Enhancing the productive performances and broiler meat quality by phytogens Enhancing the productive performances and broiler meat quality by phytogens ;/"/457&/04536ė/*%*0 and veterinary medical terminology and part of plant used for obtaining cause it is considered that the differ- Enhancing the productive performances BSFPJMTGSPNQMBOUTBOEBOJ - #VSU ence in the organoleptic profile im- mals, with intensive aroma, terpenic plies a difference in the oil and these and broiler meat quality by phytogens and sequiterpenic structure. They Way of producing oil (cold pressed affect antimicrobial properties. This have a slight bacteriostatic effect. EO method, steam distillation, extrac- has been confirmed when essential can be used in cosmetics, occasion- tion with non-aqueous solvents) will oils extracted from plant using hex- ally in medicine as inhalation (euca- change the active substance and as- ane showed higher antimicrobial lyptus oil). They are known as vola- sociated compounds within the final activity compared to those obtained Hengl1, B., M. Šperanda2, G. Kralik tile oils as well. Essential oil is named QSPEVDU 8JOEJTDIFUBM by stem distillation (Packiyasothy due to characteristic aroma of the BOE,ZMF review plant material from which originat- Since essential oils are very com- ed, for example rosemary essential plex mixtures, their chemical com- Due to its volatility, essential oils PJM 0ZFOBOE%VOH position and concentration may be must be stored in hermetically pre- Summary quite different. For example, thymol served containers and kept in dark Due to its antioxidant properties, ability to improve taste of feed, digestion function and to boost immune response, phytogens, which The composition and carvacrol are present in thyme place to avoid changes in their struc- include essential oils and their components, have a great potential for use in broiler fattening. Furthermore, because of its antimicro- of essential oils JO UIF DPODFOUSBUJPO SBOHF UVSF #VSU bial properties they could be used as a natural and acceptable replacement for antimicrobial growth promoters. Before the conside- Essential oils are basically com- -BXSFODFBOE3FZOPMET BOE rable use of phytogens in broiler fattening, the mechanism of its action, compatibility with other feed components, safety and toxico- posed of two types of components: DJOOBNBMEFIZEF NBLFT PG Legal framework for logical assessment should be explored more detailed. Despite the fact that phytogens can be applied in poultry production, breeders are still not well informed about their use. The positive effect of oil extract of thyme (thymol and carvacrol) and cinnamon (cinnamal- terpens and phenylpropenes. Ter- UIFUPUBMDJOOBNPOPJM %VLF using phytogens in dehyde) added to the chickens feed (at 100 and 200 ppm) demonstrated improved weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion. In penes can be further divided (Bak- Due to large differences in the com- European Union addition, larger quantities of essential oils in feed, significantly affected feed conversation ratio, abdominal fat and internal organs LBMJ BOE BM EFQFOEJOH PO position of essential oils, their bio- In contrast to veterinary drugs percentage (liver, heart and gizzard), while treatments with essential oils of thyme and cinnamon significantly reduced cholesterol the number of 5 carbon-base (C5) logical impact is different, and for which are given in prophylactic and and H/L ratio, and raised erythrocytes count (RBC), PCV, Hb and white blood cell count (WBC) compared with the control group. On JTPQSFOF VOJUT UP NPOPUFSQFOT this reason some authors, if they therapeutic purposes, according to a the international level is necessary to standardize commercially available components of essential oils to improve their everyday use. Key words: broilers, essential oils, production performances, growth promoters VOJUTo$ TFTRVJUFSQFOT VOJUT wanted to assess their role as an specific diagnosis, for a limited time o $ BOE EJUFSQFOT VOJU o antimicrobial substances in poultry period and respecting withdrawal C). Terpens derivates are further di- production, mostly selected only time, phytogens are products that Phytogens – new improve production qualities of live- compounds derived by cold ex- vided, depending on the presence some components of essential oil manufacturer permanently gives feed additives stock, either on the way to improve pression or by steam or alcohol or absence of ring structures, double such as thymol, cinnamaldehyde, to the healthy animals with the aim Phytogens form a group of feed the effect of feed or improve animal distillation) bond and addition of oxygen or ste- beta-ionone and carvacrol (Lee, to improve growth performances additives that have the ability to production traits, as well to improve 0MFPSFTJOT FYUSBDUT EFSJWFE CZ reochemistry. It is estimated that *O BEEJUJPO BVUIPST IBWF and other production qualities (Cas- cause a desired animal response, characteristic of food derived from non aqueous solvents). UIFSFBSFNPSFPGNPOPUFSQFOT used different amounts of added es- UBOPO )BTIFNJBOE%BWPPEJ in terms of nutrition, the change in this animals. Compared to syntheti- BOETFTRVJUFSQFOT sential oils or their components, and 'PS UIJT SFBTPOT UIFJS VTF JT pH and in metabolic functions as cally derived antibiotics and inor- Phytogens include great number even diverse physical form, which limited and in the European Union well, and have influence in growth ganic chemical substances, these of herbs, spices and their products, The second components of es- made comparison of results even must be proved their identity and performances. Common additives products originated from plants are which largely consist of essential oils sential oils are phenylpropenes and more difficult. Some of them used traceability throughout the entire used in poultry nutrition include natural, proven less toxic, does not )BTIFNJBOE%BWPPEJ 1IZUP - UIFZ DPOTJTU PG DBSCPO BSPNBUJD QQNH PS PS NHH BOE production, as well as the effective- antimicrobial substances, antioxi- produce residues, could became an gens active compounds are second- ring with a 3-carbon side chain only in few papers were pointed out ness of nutritional qualities that are
