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BÄCKMAN AND ELLMARKER The Evolution of Scania: How the landscape grew with the industrialization _____________________________________________________________________ The Evolution of Scania: How the landscape grew with the industrialization E. Bäckman J. Ellmarker University of Halmstad, 2017-02-24 [email protected] [email protected] _____________________________________________________________________ It has been a constant fight for Scania between Sweden and Denmark, but in 1658 the landscape finally became Swedish. New technologies and innovations emerged with the industrial revolution and influenced Scania. The society developed and the standard of living was improved. The agriculture sector in Scania has always been strong because of the farmable land. From a geographical point of view, the landscape has a good location since it is connected to the Baltic Sea. This has contributed to good trading and communication possibilities, which is why Scania has been a desirable landscape. The industrial revolution contributed to the development of many societies, which resulted in economic growth in Scania. Keywords: History, The Industrial Revolution, Scania, Skurup, Agriculture _____________________________________________________________________ 1. Introduction needed service which lead to that Scania is a landscape in the southern part of communities were built around these Sweden where a lot of the land consist of places. Skurup is for example one fields and meadows. What is special with community that grew from a small parish to Scania, from a historical perspective, is that a larger municipality because of the railway. it has not always belonged to Sweden. The industrialization also lead to History shows that it has been a constant improved living standards in Scania which fight about Scania between Denmark and resulted in that the population increased. Sweden until 1658, it finally became Clusters were developed since the Swedish land. The industrial revolution that landscapes in Sweden started to specify its started in England, highly influenced business. Some landscapes focused on the Scania. In the beginning of 18th century, the metal industry while others focused on the landscape was a self-sufficient agricultural textile industry. Agriculture was the most society but transformed to a community common labour in Scania. where the output from the farms were sold This qualitative paper is structured as to others. followed. In this section, called New technology influenced Sweden and introduction, our purpose was to give an the agricultural sector became much more understanding for the current topic. In effective. Innovative tools and machines section two, we present how information resulted in a more productive and beneficial has been gathered and in section tree, we work. New railways were also created in the present the received data. Section four time of the industrialization, which resulted consists of an analysis, where we examine in better communication and possibilities the transformation of Scania from an for trade. Along the railways, travelers agricultural society to an industrial society. 1 BÄCKMAN AND ELLMARKER The Evolution of Scania: How the landscape grew with the industrialization In this section, our findings are also Economic History Review, Academy of presented. In section five, the paper is management review, The journal of concluded with highlighting the main parts economic perspectives, Journal of of the study. Transport Geography. It resulted in a total of 28 references consisting of a mix of 2. Methodology papers and books, that we printed and used For this qualitative paper, we chose to for our qualitative research. analyze the history of the landscape Scania that is located in Sweden, and how the 3. Received theory landscape was affected by the 3.1 History industrialization. Before we started to The landscape Scania, belonged to the collect data, we first decided the title of the eastern part of Denmark from the 11th paper. This helped us to better understand century until the transition to Sweden in the what to look for during the research of 17th century, Gustafsson (2009, p.9). During books and papers. In the retrieval of data, the late 16th century, the relationship we understood that for us to find the most between Denmark and Sweden changed, relevant articles about the chosen subject, which would during the 17th century evolve we had to divide the theory into different into repeated wars between the two sections. Since the industrialization affected countries. A hereditary enmity between the societies but also the trade between cities two countries occurred, which affected the and countries, we decided to not only focus landscape Scania, Skansjö (1997, p.164). on different aspects of the industrialization. The fight for land, controlling the trades and The theory was divided into history, the fight for the power of the Baltic Sea, agriculture, industrialization and Skurup. influenced the 16th and 17th century for We chose to analyze Scanias history, many