The Grammaticalization of the Copula Verb Red in Tibetic Languages

Article * Language and Linguistics ♀⦝⃅↙Ւ⥱ ᱿⦝ᘍջ 17(5) 679–715 red © The Author(s) 2016 Reprints and permissions: sagepub.co.uk/journalsPermissions.nav DOI: 10.1177/1606822X16645742 lin.sagepub.com ⴳᆙߤ ㈪ⵣో῅ञણ

ᢞقωऱृהٻ।ሒψאشᢀ೯ဲ redΔڇژຝ፿Ⴧ֗ࣟতຝ፿Ⴧխཏሙק፿ิխຝ፿ჇΕࣟ៲ ऄΔᆠ੡شኔᆠ೯ဲऱڶ፿խ red ׽៲ײΖمኙګݺωრᆠऱ yin ݮ۞ٻࡉൣኪრᆠΔൕۖፖ।ሒψ ೴բᆖࣔᒔ፿ऄ֏੡ᢀ೯ဲࡉچࣟত፿Ⴧऱֵႁڇլඡ࣍ 14 ׈ધऱ֮᣸ᇙΔڇωΔࠡ৵܂᧢Εګ᧢ψ Δyinم౨ऱኙפΩൣኪωشψ፿ڇژ o- ဲܗᢀ೯ဲ yin ࡉึז፿ழ៲ײ೯ဲΖፖհઌᚨऱਢΔܗ᧯ழ o ।ሒऱऴຫ፿- ဲܗឰΕ׌ᨠൎᓳऱ፿௛Δൕۖፖึܒ׌ᨠڍԱለڶࠠڼڂխΔ؁ࡳܡ࣍ش੡ᆖൄڂ ᆜࠀၞۖፖۯԱࠡזo ऱ௣ՋΔred ດዬ࠷- ဲܗᙈլඡ࣍ 14 ׈ધऱՑ፿խΔᙟထึ۟ڇΖۖم௛ઌኙ ωრᆠऱߓอ೴ܑΖृהٻݺωࡉψ۞ٻ࿇୶Աለ੡ᣤ௑ऱ।ሒψޡΔൕۖດمኙګyin ݮ

ݺ۞ٻᢞᒤᡱΔقᣂ᝶ဲΚ៲፿ิ፿ߢΔᢀ೯ဲΔ፿ऄ֏Δ

1. ℨ⧄

౨ΰ८ᣛ 1958, 1979, 1981Ι᝔ᐖဎʳפᢞࡉൣኪऱقᢀ೯ဲ।ሒڇژ፿ิ፿ߢཏሙ៲ז෼ 1982ΙDeLancey 1985ΙHaller 2000ΙBielmeier 2000ΙHongladarom 2007:17–44ΙZeisler 2000, ৰנ౨Ղথ।෼פ࿨ዌࡉڇ܀Δٵଡ፿ߢࠡᢀ೯ဲဲნݮኪլٺ2012Ι३ࣔႼ 2014αΔឈྥ ຝ៲፿ჇΕࣟতຝ៲፿Ⴧխऱᢀ೯ဲ red ࡉ yinק࣍խຝ៲፿ჇΕࣟڇژՕԫીࢤΖࠡխᐖऑ ༓ଡ៲፿Ⴧ࿪הΔۖࠡڤਢॺൄ᧩᎒ऱݮܛ࿨ዌ yin-ba-redΕyin-ni-red ࢨ yod-red ࿛ٽࠡิ֗ ;Bielmeier 2000; Zeisler 2000; Tournadre & Jiatso 2001; Kelly 2004:237–238) ܉red ऱ։ ڶ֟ ԳՑऱشHildebrandt 2004:87–89; Tournadre et al. 2008)ΖՂ૪Կଡ፿ჇԳՑ׭Ա៲፿ิ፿ߢࠌ

’᠏ᐊֱூ (Wylieئڗᢅ್ܓऄۖ໌๻ऱ৖ڗإഗ࣍ᑑᄷ஼૿៲፿شᓵ૪ຝ։֗٨ᜰࠏᢞழ஼૿៲፿݁ආ֮ء * ψ˂ωΔۖᠨিฤګ੡ vΖ៲֮ႚอᑑរฤᇆ໢িฤψăω᠏ᐊޏΔലࠡխऱϗޏଥ܂Romanization system)Δࠀฃ ψ.ωᑑشΖ᠏ᐊ஼૿፿ଃᆏ੺ૻقΞΞ।ףॵأ؁՗Δঞ؁ࠐऱנխ࣫࠷؁ψ˂˂ωΖኙ࣍ൕԫଡ९ګψăăω᠏ᐊ խ֮إՑ፿ᦰଃזଃᆏฤᇆΖ෼شᜢᓳऱՑ፿ᦰଃՈլڶଃᆏฤᇆΔ׼؆شঞլဲټڶ࿛റټ஼ټچټಖΔۖԳ Ζ֮مګլ؁ᇠق՗ছ।؁ڇழʽ࣋ٵʽᑑಖΔشආڤIPA ᑑಖΖዌᚵݮ شΔᜰࠏழঞऴ൷قψ˂˂ωࠐᑑڇIPA ࣋ ش ࢭ፞ᄐஃრ۫პ៳Θॳᙑඒ඄ਐᖄΔ׼؆তၲՕᖂ܂ᐊ֮ء࿝ृᓳ਷ࢬ൓ΖڶՑ፿፿றೈ௽ܑᎅࣔ؆Δᄗזխ෼ 墿ऱଥڶॺൄڍԱ壆נ༼ᐉᒚറ୮ٍټ໑ՓΕ૴ໃ֬۫໑ՓΕࡌਞᄇ໑ՓᐉᔹԱॣᒚࡉ፿றΖೳףࢮޥᖂೃ࣓֮ ᓰᠲ࠹ࠩতၲՕᖂॳᙑඒ඄׌਍ऱء࿝ृ૤ຂΖ׼؆Δطᇨᐱ᝔რΜ֮խլݔհ๠ᄗאૡრߠΖ᠃ኙՂ૪ஃ֖ી ᖂڣॹټۍഏ୮षᄎઝᖂഗ८ૹរറூψ៲፿ֱߢऱૹଃ֗ઌᣂᣉ৳ംᠲઔߒωΰറூᇆ 13AYY008α֗তၲՕᖂ Ζܗߢઔߒωऱᇷֱۥઝ൅ᙰԳૠ྽റூψ៲፿ൈֱߢૉե௽ ⴳᆙߤ

ᖵٽ೯ဲ red ࿨ܗኙՂ૪፿Ⴧխᢀ೯ဲଫܛ֮ء೴഑ΖشᑇΔՈਢᢀ೯ဲ red ׌૞ࠌڍ࿪Օ ᧯፿ิ፿ߢ˂ֱߢΔൕဲნ೯ဲࠩழ៲ז፿ࠩ෼៲ײࠡൕޣ፿ߢ˂ֱߢΔԺቹ൶ז׾֮᣸ࡉ෼ ᢞقऄΔ֠ࠡਢᢀ೯ဲ।ሒ؁෡ݺଚኙ៲፿ݮኪף೯ဲऱᖵ׾ዝ֏૩ᇾࡉዝ᧢ᖲࠫΔൕۖܗ ࡉൣኪᒤᡱᖵ׾ዝ᧢ऱᎁᢝΖ Δലޏଥ܂ጠՂ࿑ټڇᚊႂ (1987) ऱᨠរΔۖضᓵ૪ຝ։ኙ៲፿׾ऱ։ཚΔආ౏֮۫ء ፿ழཚ (Classical TibetanΔ10–17៲ײ፿ழཚ (Old TibetanΔ7–10 ׈ધ)Εխ៲ײ፿׾ቤ։੡៲ ፿ழཚ (Modern TibetanΔ៲ז፿ழཚ (Early Modern TibetanΔ17–19 ׈ધ) ࡉ෼៲ז׈ધ)Ε२ ፿ߢऱᖵ׾։ཚຟ૿ᜯထψ፿ωࡉψ֮ωऱ࠰ᓳംᠲΔ៲፿ψߢ֮լڗ֮ڶ׈ધ)Ζ 21–18 ऄս౒׎Օၦഗ៕ઔߒΔՂ૪؁ംᠲΖᦹ࣍៲፿ᖵ׾ݮኪڼᑌ૿ᜯٵԫωऱႚอ۟վ࢏ᥛΔ ኙ៲፿ิ፿ߢऱ։ᣊΔආ౏ Tournadre֮ءᏝଖۖॺᒔࡳլฝऱΖە೶ڶᎁ੡ԯࠠאױ։ཚ ק፿ิ (Tibetic Languages) հՀΔ೴։խຝ፿Ⴧ (Central section)Ε۫៲ڇܛऱᑑᄷΔ (2013) ፿Ⴧ (North-Western section)Ε۫ຝ፿Ⴧ (Western section)Ε۫ত፿Ⴧ (South-Western section)Ε তຝ፿Ⴧ (Southern section)Εࣟত፿Ⴧ (South-Eastern section)Εࣟຝ፿Ⴧ (Eastern section) ࡉ Ζڤ፿Ⴧ (North-Eastern section) ऱ։ᣊֱקࣟ ઔߒംᠲࡉؾᑑΖร 2 ີൕᣊীᖂߡ৫ᄗ૪ᢀ೯נ༼ՀΚร 1 ີፃᓵΔڕඈڜᆏີ֮ء ፿ᇡา៲זᖵ׾֮᣸ࡉ෼ٽ౨Δࠀኙᢀ೯ဲ red ऱઔߒၞ۩ጵ૪Ζร 3 ີ࿨פऄ፿ᆠ؁ऱဲ ։࣫ޡऱψ፿ߢ൷ᤛឩཋᎅωၞ۩ေᤜΔࠀၞԫګಘᓵ red ऱ፿ऄ֏ሁஉΖร 4 ີኙ red ݮ ৵נ༼ംᠲΔࠀءഗ֮ءऱΖร 5 ີ՛࿨Δᄗ૪مኙګ૿ݮֱش፿ᆠΩ፿ڇ ۶ፖ yinڕred ਢ ᥛઔߒ๻უΖ

Ւ⥱ red ᶇἄ⃾ⲩ↙⦝♀ד⋰ᘍ⦝∑Լן⥱Ւ↙ .2

⋰ᘍ⦝∑Լן⥱Ւ↙ 2.1

ڶऱ፿ߢխ࢓࢓ٵլڇ (೯ဲ (locative–existential verbsڇژᢀ೯ဲ (copula verb) ࡉ๠ࢬΩ խ؁ڇ፿ᆠփ୲Δլ౨ڶਢছृΖ،޲ܛઔߒऱ֮ءᣤ௑ऱ೴։ΔڶΖ៲፿ࠟृٽᣊܑऱ։ ᘯ፿Ζᢀ೯ဲຑ൷׌፿ࡉ।፿Δຍጟ࿨ٽ՗ऱᓤ؁ګᘯ፿Δؘႊࡉ৵૿ऱ।፿ԫದዌ܂مᗑ ጠࠡ੡׌፿ᇖߩ፿Ζٍאዌխऱ।፿ਢᎅࣔ׌፿ࢤᔆΕणኪΕᣊ᥆ࡉ௽ᐛ࿛ൣउऱΔࢬ ނਢ be ೯ဲΔۖܛᐖ௿հ։ΖCrystal (1997, 2000:88) ׌૞ࡳᆠऱڶᢀ೯ဲऱࡳᆠኔ Hengeveld (1992:32) ࡉ Stassen ە೶ڇ (become ࿛ဲᅝ೚ᣊᢀ೯ဲࠐ઎ৱΖPustet (2003:5 ऄႈԫದ؁௽ࡳ፿ߢխፖ௽ࡳܛኙᢀ೯ဲઔߒऱഗ៕ՂΔലᢀ೯ဲࡳᆠ੡ψᢀ೯ဲ (1997:65) ٚ۶፿ᆠփ୲ωΖۖᐖᆠࡳᆠף։Δ،լ࿯ࠡ೶ፖዌທऱᘯ፿࿍፿ᏺګᅝᘯ፿ு֨ऱ፿ߢך ڇਔץbecomeΕwentΕgo ࡉ turn ࿛࿛Ո ڕԫࡳ፿ᆠփ୲ऱဲΔڶᜤᢀ׌፿ᇖߩ፿Εࠠނ Pustet ڕփΖլመᦹ࣍ຍຝ։ဲऱ௽௘ࢤΔࠡຏൄԾጠ੡ψ଱ᢀ೯ဲ (semi-copulas)ωΖ৾ ፿ᆠՂ๠࣍ᢀ೯ဲࡉኔᆠ೯ဲ (fullڇऱΔຍᣊဲנࡉ Hengeveld (1992:35–36) ࢬਐ (7–2003:5)

680 Language and Linguistics 17(5)

شආ֮ءࠐ।ሒ᧯ (aspect) ऱრᆠΖਢਚش፿ᆠփ୲Δۖ׊ᝫൄൄףverb) հၴΔ׊࿯ᘯ፿ᏺ ೯ဲࠐ઎ৱΖ܂Pustet ऱ௿ᆠᢀ೯ဲࡳᆠΔۖല become ࿛ဲီ რᆠऱᓰᠲΖൕሀ፿ߢऱߡ৫ࠐ઎Δᢀ೯ဲຏൄڶᑌਢٙॺൄٵ൶ಘᢀ೯ဲऱᖵ׾ࠐᄭ pronoun) (Hengeveld 1992:237; Stassen 1997:90; Pustet) ڤݮဲזverb) ࡉ) ڤࠐ۞೯ဲݮ ዝ᧢੡ᢀ೯ဲΖ፿ऄ֏੡ᢀ೯ױٍ (ΔFrajzyngier (1986) ᝫᓵᢞԱছᆜဲ (preposition(2003:54 existence)ωᆠऱ೯) ڇژposition)ωࡉψ) ڶ।ሒψ๠ࢬ (location)ωΕψᏆڶऱ೯ဲ׌૞ဲ /ωᆠ (go/turn intoװ˂᧢ωᆠ (happen/occur)Εψسωᆠ (do/make/build)Εψ࿇܂Δ֗।ሒψဲ ழᝫಘٵ (ωᆠ (act/like) ऱ೯ဲΖHengeveld (1992:245, 253–254ۿcome/become) ࡉψ।෼˂ᣊ ፿׃፿ (Basque)Εᒱ፿ (Burmese) ࡉ۫ఄ܌ᓵԱ௠፿ (Thai)Εఄ֣ࢮ፿ (Bambara)Ε֣ཎ ࢮ׬፿ף፿ᆠᣊ೯ဲ፿ऄ֏ۖࠐऱൣउΖኙ஑ٵՂ૪լطSpanish) ࿛፿ߢխᢀ೯ဲᆖ) णኪ᧢֏ᆠ೯ဲ፿ऄ֏طNgalakan) խऱᢀ೯ဲ men ࡉՒۘࠡ፿ (Turkish) ፿խऱ olmak ࠟृ) ګ᧢৵׈ዝڇω) Ոګ᧢ᑛ፿ (Proto-Indo-European) խऱ*bhǌ ( ψٱመ࿓Ոၞ۩ԱಘᓵΖ଺ࡨ ࠐऱ 1ΖՀ૿᧢ڼطਢܛ ᢀ೯ဲऱᑑಖ (Lehmann 1982:137)ΖኔᎾՂ૎፿ऱᢀ೯ဲ beۿԱᣊ ।णኪطՂ૪ᒱ፿ࡉՒۘࠡ፿࿛፿ߢԫᑌΔਢٵ ፿խऱᢀ೯ဲհԫ red៲זݺଚല઎ࠩΔ෼ ሀ፿ߢऱᣊী٥ࢤΖ്૨ (2005:41–46) ᜔࿨Աዧ៲፿խᢀ೯ဲڶ֏ᆠ೯ဲ፿ऄ֏ۖࠐΔࠠ᧢ ࢬቤהਊࠡᑑᄷ red ᥆࣍ڼڂωᣊࡉψኙωᣊԿଡࠐᄭΖګωᣊΕψڶΚψڤࠐᄭऱԿጟᑓ ಘᓵࠩ red ऱᖵ׾ࠠ᧯ࠐᄭംᠲαΖڶࠀ޲הωᣊΰլመګࡳऱψ ౨Ոਢᣊীᖂઔߒխऱૹ૞ֱפೈԱᢀ೯ဲᖵ׾ࠐᄭΔ௽ࡳ፿ߢխᢀ೯ဲ࿨ዌߓอࡉ ૎፿ऱ beΔዧ፿ऱڕԫଡݙ٤ᢀ೯ဲΔڶऱ፿ߢਢ໢ᢀ೯ဲߓอ (single copula)Δ׽ڶ૿Ζ Pustet (2003:45–53) ࢬᜰࢮ֍ሒ ڕᢀ೯ဲߓอ (multiple copula)Δڍऱ፿ߢথਢڶψਢωΔۖ ៳፿ (Spanish)Ε֣ࢮ׃ዿ፿ (Nuer)Εఄ֣ࢮ፿ (Bambara)Ε௠፿ (Thai)Ε۫ఄܘ፿ (Lakota)Ε ቼփऱ៲۫ڕ፿ߢ੡ሿᢀ೯ဲ (zero copula)Δڶᢀ೯ဲ࿨ዌΖᝫڍ፿ (Barasano) ࿛Δຟਢܘ :ਹᙤ 2008ٻቯ࿩፿ΰڕᢀ೯ဲ࿨ዌΔڍڇژՕႧ 2002:194αΖ៲ᒱ፿Ոཏሙޕ௑೷፿ΰ ˀ໑ቱዿ፿ΰᑛၺᤚࠅ 1985:43–45αΕପ੖॰؍ᚊ 2007:88–89αΕഽګ305αΕु፿ΰ႓–303 ڍ፿ิ፿ߢཏሙਢ៲ז፿ΰ്ᛎ՟ 1986:60–62αΕནᏅ፿ΰᚮᐜ㹓 2012:103–105α࿛Ζ෼֣ ᢀ೯ဲ࿨ዌΰᇡߠፃᓵଈ੄ࢬ֧֮᣸αΖ ΖอۖߢհΔፖݮٵլጐઌైڂ፿ߢࢬ࠹ᐙ᥼ٵ౨஁ฆΔլפᢀ೯ဲ፿ߢऱᢀ೯ဲڍ ᣂΖ៲፿ิ፿ߢᢀ೯ဲऱ೴ڶైڂ፿ᆠ࿛ဲټΕشࡎ৫Εྡྷរ፿سኪΕԳጠΕጊം፿௛Ε ᣂΔڶైڂࡉᎁव࿛ش࿛ร (empathy hierarchy)2 ࿛፿ᆠΕ፿ٵΔፖԳጠΕ೯ဲ۞׌ࢤࡉᎁܑ

ګ᧢९ω)Δۖسࠡለࠠ᧯ऱრᆠ (growψװ९ཚዝ᧢መ࿓խዬዬ؈ڇ Jespersen (1924:131) ᎁ੡૎፿ऱψ೯ဲ be 1 ԫᑓԫᑌωΖڤऱ೯ဲ൷।፿ऱֱڇ੡ኔޓᆠܶהࠡڍ๺ڇፖ෼ڤᢀ೯ဲणኪΖ،଺٣൷।፿ऱֱ ᎅᇩृऱ֨ؾڇΕԳΕढα࿛܃፿ߢխΔᎅᇩृߢ፿۩੡ࢬ௫֗ଡ᧯ΰݺΕڇܛ (࿛ร (empathy hierarchyٵᎁ 2 ᐙ᥼Ζ෼س౨ኙ፿ऄ࿨ዌขױࡉᎁवՂऱ࿛ร೴ܑΔۖຍጟ೴ܑ፿ऄ֏࿓৫။෡Δ။ش፿ڇژխਢլؓ࿛ऱΔ Silverstein ەऄհၴᣂএऱᓵ૪ᇡᓮ೶؁࿛รࡉٵ։ਢᢀ೯ဲ֗ࠡ࿨ዌΖᎁګ࿛ร່ࠢীऱٵ፿᧯෼ᎁ៲ז ΕKuno & Kaburaki (1977) ࡉ DeLancey (1981) ᖂृऱᓵ֮Ζ(1976)

681 ⴳᆙߤ

֮طᆖאױᢀ೯ဲ࿨ዌᝫڍᏝଖऱਢΔ៲፿ิ፿ߢڶԫࡳ஁ฆࢤΖۖ֠ࠡૹ૞ࡉڶ׊փຝᝫ ᢀ೯ဲ࿨ڍ౨ऱอԫࢤࡉ஁ฆࢤΔຍ੡൶ಘפᖵ׾ழཚ࿨ዌࡉٵ᣸ࡉֱߢऱֺለΔ࿇෼ࠡլ ᖵ׾ऱ៲ᒱ፿ࢬլ౨ֺᚵऱΖ៲፿ red ऱขڗᑇྤ֮ڍߡΔຍਢ࿪ՕီړࠎԱߜ༼ګዌऱݮ ऱூࠏΖړอԫ෼ွऱԫଡॺൄم۸ᢞᇠኙܛس

2.2 ♀⦝↙Ւ⥱ red ᶇἄ⃾ⲩ

ऱ Lishiviڣ ஼࣍ 1467ګຝ։ઔߒΖڶ഑Δᖂृբچ۩౨֗ຏפᣂ࣍ red ऱ፿ᆠΕ ګΕګ੡ψݙܛgrub.pa ࣹᤩΔ אred.pa ԫဲΔ ڶگGurkhang (ዧ᤟πԭଉെρ) ԫ஼խΔ ݙ٤ᢀ೯ڶ ࠩ red༼آᇠထխࠀ܀ωհᆠ (grub ੡ॺ۞׌೯ဲΔፖ۞׌೯ဲ sgrub ઌኙ)Δפ readyψݙฅΕ א (౨ (Skyogsston Rinchen Bkrashis 2000:78)ΖCsoma de KĘrös (1834:237פऱဲ ೴៲፿چ (Ladakh) ܌౨֘ਠԱࢮሒױᢀ೯ဲऱಖሉΔຍ܂ red ڶآݙ࿨ωࣹᤩ red.paΔ׊ٍ ᢀ܂ Ա redנ፿ߢऱ௽ᐛ 3ΖJäschke (1881:535) ೈऎ᦭ Csoma de KĘrös ऱࣹᤩ؆Δ׼؆٨ิ ౨ߠ࣍ᓡ៲ֱߢࡉཎؘ༼ֱߢ (Spiti)Δ஼૿፿խ֟פ౨Δ׊ᎁ੡ᇠפ೯ဲऱ ೯ဲࡉᢀ೯ဲΖຏ۩࣍խຝࡉࣟຝ៲፿Δৰܗ .٨ԱࠟଡᆠႈΚ1 ߠΖDas (1902:1191) ੡ red ΕݙฅΖDas ᎁ੡ red ᝫߠ࣍ 15 ׈ધऱ Rnalvbyor gyi Dbangphyugګߠ࣍஼૿፿խΖ2. ݙ֟ ᜰࠏΖլመ Oiselآࠀה܀ࢮֲ֣ႚρ) խΔۏChenpo Milaraspavi Rnammgur (ዧ᤟π ऱ༓شߢխൄֱזಘᓵ஼૿፿֗෼ڇறΔޗ፿ࢮ៳ᇩ੡៲זࢮֲ֣ႚρࡉ෼ۏπא (2013:91) redΖ ڇژࢮֲ֣ႚρխۏࠩπ༼آ೯ဲࠐᄭழΔথࠀܗଡ (ᎅऄΖSaxena (1997:298Δုᆬ 18ٵլڶ୮ኔٺ፿ᄭΔ֗זڣ෼ऱ֮᣸נڰ່ ᣂ࣍ red red ፿ᄭം נਐآՈڔಖᙕΔشࢮֲ֣ႚρխࡸྤᢀ೯ဲ red ऱࠌۏ፿֮᣸π៲ײࠩխ༼ ᢀ೯ဲ֘܂ωዝ᧢ۖࠐΔࠡ܂᧢೯ဲ redψ᧢֏Εطred ԯ נᠲΖ՞ՑᅗᏕ (1998:355–360) ਐ Mkaspavi אࠀהᆺࡨߠ֮࣍᣸Δת౨ 4ΔԼն׈ધ৵פઌωۯਠऱਢՑ፿ऱ᧢֏Δ।ሒψኙွ ׈ધ 12 ڇ Dgavstonΰዧ᤟πᔃृ໛୯ρα੡ࠏᎅࣔΖDenwood (1999:273Δုᆬ 1) ᎁ੡ red ౨Ζפ౨ΔՈྤᢀ೯ဲऱפᢞق।૪ᎅᇩृီߡऱྤ܀ψ᧢֏ωऱრ৸Δڶছऱπࢸ࠰ρխ ࢮֲ֣ႚρխՈᝫۏጊംΔ׊ 15 ׈ધऱπژred ࡸ ྤڶᘓ֮᣸խࠩࢍٷࡌ❒ (2000:150) ᎁ੡ ஼૿៲፿זred ຍଡဲΖTournadre & Jiatso (2001:66–67Δုᆬ 18) ᎁ੡ red ׌૞ߠ࣍෼ ڶ޲ ژ፿խऱᢀ೯ဲ yin ࡉ៲ײࠏΔ׊խش፿հছऱ஼૿፿խ࿪֟ red ऱ៲ײߢխΔխֱז෼֗

౨Ζפᢀ೯ဲऱ܂ڶآ೴ऱ៲፿խ red ࠀچᖂ฾ऱ៲፿Δۖᇠֱچ೴ऱௌ໔چ܌ࢮሒڇ੡ Csoma de KĘrös ਢڂ 3 ᇡߠՀ֮ร؄ີऱտฯΖ ᇞᤩ៲፿խאشࠐऱԫଡ෻ᓵΔנ༼վ៲፿፿ऄۖײٽ࿨سઌωઌኙΔਢ՞ՑᅗᏕ٣ۯ᧯ઌωࡉψ׌ۯψኙွ 4 ᣂڶኙ۞աࢨፖ۞աृ܂ψ।ሒᎅᇩृࢨᐊܛઌωۯ᧯౨Ζψ׌פشऄ–፿؁೯ဲऱܗ೯ဲ֗ԫࠄڇژᢀ೯ဲΕ ऱࠃढழڇژᣂऱড়ᨠྤृ܂ψ।ሒፖඖ૪ृࢨᐊܛઌωۯឰࡉංྒྷωΔۖψኙွܒऱԳࢨࠃढऱ׌ᨠᎁࡳΕ ࢬ೚ऱᎁࡳΕܒឰࡉංྒྷω(՞ՑᅗᏕʳ2002:241–247)Ζ

682 Language and Linguistics 17(5)

౨ (evidentialפᢞقݺω(egophoric) 5 ࡉ۞ٻ।ሒψڶ፿߷ᑌࠠ៲ז෼ۿ೯ဲ yod ࿛Ոլڇ ᎅࣔΖאղ؁൅ red ऱࠏײ٨ᜰխآଚࠀה܀function)Ζ ࢮֲ֣ۏ፿֮᣸π៲ײኙխ܀ᢀ೯ဲࢤऱ red ਢֺለ्ࡳऱΔڶᘓ֮᣸խ޲ٷݺଚᎁ੡ ्אױ܀ԫࠏΔڼऄΖឈྥႛشࠡխᛀ౉ࠩԫࠏ red ऱڇრߠΖݺଚٵred ਍լ ڶႚρխ޲ Κقࢬ؁Հࠏڕࡳ੡ᢀ೯ဲ 6Ζ

(1) bla.ma-vi zhal-nas de ka-red-zer/ mkhar Ι৚-ឝਨ ቆ-஬ਨ َ ণॸ-ᛗ୆ຉ-Ͼु ࠛൌ! bcu.thog longs-nas chos ster.ba-r byas-pa.yin.pa-s Γቢ ְη-௎ឲຉ Ռݛ ๆ-Ўਨ ᇜ:ְԂ-ծ୆ຉ 7 -௎ឲຉ! bcu.thog ga.re gsungs/ Γቢ ণॸ ᇜ:ְԂ!