dans, pH controlling substances and ideal feed additives and successfully ary plant ingredients mostly with an- (C -C 3 DPNQPVOET +VTU BCPVU that weather the oil or powder form listed, including the absence of pos- enzymes. Phytogens are relatively replace antibiotic growth promoters timicrobial properties and are called phenylpropenes are described (Lee, were used, and weather oil or com- sible interaction with other additives young group of additives which, in in feed. Considering the origin and phytochemicals. Their positive effect *UJTCFMJFWFEUIBUUIFQIFOPMJD ponent are derived from seeds, leaf and safety for animal (tolerance), for recent few years, drew attention of QSPDFTTJOH 8JOEJTDI FU BM on growth performances and animal components are mainly responsible or stalk, and even less frequently is users (producers, workers in feed the feed producing industry (Hash- were classified them into four sub- health are mainly consequences of for the antibacterial properties of es- mentioned the method of essential production), for animal product cus- FNJBOE%BWPPEJ groups: their antimicrobial properties and TFOUJBMPJMT $PTFOUJOPFUBM oil extraction. tomers and for environment (Win- 1. Herbs (flowering, non woody and the ability to stimulate immunity EJTDIFUBM Phytogens as feed additives (Law- non persistent plants) :BOHFUBM Previous studies have shown that Obtaining methods and SFODF BOE 3FZOPMET XIJDI 4QJDFT IFSCT XJUI BO JOUFOTJWF the composition of essential oils of essential oils maintaining The European Commission ap- are also called phytobiotic, are de- smell or taste commonly added Essential oils (EO) some plants, such as Origanum spe- Steam distillation is the most com- proved the use of some essential fined as a components derived from to human food) Essential oils, as defined by the cies, may be different, depending on mon way of producing essential oils oil components that can be used plant and incorporated in a feed to 3. Essential oils (volatile lipophilic Encyclopedic dictionary of human differences in breeding, origin, veg- for commercial purposes. More ex- as a flavoring in food, without risk etative stage at the time of harvest pensive method, for getting natural for health for the consumer. On the BOE UIF TFBTPO ľBIJO FU BM organoleptic profile of oil, is the ex- list are: carvacrol, carvone, cinnam- 1 Brigita Hengl, DVM, Croatin Food Agency, I. F. Gundulića 36b, Osijek, Croatia Also, the composition of essential traction of liquid carbon dioxide at aldehyde, citral, p-Cymene, euge- 2 Marcela Šperanda, PhD , associated professor; Gordana Kralik, PhD , full professor; University of J. J. Strossmayer, Faculty of Agriculture in Osijek, Trg svetog Trojstva oil can differ depending on the sea- low temperature and high pressure nol, limonene, menthol and thymol. 3, Osijek, Croatia son of harvest, geographic origin .PZMFS 5IJTJTJNQPSUBOUCF - Estragole and methyl eugenol are
354 .&40 Vol. XIII [2011] | rujan - listopad | broj 5 www.meso.hr .&40 355 Enhancing the productive performances and broiler meat quality by phytogens Enhancing the productive performances and broiler meat quality by phytogens ;/"/457&/04536ė/*%*0 SFNPWFEGSPNUIJTWFSZMJTUJO kg feed) and oregano essential oil tem of gastrointestinal microflora. achieve the best antibacterial effect of phenolic ring and it appears that most. In quantities more than the because of its genotoxicity. BOE NHLH GFFE FõFDUFE In this way the animals are less ex- on pathogenic bacteria in food (Burt, both increase the permeability of minimum inhibitory concentration oxidative stability of turkey meat. posed to microbial toxins and other CBDUFSJBDFMMNFNCSBOF #VSU disrupts the pH gradient and mem- Safety assessment of new flavors Results showed improved oxidative unwanted metabolites derived from Carvacrol and thymol can lead to the brane potential of cells and reduces $PNNJTTJPO%FDJTJPOPG'FCSVBSZ meat stability in all treatments. The microorganisms (e.g. ammonia and Bacterial sensitivity in food is in- disintegration of the outer mem- specific growth of E. coli , Streptococ- $PNNJTTJPO 3FHVMBUJPO &$ CFTUSFTVMUTXFSFBUNHLHBOE biogenic amines), which provides in- fluenced with intrinsic properties of brane of Gram-positive bacteria cus thermopiles and L. lactis (Ooster- /P $PNNJTTJPO3FHVMB - HLH MPXFS BU HLH BOE MPXFTU creased intestinal absorption of es- food such as content of fat, water, which result with lipopolysaccharide IBWFOFUBM UJPO &$ /P $PNNJTTJPO BU NHLH 'MPSPV1BOFSJ FU BM sential nutrients and better growth protein, antioxidants, preservatives, (LPS) releasing and increasing the 3FHVMBUJPO &$ /P DBO of animals within their genetic po- pH, salt and other additives, and ex- permeability of cytoplasmic mem- Cinnamaldehyde be carried out after comprehensive tential. Their antimicrobial activity ternal influences like the tempera- brane for ATP. Cinnamon essential oil contains toxicological and metabolic studies Many spices, herbs and their ex- results with reduction of immune ture, conditions of packaging (vac- PG DJOOBNBMEFIZEF %VLF are done and this represent consid- tracts are well known in medicine defense stress at critical stages of uum, gas) and by the characteristics +VWFOFUBM TFUIZQPUIFTJT *U JT XFMM LOPXO UIBU DJOOB - erable financial expend. It will be because of their influence on in- animal production (Windisch et al., PG NJDSPPSHBOJTNT ;BJLB about the mode of action of thymol maldehyde inhibits the growth of economically favorable using the testinal microflora , in laxative and The increased sensitivity of bacteria on the S. typhimurium and Staph. au- E. coli 0) BOE S. typhimurium complete essential oil than single spasmolitic way, on the digestive on effects of essential oils due to the reus . According to it, thymol binds to in similar concentration as carvacrol DPNQPOFOUT #VSU system and on reducing flatulence. Antimicrobial activity external factors occurs with lower- a membrane protein with a hydro- and thymol, but not in a way that In broilers, the essential oils used as of essential oils ing pH, storage temperature and phobic part of the hydrogen bonds damages the outer membrane or Essential oils as a feed additives, stimulate activity An important characteristic of es- PYZHFOJOUIFQBDLBHF #VSU and thus changes the permeability use an intracellular ATP (Helander phytogen feed additives PG BNZMBTF BOE USZQTJO -FF sential oils and their components is Furthermore, it is assumed that large of the