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Military Psychology Response to Post Pandemic Reconstruction. Volume 2
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Military Psychology Response to Post-Pandemic Reconstruction Military Psychology Response to Post-Pandemic Reconstruction
Edited by Lt Col Dr Samir Rawat Professor Ole Boe Dr Andrzej Piotrowski
RAWAT PUBLICATIONS Jaipur · New Delhi · Bangalore · Guwahati · Kolkata ISBN 978-81-316-1181-4 (Volume 1) ISBN 978-81-316-1182-1 (Volume 2) ISBN 978-81-316-1183-8 (Set)
© Contributors, 2020
Disclaimer: The opinions and assertions expressed in the papers are those of the authors and need not be construed as those as official or as reflecting views in consonance with the Indian Armed Forces or the Ministry of Defence in India or the countries from where the authors hail.
Photo Credits: Brigadier General Eri Hidayat, Head of Indonesian Army Psychological Services, Indonesia Brig S. Bhandari, VSM Commandant, Military Hospital, Prayagraj, India Ms Shradha Sharma, Research Associate, Military MIND Academy, India Ms. Dhruvi Negi, India Ms Ieva Budzeikaite, Lithuania Norwegian Armed Forces Media Center, Norway Dr. Saif Salam Al-Hashmi, Head of Department of Psychiatry, Armed Forces Hospital, Oman Colonel Dr. Vasile Marineanu, Head of the Romanian National Military Center for Psychology and Behavioral Health, Bucharest, Romania
No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.
Published by Prem Rawat for Rawat Publications Satyam Apts, Sector 3, Jawahar Nagar, Jaipur 302 004 (India) Phones: 0141 265 1748 / 265 7006 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.rawatbooks.com
New Delhi Office 4858/24, Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi 110 002 Phone: 011 2326 3290 Also at Bangalore, Guwahati and Kolkata
Typeset by Rawat Computers, Jaipur Printed and bound in India. Lest We Forget
Rudyard Kipling
God of our fathers, known of old, Lord of our far-flung battle line, Beneath whose awful hand we hold Dominion over palm and pine – Lord God of Hosts, be with us yet, Lest we forget – lest we forget!
The tumult and the shouting dies; The Captains and the Kings depart: Still stands Thine ancient sacrifice, An humble and a contrite heart. Lord God of Hosts, be with us yet, Lest we forget – lest we forget!
Far-called our navies melt away; On dune and headland sinks the fire: Lo, all our pomp of yesterday Is one with Nineveh and Tyre! Judge of the Nations, spare us yet, Lest we forget – lest we forget!
If, drunk with sight of power, we lose Wild tongues that have not Thee in awe, Such boastings as the Gentiles use, Or lesser breeds without the Law – Lord God of Hosts, be with us yet, Lest we forget – lest we forget!
For heathen heart that puts her trust In reeking tube and iron shard, All valiant dust that builds on dust, And guarding calls not Thee to guard, For frantic boast and foolish word – Thy Mercy on Thy People, Lord! vi • Lest We Forget
We would like to honour the brave COVID warriors from all over the world who laid down their lives in line of duty by putting themselves in harm’s way to save precious human lives as also those emergency first responders and professionals in the field of medical and mental health who have been working diligently in the battle against COVID-19.
This poem by Rudyard Kipling is an ode to the valiant COVID-19 warriors and a reminder of untold sacrifices by unknown soldiers in and out of uniform fighting an enemy in a world without borders – against the dreaded virus. We salute you all for your moral courage, grit, resilience and fortitude to stand up and be counted when the chips are down for humanity as a race.