༆ǲȈ৚ЗވήॼְΈൠ໱ݛ܁ൠᇜڿȇ৚ѽᇜ׍ๆ೤࠯ή໱ᗱݛպǫσࡹ້!! ǲȠڢٴࡹ೤ኣᇜၯǫาΓቢካॼְΈൠ໱ݛǭшΓቢካӞণבǫވᇜǱȟࡹَኣ ȇȗԦ܅ЉϺ໱Ș1981:69–70Ȉ

፿ڍڜ፿Ⴧקࣟڇde ka-red ˮ߷ ୌଡˀᢀ೯ဲ˰ ፿ᆠ੡ψୌଡωΔ੡ψ׌ˀ।ˀᢀω࿨ዌΔᇠ࿨ዌ ᒔࡳऱΖאױխ red ೚ᢀ೯ဲਢ؁ΔᇠۖڂխՈਢൄߠऱΖ

ω(heterophoric) ऱᄗ࢚Δࠀ׊ᎁ੡ຍृהٻݺω(egophoric) ࡉψ۞ٻψנ༼ڰ່ (Tournadre (1991:97Δုᆬ 14 5 Tournadre ٽΖጵٽܭԫֱωॺൄृהऱԫኙᄅ๬፿ rang.ngosψ۞աԫֱωࡉ gzhan ngosψشࡉ៲ගᖂृࢬࠌ ݺωຏൄࢨऴ۞ٻᄗ࢚Δψشωਢଡ፿ᆠΫ፿ृהٻݺωࡉψ۞ٻवΔψױᆬ 14), 2001, 2008) ऱ։࣫ု) 1991) ଺ঞ (anticipation rule) ࿛ۖፖรԫԳጠઌᣂΔࠡᆖᖵΕ೶ፖࢨ௫ߪਬࠃհխΔ࢓࢓ش൷ࢨၴ൷Δࢨຏመቃཚ፿ ωΕψຍڇψ෼א׌۞൳ࢤΔਢԫଡ۞ڶኙࢬ૪ࠃٙΕ۩੡Εᣂএࢨ᥆ࢤऱᒔवࢤΕᑵᢝࢤΔՈຏൄࠠڶࠠ ೚׌፿Εऴ൷ᎏڕΰۯچऄ؁՗խᖜᅝ۶ጟ؁࿯ࡳڇխ֨ (deictic centre)Δۖլጥقᇙωࡉψ۞ݺω੡೶ᑇऱਐ ڶݺωઌ֘ऱࢬ۞ٻፖՂ૪ψܛωृהٻ፿Εၴ൷ᎏ፿੷ࢨψலᏝᇖߩ፿ω(circumstantial complement)αΖψ ࡉტव (sensorial)Εංྒྷאױݺωԫֱ૿۞ٻΔψנ։࣫ࢮ៳ᇩழਐڇ (ൣݮΖTournadre & Jiatso (2001:75 ۞ٻ੡ᖞ᧯ۖፖψ܂ױழ৵૿ຍࠄᒤᡱᝫٵᢞᒤᡱࠀ٨Δقinferential)Εॺᘣव (indirect) ֗ᦫᎅ (hearsay) ࿛) ࠡՂ૪։࣫ࠃ܀ωΔृהٻࣔᒔലტवΕංྒྷΕॺᘣव֗ᦫᎅ࿛ࡳᆠ੡ψآឈྥࠀהԫଡԲ։ߓอΖګݺωዌ ԱॾஒᏆ഑ (field of knowledge) ࡉॾஒᛧ࠷ຜנ༼ࣔᒔה৸უΖࠡ৵ (Tournadre 2008:298)ΔڼኔՂբᆖᤖܶԱ உ (access to information) ೴ܑΔছृ։ personal ࡉ non-personal ࠟᣊΔ৵ृ։ sensory ࡉ inferential ࠟ ፿៲ڇωृהٻݺωࡉψ۞ٻωऱ׼ԫጟ।૪Ζψृהٻݺωࡉψ۞ٻհছψܛᣊΖpersonal ࡉ non personal ኔ ଡՀޢωृהٻݺωࡉψ۞ٻࠐ᧯෼ऱΖψڤݮٽ೯ဲࢨՂ૪ဲᣊऱิܗ೯ဲΕڇژխਢຏመԫߓ٨ᢀ೯ဲΕ խ֨ऱق।ሒ᎛ᠦਐאشᢀ೯ဲ redΔڶωຍଡᏆ഑խΔृהٻψڕऱ՗ߓอࡉრᆠΖٵࠠ᧯։੡լאױ૿ᝫ (।ሒංྒྷრᆠ (inferentialאش೯ဲ bzhagΔܗ।ሒტवრᆠ (sensory)Δאش೯ဲ songΔܗড়ᨠඖኔრᆠ (factual)Δ խ֨ऱ׌ᨠឰߢᆠΖقᎅᇩृ੡ਐאݺωΔ।ሒ۞ٻ࿛࿛Ζۖᢀ೯ဲ yin ᥆࣍ψ 153 ଄Ζݺଚؾ ሐዚΔ٥گႚಖլگࢮֲ֣ႚρΔ׽ۏගՕᖂ៲ࡳֲठπاਢխ؇ءᖕࡌ❒ (2000:62) ࠡઔߒठ 6 נՈܡᇩਢ؁ႃठΖຍٽࠧऱႚಖࡉሐዚٱठषᖕᐚ௑ठנاॹ௧Գڣ ऱਢ 1981شΔݺଚࠌءठڼߠࠩآছᑉ ౨ऱΖױࠏՈਢشࣹრࠩຍଡڶ޲س෼࣍ࡳֲठխݺଚլ൓ۖवΔٍࢨࡌ٣ ΔݺଚլᇡࣹᤩΖٵՀא࣍ႚሒழ᧯ࡉൣኪΔش೯ဲ׌૞ܗ஼૿፿խऱ 7

683 ⴳᆙߤ

ࠡࢬထ Bodyig Brdarnying Tshigmdzod (2001:535Δዧڇ ගᖂृ Rnamrgyal Tshering៲ז෼ ٷωΖۖݺଚ௅ᖕኙګred.pa ԫဲΔᤩᆠ੡ψgrub.paΚਢΙݙ ڶᙕگࠢρ) խဲ֮៲ײ᤟π ᣸ࡉ១֮فᘓ८ٷཉᅇ៲ᆖ੐֮᣸Εڇ ౨ऱ redפᢀ೯ဲ܂ऄՂ؁᣸ऱᛀᔹΔ࿇෼֮זᘓழ Rnamrgyal Tshering ല red ऱრ৸հԫᤩ੡ψਢωࠀլᄷᒔΖឈ אࠏΖࢬشߠآᡪ֮᣸խຟ ωΔۖဲײࠢխऱဲؾωψຟਢ៲֮᠖ࡳᄅ፿հছऱဲءڇႃگψছߢωխᎅΔψڇृ܂ྥ ፿ႚอ፿ऄऱψtshig.phradωΰဠဲα៲ڇ (ᔾΖDmudge Bsamgtan (2005:86–87ױ౨ࠀլױຍ הംᠲऱઔߒΖլመڼխ֟ߠऱኙ܂Δຍਢݺଚࢬव៲֮፿ऄထٵխಘᓵԱ yin ࡉ red ऱլ ؘآسred ऱဲᄭംᠲΖ്૨ (2005:85) ᎁ੡៲፿ red ऱข ֗༼آՑ፿ΔՈזऱࠏ՗ਢ෼ش֧ آႛႛਢංྒྷΔࠀה܀౨ਢ፿ऄߓอᣊංऱขढΖױڶ೯ဲαဠ֏ऱ࿨࣠Δۖڕਢኔဲΰֺ ၞ۩ٚ۶ᓵᢞΖ ᎁהᐞΖەዝ֏ऱᨠរଖ൓௽ܑ܉፿ิ፿ߢխऱ։៲ڇ ׼؆ΔࣳփฯԳ (1990) ᣂ࣍ red խຝᓡ៲ࡉࣟতຝ៲፿ឩཋΔٻᇩխΔྥ৵ڍڜຝऱקᑵ࣍ 18 ׈ધࣟګ੡ red ೚ᢀ೯ဲଈ٣ ᖲࠫၞ۩ԱᚵྒྷΔᎁ੡ࠡਢኙګழኙ red ऱݮٵהऱ red ਢ፿ߢ൷ᤛ൅ࠐऱΖֱچຍࠄܛՈ ࣳփฯԳᣂ࣍ red ൷ᤛឩཋऱٵ౨ཙངΖBielmeier (2000:121Δုᆬ 32) ᢥפo ऱ- ဲܗึ ᨠរΖ ։ࣴΔڍለڇژΔᖂृսזڣᑵऱګߠΔred ऱဲᄭംᠲΔ֠ࠡਢ red ೚ᢀ೯ဲױڼط ઔߒΖred ऱψ൷ᤛءՈ౒׎ഗڂ೯ဲऱᖲࠫࡉ೯ܗ᧯ნ೯ဲ፿ऄ֏੡ᢀ೯ဲࡉழဲط red ۖ הٻݺωࡉψ۞ٻ፿ิխ࢓࢓ᝫਢ।ሒψ៲ז෼ڇឩཋᎅωՈᏁ૞ૹᄅᛀಘΖ׼؆Δᢀ೯ဲ ڇհԫ (Tournadre 2008:298)ΔۖڤᢞॾஒᏆ഑ (field of knowledge) ೴ܑऱ፿ऄݮقωຍԫृ ᢞᏆ഑ۖقωऱृהٻ፿ิ፿ߢխΔred ຏൄ᥆࣍ψ៲זᢀ೯ဲ௅੡ red ࡉ yin ᠨ։ߓอऱ෼ խ֨ (deicticقωհխࠠ᧯।ሒഗ࣍᎛ᠦਐृהٻψڇ ᢞᏆ഑Δredقݺωऱ۞ٻyin ᥆࣍ψ אݺωհխ।ሒ۞ٻψڇcentre) ऱড়ᨠီߡඖኔࡉឰߢऱ፿ᆠ (factual and assertive)Δyin ঞ ऱՈ౒׎ګ۶ݮڕਢمᢞኙقխ֨ऱ׌ᨠឰߢᆠΖred ࡉ yin ऱຍጟقรԫԳጠψݺω੡ਐ ෡ԵઔߒΖ ᇞެՂ૪ጊംΖޡല׌૞ಾኙՂ૪ംᠲၞ۩ᇡาઔߒΔቫᇢၞԫ֮ءΔۖڂ

3. ↙Ւ⥱ҥᆹ㋤ՀՒ⥱ red ᱿⦝ᘍջ⳧Ễ

೴ऱ៲፿چ଺ࡨల፿Ζ៲֮ԯ۫ց 7 ׈ધഗ࣍խຝڶ഑ᐖՕΔ،ଚ٥چ܉፿ิ፿ߢ։៲ ૾Δᙟထගᆢऱᔢฝ᧢೯ࡉ፿ߢ۞ߪऱ࿇୶אᘓٷऱᖵ׾ΖڣڍۍԫՏ؄ڶࠫऱΔ۟վբ໌ ᣊ፿ٺΖᦹ࣍஼૿፿լ౨ໂሉڤ഑ᐖऑۖփຝ஁ܑለՕऱ፿ߢࡉֱߢݮچ܉Ա։ګዝ֏Δݮ ஼૿ᖵ׾֮᣸ٽ፿ߢࡉֱߢΔࠀ࿨ٵֺለլۖڂհ៲፿ิ፿ߢ࿇୶ऱլؓᘝࢤΔףΔڤऄݮ ዌᚵਬଡ፿ऄႈऱ፿ऄ֏ᖵ࿓Δ៲፿஼૿፿ࡉ෼ۖڂயऱຜஉΖڶ෻ٽࠐֺለዌᚵΔਢԫය ፿ऄٵred ऱլ אᣊ৸უࡉ೚ऄΔڼආ࠷ܛᆏኙ red ऱዌᚵء࿛ᏝଖΖٵڶ፿ߢࡉֱߢࠠז றΖޗ፿ิ፿ߢ˂ֱߢ֗஼૿፿៲ז෼א֏ၸ੄੡ጼΔۖ᎖

684 Language and Linguistics 17(5)

ဲڶ፿֮᣸խΔ׽៲ײᘓٷڇ red ڤ፿ิ፿ߢࡉֱߢխൄߠऱᢀ೯ဲݮ៲זᄗ૪հΔ෼ ፿֮᣸խΔঞբᆖ፿ऄ֏੡ݙ٤៲ײࠩ 17 ׈ધऱխ 10 ڇऄΔ׊׽࿇෼ࠟࠏΖۖشნ೯ဲऱ ࡸྤمऱ௑ݝΰឈྥຍጟኙ܉։م౨Ղኙפڇ ፖᢀ೯ဲ yinګ೯ဲΔࠀ׊ݮܗ᧯ᢀ೯ဲࡉழ ፿֮᣸ऱຍጟൣݮٍ࢏៲ײ।෼൓ຍᑌ։ࣔαΖۖխم፿ิ፿ߢᢀ೯ဲኙ៲ז෼ڕऄ։࣫੡ ࣍ࠢᒤऱ֮ᖂ஼૿֮᣸ኙՑ፿֘ᚨऱዩ৵ࢤ֗៲፿։֏৵Ց፿࿇طᥛࠩվ֚ऱ஼૿֮᣸խΖ ౨ዝ᧢ൣउΖ᥆࣍ࣟত፿Ⴧऱൈ֣፿ʳפՑ፿խऱڇ ංྒྷ redۿ୶ऱլؓᘝࢤΔݺଚ׽౨२ ګ౨Δൕۖݮפნ೯ဲऱဲڇژ౨հ؆Δսྥפ೯ဲܗ᧯ᢀ೯ဲࡉழڶKhams)Δred ೈԱࠠ) ࢤࡉዩ৵ࢤ௽ᐛΖۖ᥆࣍ࣟڻ෼Ա፿ऄ֏ऱᐋ᧯چ෼ွΔࠢীף౨ऱ٥ழᦤפ፿ऄٵred լ ೯ဲܗ᧯׽ໍᢀ೯ဲࡉழء፿ (Dbus) խ red ঞഗچ፿ (Amdo) ࡉխຝ፿Ⴧऱᓡڍڜ፿Ⴧऱק ౨ዝ᧢ൣפ፿ิ፿ߢխऱ៲ז፿֗෼៲ײᘓ៲፿Εխٷڇ ኘ redەՀݺଚ։ܑא౨Ζפऱ उΔዌᚵࠡᇡาऱ፿ऄ֏ᖵ࿓Ζ ፿ຝ։Δ׌૞ࠐ۞ OTDO ᇷற஄֗ࠡ៲ײऱ፿றΔ10 ׈ધհছऱشՀᓵ૪ຝ։ࢬආא ౨Ζפ೯ဲऱܗ᧯Δࡸྤᢀ೯ဲࡉழ܉ࠡխႛႛ࿇෼ဲნ೯ဲऱ։ڇ ԫࠄᇷறნᒳ 8Ζredה ।ဲז Հ 9 (Vڕ౨ᇡ૪פ෼᙮෷֗נΔࠡխ red ऱ܂।ࢤထזء፿֮᣸ݺଚᙇᖗԱԼ៲ײխ ՛࣍ࢨ࿛࣍)Κق೯ဲΖ ।ܗ᧯।ழז ।ݙ٤ᢀ೯ဲΔAז ნ೯ဲΔL

٣ҋ஺ݠވ ț޻ 1Ȝτщᙉᇖ਋Э red

ᑇ˂ VLAڗ ˂זڣ ᑇ˂ VLAࠢᤄ֮᣸ڗ ˂זڣ ࠢᤄ֮᣸ ڗ׈ધ ᆄ ڗ׈ધ ᆄ ಖρ 17 7 0 0 0۝πॹ׾ρ 15 36 0 0 0 π۫៲׆ ࢮֲ֣ႚρ 15 26 0 1 0ۏπ۫៲׆อಖρ 14 8 000π πદ׾ρ 14 6 000πֵႁΘቯ؇֣֬۞ႚρ 14 11 4 14 10 πႁၼ׾ρ 14 5 000πࢸ࠰ρ 11 11 1 0 0 πਪၴ׾ρ 12 10 5 0 0 π୞ּඒऄᄭੌρ 12 16 0 0 0

.᣸ᇷற஄ωΔጻܿ੡Κhttp://otdo֮֮៲ײψܛOTDO ᇷற஄Δ૎֮٤ጠ੡ Old Tibetan Documents OnlineΔ 8 ᘓ១ᡪጵᙕρ(1986)Δ׆ٷ׆໯Εຫᔌᒳထπڶࠢᤄ֮᣸׌૞֮៲ײהհ؆Δݺଚᛀ౉ऱࠡڼaa.tufs.ac.jpΖೈ ᅾ֮ઔߒρ(2007)Δ׆໯Εຫᔌ៲۫זײெΕਲᓉত᤟ࣹπֱޕᘓ֮஼ᓵ֮ႃρ(1988)Δٷ໯Εຫᔌ᤟ࣹπཉᅇ (षᄎᖵ׾֮᣸ρ(2003֮៲ײ᣸൶౉ႃρ(2008)ΔFrederick William Thomas ᒳထπཉᅇ۫഑֮֮៲ײ᤟ࣹπཉᅇ ࿛Ζ ܂ထנ๠ႛ࿯ڼ᣸Δ֮ە೶أॾஒᇡߠ֮ءऱ៲֮֮᣸ठشΖอૠࢬආټ।խ៲֮֮᣸੡ֱঁದߠ٨ࠡዧ֮᤟ 9 ΚDebther Sngonpo =πॹ׾ρΔChosvbyung Metog Snyingpo Sbrangrtsivi Bcud =π୞ּඒऄڤኙᚨऱ៲֮᠏ᐊݮ ᄭੌρΔYarlung Jobovi Chosvbyung Bzhugsso =πႁၼ׾ρΔDebther Dmarpo =πદ׾ρΔRgyalrabs Gsalbavi ಖρΔBkavchems۝Melong =π۫៲׆อಖρΔBod kyi Debther Dpyid kyi Rgyalmovi Gludbyangs =π۫៲׆ ࢮֲ֣ႚρΔMinyagۏKakholma =πਪၴ׾ρΔRnalvbyor gyi Dbangphyug Chenpo Milaraspavi Rnammgur =π ஼ګπਪၴ׾ρ܂Vjamdbyangs Gragspavi Rangrnam =πֵႁΘቯ؇֣֬۞ႚρΔRbabzhed =πࢸ࠰ρΖՂ૪ထ լᇡΔԫ౳៲׾ᖂ੺ᎁ੡ࠡլඡ࣍ 11 ׈זڣ஼ګᑌٵԫ౳ᎁ੡լඡ࣍ԼԲ׈ધΔۖπࢸ࠰ρ܀լᇡΔזڣ ஼࣍Զ׈ધඡཚΔნᒳ࣍ 13 ׈ધΖۖݺଚലګ᣸Δᎁ੡ࠡપ֮֮៲ײٵધΖDenwood (1999:243) ലπࢸ࠰ρီ ཚ֮᣸Ζڰײࠡ٨੡խ

685 ⴳᆙߤ

3.1 red ᱿⦝ᘍջべᕀʠɺŘ⥱എՒ⥱

೚ဲნڶ፿֮᣸խΔred ׽៲ײಳᄩࠩ۫ց 7 ׈ધΔൕ 7 ࠩ 10 ׈ધऱאױڰ᣸່֮֮៲ ፿ิਬࠄ៲ז஼૿֮᣸֗෼ײ౨ԫऴ࢏ᥛࠩխפ౨Ζۖ׊ຍጟפה࿇෼ࠡآࠏΔۖش೯ဲऱ ؈هء౨ഗפڼ፿խΔڍڜ፿Ⴧऱקࣟڇ፿ߢխΔ່ࠢীऱਢ᥆࣍ࣟত፿Ⴧऱൈ֣፿խΔۖ ۿᣊܛ࣍଱ᢀ೯ဲ (semi-copula)ΔۿᎅΔᣊچᄷᒔޓ౨פᎅࣔऱਢΔᇠך੃ጐΖլመᏁ૞ᇖ ຍრᆠԾֺࠢী܀ԫࡳऱრᆠΔڶ౨Ζ،ឈঞࠠפ࣍૎፿խऱ଱ᢀ೯ဲ becomeΕget ࿛ဲऱ ኔףޓ࿇෼ֺհ፿ᆠڶ፿֮᣸խΔ޲៲ײ܀໢ᗑ೚ᘯ፿ΖאױऄՂլ؁ऱኔᆠ೯ဲஇΔۖ׊ ΚقՀࢬڕࠏΖش໢ᗑ೚ᘯ፿խ֨ऱဲნ೯ဲאױऱΕڇ

