphire (film, 2009), 126, Reed, Ishmael, 132–3 128, 131–3, 138, 141, 146, Reed, Rex, 97, 98 184 Riley, Raymond “Boots,” 28–30, 41, Project Nim (documentary, 2011), 23, 202n18, 205–6n74. See also 68–9, 71–2, 74–5, 77, 86–7 Coup, The protest music, 26–34, 39–41 Rise of the Planet of the Apes (film, 2011), 23, 69, 71, 74–6, 78, 80, R&B, 43 86–7, 211n13 race and racism Robinson, Jackie, 165, 238n121 12 Years a Slave (2013), 3, 23, 126, and 42 (2013), 150, 163–6, 168, 134, 140–3, 145–6, 188 189 and Boyhood (2014), 126, 143–5, Roosevelt, Franklin D., 5, 57. 231–2n89 See also New Deal and “color-blind” public policies, Rossman, Gabriel, 38 14, 22 Rubin, Robert, 92–3 and Fruitvale Station (2013), 126–7, 134, 142–4, 146 same-sex marriage rights, 14 and Invictus (2009), 126, 128–31, Saul, Scott, 46 145, 146 Savage-Rumbaugh, Sue, 77 “laissez-faire racism,” 156 Saval, Nikil, 120 and Lee Daniels’ The Butler (2013), Schaar, John, 102 126, 134, 138–40, 142, 145, 163 Schlosser, Eric, 81–2 and Lincoln (2013), 23, 126, 134–8, Schmitt, Richard, 8 141–3, 145–6 Scholes, Robert, 7, 193n31, 194n40 and multiculturalism, 128 Schumpeter, Joseph, 107 256 Index

Scott, A. O., 138, 143, 163 Tea Party movement, 11, 15, 59, Scott-Heron, Gil 161–2 “The Revolution Will Not Be Telecommunications Act (1996), 37 Televised,” 40 Terrence, Herbert, 72–3, 77 September 11, 2001 attacks, 2, 4, 10, Thurmond, Strom, 157–8 53–4, 56 Tien, Charles, 160 sexuality, 14, 20–2, 31, 45, 47, 187 Tomasello, Michael, 80 Shark Tank (reality television program, Tourre, Fabrice, 94 2009–), 113 Trilling, Lionel, 1–7, 9–10, 67, 114, Shaw, Tamsin, 106 117, 125–6, 174, 186 Shelton, Lynn and “critical moral intelligence,” 189 Humpday (2009), 23, 43–50 and cultural causation, 16–19 Shklar, Judith N., 54–6, 63–5, 102–6, and education, 179 125 on The Great Gatsby, 114 Shoard, Catherine, 64 and literature, 15–16, 23 Singer, Peter, 77–8 and meaning of “culture,” 16–17 Sitrin, Marina, 120, 121, 124 and political theory, 1–5 Snowden, Edward, 10 and “primal imagination of Snowpiercer (film, 2014), 62, 174, 179, liberalism,” 2–3 181–2 publication of The Liberal socialism, 14, 120, 216n2 Imagination, 9, 67 Soul Power (documentary, 2009), 43–4, and “unutterable expressions of 47–50 value,” 16–17, 19, 21, 23, 117, Soviet Union, 10 150, 168, 175, 184 Spielberg, Steven, 134–5, 137 use of the term “liberal,” 2, 6 Lincoln (film, 2013), 23, 126, 134–8, 141–3, 145–6 Undercover Boss (reality television Springsteen, Bruce program, 2010–), 113 We Shall Overcome: The Seeger United Nations Sessions (2006), 41 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Stalinism, 5 Change (IPCC), 14 Stephenson, Michèle American Promise (2013), 144–5 Vietnam War, 10, 46, 194n40 Stern, Michael Viniar, David, 94 Jobs (2013), 101, 109–10 “stop and frisk” policing policy, 62 Waiting for “Superman” (documentary, Strauss-Kahn, Dominique, 89. See also 2010), 174, 175–8 Inside Job (film, 2010) Wallace, George, 158–9 Students for a Democratic Society Wallace, Henry, 157–8 (SDS), 28 Weiner, Matthew, 113–14 Summers, Lawrence, 93, 95 Mad Men (2007–15), 23, 104, sustainability, 8, 24, 79, 81, 85–6, 90, 113–19, 166, 188, 189 100, 170, 184–5 Wellington, Darryl Lorenzo, 132–3 Index 257

Wells, John, 95 workers’ self-directed enterprises Company Men, The (2010), 89–90, (WSDEs), 122–3 95–9 Wozniak, Steve, 108–9 When We Were Kings (documentary, Wright, Jeremiah, 159 1996), 47, 48 Wright, Richard, 139, 150–1 white problem, 147–54, 168–71, 187 Wyatt, Rupert, 74 Baldwin on, 168–9 Rise of the Planet of the Apes (2011), and Obama, 157–63, 169 23, 69, 71, 74–6, 78, 80, 86–7, and popular culture, 163–8 211n13 in post-civil rights era, 154–7 and white defensiveness, 232n2 Young, Iris Marion, 126 whiteness, 44–8, 50, 133, 149–53, Young, Michael, 106 201n142, 231n83 Young, Neil, 25–7, 32–3, 36, 39, 40, 41 Wicker, Tom, 154 “After the Garden,” 33 Will & Grace (television sitcom, 1998– “America,” 36 2006), 21, 245–6n75 “Keep on Rockin’ in the Free Williams, Bernard, 68–9, 84 World,” 41 Withers, Bill, 48 “Living with War,” 33 Wolf, Martin, 91 Living with War (2006), 25–6, 32–4, Wolf of Wall Street, The (film, 2013), 36 216n6 “Lookin’ for a Leader,” 32–3 Wolff, Martin, 120–2, 225n102 “Ohio,” 33 women’s movement, 10, 182. See also “The Restless Consumer,” 33–4 feminism Young Mr. Lincoln (film, 1939), 134 Won’t Back Down (film, 2012), 174, 175–8 Žižek, Slavoj, 53, 60–1, 63, 89–90, Wood, Michael, 4 99, 111