The Evolution of Scania: How the Landscape Grew with the Industrialization

BÄCKMAN AND ELLMARKER The Evolution of Scania: How the landscape grew with the industrialization

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The Evolution of Scania: How the landscape grew with the industrialization

E. Bäckman  J. Ellmarker University of Halmstad, 2017-02-24

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It has been a constant fight for Scania between Sweden and Denmark, but in 1658 the landscape finally became Swedish. New technologies and innovations emerged with the industrial revolution and influenced Scania. The society developed and the standard of living was improved. The agriculture sector in Scania has always been strong because of the farmable land. From a geographical point of view, the landscape has a good location since it is connected to the Baltic Sea. This has contributed to good trading and communication possibilities, which is why Scania has been a desirable landscape. The industrial revolution contributed to the development of many societies, which resulted in economic growth in Scania.

Keywords: History, The Industrial Revolution, Scania, Skurup, Agriculture ______

1. Introduction needed service which lead to that Scania is a landscape in the southern part of communities were built around these Sweden where a lot of the land consist of places. Skurup is for example one fields and meadows. What is special with community that grew from a small parish to Scania, from a historical perspective, is that a larger municipality because of the railway. it has not always belonged to Sweden. The industrialization also lead to History shows that it has been a constant improved living standards in Scania which fight about Scania between Denmark and resulted in that the population increased. Sweden until 1658, it finally became Clusters were developed since the Swedish land. The industrial revolution that landscapes in Sweden started to specify its started in England, highly influenced business. Some landscapes focused on the Scania. In the beginning of 18th century, the metal industry while others focused on the landscape was a self-sufficient agricultural textile industry. Agriculture was the most society but transformed to a community common labour in Scania. where the output from the farms were sold This qualitative paper is structured as to others. followed. In this section, called New technology influenced Sweden and introduction, our purpose was to give an the agricultural sector became much more understanding for the current topic. In effective. Innovative tools and machines section two, we present how information resulted in a more productive and beneficial has been gathered and in section tree, we work. New railways were also created in the present the received data. Section four time of the industrialization, which resulted consists of an analysis, where we examine in better communication and possibilities the transformation of Scania from an for trade. Along the railways, travelers agricultural society to an industrial society.

BÄCKMAN AND ELLMARKER The Evolution of Scania: How the landscape grew with the industrialization

In this section, our findings are also Economic History Review, Academy of presented. In section five, the paper is management review, The journal of concluded with highlighting the main parts economic perspectives, Journal of of the study. Transport Geography. It resulted in a total of 28 references consisting of a mix of 2. Methodology papers and books, that we printed and used For this qualitative paper, we chose to for our qualitative research. analyze the history of the landscape Scania that is located in Sweden, and how the 3. Received theory landscape was affected by the 3.1 History industrialization. Before we started to The landscape Scania, belonged to the collect data, we first decided the title of the eastern part of Denmark from the 11th paper. This helped us to better understand century until the transition to Sweden in the what to look for during the research of 17th century, Gustafsson (2009, p.9). During books and papers. In the retrieval of data, the late 16th century, the relationship we understood that for us to find the most between Denmark and Sweden changed, relevant articles about the chosen subject, which would during the 17th century evolve we had to divide the theory into different into repeated wars between the two sections. Since the industrialization affected countries. A hereditary enmity between the societies but also the trade between cities two countries occurred, which affected the and countries, we decided to not only focus landscape Scania, Skansjö (1997, p.164). on different aspects of the industrialization. The fight for land, controlling the trades and The theory was divided into history, the fight for the power of the Baltic Sea, agriculture, industrialization and Skurup. influenced the 16th and 17th century for We chose to analyze Scanias history, many countries and might have been one of because we wanted to know how it was the reasons for the provoking of wars, before it became Swedish and how the fight Gustafsson (2009, p.98). for the landscape proceeded. This because In 1643-1645 the “Danish-Swedish war”, the history would influence the cities and also called “Horns war” in Scania, took development of Scania, which is why we place. The war was named after a Swedish also chose agriculture. We thought that it commander, called Gustav Horn, whom in was necessary to get a better understanding February 1644 with 11,000 men attacked of how the life before the industrialization the Danes in Scania. The Danish defense was and what they were good at. The was not prepared, resulting in that Horn and industrialization was chosen along with his men took over Helsingborg, Lund and Skurup to provide information and Karlskrona. The Danish army responded by examples about how Scania was affected by going north of Scania, to prevent the improved technologies, the new railways Swedish army from having connection to etcetera. These four titles were then used as their homeland. However, the Danes failed keywords when searching for relevant and the swedes took over Laholm in April papers and theories. 1644 as well. In the middle of august in We searched for papers, which had been 1645, peace occurred between the two highly cited, via the databases Scopus, Web countries in Brömsebro. Scania had of science and Google Scholar. The papers practically been in the middle of the war we chose were taken from journals and zone for one and a half year which greatly reviews as Harvard business review, The affected the civilian population, Skansjö American economic review, European (1997, p.170-171). Journal of Operational Research, In 1658, under the steering of the California Management Review, The Swedish king Karl X Gustav, the swedes Economic History Review, Scandinavian entered Själland in Denmark after a war