፿֮᣸៲ײᘓٷ I)ʳ) (2)ʳ bu.pho-rnams-ni/ chi-r byung-ngo/ mo-rnams-ni/ ή-ጻኞ-၀ᚉ! ݽ-Ўਨ! พҊ:ְԂ-಍ծຉ έ-ጻኞ-၀ᚉٴ! myi-r byung-nas/ bud.med-dag chig-du red-do// Ί:Ўਨ พҊ:ְԂ-௎ឲຉ ୸έ-ጻኞ ΂-Ўਨ ᠹՙ-಍ծຉ! ǭވॱ೶ᠹԂΈΊǫ୸έॱ೶ᠹԂΈ΂ኪ΂ኣٴήॱ೶ᠹԂΈݽǫԭέٴ ! ǫ౺612–613ՀǭᙦϾԵOTDO၎ਈڋSpanien & Imaeda 1979:626–549ǫP.T.1283ဝ) ৛)10 (3)ʳ chung.ma-la btab-na chung.ma bzang.mo ή! ༸๊ڷ ή-ᆭਨ! ՙ:ְԂ-ମ೒೨ຉڷ! zas byas-na rtsI gos byas-byas-na ໤ ଱:ְԂ-஬ឝ೨ຉ ҉ऄ Ձܱ ଱:ְԂ(ॐ៻)-ମ೒೨ຉ! nor-du red de chung.ma-la btab-na bzang/ ή-ᆭਨ ଱:ְԂ-ମ೒೨ຉ Ӫڷ !ૻᝁ-Ўਨ ᠹՙ ೨ຉ! ܤՁǫߵՁࣚᠹࢸᝁǭठΔܤफ़ǫߵफ़҉ऄǭठΔܤǭठΔܫፚڷǫߵڷܤठΔ!! ǭܫፚڷǫߵڷ

(Thomas 1957:140–141ǫITJ.0740ǫ౺195–196ՀǭᙦϾԵOTDO၎ਈ৛)

෼Ղ૪ࠟנᘓࠢᤄխ׽ٷה፿ᖵ׾֮᣸ᇷற஄֗ࠡ៲ײᘓٷ ݺଚᛀ౉ऱ OTDOڇ red ᧯፿խऱᢀ೯ဲࡉழ៲זࠢ៲፿֗२෼ײڶ౨Δۖ޲פნ೯ဲဲڶ࢖ழ׽ق᧩ࠏΔՂ૪ࠟࠏ

ωΖ଺ܫࠅऱ໴קዿࠌᆏቸ࿇࢓ܠݬം࿠ᙕωΔࠡԲਢψնԳፂכࠟຝ։փ୲ΔࠡԫਢψܶץP.T.1283 ᇆ࠴՗ 10 ๠੡ֱঁᑑಖࡉᔹᦰΔ։ၲࠐڼଃ஼ᐊ௽ᐛΔݺଚٽൄߠऱঁࡵ֮៲ײredoΔຍਢ ܂࠴խ red-do ኔᎾ྇ᜍᐊ ழլղᑑڇ෼֮ءωऱ᧢֏Δڤ࿛ࢬᘯψԿழԫڤחழΕല۩ழࡉࡎڇழΕ෼װመڇژᐊΖ׼؆Δ஼૿៲፿೯ဲ Δլ༚᠇૪ΖٵՀᣊאωݮኪ᧢֏ऱဲլղᑑࣹΖڤΖྤψԿழԫقω࿛ᑑחΕല۩ΕࡎװψመאঞղהࣹΔࠡ

686 Language and Linguistics 17(5)

ᛩቼԯਢΚ܉ऄ։؁઎ࠩΔred ೚ဲნ೯ဲΔࠡࠢীऱאױ౨ΖൕՂ૪֮᣸ݺଚפ೯ဲऱܗ ဲټխ NPΔԫଡਢᑇဲ chigψԫωΔԫଡਢࠃढ؁෼ऱຍࠟࠏנᘓ៲፿խٷNP-du-redΖ ։ΖګnorψᣪߦωΔຟਢ᧯ဲࢤ ௑Εፖ௑Εٻ։੡אױႚอ֮ऄխਢ๯٨Ե la ᣊ௑ΰา։ڇ،Δڤݮဲܗdu ԯਢଡ௑ ౨Δ៲֮֮ऄอጠ੡ la ௑αհփࠐಘᓵ (Karma Situ 2003:49–69)Δ๯ጠ੡פ௑Εַ௑࿛ۯ ᄐ௑ωΖTournadre (2010) Ոല᧯ٵŇŪāĿŢŇ (de nyid)Δ௑ௌࡺ೨Ε௑ௌ؇८ (2004:74–85) ᤟੡ψ ᖞ᧯ࢨ᥆ࢤऱ᧢֏Ζق౨ਢਐפΔጠ੡ψؾऱ௑ω (purposive case)Δࠡڤԫଡ௑ݮ܂ࠡီ suΔ- ףDeLancey (2003) ലࠡࡎ੡ַ௑ (terminative case)Ζ،ऱݮኪ෌൷ऄ੡Κᣉݠ -s ৵ॵ ʳףtuΔ-ngΕ-dΕ-nΕ-mΕ-r ࡉ -l հ৵ॵ- ףᣉݠ੡ -gΕ-b ࡉᓤ᎖ଃรԲ᎖ଃ੡ -d ऱଃᆏ৵ॵ ru ࢨ -rΖ௑ௌࡺ೨Ε௑ௌ؇८ (2004:75) ലլ֗ढ೯ဲ೚ᘯ፿೯ဲழ- ףduΔၲଃᆏհ৵ॵ- ֏ऱ࿨࣠ፖ׌፿ऱᣂ᧢قψ׌፿ᇖߩ፿ωΔ।ܛωΔኔ᧯ٵࢬ൅ऱ।፿ጠ੡ψ׌ᇖ ψXܛࢨणኪωΔڤऱֱڇژऱؾᑑωࢨψࠃढ܂౨ਢ।ψ೯פএΖHodge (1990:63) ᎁ੡ࠡ ψַ௑ωΔᜤᢀऱᇖ፿܂ش෼ऱຍࠟࠏ du ຟਢנᘓ៲፿խࢬٷ๯ီ੡ YωࢨψX ᧢੡ YωΖ ։Δګᜤᢀݮ୲ဲࢤאױᑌٵ፿ߢխז᣸֗෼֮ײխڇ։ΖՀ૿ݺଚലᄎ઎ࠩΔګࢤဲټਢ ౨ऱ᧢֏Ζפऄ؁؈۴ᙟࠀ᧯෼ထ red ऱ፿ᆠه։ऱঅఎࡉګ׊ຍଡ௑ۖ

፿֮᣸៲ײII) խ) ෼ࡉঅఎΔۖ᧯א౨൓פᎅਢ red ፿ऄ֏ऱᣂ᝶ழཚΔլႛဲნ೯ဲאױ፿ழཚ៲ײխ থਢ܉ࠢᤄխऱ։ײխڇ౨᧢ฆפᑵΖլመΔຍጟګ౨Ոݙ٤פ೯ဲܗ᧯׊ݙ٤ᢀ೯ဲࡉழ ৰլؓᘝऱΖ πਪၴ׾ρࡉπֵႁΘቯ؇֬ڇ෼נ౨ΔႛפΔred ೚ဲნ೯ဲऱقՂ૪τ। 1υࢬڕ ნ೯ဲ܂౨׽פπਪၴ׾ρխऱڇ ߠΖredآ஼խה෼؄ࠏΔࠡנٺႚρࠟ஼խΔࠟ஼۞֣ πֵႁΘቯ؇֣֬۞ႚρխΔঞ red ೚ဲნ೯ဲࢬ׭ red ऱڇωΖۖ܂᧢Δრ੡ψ᧢੡Εဲ Հ 3.2 ࡉ 3.3א౨ᇡߠפࠟጟڼ೯ဲΰܗ᧯౨ਢ೚ݙ٤ᢀ೯ဲࡉழפࠏֺૹࠀլ೏Δ׌૞ش ΚقՀࢬڕ؁ऱᓵ૪αΖࠏ

(4) rgyal.po-vi gzi.brjid che.ba-s g·yog.mo-s ١έ-ՙਨ ୦Н-ឝਨ ઊ࠭ ά-ՙਨ! ma-bzod.pa-r bshos. bsang-de yang mo.rang-gi Ўਨ फ़ݹ-َ Ο ӫ-ឝਨ-ڐ܄-ۊո! yar.log.mar.log mang.po byas.pa-s grang.mo-r red-nas/ ՙ:ְԂ-஬ឝ೨ຉ జ-Ўਨ ᠹ-௎ឲຉ ވ٧٧ӚӚ Ӥ ! ௒ǫ[нн܃ތઊ࠭ๆ۴ՇΈǫ١έ΂਋ཀ໭σވଝΗၖ߲਋]ǫೆଝΗڀӫ٧ྴ] ǫԇιజ೯Έǫ……(ȗࢁ໋ވӞଝΗၖ߲ൠ۪Ӛຩ]ǫफ़ݹೆӫᅻ٧ᅻчܢफ़ݹי ѕȘ1989:239)

687 ⴳᆙߤ

(5) kyi.mi grong bdun-gyi phyi.nang med.pa-r khengs-nas ȟබȠΊ ಮЁ ΅-ឝਨ ူѝ ෻-Ўਨ ᄿ:ְԂ-௎ឲຉ ! ci byas kyang vgro-r ma-nyan.pa-r mang-du шЧ-௎ឲຉ Ӥ-Ўਨ-ۊӬՍ ଱:ְԂ Ο ؿ-Ўਨ ո! redˀskad/ ……yang de.bas kyang vphel drag-tu red-nas !ᠹ-Ͼुǫ ……Ε әԓ Ε พ্ ሺੑ-Ўਨ ᠹ-௎ឲຉ dbu.ru-vi stod.smad tham.cad khengs.pa-r gyur-to/ ጸӬ-ឝਨ ΙΗ һ೴ бᄿ:ְԂ-Ўਨ ᠹ:ְԂ-಍ծຉ! ಷ೶ݴᄿΈ[ѥ޹]ǫ෻ፌӬՍ೶ᇫσؿǫСᏬᇜຢ٧ڀѝѝူူވබΊ΅ಮ!! ಷ೶ࡹබΊǭȇӌΙǫڀຢӤǭ……ԭҎԓ഍٣ப [ΊΨ] ሺቑǫ٣பጸ૗ΙΗ ౺306ज़Ȉ (6) vjig.rten-gyi khams-kyi sems.can grangs.med.pa lan !П࣑-ឝਨ ӝ୨-ឝਨ ౩Ҋ ෻ኞ Ԓ sum-du sang.rgyas-dang-byang.chu.bsems.dpav drangs-kyang/ Ζ-ݺᇖከ૭ Ռઉ-ٗҿ೨ຉ-ᡷПग़๝ᙊ ᗅፅ-ٗҿ೨ຉ! da.dung sems.can nyung-du ma-red-par.vdug-nas ᠹ-ծ୆ຉ-௎ឲຉ-ۊ٠෼ ౩Ҋ ϶-Ўਨ ո! sbyan.ras.gzigs snying.rje skyes-nas/ …… ……!ᡷПग़๝ᙊ ൶Ͽ Ҋ:ְԂ-௎ឲຉǫ ! ࡌᡷग़ٸෞ϶ǭطᡷПग़๝ᙊǫСΊኞ٠෼σڠП໋෻ኞ౩Ҋ߲ࡌΖԒᗅፅՌઉ!! ๝ᙊҊ૽༸൶χϿǫ……ȇӌΙǫ౺310–311ज़Ȉ (7) sa thams.cad zhing-du red.pa-la thams.cad !Ωӝ һ೴ ၤҍ-Ўਨ ᠹ-௎ឲຉ һ೴ smos-nas snyi.ma thag.se gang yod.pa-dang ұՍ! ԍ-ٗҿ೨ຉ ټરᅶ:ְԂ-௎ឲຉ ഔᕕ Ҝ! ᘹफ़ǭȇȗЌވၤՙݹ]ൠ฿зΈᙝᅱ]ټΩӝһ೴ᠹԂΈၤҍǫԭСӞરᅶְࡌҜ!! ໘Θ჆ўЃϺԵ໱Ș2005:268Ȉ (8) nangs.pa-r bltas.pa-s dar.mo che de rkun.ma-s ϱ-ݺᇖከ૭ ࣥ:ְԂ-௎ឲຉ ᄘ ά َ βହ-ՙਨܫ! khyer-vdug yun ring ma-red.pa-la khang.pa me-s Е-ՙਨ ໋܁ ᠹ-௎ឲຉ-ۊ৵-ծ୆ຉ ਋໋ ߆ ո! bsreg-nas rkun.ma-rnams tshigs-nas shi/ ௎ឲຉ βହ-ጻኞ ᐟ෹-௎ឲຉ Ԕ-ᐟǱѹ٧ ! ήೆЕᐟΈǫβହһ೴೶܁άᄘହؿΈǭ؉ၯӤ϶਋໋ǫَי౺Ήϱǫพ౓βହ!! ೆᐟԔΈǭ(ӌΙǫ౺250ज़)

688 Language and Linguistics 17(5)

Δᇖ፿੡ڤ੡ NP1+AP2+du+red ௑ូאױऄᛩቼ؁෼ऱנπਪၴ׾ρխऱՂ૪؄ࠏΔࠡڇ red πֵႁΘቯ؇֣֬۞ႚρխऱڇ෼נrΕ-tuΖۖ- ڤԱ፿ଃ᧢᧯ݮܶץ ։Ζduګݮ୲ဲࢤ

։Ζࠏ (8) ឈྥ red ࢬຑ൷ऱᇖ፿ګࢤဲټऄᛩቼ੡ NP1+NP2+du+redΔᇖ፿੡؁ร (7) ࠏࠡ ࿇෼ᑑಖᇖ፿ऱאױΔፖࠏ (6) ֺለٵࢬլڶऄᛩቼ؁থፖπਪၴ׾ρऱ܀։Δګ੡ݮ୲ဲ ൈ֣፿֣Ⴠᇩխז؈ԱΔݮ୲ဲᇖ፿ ring հ৵ऴ൷ॵ൷ redΰۖຍរথፖՀ૪෼ه du ဲܗ௑ ౨֘ਠԱᅝױਢԫીऱαΖᦹ࣍πֵႁΘቯ؇֣֬۞ႚρࣔ᧩ऱՑ፿ࢤᔆΔຍৰڤऄ௑؁ऱ ։Δլႛૻ࣍ NPΔګ፿֮᣸խΔဠဲ du ຑ൷ऱᇖ፿៲ײխڇߠױழՑ፿ኔᎾൣउऱ᧢֏Ζ זࡉ෼נق᧩௣؈ऱ᝟ႨΔຍբᆖڶ׊ᝫឩ୶ࠩ APΔۖ׊ᜤᢀݮ୲ဲᇖ፿ழᇖ፿ᑑಖᝫۖ ௽ᐛΖ܉ऄ։؁፿ߢԫીऱֱچਬࠄ

፿ิ፿ߢ៲זIII) ෼) ק፿ิ፿ߢխΔࣟত፿Ⴧऱൈ֣፿խཏሙᝫঅఎထ red ೚ဲნ೯ဲऱൣݮΔۖࣟ៲ז෼ ڶ౨Ζ׼؆ᝫפڼڇژࢮ៳ᇩαբᆖլڕ፿ΰچॳਫᇩαፖխຝ፿Ⴧऱᓡڕ፿ΰڍڜ፿Ⴧऱ ऄ࿨ዌՂข؁ڇհছऱ஼૿֮᣸֗ײ፿ิ፿ߢፖխ៲ז౨෼פڼԫଡ᧩ထऱ௽ᐛᏁ૞ࣹრΔ ؈ԱΔred ፖᇖ፿ऴهαڤᑑಖᇖ፿ऱ௑ᑑಖ duΰ֗᧢᧯ݮܛհ๠ΔٵԱॺൄՕऱԫଡլس ΚقՀ᥆࣍ൈ֣፿ऱ֣Ⴠᇩࢬڕdu ᑑಖΖ ף൷ຑ൷ۖլ٦Ꮑ૞෌

(9) º¹³ naƳƳmaƳƳ tâhiƳ³-ge³¹ lÃ¹³ ƾaƳ³ ðeiƳ³ Âuı³¹-ðe³¹. ծ୆ຉ-٧ Ǳՙਨ ཛྷ঵ ฿୽-௎ឲຉ Ӻ ύ ᠹב ! ୽࠮ݺݠ਋шЧӬࡹᇜȈ11ވ୽ԍύӺΈǭȇБӬӒըΊϖಆԵθ฿ב ! (10) hÃƳ³ taƳ³-ge³¹-da³¹! xhÃƳƳÂÃƳ³ ƾyƳƳ ðeiƳ³-the³¹. طЮծຉ-၀ᚉ ધத ᒩ ᠹ-ְᏵᡆ:ᑺڥ-՚:ՙਨ ࣥ! deıƳƳ m¸¹³-zuıƳƳ m¸³¹-ðe³¹. ᛗ୆ຉ-ۊࣣߕ ո-ۊ੶ძ ո! ӬԓൈඪшӬࡹᇜȈڀΈǳȇБӬࣥៜೃ޻ᄴ਋ǫࣥڲ՚ࣥǳધᠹԂᒩΈǫϳઊ !

ΚقՀࢬڕऄΔشۿ८ᣛʳ(1958:211–212)ʳᝫࠏᜰԱ۫៲࣑ຟᇩऱԫଡᣊ 11 ®haƾ¹do¹-n¸³ Åoƾ³-n¸³ ça³ma³ kha¹çe¹ Úe³-thi². ط௎ឲຉ! ϱ! ൪ॸ! ࡹ.ְԂᡆ;ᑺ.٧ !೶.஬ਨܨ ೶Ӛ٧ιၯчኞϱΈǭܨ஬ ! ।ף೯ဲʳredʳऱ৵૿ڇאױ։࣫ሐΚ࣑ຟᇩᇙسᘯ፿ு֨ຫ૪׌፿ʳ/ça³ma³/ψ֚ωΖ८٣܂Ղ૪ʳ/Úe³/ʳࠐ۞ʳredΔ ࠐբਢբਢ༓֚Աωڃψݺൕ࣑ຟشאױ࣑ຟᇩᇙڇڕωΖࠏװཙ೯ဲψመז،ش೯ဲ।ψբਢωრΔܗழऱװመ ऄΔشຍጟڶࢮ៳ࡉֲ໔ঞᇩᇙ޲ڇωΖװཙψբመזψբਢωش༓֚ԱωΔװբመװࠐ৵բመڃཙψݺൕ࣑ຟזࠐ redီ੡ݙ٤ऱᢀ೯ဲࠐ઎ৱऱΔլመނਢسߠ८٣ױڼط೯ဲࢬ।ሒऱრᆠΖהཙࠡזᢀ೯ဲψਢωࠐشլ౨ ᄷᒔΖޓ፿ᆠփ୲ऱဲნ೯ဲڶऄီ੡ࠠشڼݺଚᎁ੡ല

689 ⴳᆙߤ

(11) n³ıƳƳ joa¹³pÃƳ³ ðeiƳ³-the³¹, ƾÃ¹³ðoaƳƳ ॱב ތᠹ-ְᏵᡆ:ᑺ ވϱਲ Ӫ gÃ¹³tsoaƳƳ t´iƳ³ koƳƳ ndðÃƳ³. !߇ѝ ΂ ᙦ ч σӪǫދॱзчؿؿǳȇБӬࣣँӪ൪ϱΈзчݿǫ՗ϱਲ΂בΈǫڠϱਲᠹཡ!! ϕϱϱਲᠹӪǫࡱшЧӬࡹᇜȈ (12) n³ѺƳƳ noa¹³noaƳ³ ðeiƳ³-the³¹, ތϱ ໬ȇॐ៻Ȉ ᠹ-ְᏵ:ᑺ ¸¹³n¸Ƴ³ m¸Ƴ³ uı¹³uıƳƳ ðeiƳ³-ma-the³¹. طᏵ:ᑺְ-ۊ෼ԭ Ί ϶(ॐ៻) ᠹ-ո ࡇӤՀΊ਋шЧӬࡹᇜȈڀϱᠹ໬Έǫ՗Ί߼؉ᠹ϶ǭȇБӬ௸ΙӞά຀Ιࣥ

ऄՂ؁ /ψ᧢֏ωᆠऱ /ðeiƳ³܂ωᆠऱ /ðeiƳ³/ ࡉᢀ೯ဲ /ðe³¹/ ઃࠐ۞஼૿Ղऱ redΖ܂᧢Ղ૪ψ ᢞωᑑಖΔ/ðeiƳ³/ ຫ૪ࠃढ᧢֏ऱ࿨࣠ࢨؾᑑΖۖقψ᧯ˀףॵאױ։Δࠡ৵ᝫګຑ൷ᇖ፿ ૾ᓳ 31Ζ׼؆Δ஼૿Ղऱ -ed܅ऱਢ೏૾ᓳ 53Δۖ೚ᢀ೯ဲঞਢش፿ଃՂΔආڇழڼ׊Δ brjedЇ/dñeiƳ³/ψݱಖωΔshedЇ/xheiƳ³/ψԺ ڕ੡ /e i/ΔڤჀՑ፿խऱ๵ঞኙଃݮ֣ڇئᣉ ෼Աଃנ೯ဲழΔܗ፿ऄ֏੡ᢀ೯ဲࡉڇ ௛ωΔdedЇ/tei²³¹/ψಳ᎔ωΖۖψ᧢֏ωᆠऱ red Ալ๵ঞଃ᧢ΔredЇ/ðe³¹/Ζ12سߓᗣჾ෼ွΔ࿇ ऄՂլ٦Ꮑ૞ַ௑ᑑಖ duΰ֗ࠡ᧢᧯αࠐᑑಖᇖ؁ڇܛհ๠ٵՕլ່ײ׼؆ࠡፖխ (ψᙒωΔࠏ (11ဲټ᧯፿Δred ऴ൷ፖᇖ፿ઌຑΖࠏ (9) ऱᇖ፿ਢᑇဲψնωΔࠏ (10) ੡ࠠ ਬጟኔ᧯ᆖق।ܛ፿ᆠՂڇΖՂ૪ࠏ՗ڤݮ୲ဲૹᦤشωΔࠏ (12) ආړढ֏ऱݮ୲ဲψټ੡ ᖵԱ़ၴࢨၦऱ᧢֏Δ֗ਬጟኔ᧯ऱࢤणᆖᖵԱ᥆ࢤऱ᧢֏Δ।ሒԫጟ೯ኪऱሎ೯መ࿓Ζ ګࢤဲټ଱ᢀ೯ဲΖᅝ red ຑ൷ऱᇖ፿੡ۿᣊۯچऄ፿ᆠ؁ழऱڼ Ղ૪ݺଚ઎ࠩΔred ش׽౨ආ (11) ڕ։ழΔঞݮ୲ဲਢ࠹ૻऱΔֺګऱΔۖᅝᇖ፿ਢݮ୲ဲࢤطਢ۞ဲټ։ழΔ Աԫଡψᢀ೯ဲ֏࿛ร٥ࢤω(a universal hierarchy ofנ༼ (ΖPustet (2003:73ڤढ֏ऱݮټ copularization) ඙ࡕΔܛΚ

(ӓຉ (nominals) ɞׅ৉ຉ (adjectivals) ɞ୆ຉ (verbals

௽ࡳऱ፿ߢխΔᢀ೯ဲᜤᢀऱ౨Ժൕڇܛऱመ࿓ (unidirectional)Δٻຍਢԫଡ໢נࠀਐ ౒ڂ۶Δڕᜤᢀݮ୲ဲΔૉ౨ᜤᢀݮ୲ဲࠡࠠ᧯ൣउܡՑ፿խ red ౨ײஇΖխ྇ڻࠉ׳ࠩؐ Ց፿֘ਠऱൣउࠐ઎Δred ᜤᢀݮ୲ဲז׎ߩജऱ፿றΔݺଚࡸྤऄᇡาჶࣔػΖլመൕ෼ ऄ๵ঞऱࠫપΖۖൕՂ૪࿛్ݧ٨ࠐ઎Δᢀ೯ဲᜤᢀݮ୲ဲऱ౨؁ऱΔ૞࠹ࠩ௽௘طਢլ۞

ʳ/ma¹³-ðeƳ³/ψլਢωΖڕ೏ᓳऱʳ/ðeƳ³/Δ܂ຑᦰ᧢ᓳழΔՈᄎᦰس࿇ڇᓮࣹრΔᢀ೯ဲ /ðe³¹/ʳ 12

690 Language and Linguistics 17(5)

ޓՑ፿זංឰΔᅝழ red ᜤᢀݮ୲ဲऱൣउ׽౨ֺ෼אױڼطऱ౨ԺΔঞဲټԺ૞՛࣍ᜤᢀ Ζဲნ೯ဲΰࢨጠ଱ᢀ೯ဲαred ૉუऴ൷ፖݮ୲ဲຑ൷Δঞط۞ڇ౨ֺ෼ױ࠹ૻΔۖլף ढ֏ΖՂ૪ (12) ਢݮټݮ୲ဲނणኪဲݠ᧢੡णኪݮ୲ဲΔࢨףΔࢨڤૹᦤݮشݮ୲ဲࢨආ ΚقՀࠏ՗ࢬڕڤݮהΔࠡڤ୲ဲૹᦤݮ

(13) a. tá¹³² tâoı¹³-túƳƳtúƳ³ ðeiƳ³-the³¹. ތ૘ జ-ݺᄁຉַ ᠹ-ְᏵᡆ:ᑺ!! ǭވڜڜ૘ᠹபజ ! ! b. tá¹³² tâoı¹³-mÃƳ³ ðeiƳ³-the³¹. ތ૘ జ-ӓݹϦ ᠹ-ְᏵᡆ:ᑺ!! ! ! ૘ᠹజΈǭ c. tá¹³² tâoı¹³-mÃƳ³ ma¹³-ðeƳ³. ᛗ୆ຉ-ۊ૘ జ-ӓݹϦ ո!! ǭȇ*૘؉ᠹజȈވ૘σࡹజ ! ! d. *tá¹³² tâoı¹³ ðeiƳ³-the³¹. ތ૘ జ ᠹ-ְᏵᡆ:ᑺ!! e. *tá¹³² tâoı¹³ ma¹³-ðeiƳ³. ᠹ-ۊ૘ జ ո!!