countries and might have been one of because we wanted to know how it was the reasons for the provoking of wars, before it became Swedish and how the fight Gustafsson (2009, p.98). for the landscape proceeded. This because In 1643-1645 the “Danish-Swedish war”, the history would influence the cities and also called “Horns war” in Scania, took development of Scania, which is why we place. The war was named after a Swedish also chose agriculture. We thought that it commander, called Gustav Horn, whom in was necessary to get a better understanding February 1644 with 11,000 men attacked of how the life before the industrialization the Danes in Scania. The Danish defense was and what they were good at. The was not prepared, resulting in that Horn and industrialization was chosen along with his men took over Helsingborg, Lund and Skurup to provide information and Karlskrona. The Danish army responded by examples about how Scania was affected by going north of Scania, to prevent the improved technologies, the new railways Swedish army from having connection to etcetera. These four titles were then used as their homeland. However, the Danes failed keywords when searching for relevant and the swedes took over Laholm in April papers and theories. 1644 as well. In the middle of august in We searched for papers, which had been 1645, peace occurred between the two highly cited, via the databases Scopus, Web countries in Brömsebro. Scania had of science and Google Scholar. The papers practically been in the middle of the war we chose were taken from journals and zone for one and a half year which greatly reviews as Harvard business review, The affected the civilian population, Skansjö American economic review, European (1997, p.170-171). Journal of Operational Research, In 1658, under the steering of the California Management Review, The Swedish king Karl X Gustav, the swedes Economic History Review, Scandinavian entered Själland in Denmark after a war 2 BÄCKMAN AND ELLMARKER The Evolution of Scania: How the landscape grew with the industrialization with Denmark, France and Russia. They life. More specifically, people lived half of declared war with Denmark once again and the time of what is normal today, Schön and the Danish defense was nonexistent, which Schubert (2010, p 11). In the 19th century, lead to the peace agreement in Roskilde the three quarters of the Swedish population 26th of February in 1658. The agreement worked with farming. The rest of the stated that Scania along with other population, worked in the industry and landscapes should accrue to Sweden, service sector, Schön and Schubert (2010, p Skansjö (1997, p.173). In 1675 the Danes 15), which later on, became the biggest wanted revenge, so they entered Sweden business. Olsson and Svensson (2016) and started the “Scania war” in 1675, which argues that Scania, ever since it was lasted until 1679. Once again, Scania was in conquered of Denmark, has been the “bread the middle of the war which resulted in basket” of Sweden. It has been a land usable destroyed villages and a guerilla war, for farming and the role of Scania has Gustafsson (2009, p.113). Peace occurred therefore played a significant role for the once again in 1679 but this time with no Swedish agriculture trade. further agreements about land, Skansjö According to Olsson and Svensson (1997, p.183). (2016), the land for agriculture was used by In 1699, coalitions of countries with two types of owners. Two-thirds of the land hostile thoughts against Sweden came was owned by peasants, while one-third together. The coalition consisted of was possessed by the nobility. The nobility Denmark, Russia and Sachsen and together had most of their farms in the surroundings they started the “Nordic war”. The war took of the capital city Stockholm and in the place in Denmark, Sweden, Poland and regions of Scania. What is worth Russia and lasted until 1721. After this war, mentioning is that the nobility owned more 150 years of war between Denmark and than half of the land in Scania. It can be Sweden was finally ended. The “Nordic questioned whom of the two types of war” was the last time Denmark tried to take landowners that were most productive. In over Scania, Skansjö (1997, p.188-190). the study made by Olsson and Svensson (2016), the result indicates that the both 3.2 Agriculture types of landowners were equally The landscape Scania was in the 16th and productive in the early 18th century. Further 17th century a central agriculture area of the on, it showed that the landlord demesnes Baltic sea. A large part of the trade took had a higher productivity in the beginning place in cooperation with the Netherlands of the century, while the peasants overtook and focused on grains and bullocks, Olsson the productivity in the late 18th century. The (2002). The connection to the Baltic sea was cost for investments in relation to the output beneficial for Scania and it became even were much lower for the landlord demesnes more important during the industrial compared to the small-scale farmers.

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