BÄCKMAN AND ELLMARKER The Evolution of Scania: How the landscape grew with the industrialization with Denmark, France and Russia. They life. More specifically, people lived half of declared war with Denmark once again and the time of what is normal today, Schön and the Danish defense was nonexistent, which Schubert (2010, p 11). In the 19th century, lead to the peace agreement in Roskilde the three quarters of the Swedish population 26th of February in 1658. The agreement worked with farming. The rest of the stated that Scania along with other population, worked in the industry and landscapes should accrue to Sweden, service sector, Schön and Schubert (2010, p Skansjö (1997, p.173). In 1675 the Danes 15), which later on, became the biggest wanted revenge, so they entered Sweden business. Olsson and Svensson (2016) and started the “Scania war” in 1675, which argues that Scania, ever since it was lasted until 1679. Once again, Scania was in conquered of Denmark, has been the “bread the middle of the war which resulted in basket” of Sweden. It has been a land usable destroyed villages and a guerilla war, for farming and the role of Scania has Gustafsson (2009, p.113). Peace occurred therefore played a significant role for the once again in 1679 but this time with no Swedish agriculture trade. further agreements about land, Skansjö According to Olsson and Svensson (1997, p.183). (2016), the land for agriculture was used by In 1699, coalitions of countries with two types of owners. Two-thirds of the land hostile thoughts against Sweden came was owned by peasants, while one-third together. The coalition consisted of was possessed by the nobility. The nobility Denmark, Russia and Sachsen and together had most of their farms in the surroundings they started the “Nordic war”. The war took of the capital city Stockholm and in the place in Denmark, Sweden, Poland and regions of Scania. What is worth Russia and lasted until 1721. After this war, mentioning is that the nobility owned more 150 years of war between Denmark and than half of the land in Scania. It can be Sweden was finally ended. The “Nordic questioned whom of the two types of war” was the last time Denmark tried to take landowners that were most productive. In over Scania, Skansjö (1997, p.188-190). the study made by Olsson and Svensson (2016), the result indicates that the both 3.2 Agriculture types of landowners were equally The landscape Scania was in the 16th and productive in the early 18th century. Further 17th century a central agriculture area of the on, it showed that the landlord demesnes Baltic sea. A large part of the trade took had a higher productivity in the beginning place in cooperation with the Netherlands of the century, while the peasants overtook and focused on grains and bullocks, Olsson the productivity in the late 18th century. The (2002). The connection to the Baltic sea was cost for investments in relation to the output beneficial for Scania and it became even were much lower for the landlord demesnes more important during the industrial compared to the small-scale farmers. The revolution. landlord demesnes could produce more and The period between 1790s and 1850, had therefore a higher level of economies of refers to the transformation from an scale. According to Krugman (1980), the agricultural society to the industrialization concept economies of scale means that it is of the Swedish history, Schön and Schubert possible spread the fixed cost over a larger (2010, p 23). New jobs occurred due to the number of goods. The landlords’ demesnes industrialization, which resulted in a could also manage crises better since they growing economy. Before the industrial had more resources and a higher capacity. revolution, the agriculture was the mainstay Another factor that made the landlord of the economy. The living conditions of the demesnes successful was the ability to agriculture society were relatively tough, invest in new effective tools. The peasant’s resulting in that people lived a very short farms were much smaller compared to the