ढ֏ݮټݮ୲ဲشᑌආٵ (Δ(13cڤढ֏ݮټݮ୲ဲऱشΔ(13b) ආڤणኪݮ୲ဲݮش13a) ආ) Ζ௑ௌࡺ೨Ε௑مګழ /ðeƳ³/ ੡ݙ٤ᢀ೯ဲΖ(13d) ࡉ (13e) ݮ୲ဲ௅ऴ൷೚ᇖ፿լڼ܀Δڤ ټ੡ݮ୲ဲऱܛ൅ݠࡉլ൅ݠࠟᣊΔ൅ݠऱኔᎾՂڶௌ؇८ (2004:80–84) ༼ࠩݮ୲ဲ೚ᇖ፿ ೚ᇖ፿ΖլመΔࠡല൅ݠऱאױ஼૿ՂຟڇΔຍࠟᣊڤΔۖլ൅ݠऱթਢ௅ဲݮڤढ֏ݮ ։࣫੡ण፿ۖॺ।፿Δݺଚᎁ੡լݔΖַ௑ᑑಖ duΰ֗ࠡ᧢᧯αຑ൷ऱڤψݮ୲ဲ+ -rωݮ ੡೫ګნ֏ۖဲسࠡ 84–85 ଄ࢬᜰ duΰ֗ࠡ᧢᧯α৵ࠐ࿇ڕ।፿᠏᧢੡ण፿Δط։ऱᒔᄎګ լ൅ݠऱݮ୲ဲΖ׽ਢݮ୲ڶຍຝ։ဲথࠀլૻ࣍൅ݠऱݮ୲ဲΔՈ܀ਢࠏᢞΖܛ։ګࢤဲ ૻࠫۖբΖڍऴ൷೚ᇖ፿૞࠹ࠩለဲ ش࿇෼آωऱრ৸Δլመ஼૿ՂᑉפګψݙฅΕڶਬࠄՑ፿խ red ᝫזऱਢΔ෼ךᏁᇖ ᣸խ࿇෼լ൅֮ڇآψ᧢֏ωᆠழຟਢ൅ᇖ፿ऱΔࡸ܂ red ق᧩ࠏΖ׼؆ΔՂ૪஼૿֮᣸խ ෼ᇖ፿ΔۖऴנլאױωᆠפګψݙฅΕ܂ ΔredقՀ૪֣ჀᗼৄᇩࢬڕࠏΖྥۖشᇖ፿ऱ ΚقՀࢬڕᢞᑑಖΖق൷೚ᘯ፿೯ဲΔࠡ৵ᇿழ᧯Ω

(14) a¹³ðiƳƳ lº¹³khaƳƳ ðeiƳ³-m¸¹³-nĸoıƳ³. ތᏵᡆ:ཛྷְ-ۊϕϱ ٚ஺ Ԃл-ո! ϕϱٚ஺؉଱ჰǭȇӮॖ༷ࡏǱϕϱٚ஺؉ԂлȈ !

691 ⴳᆙߤ

(15) ta¹³ ðei³¹-the³¹ m¸¹³-thuıƳ³. യ-ۊո ތ౓Ӟ ְ฿-ְᏵᡆ:ᑺ! ౓Ӟ୳ΈǫσയΈǭȇӮॖ༷ࡏǱ౓Ӟְ฿ΈǫσയΈȈ !

։Ζ፿ᆠګ൅ᇖ፿ڶ೯ဲΔۖ޲ܗ᧯Ղ૪ࠟࠏΔ/ðeiƳ³/ (Іred) ᧩ྥਢဲნ೯ဲΔࠡ৵ᇿழ ࠐΔଈ٣ຍጟۖعωᆠ֧܂᧢ࠡψ᧢֏Εطωᆠԯפګழ red ऱψݙฅΕڼՂΔݺଚᎁ੡ ፿ᆠՂڇຍࠟृנ։ᙃ൓אױ፿ृ੷۟ᝫئڻਢ۞ྥऱΔࠡعψ᧢֏ωЇψݙ࿨ωऱ፿ᆠ֧ ᣂএΖع፿ᆠ֧ڶ /ᎁ੡ (14) ࡉ (15) խऱ /ðeiƳ³/ ፖՂ૪ (13a)–(13b) խऱ /ðeiƳ³ڕऱᜤᢀΔ

3.2 red ᱿⦝ᘍջᔕỄʠʷŘરҚ↙Ւ⥱

֮ײ౨Δࠡ೚ᢀ೯ဲࡨߠ࣍խפݙ٤ᢀ೯ဲڶآ፿խࡸ៲ײᘓٷڇ ࢬ૪Δred 3.1 ڕ ೏৫֮ᖂ֏ऱ஼૿፿խΔredڇ࿇෼ΔױՂ૪τ। 1υࢬ૪Ζᖕτ। 1υอૠΔݺଚٍڕ᣸Δ πֵႁΘቯ؇֣֬۞ڶ᣸խΔႛ֮ײ।ࢤऱխזڶݙ٤ᢀ೯ဲΖτ। 1υࢬ٨Լຝࠠ܂࿪֟ ڶࢮֲ֣ႚρຏൄᝫ๯ᎁ੡ۏऄΖۖπش஼ঞྤԫࠏהࠏΔࠡشڶࢮֲ֣ႚρխۏႚρ֗π ৵៲Ց፿ऱ௽រΰ௑ௌࡺ೨Ε௑ௌ؇८ 2004:107–108Ιࡌ❒ 2000:72αΔլመ٤஼Ոႛڍለ լ᠇૪ΖڼՂ૪ࠏ (1) ࢬᢞΔڕᢀ೯ဲऱࠏ՗բ܂ ࢮֲ֣ႚρխ redۏߠԫࠏΖπ ऱԫࠏ red ଖ൓ڶऱπࢸ࠰ρԫ஼խႛس׼؆Δ๯៲׾ᖂ੺ᎁ੡۟ᙈլඡ࣍ 12 ׈ધข ΚʳقՀࢬڕࠐറ॰։࣫Ζנ༼

(16) de pyin tsa.na lha bcu.dgu vdug/ dgyes-nas ၯч:ְԂ ྴ…χ਋ ઊ Γ· ԍ ៶ല-௎ឲຉ ۭ! he.he byas.pa-s/ mnal.sad.pa-s rmi.lam-du red/ ቅቅ ՙ:ְԂ-௎ឲຉ ᅬᒣ-௎ឲຉ მ-Ўਨ ᠹϦ! ࡌᒣٸኣήǫވΟՙ] ቅቅઙב]ኣήǫވԍΓ·ॸઊᡢՙ༵ઙطӝχࡌǫٸ़۪!! ȘቑိѸ᝶ݐǫ1990:133ȈڇၧᠹԂΈ΂ൈმǭȇᥛᒯ๥Ǭ໪ѩΜǫȗ܏ތၧᠹԂΈ΂ൈმЈπތ٧ǫЈπ

׏ਢۿଚהኄխωΖڇኄխֱթवሐਢڇԱψֱթवሐਢګຝ։᤟᧯ڗۥᖕᬄᙘဎΕ႓ؒՅ (1990) ऱ᤟֮Δ႕ ՞ՑᅗᏕ (1998:360) ᖕ Mgonpo Rgyalmtshan ნᒳऱ܀Աᢀᜤֱࢬᠲցऱᢀ೯ဲΖ܂ီ red ނ ࠏ (16) ੡ mnal.sal-de rmi.lam-du red-nas nam langsψጕᙌհ৵Δΰ߷ࠄαق᧩Δءπࢸ࠰ρठ Ζ՞Ցٵ੡ԱኄΔΰྥ৵α֚ॽԱωΔ᧩ྥᇠ֧֮ፖᬄᙘဎΕ႓ؒՅ᧢੡ԱኄΔΰྥ৵α֚ॽԱ (1990) Ղ૪ᙕ֮լ᧢ խ red ս੡ဲნ೯ဲψ᧢֏ωᆠ 13ΖDenwood (1999:273Δုᆬ 1) ՈᎅΔred؁ᅗᏕᎁ੡ᇠ

ਔᏺᐖຝץ࣠πࢸ࠰ρΰڕಖඖփ୲۟ॳࢍ୹Ե៲ʳ(1038)ʳழַΖᬄᙘဎΕ႓ؒՅʳ(1990:4)ʳᎁ੡ءπࢸ࠰ρᏺᐖ 13 ʳڍࡳࠡ੡ʳ11ʳ׈ધΖൕৰܒ։αਢʳKhustonʳBrtsonvgrusʳGyungdrungΰਯཉΘ༇ఇሸᤪʳ1011–1075αࢬᐊΔঞ૞ ऱᬄᙘဎࡉ႓ؒՅீૡຍشπࢸ࠰ρऱփ୲ࠐ઎Δࠡᅝլඡ࣍ʳ12ʳ׈ધΖ׼؆Δݺଚᙇش13ʳ׈ધऱ៲׾֮᣸֧ ԫࠏΖڼࠏഄش෼ʳredʳऱנ՗Δ٤֮ءଡ

692 Language and Linguistics 17(5)

פᢀ೯ဲऱྤܛ౨ΰՈפ।૪ᎅᇩृီߡऱྤ܀becomeψ᧢֏ωऱრ৸Δ ڶπࢸ࠰ρխڇ ᆜאᣄאΔࢬءߠࠩᇠठڶΖݺଚᑉழ޲ء੡อԫଡठشࢬسፖ՞Ց٣ءठشࢬה౨αΔ ऱ஁ฆᖄીԱء࣍ठطऄ 14ΖՂ૪شࢮֲ֣ႚρխՈྤᢀ೯ဲऱۏழᎁ੡πٵ ေΖDenwood ࣍ᎁࡳՂ૪ࠏ (16) խऱ red ੡ဲნ೯ဲΖਢਚٻݺଚႜ܀ኙπࢸ࠰ρխ red ෻ᇞՂऱ஁ฆΖ ཚ֮᣸πֵႁΘቯڰײᑵ࣍ 12 ׈ધհছΖլመΔ14 ׈ધऱխګᢀ೯ဲ܂ ؾছࡸᣄ्ࡳ red פࠡխ red ऱ׌૞܀঴Δ܂ऱ֮ᖂ܂஼૿፿໌ش؇֣֬۞ႚρথਢࠏ؆ΔࠡឈྥՈ׌૞ਢආ ԱॺൄՑ፿֏ऱق᧩ऄΔش؄ࠏ೚ဲნ೯ဲऱڶ೯ဲΔۖ׽ܗ᧯౨থਢ೚ݙ٤ᢀ೯ဲࡉழ ΚقՀࢬڕ൑ 15Ζࠡࠏۥ

(17) vdi bla.ma-vi sprul.pa-red/ ᛗ୆ຉ-ف೤ വჁ-ឝਨ Ϧ! ǭȇȗЌ໘Θ჆ўЃϺԵ໱Ș2005:246ȈفϦވ೤ࡹവჁ ! (18) de kun rtsa.rlung-gi byed cha.gcig-dang/ һ೴ ݛ፱-ឝਨ ΂с ೴Ϡ-ٗҿ೨ຉ َ! nyams bzang.po chag.cig-red/ ೴Ϡ-ᛗ୆ຉ ވݺᄁ Ӫ! ΂೴ҴΖȇӌΙǫ౺19ज़Ȉވ΂೴ҴǫΟࡹടӪވٛ೶ࡹݛ፱τَ ! (19) de.nas vdra.yul-du phyin-pa-vi-tshe/ da ෼ࡌ Ѓ୨-ᆭਨ ч:ְԂ-ӓݹϦ-ឝਨ-ྴ…χ਋ ၀ᚉ! mkhan.po ci.vdra-red snyam-pa.byung/ േѩ ӬՍ-ᛗ୆ຉ ༺:ְԂ-ծ୆ຉ! ǭȇӌΙǫ౺41ज़ȈڢΊވ෼ࡌчЃ୨਋ǫ༺૽േѩཥࡹॸϐርኣ ! (20) bud.med gzhon.nu rgyan-dang ldan.pa-r gcig-gis/ dgav-nas ԍ-௎ឲຉ ΂-ՙਨ ଦᑢ-௎ឲຉٷ ೨ӌਨ-ס֠ ୸έ Ӻᇯ! gser.g·yu-gnyis byin.pa rmis/ gnas de mkhav.vgyo Հѽޓ َ Ԃ ӝЈְ:ط໪҆-ᙿኞ ፜ω:ְԂ მ! phug.pa-red snyam-nas zin-par.vdug/ !ࢧ࿣-ᛗ୆ຉ ༺-௎ឲຉ ૭Շ-ծ୆ຉ ވՀѽॼՀޓ༞໪҆ǭϿ༺َॸӝЈࡹٶב୸έǫଦᑢӝๆވ΂ॸӺᇯ౧ုڀმ!! ࢧ࿣ǫ෼ࡌൠ૭ΗΈǭȇӌΙǫ౺73ज़Ȉ

ठנ࣍ʳHagueʳऱʳMoutonʳڣԯਢʳJ.ʳW.ʳdeʳJongʳ1959ʳءࢮֲ֣ႚρࢍۏऱπشࢬආה᣸խ࿇෼Δ֮ەࠡ೶ڇݺଚ 14 ᆜေΖאᇠ஼ՈᣄڶآڂठऱΔݺଚנၞ۩ீૡءऱਢୌଡࢍش՗ΔࠩࢍʳJ. W. de Jongʳආءषࢬ࿇۩ऱ ஼૿៲፿խለ֟ߠऱঅײवຍਢխܫ࿝ृං៺Δ׊ٻॹ௧ஃᒤՕᖂ៲፿ઔߒറ୮ʳLcagstharʳRgyalʳඒ඄طᇠ஼ᆖ 15 ڶᏆ/ڇژ।ڇ஼ءᔊऱ፿ऄ෼ွΖࠡኔլႛʳredΔڶਢॺൄޓشΔࠡխᢀ೯ဲʳredʳऱࠌ܂։ऱထګՕၦՑ፿ژ ڇऱਬࠄ௽ᐛΔݺଚലڶ፿Ց፿ࢬࠠ៲ז෼ڍ壆נᑌ֘ᚨٵՂΔشऱᢀ೯ဲʳyodΕvdugΕsnangΕgdavʳ࿛ဲऱࠌ ׼؆ԫᒧ֮ີխറ॰ಘᓵຍଡംᠲΖ

693 ⴳᆙߤ

๠ႛᜰڼ෼Ա 14 ࠏ red ೚ݙ٤ᢀ೯ဲऱൣउΔݺଚנπֵႁΘቯ؇֣֬۞ႚρխ᜔ૠ ڕ։Ζ৾ګ೯ဲࢤྤޓ։Δګݮ୲ဲࢤڶ։Δۖ޲ګࢤဲټΖࠡᜤᢀऱ٤ຝਢەࠎ೶אᑇࠏ ୲࣐ᢀຑऱኙޓਢဲټऱԫᑌΔق᧩Ղ૪ݺଚ֧ Pustet ࢬ༼ψᢀ೯ဲ֏࿛ร٥ࢤω඙ࡕࢬ ౒׎ߩജऱ፿ڂ۶Δڕᜤᢀݮ୲ဲΔૉ౨ᜤᢀݮ୲ဲࠡࠠ᧯ൣउܡွΔᅝழՑ፿խᢀ೯ဲ౨ ऱΔ૞طՑ፿֘ਠऱൣउࠐ઎Δᢀ೯ဲᜤᢀݮ୲ဲਢլ۞זறΔݺଚբྤൕᇡवΖլመൕ෼ ௽ᐛΖۖۿઌڶߢխ଱ᢀ೯ဲᜤᢀݮ୲ဲֱࠠזऄ๵ঞऱࠫપΖຍፖ 3.1 ࢬ૪෼؁࠹ࠩ௽௘ ංឰΔᅝאױڼطऱ౨ԺΖဲټൕՂ૪࿛్ݧ٨ࠐ઎Δᢀ೯ဲᜤᢀݮ୲ဲऱ౨Ժ૞՛࣍ᜤᢀ Ζط۞ڇ౨ֺ෼ױ࠹ૻΔۖլףޓՑ፿זழ red ᜤᢀݮ୲ဲऱൣउ׽౨ֺ෼ ףΔࢨृਢڤݮ୲ဲਢૹᦤݮޣ፿ֱߢխΔݮ୲ဲፖᢀ೯ဲຑ൷Δࢨृ૞៲זΔ෼ڕֺ ඡՂ༴૪؆ڕխΖڤԫࠄࡐࡳऱ௑ڇΔࢨृڤढ֏ݮټشΔࢨृݮ୲ဲආڤݠ᧢੡णኪݮဲ ᎅΚאױ૿ऱ֚ਢ႕ऱΔൈ֣፿ऱ֣Ⴠᗼৄᇩ

(21) a. n³ıƳƳ noa¹³noaƳ³-ðe³¹. !!ϱ ໬ (ॐ៻)-ᛗ୆ຉ ! ! ϱࡹ໬໬ވǭ b. n³ıƳƳ noa¹³-pÃƳ³-ðe³¹. ϱ ໬-ӓݹϦ-ᛗ୆ຉ!! ! ! ϱࡹ໬ވǭ c. n³ıƳƳ noa¹³-thaƾ³¹thaƾ³¹-ðe³¹. ϱ ໬-ݺᄁຉַ-ᛗ୆ຉ!! ! ! ϱࡹ໬ЦЦވǭ d. *n³ıƳƳ noa¹³-ðe³¹. !!ϱ ໬-ᛗ୆ຉ

Δڤढ֏ݮټݮ୲ဲشΔ(21b) ආڤૹᦤشՂࢬ૪Δݮ୲ဲࡉᢀ೯ဲઌຑΔ(21a) ආڕ Δۖ (21d) ݮ୲ဲፖᢀ೯ဲऴ൷ઌ൷ਢլւ๺ڤणኪဲݠऱݮףݮ୲ဲဲ௅৵ॵش21c) ආ) t´e-Adj ڶऱ፿ऄ࿨ዌ؆ΔᝫࠠٵՂ૪ઌڶ፿ॳਫᇩೈԱࠠڍڜڠקऱΖ׼؆Δॹ௧௧ ΚقՀࢬڕᢀ೯ဲ redΖףݮ୲ဲ৵ऴ൷ޣ૞ڤ؁t´e-Adjψ။ࠐΞΞ။ωຍଡࡐࡳ

(22) hnam t´e-nak t´e-nak-re. !ϱ ༾к-໬ ༾к-໬-ᛗ୆ຉ ϱຢ٧ຢ໬Έǭ !

፿խऱڍڜऄࢨဲऄՂऱૻࠫΔ؁Աࢬ࠹ق᧩Ղ૪֣ჀՑ፿խᢀ೯ဲፖݮ୲ဲઌյຑ൷ ᢀ೯ဲຑ൷ΔՈؘႊ࠹ࠩՂ૪යٙشΰࡌֻ౻ 2003:124–135αΔૉ૞ڼڕᑌٵݮ୲ဲ೚ᘯ፿ Ζٵ஼૿៲፿լײΔۖፖխۿՑ፿խ଱ᢀ೯ဲຑ൷ݮ୲ဲᇖ፿ൣउᣊזऱࠫપΖຍፖՂ૪෼

694 Language and Linguistics 17(5)

ဲټˮʾ᧢֏˰ ፿ᆠ೴ܑ௽ᐛऱ।ሒ೯ኪ᥆ࢤऱ೯ဲΔred ࢬᣂᜤऱᇖ፿Δᅝࠡ੡ ڶ੡ܶ܂ ࠃढൕԫଡ़ၴݮኪࠩ׼؆ԫଡ़ၴݮኪऱ᠏᧢Δᅝࠡᣂᜤऱਢݮ୲ဲᇖ፿قࢤဲ፿ழΔ। ᖕऱਢԫጟढ۾ࠃढൕԫጟ᥆ࢤࢨणኪࠩ׼؆ԫጟ᥆ࢤࢨणኪऱ᧢֏Ζࠠ᧯ࠃढقழΔঞ। ᎁवՂ᥆़࣍ၴ഑Δۖࠃढ᥆ࢤࡉणኪ᥆࣍ॺ़ၴ഑խऱࢤण഑Δࢤण഑ઌኙ࣍ڇ෻़ၴΔ ᖕ׼؆ԫଡ۾ࢼွऱᎁव഑Ζᅝݺଚ༴૪ԫଡࠃढൕ଺ࠐऱԫଡ़ၴ഑ۖ᠏ฝףޓၴ഑ਢ़ Ա Yωګ᧢ ψXܛԱਬጟ࿛ᏝऱᜤᢀΖڶᣂএՂ༉ፖ᠏᧢৵ऱࠃढࠠڇၴ഑ழΔঞᇠࠃढ़ Κψ۪قࠏ (3) ࢬڕᄗ࢚࿨ዌՂਢጹയઌຑऱΖڇࡉψX ਢ YωΰX ࡉ Y ຟਢኔ᧯αհၴ ԱψತᣪωΔঞψ۪ଇωࡉګ᧢ᖕࠟଡ़ၴᎁव഑Δᅝψ۪ଇω۾ࠐ։ܑءଇωࡉψತᣪω ೚ԫଡ।ሒࠟृᣂএ᥆ࢤऱࡎᠲΚψ۪אױݺଚڼطऱ፿ᆠᜤᢀΖڇԱփڶࠠܛψತᣪωၴ ।ሒ೯ኪ᧢֏፿ᆠऱဲნ೯ဲΔۖ᧢੡ط ਢತᣪωΖຍጟᎁवՂऱ፿ᆠᣂᜤᄎআࠌ redܛଇ ൎطܛ।ሒᙩኪᣂএࡉ᥆ࢤऱݙ٤ᢀ೯ဲΖۖᅝຍጟ़ၴ഑ਠ୴ࠩ᥆ॺ़ၴ഑ऱࢤण഑ழΔ ܛ౨Ոפ৵ऱᙩኪ᥆ࢤழΔred ऱګᓳࠃढࢤणऱ೯ኪ᧢֏Δۖ᧢੡ൎᓳࠃढࢤण᧢֏ࡉݙ طՈۯچऄ؁։Ζࠡګ।ሒࠃढ᥆ࢤऱ᧢֏ᆠ೯ဲۖ᧢੡ᜤᢀࠃढፖ᥆ࢤհၴᣂএऱຑ൷ط ᧢ΚψԳωقࠏ (5) ࢬڕ։ΖګԱᘯ፿ு֨ګ᧢։ګ૞ڻ։Δۖ଺ࠐऱګ૞ڻᘯ፿ு֨᧢੡ ೯ኪ༴ڶܛ՗ൣण؁ωΖڍՀࡎᠲΚψԳڕ೚אױܛհ৵ΔݺଚګωԱΔᅝຍጟࢤणሒڍψ ழ଺ࠐຑ൷ᇖ፿ڼՈ࠷൓Ա।ሒᜤᢀࠃढ᥆ࢤࡉणኪऱࢤᔆΖܛ૪ۖ᧢੡ᙩኪ༴૪Δred ᙟ ؈ 16Ζه塒Δൕۖດዬڍࠄڶ፿ᆠՂ༉᧩൓ڇ ։ duګࡉխ֨፿ऱ௑ᑑಖ ڇ፿ิ፿ߢࢨֱߢխΔ।ψ᧢֏ωᆠ೯ဲࢬ៲ז஼૿៲፿ࠩ෼ײൕ 3.1 ՛ᆏݺଚ઎ࠩխ du ௣؈ԱΖ೚ݙ٤ᢀ೯ဲऱ red Ոլ٦Ꮑ૞ du ࠐ ဲܗਢຑ൷ᇖ፿ऱ௑ܛऄ࿨ዌԫՕ᧢֏؁ ՗Δۖ೚ᢀ೯ဲழ؁։Δൕ࿨ዌ፿ᆠՂࠐ઎Δdu ᑑಖऱؘࡳਢଡ।ሒ೯ኪൣणऱګຑ൷ᇖ፿ ऄՂՈլ٦Ꮑ૞Ζ؁א՗ൣणਢؿએऱΔࢬ؁du ፖ ۖڂ՗੡ᙩኪൣणΔ؁ঞ ەred ೚ᢀ೯ဲऱൣउΔ ڇژ஼࣍ 14 ׈ધऱπֵႁΘቯ؇֣֬۞ႚρॺൄࣔᒔګᦹ࣍ ۷ښழၴΔਢਚঅڣۍ౨ਢԫ᢬ۖ༉ऱΔ࢓࢓Ꮑ૞༓ױ։ऱݙ٤፿ऄ֏լګᐞࠩԫଡဠဲ բݙ٤፿ऄ֏੡ᢀܛ׈ધհၴ 14–10 ڇᙈլᄎඡ࣍ 14 ׈ધΔࠡ۟זڣᑵګૠΔred ೚ᢀ೯ဲ ᧢᧩෼Աࣔנ౨פΔred ऱזᘓ։ါழٷڇܛጊംऱΖՈڶ೯ဲΔຍᚨᇠਢ޲ܗ᧯೯ဲࡉழ ౨ऱኔᎾ᧢֏Δᚨᇠਢ࠹֮ᖂ֏፿פred ऱ נᚨ֘ڶ޲א֏Δۖ࢖ழ៲፿Օຝ։஼૿፿հࢬ ऱൣउΖشࠌאױred ࡉ yin ຟ נ෼ܧΔऱᒔ؁ழཚऱ֮᣸ࠏڼߢᐙ᥼ऱ࿨࣠ΖኔᎾՂΔ ऱۿᣊ؁ԫڶ஼࣍પ 12 ׈ધհছऱ֮᣸π୞ּඒऄᄭੌρګ෼ऱრ৸Δܧࠏ (17) ࢬڕ ᎅऄΚ

(23) slob.dpon-de yang jo.bo thugs.rje.chen.po-vi sprul.pa-yin-de/ ᛗ୆ຉ-ࡧҙЭຉ-فឝਨ Ϧ-ޚᡷग़൞ ޚᛴ-ࡧҙ Ε ൞ތ๊ ! ǭȇȗ঵Г௩ݛ྄ࢣȘ1988:303ȈفϦވޚᛴࡕΕࢸᡷग़൞ތ๊ۭ !