Lt Col Dr Samir Rawat Professor Ole Boe Dr Andrzej Piotrowski (Editors)
Reference
Poetry Foundation. (2017). Recessional by Rudyard Kipling. Retrieved from https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems/46780/recessional Contents
VOLUME 1
Preamble – Transforming Military Psychological Knowledge for Benefit of Society 1 Foreword 3 Preface 5 Acknowledgements 9 List of Abbreviations 11 Contributors 21
1 An Introduction to Post-Pandemic Reconstruction: Making Sense of Military Training in Context of COVID-19 Pandemic 41 Samir Rawat, Ole Boe and Andrzej Piotrowski Belgium 2 Lived Experiences of Nurses in Emergency and Intensive Care Medicine: Post COVID-Decompression to Cope withBurdenTraumaandMoralInjury 63 Erik de Soir Belgium and Netherlands 3 Worthy Goodbye From a Distance: Assisting Patients andFamiliesinTimesofUnfinishedBereavement 79 Erik de Soir and Lies Scaut viii • Contents
Brazil and Portugal 4 Social Support Strategies Adopted by Brazilian Army for Soldiers andtheirFamiliesDuringCOVID-19Pandemic 91 Carolina Rodrigues-Silveira, Soraya Reis Dantas, Patricia Rodrigues Siqueira, Michela de Souza Cotian and Maria José Chambel Canada 5 The Restorative Power of Resilience: During and After theGlobalCoronavirusPandemicof2020 107 Lobna Cherif and Alan Okros 6 The Gendered Division of Emotional Labour andPost-PandemicReconstruction 126 Vanessa Brown Estonia 7 Focus on Resilience in Cognitively Diverse Multidisciplinary Teams 149 Merle Parmak India 8 Taming the Dragon by Unmasking Chinese ‘WOMB’ and HegemonisticDesignsDuringCOVID-19Pandemic 159 Samir Rawat 9 Role of Psychologists and Counsellors During and After Pandemic 197 Gayatri Ahuja 10 Extricating FLAB During and After Pandemic forFunctionalFitnessandHolisticHealth 232 Vahishta Kapadia 11 Resilience Training to Minimize Impact of FLAB during Pandemic 273 Vahishta Kapadia and Samir Rawat 12 Learning Military ‘GRADE H’ in Post-Pandemic Environment 299 Shradha Sharma 13 Force Preservation and Military Protocols During Lockdown 319 Antony Fernandes 14 Secondary Stress, Burnout and PTSD among Emergency First Responders in Mumbai During COVID-19 Pandemic 359 Maitreyi Redkar 15 Mantra for Pandemic Using Astral and Cosmic Energy ThroughSoulRenderingMeditation 382 Gayatri Ahuja and Samir Rawat Contents • ix
16 Learning Strategic Leadership Skills From Military for Performance Management in Post-Pandemic Environment 406 Priya Joshi
VOLUME 2
India, Norway and Poland 17 Understanding Resilience with Automatic Self-Regulation 431 Andrzej Piotrowski, Ole Boe, Samir Rawat, Maitreyi Redkar and Abhijit P. Deshpande 18 Leadership in a Staff or a Garrison Compared to Combat Leadership Before, During and After Pandemic Crises 454 Ole Boe, Andrzej Piotrowski, Samir Rawat, Abhijit P. Deshpande and Johan Bergh 19 Gateways to Learning Self-Regulation the Military Way during Pandemic Lockdown 472 Samir Rawat, Abhijit P. Deshpande, Vahishta Kapadia, Andrzej Piotrowski and Ole Boe 20 Role of Character Strengths in Enduring Pandemic and Other Crises Situations: Lessons Identified and Learned from the Military 485 Ole Boe, Andrzej Piotrowski and Samir Rawat 21 Significant Value of Decompression on Lifting ofLockdownDuringPandemic–Follow9R’s 504 Andrzej Piotrowski, Ole Boe, Samir Rawat and Johan Bergh Indonesia 22 Lessons Learned from Military Psychology in Overcoming COVID-19: The Indonesian Army Experience 527 Eri Radityawara Hidayat and Didon Permadi Iran 23 Adjustment, Wisdom, Adaptation and Coping Resources (AWAC) Following Vicarious Exposure to COVID-19 Pandemic: Changing Perceptions and Attitudes 543 Mahnaz Forouzan x • Contents
Norway 24 Reducing Stress and Increasing Interaction in Military and High-Risk Organizations: Performance Factors withRelevanceforHealthCareWorkers 565 Ole Boe 25 Can Emergency Preparedness Structures and Principles Successfully be Adopted Across Borders? A Comparison ofNorwayandUSABasedonSocialTheory 587 Jarle Løwe Sørensen and Eric Carlström 26 Between Chaos and Control: The Practical Relevance of Military Strategy in Fighting and Recovering from a Pandemic Outbreak 602 Bjørn Tallak Bakken 27 Trust During Pandemic Crises: An Agency Theoretical ApproachwithExamplesFromtheMilitary 617 Johan Bergh and Ole Boe 28 Make the Invisible Enemy Visible: Military Debriefing in the Unforeseen Times 637 Glenn-Egil Torgersen, Kristian Firing and Trygve J. Steiro 29 Lessons Learnt and Identified: Developing a Solidarity CombatMindsetAgainstInvisibleEnemies 655 Ole Boe and Glenn-Egil Torgersen Oman 30 Matching RHYTHMs During and After COVID-19 Pandemic March 673 Saif Al Hashmi Poland 31 The Psychological Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Soldiers’ Quality of Life, Coping with Stress, and Combat Readiness 695 Andrzej Piotrowski 32 Psycho-Social Conditions of Threat of Pandemic Coronavirus 706 Dariusz Jurczak Romania 33 Strategic Military Leadership Challenges During and After Pandemic Crises 719 Cristian Dobre Contents • xi