membrane. Thymol has a bet- FU BM *U JT CFMJFWFE UIBU DJO - Essential oils are qualified with stimulate intestine mucosal secre- hydrophobicity, which allows them amounts of fat and/or protein in a UFS FõFDU BU Q) UIBO BU CF - namaldehyde is connected through many properties among which on tion (it is considered to have influ- to accumulate among bacteria cell food protects the bacteria from the cause at lower pH thymol molecule carbonyl groups to proteins and pre- special place are their antioxidant ence on pathogen adhesis and due membrane lipids and in that way dis- effects of the EO, for example, if an is dissociated and therefore more vents acid decarboxilase activity in E. activity and ability to improve diges- to that on microbial eubiotic stabi- turb the structure and make it more essential oil is dissolved in the lipid hydrophobic and it is binding to the aerogenes. tion function, improve the taste of lization i animal intestines; Jamroz permeable, especially for ions and components of food it will be less cell membrane better. feed, increase organism immunity FUBM )FSOBOEF[FUBM QSPUPOT 4JLLFNB FU BM 5IJT available of it for action in the aque- Terpinene and antimicrobial properties. These reported improved digestibility in explains the antimicrobial activity of PVTDPNQPOFOUT #VSU Eugenol Thyme essential oil contains large are the reasons to display them as a broilers when using extract of sage, essential oils when terpene lipophil- Eugenol forms a major compo- amounts of terpinene and in par- natural growth promoters and suc- thyme and rosemary and essential ic components and phenylpropenes A significant consequence of the OFOU VQ UP PG DMPWF PJM 0O UJDVMBS UFSQJOFOFPM BOE cessful replacement for antimicro- oil components mixtures of carva- penetrate and disintegrate bacteria phytogen additives antimicrobial Bacillus cereus act by inhibiting the ƺUFSQJOFOF 7JVEB.BSUPT bial growth promoters. crol, cinnamaldehyd and capsaicin. cell membrane structure with re- action in animal feed is improved production of amylase and protease, ƺUFSQJOFOFGBJMFEUPQSFWFOU sult of ions leakage (Helander et al., microbiological carcasses hygiene of impairs cell wall and leads to degra- the growth of S. typhimurium (Juven The antioxidant properties of Taking into account the large )BTIFNJBOE%BWPPEJ poultry. This has been confirmed in dation of cells, while in Enterobacter FU BM XIJMF ƸUFSQJOFOF XBT herbs and spices are mentioned number of different groups of chem- studies on the effects of oregano es- aerogenes use hydroxyl group to FõFDUJWF JO PG CBDUFSJBM TQF - in several papers (eg. Cuppett and ical components present in essential Despite the results of antibacterial sential oil to the total number of bac- bind proteins and prevent their ac- cies according to study Dorman and )BMM $SBJH ;IFOHFUBM oils, it is likely that their antimicro- activity of essential oils obtained in teria and specific pathogens such as UJPO #VSU %FBOT 'SPN UIJT QPJOU PG WJFX FT - bial activity is result of more then vitro, it is generally concluded that Salmonella on chicken carcasses (Ak- pecially interesting are volatile oils one specific mechanism and have a they needed a higher concentration TJUFUBM (VPFUBM p-Cymene Capsaicin from the family Labiacea (mint fam- several target sites in bacterial cells in order to achieve the same result in It is a biological precursor of car- This is the main capsaicinod in red ily) in which on the first place is rose- $BSTPOFUBM MJLFUIFEFHSB - GPPE 4OJEFS 5IF DPODFOUSB - Major components of essential vacrol. It is hydrophobic and causes pepper (Capsicum spp. ). Stable in mary oil. Its antioxidative activity is dation of cell membranes, damaging tion depends on the types of food oils responsible for microbial activ- swelling of the cytoplasmic mem- water and according to the studies consequence of phenolic terpens, cytoplasm membrane, membrane XJUIJOUIFSBOHGSPNUPUJNFT ity are: carvacrol, thymol, eugenol, brane in a much greater extent on animals, conducted by Diepven- rosmarinic acid and rosmarol. Other protein damage, leakage of cellular more, with the exception of Aeromo- p-Cymene, carvone, cinnamaldehyd, than carvacrol, but it has not an ef- TB DBOCFBCTPSCFEJOUPUIF members of this family are the thyme contents, coagulation of the cyto- nas hydrophila , for which is the same terpinene and capsaicin. fective antibacterial activity when bloodstream. It gives irritating and and oregano, which contain large plasm and utilization proton motive concentration in vitro and in vivo. is used alone, only in combination sharp flavor to different types of amounts of monoterpens such as GPSDF #VSU The difference in concentration in Carvacrol and thymol with carvacrol. This can be explained IPU QFQQFST "M,BTTJF FU BM thymol and carvacrol (Cuppett and vitro and in vivo can be explained The most dominant component of that it improves carvacrol transport Capiscum oleoresin which is ob- )BMM 'FFEBEEJUJWFTPCUBJOFE In recent years interest in phyto- with the greater availability of food thyme essential oil is carvacrol and through the cytoplasmic membrane tained by organic extraction from from plants from this family contain gens as a replacement for antibi- nutrients to enable the bacteria fast thymol and they also can be find in )FMBOEFSFUBM the pepper yield has antibacterial phenolic components that improve otic growth promoter is increasingly recovery than the media used in the essential oil of oregano and wild properties and is effective in treating oxidative stability in chicken meat growing. It is believed that the pri- MBCPSBUPSZ DPOEJUJPOT #VSU bergamot. Most researchers were Carvone TUPNBDIQSPCMFNT 4QJDFT QSPEVDUT :PVOHFUBM mary mode of their action is stabili- preoccupied with mode of action According to the chemical com- zation feed hygiene but even greater Essential oils with high percent- for carvacrol. Thymol and carvacrol position it is terpentoid and it is part It could be said that certain es- Feeding turkeys with different benefit is in the control of potention- age of phenolic components such as are structurally very similar, with a of many essential oils, but it can be sential oils have a better antibacte- EPTFTPGPSFHBOPQMBOU BOEH al pathogens affecting the ecosys- carvacrol, eugenol and thymol, can hydroxyl group at different positions find in seeds of dill and cumin the rial effect on meat products. Corian-