ଫᘣव᧯ګࢮ៳ᇩխऱݙڕᐖऑᐙ᥼ࡉԫીࢤΔڶࠠس፿ழ᧯ᑑಖऱข៲זऱຍԫ፿ऄᛩቼኙ෼ڇ௑ᑑಖ du ࢬ 16 ᢞᑑಖ bzhag ࿛Δݺଚᎁ੡ຟࠐ۞࣍ຍԫ፿ऄᛩቼΔ່ึऱ࿨࣠ਢ࿨قᢞᑑಖ songΔ࿨࣠᧯ᑑಖ vdugΔᚵྒྷق ؈Ζه፿ᆠऱ᧢֏Δ۴ᙟࠡխऱਢ௑ᑑಖ du ऱ֗ٽዌऱઊᜍᘜ

695 ⴳᆙߤ

፿ิᢀ೯ဲ௅੡ red ࡉ yin ᠨ։ߓอऱ፿ߢ៲ז෼ڇऱԫጟড়ᨠߪٝΖृהᑌਢඖ૪ٵ؁ᇠ ڇᢞᏆ഑Δredقݺωऱ۞ٻᢞᏆ഑ۖ yin ᥆࣍ψقωऱृהٻࢨֱߢխΔred ຏൄ᥆࣍ψ ڇխ֨ऱড়ᨠီߡۖඖኔࡉឰߢऱ፿ᆠΔyin ঞقωհխࠠ᧯।ሒഗ࣍᎛ᠦਐृהٻψ ౨஁פխ֨ऱ׌ᨠឰߢᆠΖૉਊ yin ࡉ red ऱقรԫԳጠψݺω੡ਐאݺωհխ।ሒ۞ٻψ π୞ּඒऄᄭءԱ yinΔۖ׊ᖞشࠉྥࠌ؁ᇠ܀ᔞΔٽඖኔᆠऱ red ֺለشฆΔՂ૪ൣݮᅝ றऱޗڍޓৱڶ౨Δᝫפᢞق᧯ρྤԫࠏ red ೚ᢀ೯ဲऱࠏ՗ΖਢਚᅝழՑ፿խ red ऱࠠੌ ࿇ൺΖ

3.3 red ᱿⦝ᘍջᔕỄʠɿŘᆹ㋤ՀՒ⥱

೯ဲΖπֵႁʳܗ᧯ᅝழךΔۯழ᧯ᑒךխჄ؁ڇ࿇୶Δᆖૹᄅ։࣫ۖޡݙ٤ᢀ೯ဲၞԫ ೯ဲΔ।ܗ᧯ګᅝݙךढ֏ᑑಖ pa ࢨ ba ԫದټᑇൣउՀ red ਢࡉڍΘቯ؇֣֬۞ႚρ࿪Օ ᅝല۩᧯ᑑಖΖredךढ֏ᑑಖ rgyuԫದټࢨኔ෼Ζ׽ߠԫࠏࡉګሒࠃٙࢨणኪऱ᧢֏Εሒ τ। 1υࢬ٨֮᣸ΔՈႛߠ࣍ڕ፿խΔ៲ײխڇࠌܛߠΔآᘓ֮᣸ٷڇ೯ဲΔܗ᧯ழ܂᠏ ګᅝழऱՑ፿ڍߠᇠ஼ऱᒔঅఎԱ壆ױڼطࠏΖشߠآ஼הπֵႁΘቯ؇֣֬۞ႚρΔࠡ ՀΚڕ઎ࠩ೏৫֮ᖂ֏ऱ஼૿፿ኙ࣍Ց፿֘ᚨऱዩ৵ࢤΖᇠ஼ࠏᢞאױ։ΔՈ

(24) gzim.khang-du shing.le bding-ba-vi-bar so.gsod-byed.pa-la/ Նਨ Ќܿ ᎅ-ӓݹϦ-ឝਨ-τ໋ ๛፵-ծ୆ຉ-௎ឲຉ-໋܁! gzim.khang mi-s phul-ba-ma-red gzhig.dag-gis ծ୆ຉ Ωӝઊ-ՙਨ-ۊ೨௎ծຉ-ո-ڱ٥ Ί-ՙਨ ໋܁! bzos-la vphul-bar.vdug snyam-mo/ ծ୆ຉ Ͽ༺-಍ծຉ-ڱ٥ ᇐՙ:ְԂ-௎ឲຉ! ǫԭࡹΩӝઊ଱ӪχࡌވڱσࡹΊ٥໋܁ᅴǫϿ༺೤۠ڐٝူ໋܁ވӞЌܿᎅൠ!! (ǭ(ȗЌ໘ǯ჆ўЃϺԵ໱Ș2005:118ވڱ٥ (25) khong-gis de.ring-nas yid ma-bde smyon-pa.red-la…… Ѫӳ ᅤ-ծ୆ຉ-௎ឲຉ-ۊЫ-ՙਨ ϕϱ-஬ਨ Ͽ ո! (Ы஬ϕϱ૽ϚϿ෻ݛѪᓀǫι࿭พᅤǫ…… (ӌΙǫ౺176ज़ ! (26) bdag chu-sogs vphrang-rnams-la Д-ҿᖇծຉ ੖ၘ-ጻኞ-Նਨ ב! skyes-ba.red.pa-s rta zhon dgos/ Ҋ:ְԂ-ծ୆ຉ-௎ឲຉ ତ ᚒ መव! Ч [зΌ] वᚒତǭȇӌΙǫ౺262ज़Ȉ܃Дၘχಷǫވ੖ႌஏჳܤҊב !

696 Language and Linguistics 17(5)

(27) mdang-ni rang.re-vi gzim.khang-du bud.med rgyan-can-gyis ॱ-ឝਨ Շಷ-Նਨ ୸έ:೦ਨ ုႣ-ӓݹϦ-ՙਨב ࡻ௸-၀ᚉ! gang.ba-r rmis.pa-la vdi-r bsgrub.mchod ٥᎝ бᄿ-Ўਨ ଱მ:ְԂ-௎ឲຉ ೤-Նਨ! vjugs-pa.red gsung/ ࡳ-ծ୆ຉ ᇜ:ߑְԂ! ॱ೤ူՀ٥᎝χٚǭȇӌΙǫ౺64ज़Ȉב୸έӞވࡇӤஜ๨य़Ⴃطᇜࡻ௸მ ! (28) khyed-la bsngags.pa chen.po mdzad-vdug.pa !՚-ᆭਨ ᢃៀ άވ ଱-ծ୆ຉ de/ khyed-yin-pa.red gsungs-nas/ ࡧҙຉ ՚-ᛗ୆ຉ-ծ୆ຉ ᇜ:ְԂ-௎ឲຉ ! ! ᇜๆ՚Եθ౧ៀވࡹ՚Եθǭ(ӌΙǫ౺101–102ज़) (29) sgom.chen gzhon.nu.dpal-gyis rang.re-la bla.ma ॱ-ᆭਨ Ι৚ב Ꮀ՛-ՙਨه ᕔ৚! ye.shes-kyi byin.rlabs zhugs zin-red/ ࡤՇ-ծ୆ຉ Ղ-ឝਨ кࡤ ग٣༷! кࡤǭȇӌΙǫ౺25ज़ȈވΙι࿭ԍ༷ՂവჁفॱ׹ΊבᎰ՛ᇜǱهᕔ৚ ! (30) dus.gsum rgyal.ba kun.dngos bla.ma rin.po.che gsol.ba ΖП Н ੶ძ෻๷ Ι৚ ᝁؽ ࣰፅ! vdebs-ces gsol.ba vdebs.pa-cig kyang rmis.pa-s/ Ο/Ε ଱მ:ְԂ-௎ឲຉ ۊՙ-Ͼु ࣰፅ ՙ-෻! gtsor bla.ma sgrub.pa-byed-rgyu.red-dam snyam-pa.byung/ !Уव Ι৚ Ԃл-ծ୆ຉ-உՀᡆ:ծ୆ຉ-ᅡ୙ծຉ ༺-ծ୆ຉ Ι৚άᝁࣰፅǫ௴ղࣰፅΈǫϿ༺УवࡹवӒΙ৚വވᇜӒᆭΖПՌ෻৘ըطმ!! պǭȇӌΙǫ౺203ज़ȈۊჁՙᕔ

ΖࠡխΔࠏ (24) ࠩࠏʳ (28) ᆜޔࢨ࿨ګ೯ဲΔ।ࠃٙࢨणኪऱሒܗ᧯ګݙ܂ ࠏ (24) ۟ (29) red ।ሒழ᧯რᆠΖࠏ (29) ঞऴ൷ٵದࠐᆖૹᄅ։࣫ۖ٥ٽढ֏ᑑಖ pa ࢨ ba հ৵ΔԲृᜤټ࣍ ढ֏ᑑಖ rgyu ԫದ๯ૹᄅټԫࠏΖࠏ (30) red ࡉڼ૞೯ဲ zin հ৵Δຍጟൣݮႛߠڻᆜ࣍ ෼ࠩ᧯چऄΔݙᖞش೯ဲܗऱຍᣊנ೯ဲΖπֵႁΘቯ؇֣֬۞ႚρխ֘ਠܗ᧯۩ലګ։࣫ ڴጆڕ፿ΰڍڜڕΔٵࢬլڶᄎچٺढ֏ᑑಖټऱٽ፿ิ፿ߢࢨֱߢխΔ׽ਢፖհ࿨៲ז෼ ײխ܀෼Ζ᧯ڶ࣑ຟᇩΔ८ᣛ 1958:229–280αຟڕᇩΔࡌֻ౻ 2003:135–165αࡉൈ֣፿ΰ ៲ײᦹ࣍խ܀ਠΔ֘ڶ፿ิ፿ߢֱ֗ߢխᐖ៲ז෼ڇ౨ឈྥפ೯ဲऱܗ᧯ழ܂ ஼૿៲፿ red վڕբᆖܡᅝழՑ፿խ red ፖ yin ਢנᢞە᧯ࡸྤऄࠠאጟ፿ߢࠃኔΔࢬٺ፿֮᣸լ౨ໂሉ ֮ەᣂᇠ೴ܑࡉᜤᢀᇡߠုᆬ 1 ࢬ٨೶ڶΰم౨ኙפᑌऱڍᣤ௑ۖԾګࢮ៳࿛ᇩԫᑌݮֲ

697 ⴳᆙߤ

፿ࢬࠌڍڜ፿ࢮ៳ᇩࡉچᓡזΔ٦ֺለ෼؁ૻऱຍࠄֺለՑ፿֏ऱࠏڶ᣸αΖլመႛൕՂ૪ ࣍ඖ૪ش red ڕऄᛩቼΖ؁ऱ፿ᆠشᚨאױ ழ৾৾ਢ redڼΔנ઎אױred ऱൣउΔݺଚՈ ش ড়ᨠऱڇࠏ (28)αΔࢨृీڕࠏ (25) ࡉ (30)αΔࢨृਬጟሐ෻ൄᢝΰڕऱࠃٙࢨ۩੡ΰृה ழ yin ࡉ red ຍኙᢀ೯ဲΔᚨᇠڼΔאࠏ (26)αΖࢬڕᣂऱࠃൣࢨ۩੡ΰڶߡ৫ඖ૪ፖ۞ա Ց፿ຍᑌཏሙࡉזቝ෼ܡ౨ਢפ౨ΔۖຍጟפωᒤᡱऱृהٻݺΩ۞ٻਢࠠໂԱਬࠄ।ሒψ ๵৳ࢤΔᦹ࣍஼૿ຍᣊ֮᣸֜֟Δݺଚᝫլཊݙ٤्ࡳ 17Ζڶ Հዝ֏ሁஉΚڕګᄗਔאױጵՂࢬ૪Δred ऱ፿ऄ֏ሁஉ

ኔᆠ೯ဲЇᢀ೯ဲЇழ᧯ܗ೯ဲ

Աࣔ᧩ऱဠ֏سվऱਬࠄ៲፿ิ፿ߢΔ࿇ڕऱ஼૿፿ࠩז፿ழ៲ײᘓٷݺଚ઎ࠩ red ൕ ٥ழᐋڇਬࠄ៲፿ิࣟত፿Ⴧऱൈ֣፿Ց፿ᇙΔڇრ৸ऱਢΔຍጟᖵழऱዝ֏Δڶޓ෼ွΖ ෼Ա፿ऄ֏ऱዩ৵ࢤࡉᦤᆜࢤ௽ᐛΖۖࠡ᧯چ෼ွΔຍࠢীף౨ऱᦤפٵထԿጟլڇژ૿ᝫ ፿Ⴧխٵլڇ Ա redق᧩౨Δפᅝဲნ೯ဲऱך red ڶΔ༉ਢ޲܉red ऱ։ ڶ፿ჇΔլਢ޲ה ࿇୶ऱլؓᘝࢤ௽ᐛΖ red ⠧ḻ⨢Ɲ෼๗᱿ՒߌُᑨӼ .4

ܗ᧯ωᆠࠩᢀ೯ဲࡉழ܂᧢ნ೯ဲψ᧢֏Εဲط Ղ૪ݺଚൕ֮᣸ࡉֱߢߡ৫௉෻Ա red խຝΕࣟতڕ፿Ⴧ፿ߢխΔ៲ז෼ڇ ፃᓵࢬߢΔredڕऄዝ᧢መ࿓Ζ׼؆Δ৾؁೯ဲऱݮኪ ౨Ծਢפᢞࡉൣኪقᢞࡉᎁᢝൣኪऱ፿ైΖ߷ᏖΔࠡ।ሒقຝ፿ჇխΔᝫਢଡ।ሒקຝࡉࣟ ऱࡋΛګ۶ݮڕ ՛ᆏࢬ 2.2 ڕऱᨠរ֧ԳᨫؾΖ৾س٣ (ኙ࣍Ղ૪ࠟଡംᠲऱઔߒΔࣳփฯԳ (1990:6–16 ࠀה౨ཙངᎅωࡉψ൷ᤛឩཋᎅωຍࠟଡᓵរΖՀ૿ݺଚല઎ࠩΔפԱ red ऱψנ༼ה૪Δ ऄΩ፿ᆠऱ։࣫Δۖૹ؁۩೯ဲऱዝ֏መ࿓ၞܗ᧯۶ൕဲნ೯ဲࠩᢀ೯ဲࡉழڕኙ red ਢآ ౨ཙངᎅω׌૞ಾኙפऱᐙ᥼Ζࠡψ܉ࡉ፿ߢ൷ᤛኙࠡ։܉෻։چ࣍ಘᓵԱ red ऱֱߢڇរ ፿խଫࠠ।ሒᢀᜤ៲זײ଺ࡨ៲፿֗ڇ o- ဲܗᨠរ੡Κึء፿Δഗ៲ײऱਢ 10 ׈ધհছऱ ൳ࢨլᒔࡳऱᎁױΔ।ሒᎅᇩृլمኙګ౨Δፖ yin ݮפo ऱ- ז؈Δred ཙه ౨Δ৵ -oפऱ Հዝ֏ݧ٨Κڕ٨Աה౨Ζפᢝൣኪ

ݺωᒤ۞ٻ೯ဲࡉψܗ᧯ᢀ೯ဲ᧢੡ழ֗אΔဲܗ᧯ढ֏ᑑಖ᧢੡ழټط ፿ழཚ஼૿፿խ pa ࢨ ba៲ײᣂխڶ 17 Saxena (1997)Ζ ە೶ױᇡาൣउΔ׼ڍޓᡱᑑಖऱ

698 Language and Linguistics 17(5)

Stage I: Proto Tibetan (Pre Old Tibetan) -o: copulative (-oІ*-bo ?) Stage II: Old Tibetan ⎧ -o: copulative ⎩ yin-o: speaker’s will; negation Stage III: Post Old Tibetan o: copulative+outside of the speaker’s willΰ؆ऱα- ⎧ ⎩ -yin: copulative+within the speaker’s willΰփऱα

ق।شਢԫ৳ආ؁ဲټছၸ੄Δא፿៲ײڇࣳփฯԳ (1990:12) ኙՂ૪Կଡၸ੄ऱᎅࣔਢΚ ೯ဲ yinΖၞܗࡳ।෼֫੄ΔᖄԵԱܡ੡܂ऱ (Stage I)Ζྥ৵Δګo ዌ- ဲܗឰऱึܒࡳࢤ् Աᖑګݮܛრݳࡉ׌്ऱ֫੄ (Stage II)Ζࠡ࿨࣠Δृ܂੡ൎᓳګ ೯ဲ yinܗխΔ؁ࡳ्ڇۖ რ࠺ऱᘯ፿࿨ዌΖمyin ࡉ -o ࠟጟኙ ڶ זࡌ໮ឩཋΔ෼ٻ፿ֱߢၲࡨ៲ڍڜᨠរ੡Κred ۞ 18 ׈ધࡨ۞ءψ൷ᤛឩཋᎅωऱഗ Ζ۫ڤߢ੡ࠡឩཋᄭᙰݮֱڍڜխຝᓡ៲፿Ⴧࡉࣟত፿Ⴧխऱ red ԯ࠹൷ᤛࡉឩཋࢬીΔۖ ΚقऱቹהႚᐾࠩΖݺଚ઎آઌ၏᎟᎛Δ۟վᝫڂຝֱߢ

౨ၞ۩Ա٨।ᎅࣔΚפ֗܉෻։چኙร؄ၸ੄ᢀ೯ဲ yin ࡉ red ऱֱߢה

Stage IV Type A: Amdo redΔyinΚ copulative Stage IV Type B: Lhasa, Central Tibetan, Kham red: copulative+outside of the speaker’s willΰ؆ऱα ⎧ ⎩ yin: copulative+within the speaker’s willΰփऱα Stage IV Type C: Ding-ri, Sgar, Ru-thog, Spu-hreng, Rtsa-mdav yin) taô : copulative+uncertaintyΰ؆ऱα) ⎧ ⎩ yin: copulative+certaintyΰփऱα Stage IV Type D: Sbal-ti, La-dwag yin: copulative

699 ⴳᆙߤ

ൕشᏝΔred ऱࠌזo ௣؈ऱ- ဲܗ੡ึ܂ร؄ၸ੄ΔڇᇞᤩሐΚڼࣳփฯԳ (1990:13–14) ኙ ᝫ޲ࠩሒ۫ຝ៲፿壆ֱߢʳ܀ൈࡉᓡ៲ֱߢ (Type B) ႚᐾΔٻType A) ၲࡨΔ) ڍڜऱקࣟ Ꮖ഑شΔᄅᖄԵऱ red ऱࠌृזo ऱཙ- ဲܗ੡ึ܂Δق᧩ߢऱࠏᢞՈֱڍڜType C, D)Ζۖ) ೴ऱ֣ዿᆳچດዬ௣؈Ζ۫ຝم๯ឩ୶Δፖ yin ऱ೴ܑ᧢൓լࣔᒔΔࠡ࿨࣠ਢψփ˂؆ωऱኙ ᨠរၞ۩૪ေΔڼՀݺଚኙאyin (Type D)Ζ شψփ˂؆ωऱ೴ܑΔԫ৳ආڶ፿Ո޲܌ࡉࢮሒ ᎅޡ೯ဲऱዝ֏Δࠐၞԫܗ۶ൕဲნ೯ဲࠩᢀ೯ဲࡉڕࠀ௅ᖕݺଚՂ૪ີᆏࢬᓵ૪ऱ red ਢ ᢞऱࠐᄭࡉຜஉΖقωृהٻݺωࡉψ۞ٻ፿խᢀ೯ဲ।ሒψ៲זࣔ෼

4.1 〦ᅠȵԼ⋱ሰဘȶ⦦

ڗ֮ྤڂΔזࣳփฯԳऱᨠរΖ଺ࡨ៲፿ழٵᢥء౨ཙངΔݺଚഗפᣂ࣍ছԿଡၸ੄ऱ lagsαঞਢ्ࡳ ڤᢀ೯ဲ yinΰᄃ፿ݮڶΔࠠז፿ழ៲ײ܀۶Δᑉլ൓ۖवΖڕಖሉΔࠃኔ ๯ٽढ֏ᑑಖ pa ࢨ ba ࿨ټፖאױழᝫٵ ma-yin ࡉ ma-lagsαΖyin ࡉ lags ڤࡳݮܡڶऱΰ׼ ټڇ܀Δဲܗึ܂౨ԯפءψอጠΩᄃጠωऱ೴ܑΖۖ -o ऱഗڶ೯ဲΔٍܗ᧯ૹᄅ։࣫੡ழ ΚقՀࢬڕ౨Ζפᎁ੡ࠡଫࠠԱᢀ೯ဲऱאױΕݮ୲ဲ৵ழဲ

(31) khrI.brtsan.nam-gyI sras/ khri.sgra.sbung.brtsan/ ή ቏Ѓٍ᛼ٴ ቏᛼߻Ќ-ឝਨ ! khrI.sgras.bung.brtsan-gyi sras/ khrI.thog.brtsan/ ή ቏ಜ᛼ٴ ቏Ѓٍ᛼-ឝਨ ! ቏᛼߻Ќχή቏Ѓٍ᛼ǫ቏Ѓٍ᛼χή቏ಜ᛼ǭȇНെǬം፣!2008:62ǫP.T.1286!! ǫ౺56ՀȈڋဝ (32) nu na.re/ myi-r skyes.pa-la/ gang bde-na ೦ਨ ᇜ Ί-Ўਨ Ҋ:ְԂ-ᆭਨ Ս Ѫӳ-ମ೒೨ຉ:׃! bde.ba-vi mchog-yin/ pu na.re/ sems bde-na !Ѫӳ-ឝਨ ਯദ-ᛗ୆ຉ в:೦ਨ ᇜ Ͽ Ѫӳ-ମ೒೨ຉ bde-ba-vI mchog-yin// sems myi-bde-na// Ѫӳ-ମ೒೨ຉ-ۊѪӳ-ӓݹϦ-ឝਨ ਯദ-ᛗ୆ຉ Ͽ ո! gzhan chi bde yang bde-ba-ma-yino// ծ୆ຉ:಍ծຉ-ۊЫ ӬՍ Ѫӳ Ο Ѫӳ-ӓݹϦ-ոٸ! ǱϿӳടࢸॐवǫϿठσع୙ǱԅҊࢸΊǫЧՍᅶѪӳࢸടਯദχѪӳǲв׃!! ЫӬՍӳӪϔឝσӳǭȇНെǬം፣ 2008:395ǫP.T.1283ǫ౺35–37ՀȈٸӳǫ (33) gtsIgs-kyi mdo/ rdo-la mngon.pa-r brIs-te ࡃ೮-ឝਨ वᗱ Ҙᓇ-Նਨ ᡀ౓-Ўਨ ቡ:ְԂ-௎ឲຉ! mthva phyag.rgya-s btab-nas bzhag-pa.yInǵǵ ࿳-ծ୆ຉ:ְᏵᡆܢ ᜇ ӈഌ-ՙਨ ᆹ-௎ឲຉڣ!