34 The Role of Romanian Military Psychologists in Providing First Line Responders with Adaptive Behaviours and MentalHealthStrategiesinEraofCOVID-19 732 Vasile Marineanu and Mirela Dorina Cremenescu Serbia 35 Knowledge About Psychological and Propaganda Activities, Fear and Sources of Psychological Strength for Coping and OvercomingCrisisDuetoCOVID-19Pandemic 753 Anita Pešiæ and Milan Miljkoviæ 36 SomeWaysofCopingwithAnxiety 771 Miljana Paviæeviæ, Jelena Miniæ and Miroslav Krstiæ Slovenia 37 Pandemics: Some Thoughts on Leadership and Crisis Management 787 Petra Resman USA 38 Building Confidence from the Ground Up: Sources and Strategies 801 Todd A. Gilson 39 The Freedom of Forgiveness Beyond Crisis: InterpersonalStrategiesforLeaders 826 Amanda Metcalfe and Kenneth Briggs 40 Service Academy Integrative Education: Broad Student SupporttoCreateResilientSoldier-Citizens 842 Michelle A. Butler Samuels and Steven M. Samuels
Conclusions 41 Integrative Conclusions to Post-Pandemic Reconstruction 861 Glenn-Egil Torgersen, Samir Rawat, Ole Boe and Andrzej Piotrowski Quick evacuation by military personnel
Improvised “Airpods” created by armed forces for safe and swift evacuation Military doctors helping in evacuation of the elderly and weak
Military hospital providing succour to overwhelming number of positive COVID-19 cases COVID-19 testing in progress
Tri -services integrated functioning during pandemic Testing across the globe
Testing across the globe Testing across the globe
Testing across the globe Positive affirmation to patients by military psychologists
Counselors at work - coping with grief and trauma Military helicopters shower flowers as a salute to tenacious COVID-19 warriors
A senior citizen tested positive for COVID-19 being discharged from military hospital on recovery Team building for emergency first responders
Catering to new threat perspectives, battlefield force multipliers dominate with renewed vigour 41
Integrative Conclusions to Post-Pandemic Reconstruction
Glenn-Egil Torgersen, Samir Rawat, Ole Boe and Andrzej Piotrowski
When editing a book, editors need to undertake the task of integrating the material presented. This is necessary in order to develop an overall model and theory, which can be a contribution in the fields of military psychology and military pedagogy. But, not least, which is also the main purpose of the present scientific anthology, to be able to extract core competence based on experiences and theories from the military world, and over to civilian author- ities and emergency environments, which will deal with pandemics with unknown and unpredictable viruses, locally and globally. Such a model can, combined with other established competence, provide a brief overview and guidelines for what politicians and emergency personnel should consider in order to develop the best possible competence for both prevention, handling along the way, and during development phases after pandemics – both between blooms (waves) and when an overall pandemic has been extin- guished (for example via a vaccine). While we, as editors, along with Professor Glenn-Egil Torgersen who kindly consented to come on board with his valuable insights, attempt this feat in this concluding chapter, we feared that by only presenting our summary after each chapter, we would overshadow differences and common- alties between countries, impose our ethnocentric views on the information provided, and ignore culturally important information provided in this text. To avoid some of these concerns, we asked each contributor of a full-length chapter to write an integrative conclusion to their chapter. As each manuscript was written, it was read thoroughly by Samir, Andrzej and Ole (in that order) with individual comments that would highlight components that each one of us as editors found most interesting and then sent the manuscript back to the author with observations, if any, to maintain consis- tency of chapters in the book. 862 • Glenn-Egil Torgersen, Samir Rawat, Ole Boe and Andrzej Piotrowski
Our hope was to make the task of integrating all the chapters and make our synergized efforts as collaborative, despite the challenges, pandemic notwithstanding, in which each of the three editors were geographically located in different time zones. Our aim was to help distribute the power that normally editors hold in having the last word when they choose how to compare and contrast each chapter. However, we must acknowledge and confess that we still held this power throughout the editing process and in writing the concluding chapter. Moreover, we are guilty of pushing our dear colleagues to adhere to the timelines in our race against time to enable timely publishing of the book and we thank them for their Herculean efforts.