BÄCKMAN AND ELLMARKER The Evolution of Scania: How the landscape grew with the industrialization landlord demesnes, but it did not matter. Schubert (2010, p 16). According to Olsson and Svensson (2016), Sweden was a country that were it gradually became more profitable to be in dependent on other nations to get economic the agriculture sector and with time, the growth, Schön and Schubert (2010, p 32). peasants started to use the same innovations The modernization made it possible of the as the landlord demesnes. This resulted in agricultural sector to widen its network, and that the productivity grew and in the 1800s, new transport ways were one factor that the peasant where more productive than the contributed to a more beneficial trade. The landlord demesnes, Olsson and Svensson railway, that was introduced in 1856 (2016). It can be concluded that between the between Malmö and Lund, Schön and 1800s and the 1850s, when the productivity Schubert (2010, p. 138), created good of peasant’s agriculture increased in Scania, communication and trade opportunities the population grew from 258,737 to with the rest of Sweden. The increased level 442,711. literacy also resulted in better trade, both within Sweden and between other countries. 3.3 Industrialization The level of functional literacy where The industrialization is an episode that have especially high in the region of Scania, received much attention in history books. where the enclosure movement started early It was a revolution that started in England compared to the rest of Sweden, Schön and and gradually occupied to Scandinavia. Schubert (2010, p.65). Why the revolution started in England can What was special during the Swedish be questioned and many theorists highlight modernization, was that many regions different variables. Crafts (1977) states that specialized in certain industries. Two it was not only one factors that contributed landscapes of Sweden, Ångermanland and to the start of the revolution in England. It Hälsingland, specialized in textile was several factors, for example manufacturing while another province technological, political, social and cultural focused on the metal industry. The region of that together stimulated the industrial Scania, focused on farming since the land advance. The Swedish industrialization was was good for agriculture, Schön and not a revolution that happened over night. It Schubert (2010, pp. 76-77). Another was a process, where the Swedish society example of an industry that grew strong in changed gradually. The population the region of Scania was brickworks, Schön increased substantially from the 19th and Schubert (2010, p. 79). century due to the improved technology and better living standards, Lucas (2002). The 3.4 Skurup industrialism opened for new thinking and Skurup is a conurbation located in Scania, the Swedish economy grew fast in the first Sweden. The town was at first a parish with half of the 19th century because of the only 500-1000 locals and in the middle of improved technology and new innovations. 17th century, around 600-800 people were The agriculture was revolutionized by new living there, Søilen (2013). In 2012 the town innovations. Better equipment made it had been developed to a municipality with easier for the farmers to produce faster and 15000 locals. more, Schön and Schubert (2010, p 49). Between the 10th and 13th century, the Improvements in manufacturing and new development of households in Scania and ways of transporting products also Scandinavia was palpable because of the contributed to economic growth. More increasing population. During this time, money was also spent on research and Skurup was built, but not only because of development by the Universities, which the increasing population, also because of stimulated new thinking and resulted in Christianity. During the 17th century the economic development, Schön and farmers in Sweden had in comparison to the

BÄCKMAN AND ELLMARKER The Evolution of Scania: How the landscape grew with the industrialization