700 Language and Linguistics 17(5)

ட࿕(ҏ)ȘǫН܅࠵ЧάӈԭᙖᆹχǫǵǵȇȗᒂڣҒୃፆҘΙǫћܫ࿀ਓᇚЅǫ!! െ!1982:110ǫ౺27–28ՀȈ (34) nyi.khyi-ni rkong dkar.po-lags-so/ ឡࡰ-၀ᚉ ૼѩ Ꮡݙ-ཚᇖծຉ-಍ծຉ! ǫ౺50–51ՀȈڋΟǭȇНെǬം፣ 2008:25ǫP.T.1287ဝޚղૼѩНᏑݙޚឡࡰ ! (35) phyag.rgyas btab-ste skur-ba vdi-lagsǵǵ ӈഌ ᆹ-௎ឲຉ ຸஃ-ӓݹϦ ೤-ཚᇖծຉ! ǫ౺429ՀȈڋᝏᘭݹǫղԓݹΟǭȇӌΙǫ౺38ज़ǫP.T.1287ဝ܃ᆹӈ࠵ң ! (36) de-rnams-shig-la rkus-na khyim phugs ma-lags-soǵǵ ᛗ୆ຉ-಍ծຉ-ۊᆭਨ ହย:ְԂ-ମ೒೨ຉ Շ࠲ ࠹኱ ո-ۊጻኞ-෻-َ! ӬԓՀᠮǫ֘σᆀີΌՇ৅ǭȇӌΙǫ౺362ज़ǫP.T.1075ǫ౺27–28ՀȈ ! (37) mo.na dug vthungs-nas// btsan.nu bkum-ba.lags/ ӫ:೦ਨ ࢜ യ-௎ឲຉ ᛼Ѡ:೦ਨ గ-ծ୆ຉ:ְᏵᡆ! ǫ౺70ՀȈڋǭȇӌΙǫ౺25ज़ǫP.T.1287ဝৄ܃Ȉ໦ሺ࢜ǫၨࢸ᛼Ѡڹȇ !

ᢥཏ׈ߓρऱᢥཏ׈ߓ֗۝୮܄ᘓᖵ׾֮஼ρհπ՛߶߶ٷءࠐ۞ P.T.1286 ᇆ࠴πཉᅇ (31) ؁ψ׌፿ʾ।፿ωऱشԫଡᢀ೯ဲΔऴ൷ආشڶᢥཏ׈ߓऱտฯຏᒧ޲֗۝տฯΔᇠ࠴ኙ୮ ؁ψಃହΔ᎓Գωࢨψ֞՗ΔᕙԳՈωԫᣊ؁ឰܒዧ፿խྤᢀ೯ဲײڕإऄ࿨ዌΔ ࣍شΔรԿଡ؁्࣍ࡳຫ૪شΔรԲଡ؁࣍ጊംشࠏΔรԫଡش෼ԱԿଡ yin ऱנ (Ζ(32ڤ խΔኔᎾದ؁्࣍ࡳຫ૪شऱᎅᇩृ׌ᨠ፿௛ΖۖรԲࠏڍ෼Աለ᧯؁ࡳܡΖጊംࡉ؁ࡳܡ ೯ဲࢤܗ।ሒழ᧯ऱګढ֏ᑑಖ pa ๯ૹᄅ։࣫ټխऱ yin ፖ؁ (Ζ(33ش܂՗ྡྷរऱ؁ࠩൎᓳ ழڼ so ܀ΖဲܗΔࠡ৵ so ੡ึဲܗ।ሒ༇ᄃრᆠऱဲټᔆՂਢࠉॵ࣍ছ૿ء ᔆΖ(34) lags Δဲܗழ lags ਢᄃ፿ڼઊฃᢀ೯ဲ yinΔأ؁ᎁ੡אױ (࣍ᢀ೯ဲΖ(35ۿΔࠡኔՈᣊۯچऱ ழࠡբྥਢֺለࠢীऱᢀڼࡳΔܡ ma ش౨Ζ(36) lags ছפᎁ੡ lags ଫࠠԱᢀ೯ဲאױᑌٵ (ழ،ፖ (33ڼ೯ဲΔۖܗ᧯ढ֏ᑑಖ ba ԫದ๯ૹᄅ։࣫੡ழټ࣍ࡉٻႜޓ ೯ဲΖ(37) lags Ζۿ౨ᣊפ ऱ yin ګጠΔࡉ yin ݮה࣍ᄃጠࡉش౨Δפ೯ဲԿጟܗ᧯Εᢀ೯ဲࡉழဲܗՂ૪ lags ࠠໂᄃ፿ ࣍۞ጠऱشڶጠΔՈה࣍شᘓ៲፿֮᣸խ lags ࠀլૻ࣍ԫࡳٷΖլመم౨ኙפՂऱشԫጟ፿ තዧ៲᤟ۖ䝢ऱ MdzangsblunΰዧطαګVgos ChosvgrubΰጥΘऄ זڣᘓٷઌႚ੡ڕൣउΔ ΚقՀࢬڕ᤟πᔃჟᆖραΖ

(38) rgyal.bu-s bdag long.ba sprang.po-lags.pa-sǵǵ Ί-ᛗ୆ຉ-஬ឝ೨ຉފ ೦ਨ Πς:ב Нή-ՙਨ! Πςǫ……Ƞȇȗፚ༶࿭ȘǫቱਨݷᙉЅȗάᙉ࿭ȘNO.341ဝފࡹבНήᇜǱȟ!! A᪡243ज़bॖ౺2–3ՀǭȈ

701 ⴳᆙߤ

ଚԫದ܃լ౨ࡉא堩Δਚ׆՗ᎅΚψݺਢळՉիΔࢬپװᇩ଺ਢՖฑ᥆ᝮᓮ׆՗ԫದ؁ຍ lags ࠐၴ൷।ሒኙ׆՗ऱ༇ᄃ شኔᎾՂඖ૪ृຏመࠌ܀ಖඖΔܭ׆՗Ցאឈྥਢ؁Ζωᇠװ ࠹ࠩಖඖृ׌ᨠኪ৫ऱᐙ᥼Ζྥ᧩܀ऄΔش࣍༇ᄃऱክൄش ሔ֘ lagsآհൣΖຍࠀ ࿇אױ፿ࠀॺሿᢀ೯ဲ (zero copula) ፿ߢΖլመᛀ౉ OTDO ᇷற஄Ո៲ײߠױڼط ࡳဲ ma ଥ堸ऱ 45ܡ᙮෷ࠀլ೏Δ᜔ૠᛀ౉ࠩ 98 ࠏΔࠡխ࠹ش೯ဲࠌܗ˂෼Δyin ೚ᢀ೯ဲ ࠏΖۖՂ૪ 53 הΖࠡ(ڤଃݮٽԫࠏ (min ࡉ myin ੡ ma yin ऱڶ ࠏΔmyinشࠏΔmin ྤԫ խऱΔࠡխ࠹ ma ଥ堸ऱ 29 ࠏΔءݬඒᎇᙕρ֮כP.T.1283π ڇ෼נࠏਢ 64 ڶࠏΔشyin ऱ ױ౨ᅝழՑ፿խᢀ೯ဲࠀॺൎࠫࢤ (obligatory) ऱΔۖਢױංྒྷΔৰڼᖕאࠏΖ18 ࢬ 35 הࠡ ᙇࢤ (optional) ऱΔᢀ೯ဲൄൄઊฃΖ ᢀ೯ဲ yin ឆ෼ࠩࢍ࠹۶๵৳֭಻ࡋΛࣳփฯԳ (1990:12) ᎁ੡࠹ψᎅᇩृრ֮៲ײ߷Ꮦ ࣍ش࣍ڍࡳऱൣउ᎛ܡ࣍ش խ yin֮៲ײՂ૪፿றݺଚ઎ࠩΔطࡳωऱᐙ᥼Ζᆖܡݳω֗ψ ࠏ (32) ࡉ (33)αࡋΛݺଚڕԾਢ।ሒԱᎅᇩृऱრݳΰܡ्࣍ࡳऱൣݮਢشࡳऱൣउΔ्ۖ ुڕԺலᢞΖڶ੡Ղ૪ᇞᤩ༼ࠎਬࠄױਬࠄ៲ᒱ፿ΔٍזࡳऱΖ׼؆Δ෼्אױਢءᎁ੡ഗ ऱૻࠫΔڤ؁ਹᙤ 2008:303αᢀ೯ဲऱ೴ܑհԫਢ࠹ٻᚊ 2007:88–89αࡉቯ࿩፿ΰګ፿ΰ႓ ઊאױԫଡᢀ೯ဲΔຏൄڶխΙਫૉ፿ΰ୪ݛၲ࿛ 2002:91α׽؁࣍ጊംشਬࠄᢀ೯ဲ׽౨ ๜ 2005:81–82α๯ᎁ੡۟ۂխঞլઊฃΙᆠຟ፿ΰ؁ኙֺൎᓳྡྷរऱڶխࡉ؁ࡳܡڇฃΔۖ ࿠ڃࡳܡऱ्ࡳࡉ؁ਢॺጊംڇ෼נឰဲრᆠऱဲ፿׽ܒڶᣤ௑რᆠऱᢀ೯ဲΔۖࠠڶվ޲ Գጠࡉᑇऱ೴ܑΙནᏅ፿ΰᚮᐜ㹓 2012:103–105αڶ፿ΰຬฯ༇ 1983:54–55αᢀ೯ဲۏխΙཏ ऱࠫપΖڤ؁Δਝ࠹፿௛ऱࠫપΔՈ࠹ጊംشᜤᢀऱᢀ೯ဲΔࠡࠌڶݮኪଃߓՂڇ؄ଡڶࠠ ࠏ (32) ࡉڕࡳࡉኙֺྡྷរ࿛ऱᐙ᥼ΰܡ᣸ऱᇞᦰΔyin ऱឆ෼࠹֮֮៲ײኙޡᖕݺଚॣ ෡Եऱ։࣫ΖޓৱڶΔࡸైڂהࠡڶᝫܡαΔ۟࣍ਢ(33) ऱ׌ᨠࢤࡉᎅᇩڍ෼ऱ yinΔൕۖ༉൅ՂԱለנࡳΕጊംࡉኙֺྡྷរᐙ᥼ۖܡΔ࠹ڼڂ ઌωऱۯ᧯ઌωࡉψড়ۯ᧯Δൕۖ।ሒ՞ՑᅗᏕࢬᘯψ׌مኙګo ݮ- ဲܗፖึڼطრݳΔृ ؈ࡉ red ፿هo ऱ- ဲܗழཚึײॾऱᇞᤩΖհ৵Δᙟထխױᢞ஁ܑΔຍᚨᇠਢֺለقൣኪࡉ ᢞࡉൣقٵ।ሒլمኙګᆜΔൕۖፖ yin ݮۯ౨פऄ؁ऄ֏੡ᢀ೯ဲΔred ᧢ཙངԱ -o ऱ լ᠇૪ΖڼംᠲΔڼറ֮֮։࣫ڶၞ۩෡Ե։࣫Δ࿝ृ׼ء֮ٽᝫᏁ࿨ڼኪΖᅝྥΔኙ

4.2 〦ᅠȵ࿲⤯იᄣȶ⦦

፿ red ࡉ៲ڍڜ Type A რߠΖଈ٣ٵլڶᣊীዝ֏ΔݺଚٵਢΔኙ࣍ၸ੄؄ red ऱլ܀ ౨Ղፖࢮ៳ᇩऱ red ࡉ yin ऱפڇ᝟࣍௣؈ऱฉᇾΔڶآࠀمyin ऱ೴ܑࠉྥॺൄࣔᒔΔࠡኙ ೴ܑشݺ (egophoric)ωऱ፿ᆠΩ፿۞ٻheterophoric)ωࡉψ) ृהٻਢψܛΔۿ೴ܑᣊ

ֺᅃբᆖ๯ࣳփฯԳ (2002) ᙆᙇء෼yinऱ֮נຍࠄނԱ 7–12 ׈ધऱ֮᣸Δݺଚܶץ੡ OTDO ᇷற஄ኔᎾՂڂ 18 נॾऱਢΔՂ૪ຍࠄױֺለאؾᙕհփΖࢬڼڇ࿇෼ຍࠄ֮᣸آ፿֮᣸ऱؾᙕΔ៲ײࠐऱ᥆࣍ 10 ׈ધհ৵խנ ፿֮᣸Ζ៲ײ׈ધհছऱ 10 ڇຟਢء෼ yin ऱ֮

702 Language and Linguistics 17(5)

Tournadre 1991:97Δုᆬ 14ΙTournadre & Jiatso 2001Ι३ࣔႼ 2014:165–206) 19Ζݺଚ઎Հ) ፿ॳਫᇩऱࠏ՗Κ៲ڍڜ૿༓ଡ

(39) mar Ådña.ma Àaƾ ÅÀor.mo ht´Ï.tham.pa-jÏn. (-re.) (ݟ Ї ΂ ߅ᒩ ᏵΓ-ᛗ୆ຉ (-ᛗ୆ຉຼ! ΂ЇຼݟΓ༞ᒩǭ ! (40) Ï a.mi me-tu a ta.ro ´Ï.lÏ t´ho .t´ho -zÏk-re. ᛗ୆ຉ-ۊ೦ਨ ᗂ β࠯ β(ॐ៻)-෻:ב ឝਨ ྤྤ чП-஬ឝ೨ຉ:ב! ᗂࡹॸβ࠯ǭב਋ॹވчПྤྤב ! (41) a. khÏr.Ào sÏ-jÏn. (-re) !!Ы:೦ਨ ፋ-ᛗ୆ຉ (-ᛗ୆ຉ) b. khÏr.Ào a.khÏ ptâwa.xhi tsha -ngÏ ´Ï.lÏ-jÏn. (-re) (ή-ᛗ୆ຉ (-ᛗ୆ຉٴ ՛ ЃՂ ৅-ឝਨڏ Ы:೦ਨ!! a. Ыࡹፋǲ ήǭٴވ৅ڏڏb. ЫࡹЃՂ

वኙܫjÏn/ (/jÏn/Іyin) ࠐຫ૪Δრ඿/ شආאױה၇ၥईृऱᏝ௑ழΔ္ܫᅝᔄၥईृ (39) Գտฯ۞աଶ၇ऱܑٻሁՂሖࠩԫଡԳΔװڃࠡኙ᥆࣍۞աढ঴ऱᒔࡳॾஒΖۖ၇ၥईृֱ ᢀأ؁ (ൎᓳԫጟড়ᨠᏝ௑᥆ࢤΖۖ (40ڇ࿠Δრڃre/ (/re/Іred) ࠐ/ شၥईᏝ௑ழΔຏൄආ ڼრ඿ൎᓳ۞աኙה՛ழଢऱԫٙࠃΔה੡ᎅᇩृඖ૪ऱਢڂjÏn/Δ/ شre/ լ౨/ ش೯ဲ׽౨ ቃ๻ऱլڶre/ ᝫਢ /jÏn/Δᄎ/ شಖᖋլ෡ࢨ෉ݱΔۖ׊ਢԫጟড়ᨠऱࠃኔΖ(41) ࿇ംृආ ωऱᣂএᘣയᑵवΔኙࠟृᣂএᒔࡳྤהjÏn/ ࿇ംΔቃ๻ᎅᇩृवሐ࠹ᇩृࡉψ/ شΖٵ ωᣂএլᑵΔࢨႛႛਢᇬംԫଡড়ᨠהre/ ࿇ംΔঞቃ๻ᎅᇩृᎁ੡࠹ᇩृࡉψ/ شጊΖۖආ ऱቃ๻Ζۿᑌ᧯෼ԱՂ૪ᣊٵ /re/ ᝫਢ /jÏn/ ش࿠ආڃऱᣂএΖ ྤ yin ڶ፿ऱᒔ۟վ܌ࣳփฯԳऱ۫ຝ៲፿αऱ֣ዿᆳࡉࢮሒܛ፿Ⴧΰק׼؆Δ۫ ڶᎁ੡ຍࠟृ޲ڼᖕ܀ᅝᢀ೯ဲऱൣݮ (Bielmeier 2000; Zeisler 2012)Ζך red ڇژլܛredΔ ᢀ೯ဲਢᒔࡳऱ (Bielmeierהyin ۖྤࠡ ڶψփ˂؆ωऱ೴ܑΔঞਢլݔऱΖ֣ዿᆳᇩᢀ೯ဲ׽ Central) ܌Lower Ladakh) ֗խຝࢮሒ) ܌ࢮሒ܅ڇڕᇩঞլྥΖ܌ࢮሒ܀Δ(83–2000:81 ࣍ࢮ៳ֱߢ redۿin-nok/ ࡉ /rak/ ຍࠟଡ२/ ڇژLadakh) ֱߢរխ (Bielmeier 2000:93–108)Δ Ωൣኪֱ૿ਢΚش፿ڇ౨ऱᢀ೯ဲΔ20 ،ଚፖ׼؆ԫଡᢀ೯ဲ /in/ (Іyin) ऱ೴ܑΔפࢬ।ሒ ࣍ഗ࣍ංྒྷऱΕ׌ᨠॺᒔࡳऱवش /࣍៱ऱΕփ֏࣍֨ऱΕᒔࡳऱवᢝΖۖ /in-nokش /in/

౨ᓮ೶઎८ᣛ (1979, 1981, 1983a, 1983b)Ε᝔ᐖဎ (1982)ΕChang & Changפᣂ࣍ࢮ៳ᇩ red ࡉ yin ࠠ᧯፿ऄ፿ᆠ 19 ʳ(2003:59–69)ʳ࿛Ζ॑ٿΕ઺ࡖ (1984, 2002:454–473)Ε׆ݳᄃʳ(1992)Εࡌࡱ֮Ε᝔(1984) ᇩխऱʳ/rak/ ࢨʳ/ra΁k/ ֗۫ຝ፿Ⴧཎጘ༼ʳ(Spiti) ᇩխऱʳ/́aͰk/ ፖ܌Bielmeier (2000:93, 121Δုᆬ 32) ੷۟ᎁ੡ࢮሒ 20 ਍অఎრߠΖଈ٣፿ᆠՂ஁ܑৰՕΔrag ਢψᛧ൓ωᆠΔۖ reg ਢڼᄭΖݺଚኙٵ ஼૿Ղऱ rag ࡉ reg ֗ red Δছृ੡ʳ-d ݠۖ৵ृ੡ -g ݠΖٵ፿ଃՂՈլڻψ൷ᤛΕᤛ኷ωᆠΔred ঞਢψ᧢֏ωᆠΖࠡ

703 ⴳᆙߤ

ٻਢψܛ࣍ഗ࣍ᄅ२ॺᘣߠऱტवॾஒΔ׊ࠡਢᄅऱΕ׌ᨠլᒔࡳवᢝΖຍࠡኔش /ᢝΔ/rak ᢀ೯ဲऱൣݮΔ܂ red ڇژᇩऱਬࠄֱߢរլ܌ឈྥࢮሒܛωऱ೴ܑΖՈृהٻݺωࡉψ۞ ຝ፿Ⴧઌקଚፖխຝ፿Ⴧࢨࣟ،ܛ౨ΔՈפऱۿݮኪऱဲნ।ሒᣊٵ׼؆ԫࠄլڇژথ܀ ౨ऱอԫࢤऱᣂএ (Tournadre & Jiatso 2001:80)Ζ۫ত፿פᑌࢤࡉ࿨ዌڍֺΔԯਢဲნݮኪऱ yinΰᦰ ڶᑌ᧯෼ԱຍጟᣂএΔTournadre et al. (2008:270–273) ༼ࠩ୙ዿ֣ᇩٵჇऱ୙ዿ֣ᇩ yin ࡉ׼؆ طऱਢ /hiņn-za/Δ،ਢش୙ዿ֣ᇩխආڇଃ੡ /hiņn/αྤ redΖઌᅝ࣍ࢮ៳ᇩऱ redΔ ᢞࡉൣኪقऱۿᑌ࿇୶Աࡉࢮ៳ᇩᣊٵ /Δ׊୙ዿ֣ᇩխ /hiņn/ ࡉ /hiņn-zaګۖٽԫଡଃᆏ za ᓤ ౨Ζפمኙ ᇞᎅऱംᠲΖଈ٣Δψ൷ᤛឩཋᎅωאՀԫࠄؿએࢨᣄڕ׼؆Δψ൷ᤛឩཋᎅωᝫ૿ᜯ Phalskad Zabchos ء೴Ց፿ᐊ༉ऱ۵ऄᎅඒ֮چڍڜش஼࣍ 18 ׈ધॣԫଡګऱ׌૞ᓵᖕΔԯ ࠏΔۖشڰᢀ೯ဲऱ່܂ ࠎԱ៲፿֮᣸խ red༼ءᎁ੡ᇠ֮ृ܂ऄᙕραΖخΰዧ᤟πֱߢ red 26 ڶΔ21 ࿇෼٥ܶءࠡឩཋ൷ᤛۖࠐΖݺଚᛀ౉ᇠ֮طܛΔ܉፿ߢխ red ऱ։៲הࠡ ઌለ࣍Ղ૪ร 3 ᆏࢬ܀ࠏΖش೯ဲΔྤဲნ೯ဲܗ᧯ࠏΔyin 29 ࠏΔ׊ red ઃ੡ᢀ೯ဲࢨழ ᎅΔredچࡳ्אױΖ۟֟נඡזࠏΔ᧩ྥழش׈ધऱπֵႁ͊ቯ؇֣֬۞ႚρխ red ऱ 14 ༼ ᎁ੡վ֚ຍڼط೯ဲऱዝ᧢Ζܗ᧯ᢀ೯ဲ֗ழٻნ೯ဲဲطګ೴բᆖݙچ׈ધऱֵႁ 14 ڇ ೴ጹᔣچڍڜΔፖڻΖࠡمګא೴ឩཋۖࠐΔழၴᣌଙΔᣄچڍڜຝקࣟطऱ red ԯֱچࠄ ፿αࡉࣟত፿Ⴧڍڜڕ፿Ⴧΰק੡ࣟຝ፿Ⴧۖፖࣟ܂೴Δվ๯چ؍ࡉ࠱ڴ࿸૯ຝΕۣزऱ r˖³²/ (Іred) (Rnamrgyal Tshebrtan/ شࠄֱߢរᢀ೯ဲڶ؍࠱܀ႁ፿Εֵᇙ፿αࠀ٨Ζֵڕΰ ౨ (Sumbha Dongrub Tsheringפཙ red ऱז gi/ ࢨ /dñ¸/ 22/ شࠄរঞڶڴΔۣۖ(2008:57 ឩཋ൷ᤛΔس࿇آਬࠄរڇհ२Δred থڼڕ෻़ၴچ፿ჇקΖࣟຝ፿Ⴧፖࣟ(326–2013:325 ഑ᐖՕΔઌچ೴ൕࠐՈլਢ៲ගਙएᆖᛎ֮֏խ֨Ζ׊៲೴چڍڜ෻ᇞΖรԿΔᖵ׾Ղאᣄ Օऱឩڼڕڶழၴփࠠ׳ؐڣۍԲڇאᣄڇ೴ऱ red ኔچڍڜק၏᎟᎛ΔሐሁॴሶΔਢਚࣟ ཋ೯ԺΖ ᢞق፿ऱ red ࡉ yin ऱڍڜຝקΔլႛࣟمګਢհਚΔݺଚᎁ੡ψ൷ᤛឩཋᎅωৰᣄڂ ٵ܀red ೚ᢀ೯ဲऱൣݮΔ ڶਝࠌ޲܌፿Ⴧऱࢮሒק௣؈Δۖ׊۫ڶৰᣤ௑Δ޲مࡉൣኪኙ ᢞࡉൣኪऱ೴ܑΖق।ሒאمᢀ೯ဲࠐࡉ yin ኙהᑌ࿇୶Աࠡ ࣳփฯԳԫᑌΔᎁ੡ redٵה෻ԫࠄΖٽޓઌኙۖߢΔ՞ՑᅗᏕ (1998:355–360) ऱᨠរ o- ဲܗઌωრᆠऱึۯ।ሒψኙွڶࠠڂཚΔת׈ધ৵ 15 ڇo ऱཙངΔۖ۟ᙈ- ဲܗਢኙึ ร 3 ᆏঞᇡา֮ءΖ23 ۖ࿝ृڤ੡ᢀ೯ဲݮګ o- ז؈Δᄭ۞ψ᧢֏ωᆠऱ red ཙهՑ፿խڇ Ζګ׈ધբᆖݙ 14 ڇ೴Δຍଡመ࿓۟֟چࣟত፿ჇऱֵႁڇᢞࣔΔ