356 .&40 Vol. XIII [2011] | rujan - listopad | broj 5 www.meso.hr .&40 357 Enhancing the productive performances and broiler meat quality by phytogens Enhancing the productive performances and broiler meat quality by phytogens ;/"/457&/04536ė/*%*0 der, clove, thyme and oregano oil in The relationship of growth perfor- XJUIJO IPVST %VF UP WFSZ SBQJE DIJDLFOTGFFE ÈBOEQQN extracts within the bounds of doses position (plant parts, harvest time, RVBOUJUZPGoMHDBOJOIJCJU L. mances of broilers and phytogens metabolism and excretion their re- to weight gain, feed intake and feed to be applied for growth enhance, geographic origin), are sufficient to monocytogenes , A. hydrophila and added into feed is still subject to the tention in the tissues as a residue is conversion ratio. This was particu- ,JNFUBM BUUFNQUFEUPDMBSJGZ lead to different levels of sensitivity native spoilage flora in meat prod- criticism and therefore Cross and al. unlikely. However, if poultry is con- larly manifested in treatments with in the study of the impact of carva- among Gram-positive and Gram– ucts. On the other hand mustard, ci- DPODMVEFE UIBU RVBMJUZ BOE stantly nourished with essential oils, more quantity of the EO. In addition, crol, cinnamaldehyde and Capiscum OFHBUJWFCBDUFSJB #VSU lantro, mint and sage oil have low or quantity of active chemical sub- some of their ingredients can be de- larger amounts of EO in feed signifi- oleoresin on a change in gene ex- none antibacterial activity because stances in plant extracts significantly posited in different tissues depend- cantly affected the feed conversa- pression of intestinal intraepithelial In recent studies, the essential oils they are especially inhibited by high affect the response in poultry. The ing on their dose in feed, but with tion ratio, the amount of abdominal lymphocytes in chickens. The feed showed good antimicrobial proper- fat content in meat products. If cilan- factors that can influence phytogen negligible effect on the organoleptic fat and the size of internal organs contained mentioned additives in ties in vitro as well in feed on Cam- tro essential oil immobilizes in gela- additive activity in feed depend on properties of poultry meat. It is not (liver, heart and gizzard). The same amounts as follows: 5 mg / kg, 3 mg pylobacter jejuni in raw poultry meat. tin, it shows improved antibacterial part of the plant used, physical form well investigated whether essential study demonstrated that treatment LHBOENHLH*OUFTUJOFNVDPTBM The coriander essential oil gave the properties on L. monocytogenes in of phytogen additive, genetic varia- oils cause negative effects on human with the thyme and cinnamon EO layer plays an important role in im- best result (Rattanachaikunsopon IBN #VSU tion of the plant, plant age, used health if they are consumed through can significantly reduce the amount mune defense against pathogens BOE1IVNLIBDIPSO 5IFDPO - doses variety, extraction method, food but thymol, carvacrol and cin- of cholesterol in serum, the H / L ra- that are introduced with feed, but centration of coriander oil in feed It could be concluded, with re- harvest time and compatibility with namaldehyde were labeled as GRAS tio, while there was a significant in- also comes in direct contact with XBTUJNFTIJHIFSUIBODPODFOUSB - gard to the published research, that other components in feed. This can (generally recognized as safe) by the crease in the number of red blood feed and nutrients. The experiment tion in vitro. Its ability to inhibit the antibacterial activity in food falls in explain why the difference in body Flavor and Extract Manufacturs’ As- cells, hematocrit, white blood cells showed that carvacrol changed the growth of Gram-negative C. jejuni the following way oregano/clove/ mass and feed conversation ratio is sociation and the Food and Drug Ad- and hemoglobin compared with the FYQSFTTJPO PG HFOFT DJOOBNBM - opens the possibility that similar re- coriander/cinnamon >thyme > mint present when using different phyto- ministration (FDA) which indicated DPOUSPMHSPVQ "M,BTTJF EFIZEF PG BOE Capsicum oleo- sults could be achieved with other > rosemary > mustard > cilantro/ gen in broiler feed :BOHFUBM UIFJSTBGFVTF -FF SFTJO PG NBOZ BT HFOFT 5IFSF Gram-negative bacteria (Langhout, sage. Essential oil components can Their efficiency depends on some 5IFBNPVOUPGHLHDJOOBNPO has been increased lipase activity in be ranked as well (in decreasing an- internal and external factors such as Positive action of plant extracts in feed gave satisfactory results in the chicken pancreas and intestinal tibacterial activity): eugenol > car- nutritional status of animals, expo- on the poultry digestion is mani- the growth of chickens and its use wall, which indicates that their role If essential oils are used as mix- vacrol/ cinnamic acid > basil methyl sure to infection, composition of feed fested in reducing pH value in the as a potential alternative to antimi- in the mechanism of lipid metabo- tures, their action can be divided, chavicol >cinnamaldehyd > citral/ BOETUBUFPGFOWJSPONFOU -FF ileum and increasing the number crobial growth promoters is possible lism is important. Also, the results according to their impact, on the HFSBOJPM #VSU of Lactobacillus spp. and bifidobac- 5PHIZBOJFUBM 3FEIPUQFQ - show that several genes that are as- cumulative effect, antagonistic or According to some studies, the teria which lead to better intestine per, which ingredient capsaicin is as- sociated with already known ability synergistic effect. The cumulative For massive use of essential oils as effect of essential oils on growth microflora balance and provide op- sociated with antimicrobial activity to stimulate immunity in the case of effect is defined as action that is feed additives, it would be impor- performances of poultry can be ei- timal conditions for the protection on bacteria and positive effect on bacteria or fungi infection in poul- equal to the sum of individual ef- tant to know their effect on organo- ther positive or with no importance against pathogenic microorganisms digestion, is added to poultry feed try changed to better. Authors con- fects, synergistic when the action is MFQUJDQSPQFSUJFTPGGFFE #VSU #BTTFUU -BOHIPVU #PU - 5FLFMJFUBM Vidanarachchi et in order to determine