Danish farmers, better circumstances. Moreover, the landscape was a very Sweden took over Scania in 1658, but until attractive part of Sweden with good 1683 the farmers in Scania were still judged opportunities for farming. Even though it by the Danish law. During the repeated was a constant fight between the two wars, most of the population was on the countries, Scania became Swedish due to Danish side. After the “Scania war” in the peace agreement in Roskilde. Since 1675-1679, the present king of Sweden, then, Scania has expanded and contributed Karl XI, decided to implement a Swedish to the growth of Sweden from many influenced policy. As mentioned earlier, the aspects. last try from Denmark to win back Scania We argue that Scania has been a wealthy was during the “Nordic war”, which landscape with its rich and arable land but it affected the farmers of Skurup greatly, can be questioned what wealth is. Søilen (2013). According to Beinhocker (2007, pp. 3-4) Skurup was later known as the “Station wealth is something that can differ society”. The society was created in pace depending on culture, religion and standard with the industrialization in Sweden. of living. What is valuable for one person Skurup as a conurbation have been may not be characterized as value for developed from being a farmer society, to a another individual. From this arguing, we trade and industry-society due to the can conclude that the meaning of value has development of the railway, Søilen (2013, changed during the centuries, which also p.10-11). When the railway was finished in have result in a changing economy. 1874, it was usual that the locals went there Historically, working within agriculture to look at the train and with time, goods has always been very strong routed in were delivered by train as well. Successive, Scania, and it is still strong today. During Skurups’ trade was moved nearby the the agricultural period, people were self- railway. The railway did not only contribute sufficient and the human existence was to an easier and more effective much shorter than today because of the transportation for landowners, it also primitive and though lifestyle. When the resulted in that service for travelers was industrial revolution occurred, the needed. This resulted in that many stores agriculture sector in Scania became more and industries were built nearby the railway productive. The industrialization made it and the economic growth of Skurup was possible to work more efficiently and substantial, Søilen (2013, p.14,18). resulted in better and more output. We argue that the peasant had an important role 4. Analysis for the industrial change since they were In this section of the paper, we analyze the willing to introduce new tools and received theory. We also draw parallels to techniques to achieve a better work. Skurup to make the analysis more Johnson (1997) argues about the same fact, understandable. Skurup grew from a small that farmers had a crucial role in the change parish to a larger village and is a good from agriculture to the industrialized example of how a society change due to the society. At the same time, Johnson (1997) industrialization in Scania. states that it was not only the farmers that contributed to the change. The people who 4.1 The evolution from an agricultural developed the new tools and machines had society to the industrialization an essential role as well. Looking back in the history, there was a Wise and Baumgartner (1999) have in constant fight between Denmark and recent days shown that an industry can gain Sweden about Scania. The landscape was a on moving downstream, which means that a very vulnerable area of Sweden since it was company is working closer to the end-user. located relatively close to Denmark. Even if this is a conclusion made in the

BÄCKMAN AND ELLMARKER The Evolution of Scania: How the landscape grew with the industrialization modern society, we can see similarities to industries often occurred. Focusing on a the industrialization. The agriculture in special industry resulted in enhanced Scania transformed from a self-sufficient knowledge within the specific business. As society to a community where the crop from mentioned, Scania continued to develop the the farming were sold to others. Based on agriculture sector and we believe that the the received theory, we argue that the most long history of farming, might have been a significant change to the industrialization factor that contributed to that Scania still is was the transformation from the self- a successful producer of land. sufficient society to a community where the Porter (1996) states that companies in an workers got salaries. We also believe that industry must focus on their core beyond the increased production and competence to survive and stay ahead of population growth, the industrialization competitors. This fact was presented by changed the human being mentally. The Porter (1996) far behind the revolution but new technology and way of work created is worth mentioning since it describes the new standards and values, and people evolution of Scania. Already in the 18th estimated life differently compare to the old century, Scania realized the capacity of the days. arable land and it resulted in a well- According to Frank (2008), it is a established industry in the south of Sweden. positive link between the amount of money If a country build industries based on the people earn and how much they spend. nation's available resources, it is also more Earning more money is resulting in that it is likely to get a functional trade with the rest often related to spending more as well. We of the world, Porter (1990). can see that when the farmers in Scania During the industrialization, businesses started to earn money on their business, it were developed based on the available was possible for them to invest in better resources which resulted in different tools for their work. clusters in Sweden. According to Porter We believe that for a revolution to start, (2000) clusters have had an important role a high workforce, resources, technology in the economy and it means that trades and and capital is needed. We argue that market companies in special industries are economies stimulate development, which concentrated in specific geographic areas. according to Frieman (2009, p. 4) means This is exactly what happened in the that free competition is possible. A special industrial revolution in Sweden. Rosenfeld demand of products must exist and should (1997) states that firms tend to locate their be seen as the driver for change. During the business in areas where they can be close to industrialization, Scania was a landscape suppliers and customers, which results in with arable land, good resources and that it is possible to run the business more workforce which resulted in an expansion cheaply and effectively. Even if this fact when new technologies emerged. It created also has been discovered after the better living standards, and resulted in a revolution, it can describe the phenomenon higher population in the region of Scania, of why Scania continued to develop the Olsson and Svensson (2016). agriculture sector in the industrialization. During the industrialization, the Pisano and Teece (2007) are other landscapes in Sweden started to specify researcher that argue about the importance their businesses, Schön and Schubert (2010, of industry architecture and mean that it is pp. 76-77). What we can conclude is that the important to know which “players” there landscapes specified in industries based on are in a specific industry. Referring to the what resources that was available in the industrialization in Sweden, the division of surroundings. Vargo and Lusch (2004) also businesses was very clear between the states that during the industrialization, landscapes. exchanged value between parties and