᠏ᙕ۞ Mogchong Phurkho ࣍ 2010 ࢬထʳPhamas Bdag la Vdiskad Gsungs: Amdovi Mkhasdbang dang Amdoviءᇠ֮ 21 ߢρα(2010:54–58)ΖֱڍڜᖂृፖڍڜਢᎅΚڕඒݺئ׀Phalskadΰዧ᤟π Ε᧢֏ωհᆠΰ്ࢣ܂᧢౨ઃࠐ۞ gyur/vgyur ऱ፿ऄ֏Δgyur/vgyu ፿ᆠ੡ψױᢀ೯ဲΔݺଚᎁ੡܂ /gi/ ࡉʳ/d̉ԥ/ 22 ፿ᆠ֗ڇ ψ᧢֏ωᆠ፿ऄ֏੡ᢀ೯ဲΔኔঞࡉ redط܀Ալ๵ঞଃ᧢Ζس፿ऄ֏ۖ࿇ڂ౨ױ፤ʳ1993:505αΔࠡ լ᠇૪ΖڼᢞΔە೴ऱؓ۩ዝ֏෼ွΖࠡᝫৱᇡาچٵլڇس౨ਢ࿇ױڶԫી௽ᐛΖڍ壆ڶऄՂ؁ݮኪ ԱຍଡᨠរΖנ༼مଗᦹԱࣳփฯԳʳ(1990)ʳऱᨠរࢨ࠹ࠡඔ࿇Δᝫਢ۞աᗑܡߢࣔࠡᨠរਢآ՞ՑᅗᏕ֮խࠀ 23

704 Language and Linguistics 17(5)

5. え⧄ɺΤ᳈〦᱿ᦩ⩀

ᢞࡉൣኪߓอق೯ဲࢬ।ሒऱ᠆༄ऱܗط፿ิ፿ߢຟ࿇୶Ա៲זऱ෼ڶ༓׏ࢬ ጟ೴ܑࠩڼ܀ਢ᧩᎒ऱᑑಖհԫΖܛ೯ဲܗTournadre 2013:112)Δࠡխᢀ೯ဲ֗ࠡ፿ऄ֏ऱ) ܛ፿խ៲ז፿ழ៲ײრߠΖ՞ՑᅗᏕ (1998, 2002, 2003) ᎁ੡۞ٵլڶऱΔᖂ੺سࢍਢ۶ழข ृ܂ઌω੺ࡳ੡ψ।ሒᎅᇩृࢨᐊۯ᧯ലψ׌הઌωऱ೴ܑΖۯઌωࡉψኙွۯ᧯ψ׌ڇژ ψ।ሒፖܛઌωঞۯឰࡉංྒྷωΔۖψኙွܒᣂऱԳࢨࠃढऱ׌ᨠᎁࡳΕڶኙ۞աࢨፖ۞ա –ឰࡉංྒྷω(՞ՑᅗᏕ 2002:241ܒऱࠃढழࢬ೚ऱᎁࡳΕڇژᣂऱড়ᨠྤृ܂ඖ૪ृࢨᐊ ઌΖຍរࠡኔࡉ Tournadreۯ।ሒኙွאشᑵದࠐΔګխم౨ऱኙפڼڇܛ Δᢀ೯ဲ red(247 ωࢨψ۞ݺवᢝωࡉψॺ۞ݺृהٻݺωࡉψ۞ٻऱψش1991:97Δုᆬ 14Ι2008:298) ࢬආ) (ࡉൣኪՂऱ೴ܑΖլመ Tournadre & Jiatso (2001:66شΔࠟृଈ٣ਢԫጟ፿ᆠΩ፿ۿवᢝωᣊ ݮኪՂऱԫીڇژ೯ဲឈྥܗᑑᄷՑ፿խऱז೯ဲፖ෼ܗऱԫࠄڇژ፿խࢬ៲ײխڇᎁ੡ ழΩ᧯ऱ।෼ՂՈլڇ౨Δۖ׊פᢞقݺωऱ۞ٻΔ،ଚ౒׎ψܑڶ౨থפଚऱ،܀ࢤΔ & ౨Δۖ Tournadreפ।ሒൣኪऱڶ፿խࠠ៲ײխڇ ՞ՑᅗᏕᎁ੡ redܛݙ٤ԫᑌΖՈ ᢞᒤقڇژ፿ຟլ៲ײ፿ࡉխ៲ײຍጟ೴ܑΖDenwood (1999) ᎁ੡ڇژJiatso ঞᎁ੡լ ៲ײᢞյઌᐙ᥼ऱᣂএ֗ᖵ׾ࠐᄭΔࣔᒔᎁࡳقࢮ៳ᇩΔᄩᄭࠡ᧯ࡉٽᡱΖSaxena (1997) ࿨ ፿ಘᓵ៲ײ፿ࡉխ៲ײٽ౨ΖHongladarom (1997) ࡉ Hill (2013) ࿨פᢞقسขآ፿ᢀ೯ဲࡸ բᆖขܡᝫլᒔࡳ vdug ਢז፿ழ៲ײছृᎁ੡܀ᢞऱ፿ऄ֏ംᠲΔق೯ဲ vdug ।ሒڇژԱ شΖ׼؆ΔՂ૪ࣳփฯԳආس౨բᆖขפڼז፿ழ៲ײᎁ੡چᢞൣኪΔۖ৵ृለ੡ࣔᒔقس ፿ழ៲ײᑌᎁ੡ຍጟ೴ܑᄭ۞ٵΔ׊ۿ౨ᣊפᢞࡉൣኪقፖܛψփωࡉψ؆ωຍኙ๬፿Δኔ ౨פᢞࡉൣኪऱقኘΔᎁ੡ࠡ।ሒە೯ဲ vdug ऱ፿ऄ֏ڇژཚΖHongladarom (1997) ຏመኙ ᐙ᥼Ζਣڤऱᎁवᑓمωࡉψড়ᨠωኙڼ࠹៲ගԳψ࢖س෼Δࠡขנਝբ׳׈ધؐ 14 ڇ ᨠរΖۿ਍ᣊٍ (2010) ੈ ऱܶץΔࠡ෻ᓵࢬٵࢬլڶ୮෻ᓵࢬထณऱ៲፿ิ፿ߢᖵ׾࿇୶ၸ੄ٺࠐᎅΔՂ૪᧯᜔ ᢞࡉൣኪߓอՈլጐقऱ۞ٺ઎ࠩאױ፿ิ፿ߢ៲זΔۖ׊ࠃኔՂຏመ෼ٵփ୲Ոլݙ٤ઌ ٻᖕऱψॾஒᏆ഑ωۖ։੡ψ۾௅ᖕᎅᇩृࢬאױऱΔ߷༉ਢٵԫរথਢ༓׏ઌڶ܀Ζٵઌ ՞ՑᅗᏕ٣ٵ࣍ᎁٻΖݺଚႜװᒤᡱᇙشઌωຍኙ፿ۯઌΩኙွۯ᧯ωࢨψ׌ृהٻݺΩ۞ ຍଡՕऱ௃ਮᇙԾڇΔ৵׈ऱ៲፿ิ፿ߢ׽ਢسբᆖขז፿ழ៲ײڇຍጟ೴ܑܛऱᓵរΔس ᢞࡉൣኪऱᢀ೯ဲ redΔق।ሒم੡խຝ፿Ⴧ࿛፿ߢխፖ yin ኙ܂ऱߓอ೴ܑΖۖ۞ٺ࿇୶Ա ऄ؁Ղ૪ร 3 ີࢬ᤭ᤩऱݮኪڇ೴Ց፿ᇙΔچᙈլඡ࣍ 14 ׈ધऱֵႁ۟ڇ௃ਮՀΔڼڇܛ ۖ red شᇩᇙᢀ೯ဲլڴۣ 4.2 ۿᑵΖۖᣊګٻআ೯ՀΔߨش౨፿פዝ᧢ࡉร 4 ີࢬᓵ૪ऱ ഑፿ߢࢨֱߢऱ೴ܑΔਢԫጟ፿ऄ֏ऱچٵመ࿓խլڼڇgi/ ࡉ /dñ¸/ ऱൣݮΔঞ᧯෼Ա/ شᙇ ဠ֏෼ွΖ۩ؓ

705 ⴳᆙߤ

6. ⃌⦝

܉፿ิ፿ߢΔൕۖኙ׌૞։៲זվऱ஼૿៲፿֮᣸ֺ֗ለ෼۟זᘓழٷຏመ௉෻۞֮ء ೯ဲ red ऱᖵ׾ࠐᄭၞ۩։ܗ᧯፿Ⴧխऱᢀ೯ဲଫழק࣍៲፿ิխຝ፿ჇΕࣟত፿Ⴧ֗ࣟ ׈ધհছऱ 10 ڇ ౨ऱൣݮၞ۩ઔߒΖredפᢞࡉൣኪق।ሒڶࠠנ۶ዝ֏ڕ࣫Δࠀኙ red ਢ ࢨݮဲټ௑ဲݮऱַڶωᆠΔছ૿ຏൄ൷ጺࠠ܂᧢ऄΔ੡ψ᧢֏Εشኔᆠ೯ဲڶ፿խ׽៲ײ ࠏΖش೯ဲऱܗ᧯ߠࠩ red ೚ᢀ೯ဲࡉழآ୲ဲΔ।ሒԫጟ़ၴࢨ೯ኪൣणऱ᧢֏Ζ࢖ழࡸ ڼ೯ဲΔࢨ࣍ܗ᧯լඡ࣍ 14 ׈ધऱࣟত፿Ⴧਬࠄ፿ߢխΔ፿ऄ֏੡ᢀ೯ဲࡉழڇ৵۟ᙈۖ ᢞقΖຍጟمኙګݺωრᆠऱ yin ݮ۞ٻᢞრᆠΔൕۖፖ।ሒψقωऱृהٻ࣍।ሒψشழ ऄω࿨ዌऱཙངࡉ؁Ωشऱԫጟψ፿ڇژբܛז፿ழ៲ײ౨ਢኙױ౨ΔৰפمࡉൣኪՂऱኙ ؁ࡳܡ׌ᨠ፿௛ऱڍለڶ࣍൅شΔyin ൄمਬጟኙנyin ፖ -o ।෼ ז፿ழ៲ײᘓٷܛ࿇୶Ζ ࢤࢨݮ୲ဲࢤऱဲټڇΔᅝࠡॵထဲܗ੡ึ܂ ឰΖۖ -oܒ׌ᨠऱංྒྷΕᎁࡳࡉڍխΔ।ሒለ լඡڇΖۖمਬጟ፿௛ൣኪՂऱኙګ౨Δൕۖ yin ፖ -o ݮפ৵૿ழΔ࢓࢓ଫࠠԱᢀ೯ဲऱဲ ऄ࿨ዌՀΔ؁ऱݮኪڇ፿ࢬ៲ײՂ૪ڇܛ Δᙟထ -o ऱ௣؈Δredז፿ழ៲ײ࣍ 14 ׈ધऱխ Ζمᢞࡉൣኪֱ૿ऱኙقڇ red ࡉ yin ګ౨Δ່ึݮפཙԱ -o ऱזዝ֏੡ᢀ೯ဲΔൕۖ ᇩΔࣟ܌፿Ⴧऱ֣ዿᆳᇩࡉཏᇙק഑ࢤΔቝতຝ፿Ⴧऱ୙ዿ֣ᇩΕ۫چڶՂ૪መ࿓ᝫࠠ ኙګ։ፖ yin ݮګऱۿ౨ᣊפ redΔۖਢᙇᖗԱ׼؆ԫଡፖ red ڶᇩ࿛Δ۟վ޲ڴຝ፿Ⴧऱۣ ᢞࡉൣኪऱ೴ܑΖຍਢ፿ऄ֏መ࿓խؓ۩ဠ֏෼ွऱ।෼ΖقΔ।ሒم ᖞଡڕαΖ٦قτ। 1υࢬڕyinΰ شڍredΔۖ شլመ৵׈೏৫֮ᖂ֏ऱ֮᣸ࠉྥ࿪֟ ࢬᒳᙀπ៲֮ᅾ֮ઔߒραΔൕڣ Chabvgag Rtamgrin ࣍ 2012 ڕᖵ׾Ղࢬߠ៲፿ᅾ֮֮᣸ΰ ൑ऱۥՑ፿ڍঅఎઌኙለڇࠏΔyin থࠀլធߠΖۖشԫࠏ red ऱڶᘓΔՀ۟堚ཛΔ޲ٷՂ۟ ೯ܗ᧯෼ԱᑇԼࠏ red ೚ᢀ೯ဲࡉழנԼ؄׈ધऱπֵႁΘቯ؇֣֬۞ႚρխথڕ஼ᤄխΔ ։Ζ24 ֮ߢ፿᧯֗ຍګගᖂृ֨ؾխດዬ๯ီ੡ԫଡψֱߢঋ፿ω៲ڇ ߠ redױࠏΔشऱဲ ࠩބΔred ፖ yin ऱ೴ܑৰᣄۥጟ֨෻ऱᒔ࿯ઔߒ൅ࠐլ֟ܺᣄΖᦹ࣍஼૿፿ऱ೏৫֮ᖂ֏൑ ױංྒྷΖຍৰאף؁ૻऱࠏڶᢞࣔΔ׽౨ຏመچߓอ֏אף՛ኙֺኙΔ່ڕΔֺ؁ߩജऱࠏ ڂ౨ऱ଺פᢞࡉൣኪقڶ፿֮᣸խ red ޲៲ײTournadre ᎁ੡խ ڕࠄᖂृΔڶګ౨Ոਢທ հԫΖ ऄ؁፿ᖵ׾ݮኪ៲ګᢞࡉൣኪᑑಖᖵ׾ࠐᄭऱ൶ಘΔྤጊዌق፿ิ፿ߢ࿇ሒऱ៲זኙ෼ ፿Ⴧᇙࢨֱߢᇙऱᢀ೯ဲࠐᄭᖲࠫଖ൓ᤉᥛઔ៲הઔߒऱૹ૞փ୲հԫΖೈ red հ؆Δࠡ yin ࡉ lags ࠟଡᢀ೯ဲΔ׊Բृ ڶႛז፿ழ៲ײ፿֮᣸Ո࿇෼Δ៲ײߒΖ࿝ृຏመᇡาઔߒ ߓอࡸ๠࣍နॕհխΖۖርֵ໑հʳمωऱኙृהٻݺΩ۞ٻ੡ᝐᄃऱ೴ܑΔᢀ೯ဲ।ሒψ

ᗼԳΔ33 ᄣΔ໑ՓԵᖂհছڍጠڠᖫدΔএॹ௧ઊףࢮۥऱ࣓ۯᦰ៲፿ᖵ׾ઔߒ໑ՓᖂސতၲՕᖂ֮ᖂೃڇ෼ 24 ࿝ृΔ஼૿Ղ׽૞္ܫהለ೏ֽᄷΖڶ֮ࠠ៲ײߢΔኙֱچᖫࠟدࡉڍڜॹ௧៲೴༉ᦰ៲֮റᄐΔຏᖠڇԫऴ ᇞچړyinΖຍ༉ৰ شred ऱΔ׽ شࡲΕࠢᒤऱ஼૿፿ਢլإ੡ֱߢऱ᧯෼Δۖڼقጟᄆڶ઎ࠩ redΔ֨ᇙ༉ᄎ Ζڂऄऱ଺شyin ऱ ڍৰڶࠏΔۖথࠠشࠢᤄխྤԫ red ऱڍฒقԱ੡۶τ। 1υࢬᤩ

706 Language and Linguistics 17(5)

ᐖऱᢀ೯ဲΔ׊່܉࣍ yin ۖ։ڻ೴Ց፿խ red ਢႛچΔᇠق᧩ኙֱࣟ៲೴ 25 ऱᓳ਷ (2014) ൕԫጟࠩ؄ጟ࿛լڇژᢀ೯ဲဲ௅ᑇၦথ܀ᢞ೴ܑΖقω 26 ऱृהٻݺωࡉψ۞ٻψڇژຟ αխऱ໢ԫᢀ೯ဲ /gi/ ߓอΔڠত៲ග۞एزߠ࣍ࣟຝ፿Ⴧΰ׌૞ਢڕΔֺڤݮ܉ऱ։ٵ -αऱ yin-zinڠऱᠨ։ߓอΔߠ࣍ࣟত፿Ⴧΰ׌૞ਢ૭ᐜ៲ග۞एمyin-/gi/ ࡉ red-/gi/ ኙ ֗ ౨פ֗ڤ፿ऱᢀ೯ဲဲნݮ៲ײܑ࣍ڶred Կ։ߓอ֗ yin-red-zin-/ôa.mbo/ ؄։ߓอ࿛Ζຍጟ ֊യڶ౨ࡉ፿ߢ൷ᤛױऄऱ٥ழࡉᖵழߡ৫ᤉᥛ෡Ե൶ಘऱΔۖ׊ৰ؁೴ܑΔਢଖ൓ൕݮኪ ᔊڶਢԫଡᄕࠡޓ༉ٵ౨ऱฆפࡉߓอڤᣂএΖૉឩՕࠩᖞଡ៲፿֭Δঞຍጟᢀ೯ဲဲნݮ ऱଗᦹړࠎԫଡߜ༼ڼ੡אױኘΔྤጊەᢞࠐᄭऱقᖲࠫ֗ګኙ red ݮ֮ءऱᇩᠲԱ 27Ζۖ ီߡΖ

೧ᮢᄽ᪇

Author unknown. 1989 (originally 12th century). Bkavchems Kakholma ŌķŖāĽŪŎŜāķāĸŬřāŎ [The Testaments of Srongbtsan Sgampo]. Lanzhou: Gansu Nationalities Publishing House. Bielmeier, Roland. 2000. Syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic-epistemic functions of auxiliaries in Western Tibetan. Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 23.2:79–125. Chabvgag Rtamgrin (ĽŌāŖĹĹāŘƊāŎĹƝŢŉ). 2012. Bodyig Rdoring Zhibvjug ŌŬŇāŗŢĹāŘƌŬāŘŢĻāŔŢŌāŖľŤĹ [A Study of Inscriptions of Tibetan]. Lhasa: Tibet Nationalities Publishing House. Chang, Betty Shefts, & Kun Chang (്ྺ). 1984. The certainty hierarchy among Spoken Tibetan verbs of being. Bulletin of the Institute of History and Philology, Academia Sinica 55.4: 603–634. Crystal, David. 1997. A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics (4th edition). Oxford: Blackwell. ፿ߢᖂဲࠢ [A Dictionary of Linguistics andזCrystal, David. 2000. Xiandai Yuyanxue Cidian ෼ Phonetics] (4th edition), translated by Jiaxuan Shen (ާ୮䀳). Beijing: The Commercial Press. Csoma de KĘrös, Alexander. 1834. Tibetan-English Dictionary. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó. ፿ऄ [Reference Grammar of theەDai, Qingxia (ᚮᐜ㹓). 2012. Jingpoyu Cankao Yufa ནᏅ፿೶ Jinghpaw]. Beijing: Chinese Social Sciences Press. Das, Sarat Chandra. 1902. A Tibetan-English Dictionary. Calcutta: Bengal Secretariat Book Depot. DeLancey, Scott. 1981. An interpretation of split ergativity and related patterns. Language 57.3: 626–657.

፿ჇΕࣟຝ፿Ⴧࡉࣟত፿ჇຍԿຝ։Ζקਔ៲፿֭ࣟץ׌૞ 25 ݺωຍԫ๬፿Ζ۞ٻऱਢψॺش଺֮ࠌה 26 چࠄڶ࣓ոᗼቼփঞچवαᠨ։ߓอΔۖᇠآڗإ໔ঞؑ೴Ց፿խᢀ೯ဲߓอԯ yin-sbadΰঋᐊ᧯Δֲ៲۫ڕ 27 شᑌආٵ೴ऱᕺዿᗼΕ֬ሒᗼΕཏᥞᗼࡉֲՒᗼ࿛چव)Ζ۫៲ॳߺآڗإԯ yin-mdav ߓอ (mdav ঋᐊ᧯Δֱ ᨃ 1983:64αΖsbad ࡉ܌yin-red ߓอΰ្ᨌഘΕᢟ شঞආچᗼΕൻႧᗼ࿛ٳredΖۖ଀ شyin-mdav ߓอΔլ mdav ຟլߠ࣍ርֵ໑հࢬᓳ਷ऱࣟຝ៲೴Ζ

707 ⴳᆙߤ

DeLancey, Scott. 1985. Lhasa Tibetan evidentials and the semantics of causation. Proceedings of the Eleventh Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, 65–72.ʳBerkeley: Berkeley Linguistics Society. DeLancey, Scott. 2003. Classical Tibetan. The Sino-Tibetan Languages, ed. by Graham Thurgood & Randy J. LaPolla, 255–269. London: Routledge. Denwood, Philip. 1999. Tibetan. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Dmudge Bsamgtan (ŇŎŤāŇĹŪāŌŜŎāĹŅŉ). 2005. Brdasprod Blogsal Dgavston ŌŘƌāŜƏƝŬŇāŌƞŬāĹŜřāŇĹŖāŜƊŬŉ [Introduction to the Grammar of the Tibetan Language]. Xining: Qinghai Nationalities Publishing House. Frajzyngier, Zygmunt. 1986. From preposition to copula. Proceedings of the Twelfth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, ed. by Vassiliki Nikiforidou, Mary VanClay, Mary Niepokuj & Deborah Feder, 371–386. Berkeley: Berkeley Linguistics Society. Haller, Felix. 2000. Verbal categories of Shigatse Tibetan and Temchen Tibetan.ʳLinguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 23.2:175–191. Hengeveld, Kees. 1992. Non-Verbal Prediction: Theory, Typology, Diachrony. Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter. Hildebrandt, Kristine A. 2004. A grammar and glossary of the Manange language. Tibeto-Burman Languages of Nepal: Manage and Sherpa (Pacific Linguistics 557), ed. by Carol Genetti, 1–189. Canberra: Australian National University. Hill, Nathan W. 2013. ݾdug as a testimonial marker in Classical and Old Tibetan. Himalayan Linguistics 12.1:1–16. Hodge, Stephen. 1990. An Introduction to Classical Tibetan. Warminster: Aris & Phillips. Hongladarom, Krisadawan. 1997. Historical development of the Tibetan evidential tuu. Southeast Asian Linguistic Studies in Honour of Vichin Panupong, ed. by Arthur S. Abramson, 115–126. Bangkok: Chulalongkorn University Press. Hongladarom, Krisadawan. 2007.ʳ Evidentiality in Rgyalthang Tibetan. Linguistics of the Tibeto- Burman Area 30.2:17–44. Hoshi, Izumi (ਣੈ). 2010. 14 seiki chibetto go bunken ǀ mitsuru meiji kyǀ niokeru sonzai dǀshi 14 ೯ဲ [Existential verbs in the rGyal-rabsڇژᢴύ圵圔圛坕ق׈ધ垂垚垄垉፿֮᣸ό׆อࣔ gSal-ba’i Me-long, a 14th century Tibetan narrative]. Tǀkyǀ Daigaku Gengogaku Ronshǌ ࣟࠇ Օᖂߢ፿ᖂᓵႃ [Tokyo University Linguistic Papers] 29:29–68. Hu, Tan (઺ࡖ). 1984. Zangyu Lasahua zhong jizhong dongci jushi de fenxi ៲፿ࢮ៳ᇩխ༓ጟ೯ဲ ऱ։࣫ [On the description of some verb constructions in Lhasa Tibetan]. Minzu Yuwenڤ؁ .ග፿֮ [Minority Languages of China] 1:1–16ا The copula verb] ؁ڗHu, Tan (઺ࡖ). 2002. Lasa Zangyu zhong de “shi” zi ju ࢮ៳៲፿խऱψਢω construction in Lhasa Tibetan]. Zangyu Yanjiu Wenlun ៲፿ઔߒ֮ᓵ [A Collection Essays on Tibetan Language Studies], 454–473. Beijing: China Tibetology Publishing House.

