Diversität Und Funktionen Von Tätowierungen, Piercings Und Skarifizierungen
The signaling function of artificial ornamentation in humans Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultäten der Georg-August-Universität zu Göttingen vorgelegt von Silke Wohlrab aus Ingolstadt Göttingen 2007 D 7 Referent: Peter M. Kappeler Korreferent: Henning Gibbons Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 31.10.2007 CONTENTS GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER 1 9 Menschlicher Körperschmuck aus evolutionärer Perspektive – Diversität und Funktionen von Tätowierungen, Piercings und Skarifizierungen CHAPTER 2 24 Modifying the body – motivations for getting tattooed and pierced CHAPTER 3 34 Visual attention to plain and ornamented human bodies: An eye-tracking study CHAPTER 4 49 Differences in personality characteristics between body-modified and non- modified individuals: Associations with individual personality traits and their possible evolutionary implications CHAPTER 5 74 Human body modification: testing the signaling quality of tattoos CHAPTER 6 84 Differences in personality attributions towards tattooed and non-tattooed virtual human characters CONCLUSIONS 94 SUMMARY 96 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG 97 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 98 REFERENCES 99 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION Mate choice and competition for mates are the two main mechanisms of sexual selection (Andersson, 1994; Bateman, 1948; Darwin, 1871). Both derive from an asymmetry in parental investment (Trivers, 1972). Considering classic sex roles, females are the limiting resource due to a lower reproductive potential caused by anisogamy, so that males compete for access to choosy females (Trivers, 1972; Kokko & Monaghan, 2001). However, female competition and male mate choice have been observed as well (Drickamer, Gowaty & Holmes, 2000; Moore, Gowaty; Wallin & Moore, 2001; Gowaty, 2004). Sexual selection operates on traits that influence reproductive success (Clutton-Brock, 2004; Darwin, 1871), including visual or acoustic signals displaying information about the bearers’ condition (Fisher, 1930; Grafen, 1990; Kokko, Brooks, McNamara & Houston, 2002; Zuk, 1991).
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