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Canis Lupus. L University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln USGS Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center Wildlife Damage Management, Internet Center for 1974 Canis lupus. L. David Mech USGS Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usgsnpwrc Part of the Animal Sciences Commons, Behavior and Ethology Commons, Biodiversity Commons, Environmental Policy Commons, Recreation, Parks and Tourism Administration Commons, and the Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecology Commons Mech, L. David, "Canis lupus." (1974). USGS Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center. 334. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usgsnpwrc/334 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Wildlife Damage Management, Internet Center for at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in USGS Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. MAMMALIAN SPECIES No. 37, pp. 1-6, 5 figs. Canis lupus. By L. David Mech Published 2 May 1974 by The American Society of Mammalogists Canis lupus Linnaeus, 1758 House, Saskatchewan, Canada (synonyms are Lupus- Gray Wolf Griseus Sabine, and knightii Anderson). C. 1. pambasileus Elliot, 1905:79, see above. Canis lupus Linnaeus, 1758:39. Type locality Sweden. C. 1. tundrarum Miller, 1912:1, see above. Canis lycaon Schreber, 1775:pl. 89. Type locality Quebec, C. 1. baileyi Nelson and Goldman, 1929:165. Type locality Quebec, by restriction (Goldman, 1937:38). Colonia Garcia, Chihuahua, Mexico. Canis Lupus-Griseus Sabine, in Franklin, 1823:654, not Griseus C. 1. hattai Kishida, 1931:73. Type locality Sapporo, Hok- Boddaert, 1794. kaido, Japan (rex Pocock is a synonym). Canis Lupus-Albus Sabine, in Franklin, 1823:655, not albus C. 1. crassodon Hall, 1932:420. Type locality Tahsis Canal, Kerr, 1792. Nootka Sound, Vancouver Island, B.C., Canada. Canis nubilus Say, in Long, 1823:169. Type locality Engineer C. 1. arabs Pocock, 1934:636. Type locality "Ain in S.E. Cantonment, approximately 2 mi. N Ft. Calhoun, Wash- Arabia." ington County, Nebraska. C. 1. orion Pocock, 1935:683. Type locality "Cape York, on Canis pallipes Sykes, 1831:101. Type locality Deccan, India. Baffin Bay, N.W. Greenland." Canis hodophilax Temminck, 1839:284. Type locality Hondo, C. 1. arctos Pocock, 1935:682. Type locality "Melville Island, Japan. Arctic America." Canis variabilis Wied-Neuwied, 1841:95. Type locality Fort C. 1. beothucus G. M. Allen and Barbour, 1937:230. Type Clark, near Stanton, Mercer County, North Dakota. locality "Newfoundland, Canada." Lupus orientalis Wagner, 1841:367. Type locality Europe. C. 1. irremotus Goldman, 1937:41. Type locality "Red Lodge, Lupus laniger Hodgson, 1847:474. Type locality "Tibet," but Carbon County, southwestern Montana," USA. possibly little Tibet in Kashmir. C. 1. labradorius Goldman, 1937:38. Type locality "vicinity of Canis chanco Gray, 1863:94. Type locality Chinese Tartary. Fort Chimo, Quebec, Canada." Canis niger Sclater, 1874:pl. 78, not niger Kerr, 1792. C. 1. ligoni Goldman, 1937:39. Type locality "head of Duncan Canis pambasileus Elliot, 1905:79. Type locality Susitna River, Canal, Kupreanof Island, Alexander Archipelago, Alaska," region of Mt. McKinley, Alaska. USA. Lupus filchneri Matschie, 1908:153. Type locality Siningfu, C. 1. mogollonensis Goldman, 1937:43. Type locality "S.A. Kansu, China. Creek, 10 miles northwest of Luna, Catron County, New Lupus karanorensis Matschie, 1908:159. Type locality Karanor, Mexico," USA. in the Gobi. C. 1. monstrabilis Goldman, 1937:42. Type locality "10 miles Lupus tschiliensis Matschie, 1908:160. Type locality Coast of south of Rankin, Upton County, Texas," USA. Chihli, China. C. 1. youngi Goldman, 1937:40. Type locality "Harts Draw, Lupus altaicus Noak, (?) 1911:465. Type locality Chulyshman north slope of Blue Mountains, 20 miles northwest of Glacier, Altai. Monticello, San Juan County, Utah," USA. Canis tundrarum Miller, 1912:1. Type locality Point Barrow, C. 1. alces Goldman, 1941:109. Type locality Kachemak Bay, Alaska. Kenai Peninsula, Alaska, USA. C. 1. columbianus Goldman, 1941:110. Type locality Wistaria, CONTEXT AND CONTENT. Order Carnivora, Family N. side Ootsa Lake, B.C., Canada. Canidae. The genus Canis includes eight species. Approxi- C. 1. hudsonicus Goldman, 1941:112. Type locality head of mately 24 New World and eight Old World subspecies of C. Schultz Lake, Keewatin, Canada. lupus are recognized, the number depending on authorities C. 1. bernardi Anderson, 1943:389. Type locality Cape Kellett, accepted. For summary, see Mech (1970); for full synonymy, SW Banks Island, Franklin, Canada. see Pocock (1935), Goldman (1944), Ellerman and Morrison- C. 1. mackenzii Anderson, 1943:388. Type locality Imnanuit, Scott (1951), Novikov (1956), and Hall and Kelson (1959). west of Kater Point, Bathurst Inlet, Mackenzie, Canada (a synonym is Lupus-Albus Sabine). C. 1. lupus Linnaeus, 1758:39, see above (synonyms are flavus C. 1. manningi Anderson, 1943:392. Type locality Hantzch