the impact cluded that studied phytogens influ- greater than the sum of individual According to the results of Hernán- TPHMPV FU BM *O QPTJUJWF JN - BM on body weight, daily gain and feed enced significantly on the immune actions and antagonistic if the total EF[ BOE BM DMPWF FTTFOUJBM pact, growth was higher compared DPOWFSTJPO$PODFOUSBUJPOTPG response, metabolism and physiolo- effect would be less than the sum of oil added to broiler feed in amounts to a same meal in experimental then -FFFUBM DPNQBSFEUIFFG - BOETIPXFEBTJH - gy of the host in a way that changed individual actions. This is important PG QQN IBE OP FõFDU PO NFBU in control group. If there was no im- fects of carvacrol and thymol in a nificant effect of pepper added in all the expression of genes important when a mixture of essential oils is quality and no adverse effect. pact it is explained by the fact that DPODFOUSBUJPO PG QQN JO GFFE treatments, compared to the control for resistance to pathogens. This used, because knowing their proper- the poultry properties have been Carvacrol reduced the feed gain ra- group. Significant differences be- contributed to the further develop- ties so far; a synergistic effect is pres- Effect of essential oils superior and there was no space for tio and feed intake, but improved tween experimental treatments and ment of the feeding poultry strategy, ent when carvacrol and p-Cymene on growth performances greater improvement, poultry was feed conversion, which means there controls occurred in hematological in order to stimulate changes in host act on B. cerus, a cumulative effect is of poultry healthy and there was a special care were a better feed utilization and/or measurements involving the eryth- immunity in normal conditions and present when carvacrol and thymol The results of many authors (Lee taken in keeping poultry, cleaning changes in the carcass composition. rocyte and leukocyte number, he- during illness. from oregano essential oil act on FU BM )FSOBOEF[ FU BM and disinfection (Botsoglou et al., It is possible that carvacrol effect matocrit, the H / L ratio, the amount Staph.aureus and Pseudomonas ae- #BTNBDPţMVFUBM 'MPSPV1BOF - 5IJT TVHHFTUFE UIBU UIF JN - on feed intake by changing poultry of glucose and cholesterol, which all A large number of authors who ruginosa . On the other hand, differ- SJFUBM (VPFUBM DPOmSN pact of the essential oils in diet is BQQFUJUF -FFFUBM 4JNJMBSSF - values were reduced compared to studied essential oil antimicrobial ent combination mixture of cilantro, that it is possible to improve growth expressed when poultry is not kept TVMUTIBE"M,BTTJFFUBM XIP UIFDPOUSPMHSPVQ "M,BTTJF activity, agrees that EO have bet- coriander, dill and eucalyptus may performances in poultry with feeding in optimal conditions or when low investigated the effects of cinnamon In studies involving the combination ter influence on Gram-positive then have synergistic, antagonistic or cu- them with phytogen additives – es- quality feed is used and/or less clean and thyme to increase the weight of of oregano essential oil, hops extract (SBNOFHBUJWFCBDUFSJB #VSU NVMBUJWFFõFDUT #VSU sential oils or their components. But, FOWJSPONFOU -FF live animals and to improve poul- and Mannan-oligosaccharide have CVU8JMLJOTPOFUBM DPODMVEFE great diversity of biological effects try health, as well as improve other shown that essential oils in combi- just opposite. One of the most sensi- Synergistic effect is possible when that they cause, possibility of failure After oral, pulmonary or dermal properties such as utilization and nation with other additives can have tive bacterial species is Gram-nega- essential oils are combined low pH
because of inappropriate phytogen absorption, essential oils are metab- feed intake. They have proved a pos- a positive effect on increasing body tive A. hydrophila and the most resis- and low water activity (a w) or if some use and different success of various olized and eliminated from the body itive effect of oil extracts of thyme weight of fattening chickens (Boz- tant Gram-negative is P. aeruginosa other additives are added. Sodium daily doses must be taken into ac- through the kidneys in the gluc- (thymol and carvacrol) and cinna- LVSUFUBM 8BO FU BM &BSMZ NFOUJPOFE chloride has synergistic effect if ap-
DPVOUBTXFMM 8JOEJTDIFUBM uronide form or exhalation as CO mon (cinnamaldehyde) added to the Mode of action of essential oils differences in the essential oils com- plied with mint essential oils and
358 .&40 Vol. XIII [2011] | rujan - listopad | broj 5 www.meso.hr .&40 359 Enhancing the productive performances and broiler meat quality by phytogens Enhancing the productive performances and broiler meat quality by phytogens ;/"/457&/04536ė/*%*0
clove powder and antagonistic if essential oils: oregano, thyme, clove Because of their properties to compatibility with other factors, oils – A review. Food and Chemical Toxicology, Cuppett, S. L., C. A. Hall "OUJPLTJ - applied with carvacrol, p-Cymene and cinnamon, each at two doses inhibit the growth of pathogenic such as other components of food, o dant activity of Labiatae. Adv. Food Nutr. Res. and cinnamaldehyde. Sodium nitrite NFEJVN BOE IJHI bacteria like S. typhimurium , E. coli hygiene standards and/or keeping Basmacıoğlu, H., Ö. Tokuşoğlu, M. Ergül combined with oregano essential They used gas chromatography oil and L. monocytogenes and to pre- animal conditions. 