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D2-1-2 Watershed Mgmt Strategy for Manila Toward a Comprehensive Watershed Management Strategy for Manila Bay: The International Experience and Lessons Learned Prepared by: World Resources Institute and Partnerships in Environmental Management for the Seas of East Asia (PEMSEA) Component D: Doc: D2 1-2 Partners: November 2015 About the GEF-Global Nutrient Cycle Project Project objective: to provide the foundations (including partnerships, information, tools and policy mechanisms) for governments and other stakeholders to initiate comprehensive, effective and sustained programmes addressing nutrient over-enrichment and oxygen depletion from land based pollution of coastal waters in Large Marine Ecosystems. Core project outcomes and outputs: the development and application of quantitative modeling approaches: to estimate and map present day contributions of different watershed based nutrient sources to coastal nutrient loading and their effects; to indicate when nutrient over-enrichment problem areas are likely to occur; and to estimate the magnitude of expected effects of further nutrient loading on coastal systems under a range of scenarios the systematic analysis of available scientific, technological and policy options for managing nutrient over-enrichment impacts in the coastal zone from key nutrient source sectors such as agriculture, wastewater and aquaculture, and their bringing together an overall Policy Tool Box the application of the modeling analysis to assess the likely impact and overall cost effectiveness of the various policy options etc brought together in the Tool Box, so that resource managers have a means to determine which investments and decisions they can better make in addressing root causes of coastal over-enrichment through nutrient reduction strategies the application of this approach in the Manila Bay watershed with a view to helping deliver the key tangible outcome of the project – the development of stakeholder owned, cost-effective and policy relevant nutrient reduction strategies (containing relevant stress reduction and environmental quality indicators), which can be mainstreamed into broader planning a fully established global partnership on nutrient management to provide a necessary stimulus and framework for the effective development, replication, up-scaling and sharing of these key outcomes. Project partners: Chilika Development Authority Energy Centre of the Netherlands Global Environment Technology Foundation Government of India - Lake Chilika Development Authority Government of the Netherlands Government of the Philippines Government of the United States Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO International Nitrogen Initiative Laguna Lake Development Authority Partnerships in Environmental Management for the Seas of East Asia Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment University of Maryland University of the Philippines University of Utrecht Washington State University World Resources Institute Implementing Agency: United Nations Environment Programme Executing Agency: UNEP- Global Programme of Action for the Protection of the Marine Environment from Land- Based Activities (GPA) Toward a Comprehensive Watershed Management Strategy for Manila Bay — The International Experience and Lessons Learned November 2015 This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-profit purposes or to provide wider dissemination for public response, provided prior written permission is obtained from the PEMSEA Resource Facility Executive Director, acknowledgment of the source is made and no commercial usage or sale of the material occurs. PEMSEA would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this publication as a source. No use of this publication may be made for resale, any commercial purpose or any purpose other than those given above without a written agreement between PEMSEA and the requesting party. Published by Partnerships in Environmental Management for the Seas of East Asia (PEMSEA). Printed in Quezon City, Philippines World Resources Institute and PEMSEA.2015. Toward a Comprehensive Watershed Management Strategy for Manila Bay — The International Experience and Lessons Learned. Partnerships in Environmental Management for the Seas of East Asia (PEMSEA), Quezon City, Philippines. 