Integrative Education/The Hermeneutical Pandemic Pedagogical Planning Model for Preparedness for Unforseen Pandemic Crises (PED-PREP model) The aim of this chapter is thus to transform military experiences to civilian operative knowledge structures for dealing with pandemics. We have empha- sized operative experiences in relation to crisis situations, the unforeseen (UN), learning, and solutions. The model provided in this chapter is thus a contribution to facilitate the prevention, management and coping with situa- tions such as COVID-19 and future pandemic situations. Based on the thoughts presented in this chapter, we have developed a model for the strategic and pedagogical use of preparedness for unforseen pandemic crises (Figure 2). We refer to this model as the Integrative Education/The hermeneutical pandemic pedagogical planning model for Preparedness for Unforeseen Pandemic Crises, or in short, the PED-PREP model. Summed up, the factors revealed in the model should be seen in relation to each other and from a holistic meaning indicating that the whole is more than the sum of its parts. Therefore, the PED-PREP model is a relational and dynamic model, not a fixed and static model. This model must again be seen in connection with the established competence the professionals in the emergency preparedness environments and the politicians already have acquired. Our hope is that, both the book and the concentrated theory model shown in this chapter can be a contri- bution to the good of society. At the same time, we know that knowledge is not perpetual. Therefore, we encourage everyone to further develop both our model and other approaches for the benefit of society. Furthermore, the final pedagogical model (Figure 2), provides general guidelines for strategic planning and facilitation of crisis preparedness for unforeseen events, and is derived via Semantic Theory Construction (STC) based on scientific semantic theory (Kvernbekk, 2005; Giere, 1988; Suppe, 1989; Torgersen, 2018).
Aims of the Model The competence structures used in the Competence Structures for the Pandemic model (CS-PAN model) (Figure 1) have been extracted from all Integrative Conclusions to Post-Pandemic Reconstruction • 863 the chapters in this anthology. These are then indicators of which compe- tence one should focus upon and develop, both at individual, group, organizational, and national level. The indicators are sorted into three different categories, respectively mental and emotional resilience, relational resilience, and society resilience. Together they form a model, the CS-PAN model, which in term lead to a theory level referred to as CS-PAN theory level. Figure 1 The CS-PAN model
However, this must be seen in the context of society’s condition, culture and political situation, not just economically. The military educator Jarmio Toiskallio (2006) developed a hermeneutical military-pedagogical planning model (referred to as the Hermeneutical military-pedagogical planning model) to develop the best possible competence to meet and cope with the demands of war. We have taken this model as our starting point (Toiskallio, 2006), and revised it to apply it to pandemics and virus outbreaks. The purpose is to show the necessity of comprehensive planning, where both competence structures for the pandemic (CS-PAN) and social conditions must be integrated in the planning, implementation and evaluation of training and other preparation to meet long-lasting pandemics, in their various phases and waves. In other words, this is an educational model for meeting and dealing with the demands of pandemics. 864 • Glenn-Egil Torgersen, Samir Rawat, Ole Boe and Andrzej Piotrowski
As can be seen from the PED-PREP model in Figure 2, conception of the virus, handling and crisis is the starting point. In order to reach the level where one can make decisions how to develop the action competence of residents, emergency personnel and politicians, it is vital to take into consid- eration the competence structures found in the CS-PAN model. These will function as pedagogical building blocks on the way to achieve this goal. It is also vital to take into consideration the prevention, coping, and recovery that occurs through different phases or waves of infection pressure. Figure 2 PED-PREP model
This has to be done with a systematic evaluation and learning in all stages and phases. Included in the model, and which need to be considered as well, are several important pedagogical questions. These questions are important to ask oneself in a planning and preparation phase for an unforeseen pandemic in the future. We encourage the readers, be that regular residents, personnel involved in training and educating others in the emergency services, emergency first responders (EFRs), decision makers at different levels, or politicians, to consider and use the proposed models when preparing for the next unforeseen pandemic. The PED-PREP model can be used as a basis for discussions and for decisions about how to cope with psychological and pedagogical issues related to emergency preparedness and reconstruction after a pandemic, preparing for the next pandemic, as well as how to handle ongoing pandemic situations. Integrative Conclusions to Post-Pandemic Reconstruction • 865