708 Language and Linguistics 17(5)

.[ᚊ). 2007. Puxi Qiangyu Yanjiu ፠ᄻु፿ઔߒ [Studies on Puxi QiangګHuang, Chenglong (႓ Beijing: Nationalities Press. ਹᙤ). 2008. Jiarongyu Yanjiu ቯ࿩፿ઔߒ [A Study of the rGyalrongٻ) Jacques, Guillaume Language]. Beijing: Nationalities Press. Jäschke, Heinrich August. 1881. A Tibetan-English Dictionary. London: The Secretary of State for India in Council. Jespersen, Otto. 1924. The Philosophy of Grammar. London: George Allen & Unwin. .๜). 2005. Yiduyu Yanjiu ᆠຟ፿ઔߒ [Studies on Yidu]. Beijing: Nationalities Pressۂ) Jiang, Di Jin, Peng (८ᣛ). 1958. Zangyu Lasa, Rikaze, Changduhua de Bijiao Yanjiu ៲፿ࢮ៳Εֲ໔ঞΕ࣑ :ຟᇩऱֺለઔߒ [Comparative Studies of Lhasa, Gzhiskartse and Chabmdo Tibetan]. Beijing Science Press. Jin, Peng (८ᣛ). 1979. Lun Zangyu Lasahua kouyu dongci de tedian yu yufa jiegou de guanxi ᓵ៲ ፿ࢮ៳ᇩՑ፿೯ဲऱ௽រፖ፿ऄ࿨ዌऱᣂএ [The relationship of verb properties and ග፿֮ [Minority Languages ofا grammatical structure in Lhasa Tibetan]. Minzu Yuwen China] 1979.3:173–181. Jin, Peng (८ᣛ). 1981. Zangyu Lasahua panduan dongci he cunzai dongci de yongfa ៲፿ࢮ៳ᇩ ऄ [The grammatical structure of the copula and existential verbsش೯ဲऱڇژឰ೯ဲࡉܒ ගᖂೃᖂ໴ [Journal of Tibetا៲۫ in Lhasa Tibetan]. Xizang Minzu Xueyuan Xuebao University for Nationalities] 1981.4:71–82. ֗ڤJin, Peng (८ᣛ). 1983a. Zangyu Lasahua dongci de shi jiqi biaoda fangshi ៲፿ࢮ៳ᇩ೯ဲऱ ග፿֮ا The mood and its structure of verbs in Lhasa Tibetan]. Minzu Yuwen] ڤࠡ।ሒֱ [Minority Languages of China] 1983.1:9–18. :Jin, Peng (८ᣛ). (ed.) 1983b. Zangyu Jianzhi ៲፿១ݳ [Outline of the Tibetan Language]. Beijing Nationalities Press. Karma Situ (ķŘƓāŜŢāŅŤ). 2003 (originally 18th century). Karma Situvi Sumrtags Vgrechen ŘāŜƓ ŢāŅŤŖŢāŜŤŎāŘƊĹŜāŖĹƝŪřāĽŪŉ [Karma Situ’s Annotation to the Tibetan Grammar Texts Sumrtags] (2th edition). Xining: Qinghai Nationalities Publishing House. Kelly, Barbara. 2004. A grammar and glossary of the Sherpa Language. Tibeto-Burman Languages of Nepal: Manage and Sherpa (Pacific Linguistics 557), ed. by Carol Genetti, 191–324. Canberra: Australian National University. Kuno, Susumu, & Etsuko Kaburaki. 1977. Empathy and syntax. Linguistic Inquiry 8.4:627–672. Lehmann, Christian. 1982. Thoughts on Grammaticalization: A Programmatic Sketch (Arbeiten des Kölner Universalien-Projekts 48), Vol. 1. Cologne: University of Cologne. Li, Daqin (ޕՕႧ). 2002. Gemanyu Yanjiu ௑೷፿ઔߒ [Research on the Geman Language]. Beijing: Nationalities Press.

709 ⴳᆙߤ

ᅾ៲۫זײ ெ), & W. South Coblin (ਲᓉত). 2007. Gudai Xizang Beiwen Yanjiuֱޕ) Li, Fangkuei :ઔߒ [A Study of the Old Tibetan Inscriptions], translated by Qilong Wang (׆ඔᚊ). Lhasa֮ Tibet People’s Press. -፿១ݳ [Outline of Pumi]. Beijing: NationۏLu, Shaozun (ຬฯ༇). (ed.) 1983. Pumiyu Jianzhi ཏ alities Press. Minyag Vjamdbyangs Gragspa (ŎŢāĿĹāŖľŎāŇŌƜĻŜāĹƝĹŜāŊ). 2005 (originally 14th century). Minyag Vjamdby- angs Gragspavi Rangrnam ŎŢāĿĹāŖľŎāŇŌƜĻŜāĹƝĹŜāŊŖŢāŘĻāŘƎŎ [The Autobiography of Minyag Vjamdbyangs Gragspa]. Beijing: China Tibetology Publishing House. Mogchong Phurkho (ŎŬĹāĽŤĻāŋŤŘāĸŬ). 2010. Phamas Bdag la Vdiskad Gsungs: Amdovi Mkhasdbang dang Amdovi Phalskad ŋāŎŜāŌŇĹāřāŖŇŢāŜżŇāĹŜŤĻăŞāŎŇŬŖŢāŎĸŜāŇŌĻāŇĻāŞāŎŇŬŖŢāŋřāŜżŇ [My Parents Teach Me How to Speak: Amdo Scholars and Amdo Tibetan]. Beijing: Nationalities Press. History] ڗᚊႂ). 1987. Chibettogo no hensen to moji 垂垚垄垉፿圸㫰ᔢ圲֮ض۫) Nishida, Tatsuo of the Tibetan language and its alphabet]. Chibetto no Gengo to Bunka 垂垚垄垉圸ߢ፿圲֮֏ [The Tibetan Language and Culture], ed. by Yasuhiko Nagano (९ມ௠৯) & Musashi .՟ࣳ䋼), 108–169. Tokyo: Tojushaم) Tachikawa Nyang Nyima Vodzer (ĿĻāĿŢāŎāŖŬŇāŕŪŘ). 1988 (originally 12th century). Chosvbyung Metog Snyingpo Sbrangrtsivi Bcud ĽŬŜāŖŌƜŤĻāŎŪāŅŬĹāŜŢĻāŊƄ ŬāŜƑƝĻāŘƔŪŖŢāŌļŤŇ [History of Buddhism by Nyang Nyima Vodzer]. Lhasa: Tibetan Ancient Books Publishing House. Oisel, Guillaume. 2013. Morphosyntaxe et Sémantique des Auxiliaires et des Connecteurs Du tibétain Littéraire: Étude Diachronique et Synchronique [Morphosyntax and Semantics of Literary Tibetan Auxiliaries and Clause Linking: A Diachronic and Synchronic Study]. Paris: Université de la Sorbonne Nouvelle-Paris III dissertation. Ouyang, Jueya (ᑛၺᤚࠅ). (ed.) 1985. Luobazu Yuyan Jianzhi ఉ֣ග፿ߢ១ݳ [Outline of Lhopa Languages]. Beijing: Nationalities Press. Pustet, Regina. 2003. Copulas: Universals in the Categorization of the Lexicon. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Qu, Aitang (្ᨌഘ), & Kerang Tan (ᢟ܌ᨃ). 1983. Ali Zangyu ॳߺ៲፿ [Outline of Ali Tibetan]. Beijing: Chinese Social Sciences Press. Rgyaldbang Lngapa Chenmo (ŘžƜřāŇŌĻāřƀāŊāĽŪŉāŎŬ). 1957 (originally 17th century). Bod kyi Debther Dpyid kyi Rgyalmovi Gludbyangs ŌŬŇāķƜŢāŇŪŌāņŪŘāŇŊƜŢŇāķƜŢāŘžƜřāŎŬŖŢāĹƞŤāŇŌƜĻŜ [Records of Tibetan Kings and Ministers]. Beijing: Nationalities Press. Rnamrgyal Tshebrtan (ŘƎŎāŘžƜřāŐŪāŌŘƊŉ). 2008. Conevi Bodskad la Dpyadpa ļŬāŉŪŖŢāŌŬŇāŜżŇāřāŇŊƜŇāŊ [Studies on Cone Tibetan]. Beijing: Central University for Nationalities MA thesis. Rnamrgyal Tshering (ŘƎŎāŘžƜřāŐŪāŘŢĻ). 2001. Bodyig Brdarnying Ttshigmdzod ŌŬŇāŗŢĹāŌŘƌāŘŢĻāŐƄ ŢĹāŎőŬŇ [Old Tibetan Dictionary]. Beijing: China Tibetology Publishing House.

710 Language and Linguistics 17(5)

Ruspavi Rgjancan (ŘŤŜāŊŖŢāŘžƜŉāļŉ). 1981 (originally 15th century). Rnalvbyor gyi Dbangphyug Chenpo Milaraspavi Rnammgur ŘƎřāŖŌƜŬŘāĹƜŢāŇŌĻāŋƜŤĹāĽŪŉāŊŬāŎŢāřāŘŜāŊŖŢāŘƎŎāŎĹŤŘ [The Life of Milarepa]. Xining: Qinghai Nationalities Publishing House. Saskya Bsodnams Rgyalmtshan (ŜāŜżƜāŌŜŬŇāŉŎŜāŘžƜřāŎŐŉ). 1981 (originally 14th century). Rgyalrabs Gsalbavi Melong ŘžƜřāŘŌŜāĹŜřāŌŖŢāŎŪāřŬĻ [Records of Tibetan Royal Lineage]. Beijing: Nationalities Press. Saxena, Anju. 1997. Aspect and evidential morphology in standard Lhasa Tibetan: a diachronic study. Cahiers de Linguistique-Asie Orientale 26.2:281–306. ፿ॳਫᇩऱ៲ڍڜ Shao, Mingyuan (३ࣔႼ). 2014. Anduo Zangyu Arouhua de Shizheng Fanchou ᢞᒤᡱ [Evidentiality in A-rig Dialect of A-mdo Tibetan]. Tianjin: Universtiy of Nankaiق dissertation. Shvakya Rinchen Sdes gis Rtsomsgrig Byaspa (ŚƛķƜāŘŢŉāĽŪŉāŜƌŪŜāĹŢŜāŘƔŬŎāŜžƝŢĹāŌƜŜāŊ). 2012 (originally 14th century). Yarlung Jobovi Chosvbyung Bzhugs So ŗŘāřŤĻāľŬāŌŬŖŢāĽŬŜāŖŌƜŤĻāŌŔŤĹŜāŜŬăŇŊŘāĹĿŢŜāŊ [History of Buddhism of Yarlung] (2nd edition). Lhasa: Tibet Nationalities Publishing House. Silverstein, Michael. 1976. Hierarchy of features and ergativity. Grammatical Categories in Austra- lian Languages, ed. by R. M. W. Dixon, 112–171. Canberra: Australian National University. sKal-bzang ‘Gyur-med (௑ௌࡺ೨), & sKal-bzang dByangs-can (௑ௌ؇८). 2004. Shiyong Zangwen .[ऄඒ࿓ [Practical Textbook of Written Tibetan Grammar֮֮៲شWenfa Jiaocheng ኔ Chengdu: Sichuan Nationalities Publishing House. Skyogsston Rinchen Bkrashis (ŜżƜŬĹŜāŜƊŬŉāŘŢŉāĽŪŉāŌķƝāŚŢŜ). 2000 (originally 15th century). Lishivi Gurkhang řŢāŚŢŖŢāĹŤŘāĸĻ [Clove Tent]. Beijing: Nationalities Press. Spanien, Ariane, & Yoshiro Imaeda. 1979. Choix de Documents Tibétains Conservés à la Bibliothèque Nationale, Tome II. Paris: National Library of France. Stassen, Leon. 1997. Intransitive Predication. Oxford: Clarendon. Sumbha Dongrub Tshering (ŜŤŎāō āŇŬŉāĹƝŤŌāŐŪāŘŢĻ). 2013. Bod kyi Yulskad la Dpyadpavi Gtam Mutig Phrengba zhes byaba Bzhugs so (ŌŬŇāķƜŢāŗŤřāŜżŇāřāŇŊƜŇāŊŖŢāĹŅŎāŎŤāŅŢĹāŋƝŪĻāŌāŔŪŜāŌƜāŌāŌŔŤĹŜāŜŬ) [Studies of Tibetan Dialects]. Beijing: Nationalities Press. ᚊ), & Brug-mo-mtsho (ࡌֻ౻). 2002. RouruoyuګSun, Hongkai (୪ݛၲ), Chenglong Huang (႓ Yanjiu ਫૉ፿ઔߒ [Studies on Rouruo]. Beijing: Central University for Nationalities Press. Suzuki, Hiroyuki (ርֵ໑հ). 2014. Shilun dongfang zangqu Zangyu tuhua de yufa ditu: yi panduan ೯ဲڇژឰ೯ဲፖܒאቹΚچdongci yu cunzai dongci weili ᇢᓵֱࣟ៲೴៲፿Ւᇩऱ፿ऄ ੡ࠏ [Analysis of the linguistic geography of Eastern Tibetic languages: take the copula and existential verbs as an example]. Paper Presented at the 3th International Symposium on Chinese Geographical Linguistics, August 7–10, 2014. Foshan: Foshan University. Takeuchi, Tsuguhito (ࣳփฯԳ). 1990. Chibetto-go no jutsubu ni okeru jodǀshi no kinǀ to sono hattatsu kate 垂垚垄垉፿圸૪ຝ圵圔圛坕ܗ೯ဲ圸ᖲ౨圲圧圸䷦ሒመ࿓ [The function of

711 ⴳᆙߤ

auxiliary verbs in Tibetan predicates and their historical development]. Asia no Syo-gengo to Ippann-Gengogaku 坣坹坣圸壆ߢ፿圲ԫ౳ߢ፿ᖂ [Asian Languages and General Linguis- .tics], ed. by Osamu Sakiyama (സ՞෻) & Akihiro Sato (۸ᢏਟᇛ), 6–16. Tokyo: Sanseido Takeuchi, Tsuguhito (ࣳփฯԳ). 2002. Ki gigun ki kara seika jidai no chibetto go bunsho to chibetto -The Tibetan lan] ش圸垂垚垄垉፿֮஼圲垂垚垄垉፿ࠌזgo shiyǀ 㰜ᆠ૨ཚ圕坓۫୙ழ guage and Tibetan texts from the end of Tibetan domination over East Turkestan through the .Tangut period (9th–12th century)]. Tohogaku ֱࣟ䝤 [Eastern Studies] 104:106–124 Thomas, Frederick William. 1957. Ancient Folk-Literature from North-Eastern Tibet. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag. ៲ײThomas, Frederick William. 2003. Dunhuang Xiyu Guzangwen Shehuilishi Wenxian ཉᅇ۫഑ ,[षᄎᖵ׾֮᣸ [Tibetan Literary Texts and Documents Concerning Chinese Turkestan֮ annotated and translated by Zhong Liu (Ꮵ࢘) & Ming Yang (ᄘᎮ). Beijing: Nationalities Press. Tong, Jinhua (ᬄᙘဎ), & Bufan Huang (႓ؒՅ). (trans. & eds.) 1990. Baxie Zengbuben Yizhuπࢸ ᤟ࣹ) [An Edited and Annotated to the Historical Text Rbabzhed] (Rbabzhed is saidء࠰ρ(ᏺᇖ to be written by Sba Gsalsnang and completed around the 11th century). Chengdu: Sichuan Nationalities Publishing House. Tournadre, Nicolas. 1991. The rhetorical use of the Tibetan ergative. Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 14.1:93–108. Tournadre, Nicolas, & Konchok Jiatso. 2001. Final auxiliary verbs in literary Tibetan and in the dialects. Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 24.1:49–111. Tournadre, Nicolas, Lhakpa Norbu Sherpa, Gyurme Chodrak, & Guillaume Oisel. 2008. Sherpa- English and English-Sherpa Dictionary, with Literary Tibetan and Nepali Equivalents. Kathmandu: Vajra Bookstore. Tournadre, Nicolas. 2008. Arguments against the concept of ‘conjunct’/‘disjunct’ in Tibetan. Chomo- langma, Demawend und Kasbek: Festschrift für Roland Bielmeier zu Seinem 65. Geburtstag [Chomolangma, Demawend and Kasbek: Festschrift in honor of Roland Bielmeier on His 65th Birthday], Vol. 1. ed. by Brigitte Huber, Marianne Volkart, Paul Widmer & Peter Schwieger, 281–308. Halle: International Institute for Tibetan and Buddhist Studies. Tournadre, Nicolas. 2010. The classical Tibetan cases and their transcategoriality: from sacred grammar to modern linguistics. Himalayan Linguistics 9.2:87–125. Tournadre, Nicolas. 2013. The Tibetic languages and their classification. Trans-Himalayan Linguis- tics: Historical and Descriptive Linguistics of the Himalayan Area, ed. by Nathan W. Hill & Thomas Owen-Smith, 105–130. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Tshalpa Kundgav Rdorje (ŐřāŊāķŤŉāŇĹŖāŘƌŬāŘƃŪ). 1981 (originally 14th century). Debther Dmarpo ŇŪŌāņŪŘāŇŎŘāŊŬ [Red Annals]. Beijing: Nationalities Press.

712 Language and Linguistics 17(5)

Vgos Chosvgrub (ŖĹŬŜāĽŬŜāŖĹƝŤŌ). (originally 7th–10th century). Mdzangsblun ŎőĻŜāŌƞŤŉ [Wisdom and Stupid], ed. by Sdedge, No. 341 (ŜƌŪāŇĹŪŖŢāŊŘāŎ). Lhasa: Tibet People’s Publishing House. Vgos Lotsvaba Gzhonnubpal (ŖĹŬŜāřŬāŏšāŌāĹŔŬŉāŉŤāŇŊř). 1985 (originally 15th century). Debther Sngonpo ŇŪŌā ņŪŘāŜƀŬŉāŊŬ [Green Annals]. Chengdu: Sichuan Nationalities Publishing House. ᙕ [A Collection of Inscriptions on Bronzes andفᘓ८ٷ Wang, Yao (׆໯). 1982. Tufan Jinshi Lu Stone Tablets]. Beijing: Cultural Relics Publishing House. ᘓ១ᡪጵᙕ [An Edited andٷ Wang, Yao (׆໯), & Jian Chen (ຫᔌ). 1986. Tubo Jiandu Zonglu Annotated Bamboo Slips Texts of Tubo]. Beijing: Cultural Relics Publishing House. ᘓ֮஼ᓵٷWang, Yao (׆໯), & Jian Chen (ຫᔌ). 1988. Dunhuang Tubo Wenshu Lunwenji ཉᅇ ႃ [A Collection of Dunhuang and Tubo Texts]. Chengdu: Sichuan Nationalities Publishing֮ House. ֮៲ײWang, Yao (׆໯), & Jian Chen (ຫᔌ). 2008. Dunhuang Guzangwen Wenxian Tansuoji ཉᅇ ᣸൶౉ႃ [A Collection of Old Tibetan Documents of Dunhuang]. Shanghai: Shanghai֮ Rarebooks Publishing House. Wang, Zhijing (׆ݳᄃ). 1992. Zangyu Lasa kouyu zhong de jianleici reě²³¹Εtuě²³¹ ៲፿ࢮ៳Ց፿խ ऱଫᣊဲ reě²³¹Εtuě²³¹ [The homonym words reě²³¹ and tuě²³¹ in Lhasa Spoken-Tibetan]. Yuyan Yanjiu ፿ߢઔߒ [Studies in Language and Linguistics] 1992.1:123–136. Xie, Guanghua (᝔ᐖဎ). 1982. Zangyu dongci yufa fanchou ៲፿೯ဲ፿ऄᒤᡱ [The grammatical [ග፿֮ [Minority Languages of Chinaا categories of the Tibetan verb]. Minzu Yuwen 1982.4:35–47. Yamaguchi, Zuiho (՞ՑᅗᏕ). 1998. Chibettogo Bungo Bunpǀ 垂垚垄垉፿֮፿֮ऄ [A Grammar of Written-Tibetan]. Tokyo: Shunjusha. Yamaguchi, Zuiho (՞ՑᅗᏕ). 2002. Gaisetsu Chibettogo Bungo Bunten ᄗ䇣垂垚垄垉፿֮፿֮ࠢ [An Outline of Written-Tibetan Grammar]. Tokyo: Shunjusha. Yamaguchi, Zuiho (՞ՑᅗᏕ). 2003. Yǀketsu Chibettogo bungo bunten ૞๸垂垚垄垉፿֮፿֮ࠢ [An Outline of Written-Tibetan Grammar]. Naritasan: Naritasan Shinshoji. Zeisler, Bettina. 2000. Narrative conventions in Tibetan languages: the issue of mirativity. Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 23.2:39–77. Zeisler, Bettina. 2012. Evidentiality and inferentiality: overlapping and contradictory functions of the so-called evidential markers in Ladakhi (West Tibetan). Available at: http://media.leidenuniv.nl/ legacy/zeisler-bettina-handout.pdf (accessed 11 July 2013). Zhang, Jichuan (്ᛎ՟). (ed.) 1986. Cangluo Menbayu Jianzhi ପ੖॰֣፿១ݳ [Outline of Cangluo Menba Language]. Beijing: Nationalities Press. ઔߒ [The؁ឰܒZhang, Jun (്૨). 2005. Hanzang Yuxi Yuyan Panduanju Yanjiu ዧ៲፿ߓ፿ߢ Determinative Sentence in the Languages of Sino-Tibetan Family]. Beijing: Central University for Nationalities dissertation.

713 ⴳᆙߤ

Zhang, Yisun (്ࢣ፤). 1993. Zanghan Dacidian ៲ዧՕ᢯ࠢ [Tibet-Chinese Dictionary] (2nd edition). Beijing: Nationalities Press. Zangyu Lasahua Yufa ៲፿ࢮ៳ᇩ፿ऄ .2003 .(॑ٿZhou, Jiwen (ࡌࡱ֮), & Houfang Xie (᝔ [A Grammar of Lhasa Tibetan]. Beijing: Nationalities Press. .[፿ઔߒ [Studies on Rmachu Tibetan៲ڴZhou, Maocao (ࡌֻ౻). 2003. Maqu Zangyu Yanjiu ጆ Beijing: Nationalities Press. ࢮֲ֣ႚρऱ፿ऄ௽ᐛ֗ۏZhou, Wei (ࡌ❒). 2000. Milaribazhuan de Yufa Tezheng ji Bijiaoπ .[ֺለ [A Comparative Study on the Grammar Features and of Biography of Mi-la-ras-pa Beijing: China Tibetology Publishing House.

[Received 19 October 2013; revised 1 October 2014; accepted 11 March 2015]

Department of Chinese Language and Literature Post-doctoral Research Center Capital Normal University 105 West Third Ring Road North Haidian District, Beijing 100048, China [email protected]

714 Language and Linguistics 17(5)

The Grammaticalization of the Copula Verb red in Tibetic Languages

Mingyuan Shao Capital Normal University

The copula verb red is widely distributed in the Central, Northeastern, and Southeastern sections of Tibetic languages, forming obvious opposition with another copula verb yin to convey evidential and epistemic meanings of heterophoric and egophoric respectively. In Old Tibetan red only acted as a content verb defined as become or turn. No later than the 14th century, in the region of Muya, which affiliated to the Southeastern section of Tibetic Languages, red evolved into both a copula verb and an auxiliary verb, which indicated tense and aspect. Correspondingly, an adversarial relationship of pragmatic-epistemic meaning between the structure formed by the copula yin and declarative sentence-final particle –o in Old Tibetan exists, in which yin is utilized frequently in the Negative Structure. Therefore, acquired mood distinctions exist to convey subjective judgment and emphasis, and also constitute distinction of the structure of –o formation, which is generally adopted to convey indicative mood that indicates less of the speaker or writer’s subjective attitude. Subsequently, in colloquial speech no later than the 14th century, with the extinction of the particle –o, red gradually took the place of the particle –o and developed much more stringent correspondence between the egophoric and heterophoric meaning.

Key words: Tibetic Languages, copula, grammaticalization, evidentiality, egophoric

715