5IF FõFDU PG PSFHBOP BOE SPTFNBSZ Dorman, H. J. D., S. G. Deans "O - oil, as well as nisine with carvacrol analysis to determine the proportion vent the transmission of foodborne essential oils or alpha-tocopheryl acetate on timicrobial agents from plants:antibacterial or thymol also acts synergistically of major components in the oils and diseases, the use of essential oils in References performance and lipid oxidation of meat en- activity of plant volatile oil. Journal of Applied #VSU #VSU TUBUFTTPNF GPVOEDBSWBDSPMJOPSFHBOPPJM broiler feed is very interesting. From Aksit, M., E. Goksoy, F. Kok, D. Ozdemir, riched with n-3 PUFA’s in broilers. South Af- .JDSPCJPMPHZ interesting combinations that have a UIZNPMJOUIZNFPJMBOEFVHF - the commercial point of view capac- M. Ozdigan 5IF JNQBDUT PG PSHBOJD SJDBO+PVSOBMPG"OJNBM4DJFODF Diepvens, Kristel, Klaas R. Westerterp, positive impact on the antibacterial OPMJOQSPQPSUJPOPGJODMPWFPJM ity of EO to extend the validity of acid and essential oil supplementations to di- Margriet S. Westerterp-Plantenga activity of essential oils. So carvone BOE JO DJOOBNPO PJM 6OEPVC - sensory characteristic of products is ets on the microbiological quality of chicken Bassett, R. 0SFHBOPT QPTJUJWF JN - Obesity and thermogenesis related to the effect better on L. monocytogenes at tly antimicrobial activity occurred very valuable and added advantage DBSDBTTFT"SDI(FnVHFMLE pact on poultry production. World Poultry. consumption of caffeine, ephedrine capsa- BOJODSFBTFEUFNQFSBUVSFPG$GPS with all essential oils in high doses, is that the spices of their origin are Al-Kassie G. A. M., Mamdooh A. M. Al- icin, and green tea. Am J Physiol Regul Integr NJOVUFTXIJMFUIZNPMBOEDBSWB - as well as in proportional doses of traditionally and seasonally used in Nasrawi, Saba J. Ajeena 5IF &õFDUT Botsoglou, N. A., P. Florou-Paneri, E. Christa- $PNQ1IZTJPM3o3 crol better operate under the higher their components in feed, except for food. There is a possibility to use es- of Using Hot Red Pepper as a Diet Supple- LJ %+'MFUPVSJT "#4QBJT &õFDUPGEJ - Duke, J. A. $3$IBOECPPLPGNF - hydrostatic pressure. Antibacterial thyme which can be explained by sential oils that are not traditionally ment on Some Performance Traits in Broiler. etary oregano essential oil on performance of EJDJOBMIFSCT$3$QSFTT 'MVPSJEB activity increased in case of oregano the fact that the other components related to specific food if concentra- 1BLJTUBO+PVSOBMPG/VUSJUJPO chickens and on iron-induced lipid oxidation Dušan, F., M. Sabol, K. Domaracká, D. and thyme essential oil effect on S. in thyme, not thymol, are respon- tion in which antibacterial effect is Al-Kassie, G. A. M. *OnVFODFPGUXP of breast, thigh and abdominal fat tissues. Br. Bujkáková &TTFOUJBM PJMTUIFJS BOUJ - typhimurium and Staph. aureus as sible for antimicrobial activity. How- evident will not cause undesirable plant extracts derived from thyme and cinna- 1PVMUDJ microbial activity against Escherichia coli and well as oregano effect on L. mono- ever, high doses also had a strong changes in taste and smell. mon on broiler performance. Pakistan Vet. J. Bozkurt, M., K. Küçükyılmaz, A. U. Çatlı, effect on intestinal cell viability. Toxicology in cytogenes in vacuum packing. Clove DZUPUPYJD FõFDU PO $BDP DFMMT PG M. Çınar &õFDU PG EJFUBSZ NBOOBO 7JUSP o and coriander oil acted lethally on A. the small intestine. Cytotoxicity of According to the changes of popu- Anonimno 1BSMJBNFOU BOE PG UIF oligosaccharide with or without oregano es- Florou-Paneri, P., G. Palatos, A. Govaris, hydrophila packed in a vacuum at a essential oils in medium dose was lation eating habits which lead to the $PVODJM PO 0DUPCFS &$ sential oil and hop extract supplementation D. Botsoglou, I. Giannenas, I. Ambrosiadis TUPSBHFUFNQFSBUVSFPG$1BDL - relatively small and antimicrobial reduced use of artificial and synthet- 0öDJBM+PVSOBM- QQo on the performance and slaughter character- 0SFHBOP)FSC7FSTVT0SFHBOP&TTFO - JOH JO NPEJmFE BUNPTQIFSF effect on pathogenic E. coli is par- ic additives, it is possible that there Anonimno $PNNJTTJPO %FDJTJPO istics of male broilers. South African Journal of tial Oil as Feed Supplements to Increase the - Oxidative Stability of Turkey Meat. Interna- CO / J0 ) with oregano tial. Appropriate essential oils doses will be increase in demand for essen- PG'FCSVBSZBEPQUJOHBSFHJTUFSPGnB "OJNBM4DJFODF essential oil added contributed to which shows good antibacterial ef- tial oils which could be a motivation vouring substances used in or on foodstuffs Burt, S. &TTFOUJBMPJMTUIFJSBOUJCBD - UJPOBM+PVSOBMPG1PVMUSZ4DJFODF the lower initial contamination and fect doesn’t have so much adverse to bioengineers to produce plants drawn up in application of Regulation (EC) No terial properties and potential applications reduced the total microbial count effect on the small intestine cells that have a greater capacity for es- PGUIF&VSPQFBO in foods—a review; International Journal of Fotea, L., E. Costăchescu, G. Hoha that cause spoilage in ground beef. %VÝBOFUBM sential oil synthesis. For this reason Anonimno Commission Regula- 'PPE.JDSPCJPMPHZ o The effect of essential oil of rosemary ( Ros- it is certainly necessary to standard- UJPO &$ /PPG+VMZMBZJOH Carson, C. F., B. J., T. V. Mee Riley marinus officinalis) on to the broilers growing (BSDJB FU BM TVHHFTU DPN - *TBCFM BOE 4BOUPT VTFE B ize the essential oil components that down the measures necessary for the adop- Mechanisam of action of Melaleluca alteri- performance. Animal Science Faculty, Univer- bined use of organic acids and es- mixture of clove and cinnamon es- are commercially available at the in- tion of an evaluation programme in applica- nifolia (tea tree) oil on Staphilococcus aureus sity of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary sential oils. In their study they added TFOUJBM PJMT JO UIF BNPVOU PG UFSOBUJPOBMMFWFM #VSU UJPOPG3FHVMBUJPO &$ /PPGUIF&V - determined by time kill, lysis, leackage and .FEJDJOF *BTJ3PNBOJB UP GFFE QQN PG GPSNJD BDJE ppm in broiler feed and increased ropean Parliament and of the Council: Official salt tolerance assays and electron microscopy. Garcia, V., P. Catala-Gregori, F. Hernan- QQNPGGPSNJDBDJE QQN quantity of breast meat as well as Conclusion +PVSOBM- QQo "OUJNJDSPCJMB BHFOUB BOE $IFNPUIFSBQZ dez, M. D. Megias, J. Madrid &õFDUPG of plant extract based on a blend feed conversion ratio as compared The use of essential oils in broiler Anonimno Commission Decision formic acid and plant extracts on growth, nu- of oregano, cinnamon and pep- to the control group. These results nutrition is a new category among PG +BOVBSZ BNFOEJOH $PNNJTTJPO Castanon, J. I. R. )JTUPSZPGUIFVTF trient digestibility, intestine mucosa morfol- QFS FTTFOUJBM PJM BOE QQN PG showed a potential advantage over feed additives. Although there are %FDJTJPO &$ BT SFHBSET UIF SFHJT - of antibiotic as growth promotors in Europe- ogy and meat yield of broilers. J. Appl. Poult. hydroalcoholic plant extract from organic acid salts (calcium propio- many well-known and positive ef- ter of flavouring substances used in or on BOQPVMUSZGFFET1PVMU4DJ 3FT sage, thyme and rosemary leaves. nate and calcium formate) which fects of their use, it still should inves- GPPETUVõT &$ 0öDJBM +PVSOBM - Cosentino, S., Tuberoso, C. I. G., Pisano, Guo F. C., B. A. Williams, R. P. Kwakkel, In all treatments apparent ileum di- were expected to be used instead tigate action mechanism of essential QQo B., Satta, M., Mascia, V., Arzedi, E., Palmas, H. S. Li, X. P. Li, J. Y. Luo, W. K. Li, M. W. Ver- gestibility improved as well as feed antimicrobial growth promoters. oil components on proteins which Anonimno B Commission Regula- F. *O WJUSP BOUJNJDSPCJBM BDUJWJUZ BOE stegen &õFDUTPGNVTISPPNBOEIFSC conversion ratio, except in the group are incorporated in cell membrane UJPO &$ /P PG "QSJM FT - chemical composition of Sardinian Thymus polysaccharides, as alternatives for an anti- with oregano, thyme and sage add- 3PTFNBSZFTTFOUJBMPJMBEEFE as well as on membrane phospho- tablishing deadlines for the submission of essential oils. Letters in Applied Microbiology biotic, on the cecal microbial ecosystem in ed. Authors explained that the use in feed improved broiler growth lipids. Further research should give information of chemically defined flavouring o CSPJMFSDIJDLFOT1PVMUSZ4DJFODF of hydroalcoholic plant extract from performances as well as feed con- answer about essential oils chang- substances used in or on foodstuffs: Official Craig, W. J. )FBMUIQSPNPUJOHQSPQ - Hashemi, S. R., H. Davoodi 1IZUP - sage, thyme and rosemary leaves versation ratio during the fattening ing influence on the growth per- +PVSOBM- QQo FSUJFTPGDPNNPOIFSCT"N+$MJN/VUS genetic as a New additive in Poultry Industry. were inappropriate for this research. period. Obtained results were better formances of poultry and what are Anonimno &ODJLMPQFEJKTLJ SKFŘOJL +PVSOBMPG"OJNBMBOE7FUFSJOBSZ"EWBODFT than the group with antibiotic add- the circumstances for their negative humanog i veterinarskog medicinskog naziv- Cross, D. E., McDevitt R. M., Hillman %VÝBOFUBM QVCMJTIFEUIF ed in the feed. It can be concluded result. Effect on gut micro flora and lja, Hrvatska akademija znanosti i umjetnosti, K., Acamovic T. 5IF FõFDU PG IFSCT Helander Ilkka M., Hanna-Leena Ala- research results of the antimicrobial UIBUVTFPGSPTFNBSZFTTFOUJBM ingestion physiology is often incon- Leksikografski zavod Miroslav Krleža. Zagreb and their associated essential oils on perfor- komi, Kyösti Latva-Kala, Tiina Mattila- properties of EO on E. coli and pos- oil in broilers feed has the potential sistent. For this reason it is neces- mance, dietary digestibility and gut micro- Sandholm, Irene Pol, Eddy J. Smid, Leon G. sible adverse effect on the cells of of growth promoters in poultry fat- sary to study their mode of action, in Bakkali, F., S. Averbeck, D. Averbeck, M. nPSBJODIJDLFOTGSPNUPEBZTPGBHF#S M. Gorris, Atte von Wright $IBSBD - the small intestine for four types of UFOJOH 'PUFBFUBM particular taking into account their Idaomar #JPMPHJDBMFõFDUTPGFTTFOUJBM 1PVMU4DJ terization of the Action of Selected Essential
360 .&40 Vol. XIII [2011] | rujan - listopad | broj 5 www.meso.hr .&40 361 Enhancing the productive performances and broiler meat quality by phytogens Enhancing the productive performances and broiler meat quality by phytogens ;/"/457&/04536ė/*%*0 Erhöhung der Herstellungsqualität und Fleischqualität Lowers Body Weight Gain but Improves Feed IZESPDBSCPOT.JDSPCJPMPHJDBMSFWJFXT $IFNJDBM$PNQPTJUJPOPGUIF&TTFOUJBM von Broilern durch Nutzung von ätherischen Ölen Conversion in Female Broiler Chickens. J. Appl. Oils Obtained From Some Spices Widely Used 1PVMU3FT Snider, O. P. "OUJNJDSPCJBMFõFDUPG in Mediterranean Region. Acta Chim. Slov. ,
Zusammenfassung Moyler, D. $0 extraction and other spices and herbs. Hospitality institute of tech- o Phytogene, zu denen auch ätherische Öle und deren Komponenten gehören, haben ein großes Potential im Broilermast, dies wegen new technologies: an update on commercial nology and management; St. Paul, Minesota, Wan, J., A. Wilcock, M. J. Coventry ihrer Antioxideigenschaften, ihres Einflußes auf die Verbesserung des Nahrungsgeschmacks, ihrer Wirkung auf die Verbesserung der adoption. International Federation of Essen- The effect of essential oils of basil on the Verdaungsfunktionen und wegen der Vergrößerung der Immunoantwort des Organismus. Hierzu tragen ihre antimikrobiellen Eigen- UJBM0JMTBOE"SPNB5SBEFTTU*OUFSOBUJPOBM Spices B. 1BHFTJO4QJDF*OEJB growth of Aeromonas hydrophila and Pseudo- schaften bei, wobei sie als natürlicher und annehmbarer Ersatz für antimikrobielle Wuchspromotoren angesehen werden. Wirkungs- Conference on Essential Oils and Aroma’s. IF- Niseema Printers&Publisher, Cochin, India, monas fluorescens. Journal of Applied Micro- mechanismus, Kompatibilität mit anderen Nahrungskomponenten, Bewertung von Sicherheit und toxykologischer Wirkung - sind &"5 -POEPO QQo CJPMPHZ o Gebiete, die im voraus genau untersucht werden sollen, bevor Phytobiotika massenartig im Geflügelmast angewendet werden. Zur Oosterhaven, K. B. Poolman, E. J. Smid Tekeli, A., L. Celik, H. R. Kutlu, M. Gorgulu Wilkinson, J. M., Michael Hipwell, Tracey Zeit besteht das Interesse für ihre Anwendung, jedoch sind solche Erzeugnisse den Geflügelzüchtern nicht genug bekannt. Bewiesen ist 4DBSWPOF BT B OBUVSBM QPUBUP TQSPVU &õFDU PG EJFUBSZ TVQQMFNFOUBM QMBOU Ryan, Heather M. A. Cavanagh #JP - ein positiver Einfluss von Ölextrakten von Tymian (Tymol und Karvakrol) und Zimt (Cinamaldehyd), zugefügt in das Geflügelfutter (je inhibiting, fungistatic and bacteristatic com- extracts on performance, carcass character- activity of Backhousia citriodora: Antibacterial 100 und 200 ppn), auf die Vergößerung der Körpermasse, Futtereinnahme und Futterkonversion. Außerdem hat eine größere Menge QPVOE*OEVTUSJBM$SPQTBOE1SPEVDUT istics, digestive system development, intesti- and Antifungal Activity. J. Agric. Food Chem. , von ätherischen Ölen in Nahrung (EU) bedeutend das Randman, die Menge des abdominalen Fetts und die Größe der inneren Organe (Leber, Herz, Magen) beeinflußt, während die Behandlung mit EU Tymian und Zimt das Quantum von Cholesterin im Serum gesenkt 31. nal microflora and some blood parameters of 51 o haben, auch das Verhältnis von Heterophylen und Lymphozyten (engl. H/L ratio), während die Eritrocytenzahl, Hematokrit, Leukozyt Oyen, L.P.A., N.X. Dung &TTFOUJBM broiler chicken. Proceedings of XII European Windisch, W., K. Schedle, C. Plitzner, A. und Hemoglobin in Bezug auf die Kontrollgruppe erhöht wurden. Um