New Directions in Research on Post-Pandemic Reconstruction: Bridging and Bonding with Psychological Glue During Pandemic Times This book on Military Psychology Response to Post-Pandemic Reconstruction addresses multiple issues from a variety of global perspectives and sub disci- plines in the field of military psychology. The chapters clearly indicate that reconstruction of a new world perspective in various walks of life during and after the COVID-19 pandemic is an extremely complex phenomenon that demands a multifaceted approach to better understand the theoretical under- pinnings of the who, what, where, when, which, how and why of post-pandemic reconstruction, and more importantly, the application of psychological principles to the dynamic, yet fluid post reconstruction process. Several chapters discuss the theoretical models of cognitive and social psychology while others address potential applications of military psychology in times to come which range from evolving personality factors like resilience building to interpersonal influences (evolving leadership concepts in pandemic times) to socio cultural influences (like altruism and prosocial behaviour for example). The treatment of mental health challenges was not the focal point of this book; rather most chapters discuss the etiology, development course, related risks and protective factors and impact of COVID-19 pandemic on behaviour and psychological health. It is noteworthy that a number of authors discuss theoretical research related to aspects of resilience, boredom, physical distancing, social isolation, grit, adaptability and new health protocols in public spaces. This makes sense that many theories and etiological approaches to dealing with stress and trauma borne from the COVID-19 pandemic consider coping strategies and resilience, grit and determination to be a developmental precursor to overcoming pandemic related stress and trauma. As many chapters illustrate, even the focus of the book is on building resilience at the individual and community level in the wake of the pandemic, it remains essential to recognize that the important role of progressively building capacities through self-regulation mechanisms and resilience building to minimize risk and vulnerabilities to mental health issues in a post-pandemic era. “A peacetime army can usually survive with good administration and management up and down the hierarchy, coupled with a good leadership concentrated at the very top. A wartime army, however, needs competent leadership at all levels. No one has yet figured out how to manage people effectively into battle; they must be led”. (Kotter, 1990: 104)
Conclusions As the coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) still rages on in the world, we have come to an end in this effort to contribute with different military psychology topics to post-pandemic reconstruction. Our hope is that this book may be a valuable help in preparing for upcoming pandemic and other 866 • Glenn-Egil Torgersen, Samir Rawat, Ole Boe and Andrzej Piotrowski similar crises. The COVID-19 pandemic has given us all a previously unseen number of consequences for physical and mental health of individuals and for society at large (Brooks et al., 2020; Fiorillo & Gorwood, 2020; Hanna et al., 2018; Lima et al., 2020). Military organizations around the world have not escaped from this unseen enemy as they also have been affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the robustness in military organizations stemming from the use of military psychology has aided during these times. Acquiring and using some of the knowledge provided in this book, as well as the CS-PAN and PED-PREP models provided in this chapter will hopefully be useful for anyone reading this book. As stated in Chapter 1, this book attempt to help military leaders at different levels as well as policy makers, EFRs and practising psychologists dealing with extreme issues of overwhelming stress, grief, trauma and related accompanying factors to better understand best practices in post-pandemic reconstruction during and after containment of this dreaded virus. We close this book by expressing our sincere wish that this might come true.
References
Brooks, S.K., Webster, R.K., Smith, L.E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N. et al. (2020). The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: Rapid review of the evidence. The Lancet, 395, 912–920. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8 Fiorillo, A. & Gorwood, P. (2020). The consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health and implications for clinical practice. European Psychiatry, 63(1), E32. doi: 10.1192/j.eurpsy.2020.35 Giere, R. (1988). Explaining Science: A Cognitive Approach. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Hanna, F., Barbui, C., Dua, T., Lora, A., van Regteren Altena, M. & Saxena, S. (2018). Global mental health: how are we doing? World Psychiatry, 17, 367–368. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20572 Kotter, J.P. (1990). What leaders really do. Harvard Business Review, 68(3), 103–111. Kvernbekk, T. (2005). Pedagogisk teoridannelse (Pedagogical Theory Construction). Oslo: Fagbokforlaget. Lima, C., Carvalho, P., Lima, I., Nunes, J., Saraiva, J.S., de Souza, R.I., da Silva, C. & Neto, M. (2020). The emotional impact of Coronavirus 2019-nCoV (new Coronavirus disease). Psychiatry Research, 287, 112915. doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112915 Suppe, F. (1989). The Semantic Conception of Theories and Scientific Realism. Illinois: University of Illinois Press. Toiskallio, J. (2006). Ethics, Military Pedagogy and Action Competence. Helsinki: Finnish National Defence College. http://www.bmlv.gv.at/pdf_pool/publikationen/08_cma_09_toi.pdf Torgersen, G.E. (ed.) (2018). Interaction: ‘Samhandling’ Under Risk: A Step Ahead of The Unforeseen. Oslo: Cappelen Akademisk. View publication stats