Kerr, niger Hermann, communis Dwigubski, orientalis River, east Foxe Basin, west side Baffin Island, Franklin Wagner, major Og6rien, minor Ogerien, deitanus Cabrera, Canada. signatus Cabrera, lycaon Trouessart, altaicus Noak, italicus Altobello, and kurjak Bolkay). DIAGNOSIS AND GENERAL CHARACTERS. Largest C. 1. lycaon Schreber, 1775:pl. 89, see above (synonyms are member (figure 1) of the Canidae except for certain breeds canadensis Blainville and ungavensis Comeau). of domestic dogs (Canis familiaris). Adult females weigh from C. 1. albus Kerr, 1792:137. Type locality Jenisea eastern 18 to 55 kg (40 to 120 lb) and measure 1.37 to 1.52 m (4.5 USSR (synonyms are turuchanensis Ognev, and dybowskii to 6.0 ft) in total length; and males 20 to 80 kg (45 to 175 lb) Domaniewski). and 1.27 to 1.64 m (5.0 to 6.5 ft), depending on subspecies. C. 1. campestris Dwigubski, 1804:10. Type locality between Fur long and varying in color from pure white through mottled Black Sea and Caspian, Kirghizia, to Yenesei River (syn- gray and brown to coal black; usually grizzled gray. Generally onyms are desertorum Bogdanov, cubanensis Ognev). resembling domestic German shepherd or husky in head and C. 1. nubilus Say, 1823:169, see above (a synonym is variabilis body configuration but distinguishable from them by having Wied-Neuwied). orbital angle (figure 2) of 400 to 45? as compared with 53? C. 1. occidentalis Richardson, 1829:60. Type locality Simpson, to 60? in dogs (Iljin, 1941) and having large, convex, and Mackenzie, Canada (synonyms are sticte Richardson, ater almost spherical tympanic bullae as compared with smaller, Richardson). compressed, and slightly crumpled bullae in dogs. Distinguish- able from coyote (Canis latrans) by having larger size, broader C. 1. pallipes Sykes, 1831:101, see above. snout, relatively shorter ears, and proportionately smaller brain C. 1. hodophilax Temminck, 1839:284, see above (synonyms case. Canis rufus of eastern Texas and Louisiana is similar to are hodopylax (sic) Temminck and japonicus Nehring). Canis lupus, being intermediate in many characters between C. 1. fuscus Richardson, in Beechey, 1839:5. Type locality wolf and coyote (Nowak, 1970). See "Remarks." Further dis- Columbia River below the Dalles, between Oregon and tinctions among these four closely related and similar animals Washington, USA (a synonym is gigas Townsend). were detailed by Lawrence and Bossert (1967). C. 1. chanco Gray, 1863:94, see above (synonyms are laniger Hodgson, niger Sclater, filchneri Matschie, karanorensis DISTRIBUTION. Formerly throughout Northern Hemi- Matschie, tschiliensis Matschie, and coreanus Abe). sphere north of 20? N latitude (figure 3) in all habitats and C. 1. griseoalbus Baird, 1858:104. Type locality Cumberland topography except deserts and high mountain tops. Deliberate 2 MAMMALIAN SPECIES NO. 37 FIGURE 1. Adult Canis lupus, photo by the author. extermination has restricted present range in North (1952) America has described details of the integument in the Canidae. (see figure 4), and in the Old World to eastern Europe, Shedding the occurs in late spring. Soviet Union, China, and northern India. Remnant populations The front foot has five toes, including a short one with a live in western Europe and Scandinavia. dew claw proximad from other four; the hind foot has four toes. Limb posture is digitigrade; the chest is narrow and keel-like FOSSIL RECORD. A closely related Pleistocene species with forelimbs seemingly pressed into chest, and elbows turned was found in Cumberland Cave, Maryland (Gidley, 1913). inward and paws outward (Young, 1944; Iljin, 1941). The legs are moderately long. Dentition i 3/3, c 1/1, p 4/4, m 2/3, total FORM. Guard hairs are 60 to 100 mm long (120 to 150 42; canines are about 26 mm long and carnassials are well de- mm in mane) with imbricate scales that are elongate in veloped. The cranium is elongate and tapering anteriorly, with proximal region of hair, crenate medially, and flattened dis- long jaws (figure 5). For further details on skull and teeth tally; underfur has coronal scales (Adorjan and Kolenosky, see Goldman (1944). The baculum is pointed and has a ventral 1969). Dorsal hairs are generally longer and darker than those groove. The especially strong and large masseter muscles allow of venter; a group of stiff hairs surrounds the precaudal gland a powerful bite. on dorsal side of tail about 70 mm from base. Hildebrand Atkins and Dillon (1971) have compared the brain to that of other canids. The simple stomach can hold 7 to 9 kg (15 to 20 lb) of food. The liver is relatively large, varying in males from 0.7 to 1.9 kg (1.6 to 4.2 lb) and averaging 1.2 kg (2.6 lb) and in females .68 to .82 kg (1.5 to 1.8 lb) (Makridin, 1962). Except for minor differences noted in "Diagnosis," anatomy is similar to that of the domestic dog. There normally are 10 mammae (Goldman, 1944). FUNCTION. Fine underfur and long guard hairs con- serve a high proportion of body heat, enabling wolves to func- tion in temperatures lower than -40? F.
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