State of the Environment Report Slovak Republic 1997

-W MINISTRY OF THE ENVIRONMENT OF THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC

SK99K0193

III

STATE OF THE ENVIRONMENT REPORT SLOVAK REPUBLIC 1997

30-4 3 Ministry of the Environment of the Slovak Republic State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997

STATE OF THE ENVIRONMENT REPORT - THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC 1997

Publishers MINISTRY OF THE ENVIRONMENT OF THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC Namestie tudovfta Stiira 1, 812 35 Bratislava, Slovakia SLOVAK ENVIRONMENT AGENCY Tajovskeho 28, 975 90 Banska Bystrica, Slovakia

Composers RNDr. Jozef KLINDA, Ing. Zuzana LIESKOVSKA and collective

Co-opeeration Branches of the MZP SR, Centres of SAZP and other institutions listed as sources Ing. Pavol CIKATRICIS, RNDr. Jozef KLINDA ©1998 EM DESIGN - Ing. Milos SABLATURA, Rakos 12, 960 01 Zvolen Juraj BOBULA, Lubor CACKO, Jozef KLINDA, Roman LEHOCKY, Peter SEVEC, Miloslav BADIK, SAZP archive

EM DESIGN & KO-PRINT

Published 1 000 pcs

118

ISBN 80-88833-13-2 State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997

about the Slovak Republic

SK99K0194

The Slovak Republic \v;is established on January I -' 1993 after the peaceful split of the former Czechoslovakia imo two independent sovereign countries. The country lies in the heart of the Central Europe with geographical centre of Europe being situated on its territory. Total population of the Slovak Republic is 5 387 650, lhai represent population density 109.9 inhabitants per km' (as of December 3 1st, 1997). According lo the Act of the NC SR No. 221/1996 Coll. on Territorial and Administrative Division of the SR, the country is divided into 8 regions and 79 districts. Within this broader administrative division there arc 2 875 municipalities including 136 towns.

Table 1 Population size by region (as of December 31st, 1997)

Territory Population density Number cif Average number A\eiage si/.e ol Territory Area iiulepciulent inhiib. per municipality inhabitants in ii ii icipD lit ies municipality kin2 per km2 km2 Slovak Republic 49 034 109.9 2 875 1 S74.0 17.05 Bratislava region (BA) 2 053 301.4 72 X 592.7 2S.5I Trnava region (IT) 4 14.S 152.5 249 2 207.5 16.66 Trenail region (TN) 4 501 13?. ft 275 2 219.5 16.37 Nilra region (NR) 6 343 1 13.1 347 2 079.0 IS.2S Zilina region (ZA) 6 78N 101 .ft 314 2 195.9 21.61 Banska livslrica region (BU) 9 455 70.2 515 1 2S9.2 1X.56 I'resov region (I'K) K 9') ! Sd.4 (><>> 1 K.N.9 I.V55 kosiee region (IslO () 753 112.7 45 S 1 757.7 "l?Ti~ Nnle: Nunihci" oCuulcpcmlciil nuii]icip;ilitics diK's mil include Bi;ilishi\a ;incl Kosicc lin\ n /ones. Source: Si: SR

Natural migration of the Slovak population caused an increase in total population by 7 thousands inhabitants. Registered total increase in the population was 8.7 thousands inhabitants.

Figure 1 Population increase (1993-1997)

25000 ._

20000 \ O

I 5000 natural increase 10000

5000

0 Source: Sli SR

Total area of the Slovak Republic territory in 1997 was 4 903 455 ha. In terms of the total region area, Banska Bystrica region was the largest region and Bratislava region was the smallest. The highest percentage of agricultural land was in Nitra region. On the other hand, Zilina region was the region with the smallest proportion of agricultural land. In terms of forest land, Zilina region enjoyed the highest percentage of it. On the contrary, Nitra region had the smallest proportion the foresi land within the territory of Slovakia. Bratislava region recorded the highest percentage of build-up land as opposed to Banska Bystrica region with the smallest build-up land proportion. State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997

Table 2 Land use by region (as of December 31st , 1997) in ha

Region Arable Hop- Vineyards Gardens Orchards Permanent Agricultura Forest Water Build- Total area land gardens grassland land land bodies up land BA 77 605 - 5 066 4 530 1 367 7 623 96 191 75 467 5 636 13 975 205 323 'IT 264 774 184 4 737 8 277 2 665 13 935 294 572 65 127 14 472 25 759 414 773 TN 105 221 815 69 8 356 3 002 69 766 187 229 220 092 6 232 22 899 450 081 NR 408 107 260 12317 14 340 5 326 29 560 469 910 95 867 15 722 34 104 634 335 ZA 70 491 - 6 138 444 172 398 249 471 373 498 12 786 24 476 678 835 BB 171 677 - 3 589 11 425 1 921 232 177 420 789 460 961 7 937 32 419 945 501 PR 163 955 - 24 11 079 2 507 209 845 387 410 439 929 14 245 31 028 899 308 KH . 210 294 - 3 007 13 738 1 736 110 287 339 062 265 432 16 280 33 924 675 299 Total 1 472 124 1 25') 28 809 77 883 18 968 845 591 2 444 634 1 996 373 93 310 218 584 4 903 455 Note: Oilier land category included in llic total area is nol listed separately in the table Source: SU SR State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997

SK99K0195 Integrated Environmental Monitoring and Information System

The Concept of the Environmental Monitoring within the territory of the Slovak Republic and The Concept of the Integrated Environment Information System of the Slovak Republic were accepted and confirmed by the Government Order No.449/1992. The state monitoring system covering the whole territory of Slovakia is the most important and consists of 13 Partial Monitoring Systems (PMSs).