die Anwendung von ätherischen Ölen in Zukunft zu optimieren, PJMQMBOUT#BDLIVZT1VCMJTIFST -FJEFO Poultry Conference, 10-14 september 2006., Kroismayr 6TF PG QIZUPHFOJD QSPE - ist es notwendig, auf der internationalen Ebene die kommerziell zugänglichen Komponenten der ätherischen Öle zu standardisieren. Packiyasothy, E.V., S. Kyle "OUJNJ - Verona, Italy. ucts as feed additives for swine and poultry. Schüsselwörter: Broiler, ätherische Öle, Herstellungsbesonderheiten, Wuchspromotoren crobial properties of some herb essential oils. Toghyani M., M. Toghyani, A. Gheisari, +PVSOBMPG"OJNBMTDJFODF 'PPE"VTUSBMJB o G. Ghalamkari, S. Eghbalsaied Young, J. F., J. Stagsted, S. K. Jensen, A. Rattanachaikunsopon, P., P. Phumkha- Evaluation of cinnamon and garlic as antibi- H. Karlsson, P. Henckel "TDPSCJDBDJE Elevamento di caratteristiche produttive chorn 1PUFOUJBMPG$PSJBOEFS Corian- otic growth promoter substitutions on perfor- alpha-tocoferol, and oregano suplements re- e di qualità del pollame brojler usando gli oli eterici drum Sativum ) Oil as a Natural Antimicrobial mance, immune responses, serum biochemi- duce stres-induced deterioration of chicken Compound in Controlling Campylobacter je- cal and haematological parameters in broiler NFBURVBMJUZ1PVMU4DJ Sommario juni in Raw Meat. Biosci.biotechnol.Biochem., DIJDLT-JWFTUPDL4DJFODF Zaika, L. L. 4QJDFTBOEIFSCT5IFJS Per le sue caratteristiche antiossidative, per l’influenza sul miglioramento del sapore, l’azione di miglioramento di digestione e per la Vidanarachchi, J. K., L. L. Mikkelsen, antimicrobial activity and its determination. J. capacità di aumento della risposta imunologica del organismo, i fitogeni, tra i quali oli eterici e i suoi componenti, hanno un grande Şahin, F., M. Güllüce, D. Daferera, A. Sök- C. Constantinoiu, P.A. Iji, M. Choct potenziale per l’applicazione di allevamento arricchito dei brojler. A questo contribuiscono ancora di più le loro caratteristiche anti- 'PPE4BGFUZ microbiche, e perciò sono ritenuti un cambio naturale e accettabile per i promotori di crescita antimicrobici. Il meccanismo d’azione, men, M. Sökmen, M. Polissiou, G. Agar, H. Plant extracts from Australian and New Zea- Zheng, W., Shiow Y. Wang "OUJ - la compatibilità con gli altri componenti del cibo, la valutazione di sicurezza e di tossicità sono le aree che bisogna esaminare più Özer #JPMPHJDBM BDUJWJUJFT PG UIF FT - land native plants as prebiotics in broiler oxidant Activity and Phenolic Compounds dettagliatamente prima dell’uso di fitobiotici nell’allevamento del pollame. Per il momento c’è l’interesse di applicarli, però gli alleva- sential oils and methanol extract of Origanum DIJDLFOT"QSJM "VTUSBMJBO7FUFSJ - JO 4FMFDUFE )FSCT + "HSJD 'PPE $IFN tori ancora non conoscono bene i prodotti di questo tipo. Ci sono delle prove dell’influenza positiva degli estratti di oli di timo (timoli e vulgare spp. vulgare in the Eastern Anatolia nary Poultry Alliance Annual Meeting, Holiday carvacroli) e di olio di canella (cinamaldechidi) aggiunti al cibo di polli (100 e 200 ppm) sull’aumento del peso corporeo, il consume e SFHJPOPG5VSLFZ'PPE$POUSPM o *OO (PME$PBTU "VTUSBMJBQQ la conversione del cibo. A parte questo, una quantità notevole di oli eterici del cibo ha avuto un’influenza evidente sul randman, sulla Sikkema, J., J. A. M. De Bont, B. Poolman Viuda-Martos, M., Yolanda Ruíz-Navajas, 3FDFJWFE4FQUFNCFS qualità del grasso addominale e sulla grandezza degli organi interni (fegato, cuore, stomaco), mentre i trattamenti con gli oli eterici .FDIBOJTNTPGNFNCSBOFUPYJDJUZPG Juana Fernández-López, J. A. Pérez-Álvarez "DDFQUFE4FQUFNCFS N di timo e di canella hanno notevolmente fatto diminuire la quantità di colesterolo nel siero di sangue, poi il rapporto eterofili-linfociti (in ingl. H/L ratio), ma hanno fatto aumentare il numero di eritrociti, ematocrito, leucocite ed emoglobina in paragone con il gruppo di controllo. Affinché l’uso di oli eterici abbia un successo quanto più grande, e necessario stabilire al livello internazionale gli standard di componente accessibile commerciale. Parole chiave: il pollame brojler, oli eterici, specifiche produttive, promotori di crescita Priručnik Biološke opasnosti u hrani Priručnik Biološke opasnosti u hrani opisuje potencijalne uzročnike bole- Oil Components on Gram-Negative Bacteria. growth performance and carcass characteris- Kim, D. K., H. S. Lillehoj, S. H. Lee, S. I. sti koji se mogu prenijeti hranom, kroz tri poglavlja: bakterije, virusi i paraziti. Autori su prof. dr. sc. Albert Marinculić, dr. sc. Boris Habrun, doc. dr. sc. Ljubo Barbić i dr. sc. Relja J. Agric. Food Chem. 9, o. tics of broiler chickens. J. Appl. Poult. Res. 18, Jang, D. Bravo )JHIUISPVHIU HFOF Beck. Hernandez, F., J. Madrid, V. Garcia, J. o expression analysis of intestinal intraeepithe- Ispunjenu narudžbenicu pošaljite faksom na 031/214-901 . Orengo, M.D. Megias *OnVFODF PG Jamroz, D., T. Wertelecki, M. Houszka, C. lial lymphocytes after oral feeding of carva- $JKFOBQSJSVŘOJLBJ[OPTJLVOB QPÝUBSJOB QMBŘBOKFQPV[FŗFN two plant extracts on broilers performance, Kamel *OnVFODF PG EJFU UZQF PO UIF crol, cinnamaldehyde, or Capiscum oleoresin. digestibility, and digestive organ size. Poultry inclusion of plant origin active substances 1PVMUSZ4DJFODF"TTPDJBUJPO*OD BROJ NARUČENIH PRIMJERAKA 4DJFODF on morphological and histochemical charac- Langhout, P. /FX BEEJUJWFT GPS IME I PREZIME Hernández, P., V. Juste, C. Zomeño, J. R. teristics of the stomach and jejunum walls in CSPJMFSDIJDLFO8PSME1PVMUSZ TVRTKA Moreno, P. Peñalver &õFDUPG%JFUBSZ DIJDLFO+"OJN1IZTJPM"OJN/VUS #FSM Lawrence, B. M., R. J. Reynolds OIB TVRTKE ILI OIB GRAĐANA MJESTO Clove Essential Oil on Poultry Meat Qual- Progress in essential oils. Perfumer and Fla- ULICA I BROJ TELEFON JUZIUUQXXXEPDTUPDDPNEPDT Juven, B. J., J. Kanner, F. Schved, H. WPSJTU FAX E-MAIL Effect-of-Dietary-Clove-Essential-Oil-on-Poul- Waisslowicz 'BDUPST UIBU JOUFSBDUT Lee, K.W &TTFOUJBMPJMTJOCSPJMFSOV - DATUM try-Meat. with antibacterial action of thyime essential trition, Utreht, The Netherlands. Isabel, B., i Y. Santos &õFDUT PG oil and its active constituens. Journal of ap- Lee, K.W., H. Everts, H. J. Kappert, K.-H. POTPIS ŽIG TVRTKE dietary organic acids and essential oils on QMJFECBDUFSJPMPHZ Yeom, A. C. Beynen %JFUBSZ$BSWBDSPM
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