BÄCKMAN AND ELLMARKER The Evolution of Scania: How the landscape grew with the industrialization

How societies grow can also be described in development contributes to development of the words of Jacobs (1970). She argued that societies, and this is what happened in new industries occur from old ones and Scania. The spending on research and proceed since new innovations change the development contributed to economic way of work, resulting in new division of growth and resulted in more money to labour. This contributes to a positive improve the societies, resulting in better evolution and economic growth. Bower and living standards. Christensen (1995) also argues that new The importance of the railway can in our technologies create competition and opinion be compared to the present time’s develop industries. We agree with both Oresund Bridge. We argue about this fact Jacobs (1970) and Bower and Christensen because the railway contributed to an easier (1995) and think that these theories are and more effective trade, just like the useful when describing what happened in Oresunds Bridge does today. The Oresunds the industrial revolution in the region of Bridge was opened the first day of July in Scania. New technologies occurred by the 2000, and is a connection between Denmark revolution and influenced the industries. and Sweden, Knowles and Matthiessen The work became more effective due to new (2009). The combined tunnel and bridge tools and machines, which resulted in a between the two countries has contributed positive development for Sweden. to improved infrastructure in the Oresund region. Nowadays many companies 4.2 Trade and communication consider it as an important transportation- The industrialization influenced countries way between Scania and Zealand, Skjött- with new thinking in terms of technology, Larsen, Paulsson and Wandel (2003). We innovations and new ways of transporting argue that the similarities between the goods. Due to the industrialization in drastic change with the railway, and the Sweden, the railway in Scania between Oresunds Bridge is distinct. It can be Lund and Malmö was introduced in 1856. concluded that the trade and The railway contributed to good communication possibilities increased communication and trade opportunities, and because of them both, leading to economic in the town Skurup which is located in growth and a push for further development Scania, it changed the whole society. Lepak, in the societies. Smith and Taylor (2007) argues that value The industrialization has led to many is created when a society develops. New new opportunities in forms of a more jobs can for example contribute to enhanced effective and easier trade. At the same time, wealth which results in better standard of it can be concluded that the revolution also living. When the railway was finished, had some negative effects, especially Skurups’ trade was moved nearby the regarding the environment. Nowadays, railway and with time industries and shops countries, companies and the private sector were built nearby as well, resulting in a must take into consideration how they affect substantial economic growth for Skurup. the environment in the least possible way. It can be concluded that the The development of our society will always industrialization and the railways proceed, which is why due to the huge contributed to the development of new amount of new technologies and the non- industries. The railway also contributed to consideration to the environment, it has to better communications between different be taken seriously. Porter and Linde (1995) cities within Scania. The industrial argues that pollution in forms of harmful revolution was also a time when more substances are a sign of that the resources money was invested into research and have not been used properly, rather development. Nelson and Winter (2002) ineffectively or inefficiently. states that spending money on research and

BÄCKMAN AND ELLMARKER The Evolution of Scania: How the landscape grew with the industrialization

Figure 1. The connection of our findings.