50 p. This report was prepared by the World Resources Institute and Partnerships in Environmental Management for the Seas of East Asia with the financial support of the Global Environment Facility, and the United Nations Environment Programme as a component of the UNEP/GEF “Global Foundations for Reducing Nutrient Enrichment and Oxygen Depletion from Land-based Pollution in Support of the Global Nutrient Cycle.” The contents of this publication do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of PEMSEA Country Partners and its other participating organizations. The designation employed and the presentation do not imply expression of opinion, whatsoever on the part of PEMSEA concerning the legal status of any country or territory, or its authority or concerning the delimitation of its boundaries. ISBN 978-971-812-038-5 PEMSEA Resource Facility P.O. Box 2502, Quezon City 1165, Philippines Tel: (+632) 929-2992 Fax: (+632) 926- 9712 Email: [email protected] www.pemsea.org TOWARD A COMPREHENSIVE WATERSHED MANAGEMENT STRATEGY FOR MANILA BAY The International Experience and Lessons Learned CONTENTS CONTENTS Executive Summary 7 1. Eutrophication and Manila Bay 11 1.1 Manila Bay Restoration and Protection Efforts 11 1.2 Purpose of this Report 13 1.3 Contents of this Report 13 2. Necessary Elements for Effective Water Quality Management Strategies – 15 An International Overview 2.1 Introduction 15 2.2 Necessary Elements for Effective Water Quality Management 16 2.3 Science-based Holistic Approach 16 2.4 Legislative and Regulatory Components 18 2.5 Voluntary Programs for Agriculture 24 2.6 Economic Policy Instruments for Nonpoint Source Pollution Control 27 2.7 Public Education and Participation 29 2.8 Flexibility and Adaptation 30 3. The International Experience – Successes and Failures 33 3.1 Policy Successes and Failures 33 3.2 Summary and Conclusions 36 4. Recommendations for the Manila Bay Management Strategy 37 4.1 Introduction 37 4.2 Management Approach 37 4.3 Technical Approach 38 4.4 Adaptive Management 41 4.5 Tools to Consider 42 5. Additional Observations 45 5.1 The Role of Wastewater 45 5.2 The Role of Agriculture 45 LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS AMA – Agricultural Management Assistance BMPs – Best Agricultural Management Practices CAFOs – Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations CBPO – Chesapeake Bay Program Office CEEP – Centre Européen d’Etudes sur les Polyphosphates CES – Cooperative Extension Service CIS – Common Implementation Strategy COD – Chemical Oxygen Demand CRP – Conservation Reserve Program CSP – Conservation Stewardship Program CTA – Conservation Technical Assistance CWA – Clean Water Act DENR – Department of Environment and Natural Resources EEA – European Environment Agency EPA – Environmental Protection Agency EQIP – Environmental Quality Incentives Program EU – European Union FSA – Farm Service Agency GEF – Global Environment Facility MB – Manila Bay MBEMP – Manila Bay Environmental Management Project MEP – Maximum Extent Practicable MINAS – Mineral Accounting System ND – Nitrate Directive NEDA – National Economic Development Authority NGOs – Nongovernmental Organizations NIFA – National Institute of Food and Agriculture NMP – Nutrient Management Plans NRC – National Research Council NRCS – National Resource Conservation Service NVZ – Nitrate Vulnerable Zones OECD – Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development OPMBCS – Operational Plan for the Manila Bay Coastal Strategy P&G – Procter & Gamble PEMSEA – Partnerships in Environmental Management for the Seas of East Asia PES – Payments for Ecosystem Services PROA – Pollution Reduction Opportunity Analysis PROA – Pollution Reduction Opportunity Analysis PWS – Payment for Watershed Services RTC – Regional Trial Court SAV – Subaquatic Vegetation SWCD – Soil and Water Conservation Districts TMDL – Total Maximum Daily Loads TN – Total Nitrogen TP – Total Phosphorus UNDP – United Nations Development Programme USDA – U.S. Department of Agriculture USEPA – U.S. Environmental Protection Agency USGS – U.S. Geological Survey WFD – Water Framework Directive WRI – World Resources Institute WWTPs – Wastewater Treatment Plants EXECUTIVE Recommendations for the Manila Bay Management SUMMARY Strategy Based on experience in other international efforts to restore and protect major water bodies, the World Resources Institute (WRI) was requested to develop a set of preliminary recommendations for strategies and tools for use in the restoration of Manila Bay. This report should be considered preliminary in that it is based on a brief introduction to Manila Bay issues and application of lessons learned from other international experience. The recommendations are broken down into four general categories: management approach, technical approach, specific tools, and some additional observations that may be useful. Management Approach A comprehensive management strategy is needed for Manila Bay. This approach is clearly embodied in the Manila Bay Coastal Strategy, the Operational Plan for the Manila Bay Coastal Strategy, and the Supreme Court mandamus. The Coastal Strategy, Operational Plan and mandamus collectively address all causes of degradation and sources of pollution, ranging from untreated sewage to poor
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