Further on, the authors state that companies Scania became a part of Sweden in 1658, must learn how to frame environmental after a 150-year war between Sweden and improvements by having resource Denmark. The industrial revolution started productivity. We agree with Porter and in England during the late 18th century and Linde (1995), because we believe that the the effects of the revolution started to show meaning with the industrialization from the in Sweden in the beginning of the 19th beginning was to rationalize the work for century. Improved technology and new the farmers by providing better equipment. innovations that occurred due to the The meaning was also to sell the goods via industrialization, contributed to better new transportation ways, by improving the living standards in Scania. trade between cities. In 1856 the railway between Malmö and The industrialization has developed the Lund was introduced. The development of society in many ways, by for example the railway affected the whole region connecting cities and countries via new Scania but also the smaller societies, for transportation ways. It has made the trade of example Skurup. More industries were goods easier which contributes to economic developed nearby the railway, resulting in growth which is essential for further easier trades. Because of the farmable land, development. Today, we have realized that wide clusters of farming appeared in Scania. he industrialization was the start for some of The railway resulted in that the farmers the environmental issues. People always easier could sell their goods, contributing to want to create new things but this requires economic growth. The modernization of better and better technology at the expense the society led to that the agriculture sector to the earth's resources. The modernization in Scania developed due to new tools and will always proceed in our society, but in machines that were useful for the farmers. pace with the changing technology and the Improved communication possibilities pressuring demand. It is important to made the trade between cities easier and analyze if the resources are productively more effective, which resulted in economic used and that an environmental thinking is growth in Scania. implemented in the company, country or Our findings state that the farmers have private sector. had an apparent effect on the industrialization. Scania had a farmable 4.3 Findings land, which contributed to that the fight for Our findings from the analysis based on the the landscape proceeded during many years. received theory and data, indicates that In the beginning of the industrialization, the there is a relationship between the nobility were the ones that afforded to industrialization and how Scania was invest into new innovations and therefore, developed. A visual model of the their productivity was better. The farmers relationship is presented in Figure 1. were getting more productive with time,

BÄCKMAN AND ELLMARKER The Evolution of Scania: How the landscape grew with the industrialization

Figure 2. How the productivity changed during the industrialization between the nobility and the farmers. more specifically in the later period of the because of the strive to always develop industrialization. This was the result of new societies and countries and by not tools and machines that were provided. A prioritizing sustainability. diagram of the how the productivity increased due to the industrialization is 5. Conclusion shown in Figure 2. We can conclude that a lot to be learned Further on, the result of the from the history. The farmable land of industrialization were that new societies Scania has been important for Sweden from arose in Scania. Back then the farmers a historic perspective and are still important valued tools that helped their farming and today. Scania contributed to a good trade nowadays, material products are more and communication with other countries, in valuable. Today we strive to buy new or some senses modernizing the whole of improved products and we don’t value the Sweden. The farmers have had a critical smaller things in life, like the people during role in the development of the societies, the 18th and 19th century did. Something since they were the ones who could sell and that should not be forgotten is that even trade goods when the railway was though the industrialization has acceded the introduced. farming, the agriculture has a big impact on The industrial revolution contributed to a country’s growth. both good and bad results. The The industrialization also contributed to industrialization developed the society, but better communication possibilities, which it also set the standards for always wanting made it easier to have a cooperation with more and improved goods. This has other cities and countries. Scania is located influenced the way of thinking for many in a strategically good place for the import years. The industrial revolution started and export of goods, because of the Baltic about 200 years ago, but is still very Sea. Easier and more effective trade powerful and has a high impact on the resulted in that societies were developed, society. It has developed because of the and the demand of products and services need for new products and services. In the increased. This has affected our planet

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