Table 3 Partial Monitoring Systems

Partial Monitoring System PMS I'MS Centre Guaranteed by Air MZPSR Slovak llydromctcorological Institute, Bratislava Water MZPSR Slovak Mydrometeorological Institute, Bratislava Biota (Fauna and Flora) MZPSR Slovak Environment Agency, Banska Bystrica Waste MZPSR Slovak Environment Agency, Banska Bystrica Settlement MZPSR Slovak Environment Agency, Banska Bystrica Land use MZPSR Slovak Environment Agency, Banska Bystrica Geological factors MZPSR Geological Service of the SR, Bratislava Soil MPSR Soil Fertility Research Institute Bratislava Forest Ml' SR Forest Research Institute, Zvolcn Xenobiotics in food and animal feed MZSR Food Research Institute, Bratislava Pressures on population caused by MZ SR State Health Institute, Bratislava environmental factors Radiation and other physical fields MZSR Slate Health Institute, Bratislava Meteorology and Climatology MZP SR Slovak 1 lydromctcorological Institute, Bratislava Source: MZI'SR The above listed PMSs are managed accor- Table 4 Budget of PMSs - overview (mil Sk) ding to the concept of the Sectoral Information System (SIS) of the MZP SR which was estab- Year financial resources i 994 60.6 lished by the National Council Act No. 261/1995 1995 71.4 Coll. on the SIS. The SIS consists of 18 subsystems: 1996 63.1 1. Management of the SIS development of the MZP SR 1997 1 19.2 2. Internal SIS of the MZP SR Source: MZPSR 3. Cross-sectional SIS of Administrative Activities 4. Cross-sectional SIS of Economic and Administrative Activities 5. Cross-sectional SIS of Specialist Activities 6. Cross-sectional SIS of Scientific and Technological Information 7. Environmental SIS 8. Territorial SIS 9. SIS of Monitoring 10. SIS of the Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute 11. SIS of the Slovak Environment Agency 12. SIS of the Geological Service of the SR 13. SIS of the Slovak Environmental Inspectorate 14. SIS of the Administration of the Slovak Caves 15. SIS of the Administration of National Parks of the SR 16. SIS of the State Environmental Fund 17. SIS of Environmental Departments of State Administration 18. Communication System of the SIS, sectoral network State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997

Environmental publications and periodicals of the MZP SR

ENVIRO i AKCJT NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL ACTION PROGRAMME

CERVENA

Mtnych *ut»v itiOin • f Kvticltov Sfl • CH AGENDAS [ •-'•

Atlas Atlas geotermalnej, ,of;Geotherrnal energie Energy Slovenska of Slovakia

PROGRAM ODPADOrtHO HDSPODARSTVA SlOTtHSKEJ BEPUBLIHr DO RQKU200a State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997

Total Emissions of Basic Polluting Substances Emissions of basic polluting substances within the territory of the Slovak Republic are regularly monitored and the results are updated in a database called "The Register of Emissions on Air Pollution Sources (REZZO) ; this data has been recorded since 1985 by SHMU in Bratislava. The register is divided into 4 categories according to ihe output, size and type of the source of the emissions: REZZO 1 - stationary units for fuel combustion with a total thermal output of more than 5 MW (large pollution sources with the heaviest impact on the environment). In addition to these, selected technologies are included. This database comprises continually recorded data since 1985 with 982 facilitators of pollution sources being registered. REZZO 2 - stationary units for fuel combustion with a total thermal output of 0.2 to 5 MW (medium pollution sources with medium impact on the environment. Also include are certain selected technologies. The third data update, completed in 1996, was carried out in co-operation with environmental offices within the period 1993-1996. REZZO 3 - stationary local units for fuel combustion with small pollution sources with a total thermal output of less than 0.2 MW. This database is being annually updated with emissions calculations based on the emission factors and total fuel consumption data. REZZO 4 - mobile units, regardless of their output. The COPERT Method, recommended by 'The Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution (Geneva 1979) 'for its member states, is used for emission data calculation. Data for 1996 are available. Between 1996 and 1997, emission reductions in all fundamental polluting substances were recorded.

Table 5 Emissions of fundamental polluting substances (in thousand tonnes)

Polluling 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 substance SO, 569.022 538.977 441.890 377.634 323.175 235.763 236.386 224.199 199.228 NO, 226.622 226.739 21 1.980 191.709 183.863 173.015 180.950 139.551 123.123 SI'M 320.991 299.368 229.608 177.481 143.318 87.301 88.978 66.977 60.290 CO 491.028 488.698 439.110 382.271 408.345 374.682 404.639 373.315 345.975 Source: SI IMU

Table 6 Total emissions of fundamental polluting substances (1997)

Source category SO2 NOS CO SI'M thous. t % thous. I % thou.s. I % llious. 1 % REZZO 1 176.564 88.7 70.583 57.3 141.636 40.9 36.646 60.8 REZZO 2* 10.577 5.3 3.96 3.2 12.037 3.5 9.478 15.7 REZZO 3 12.087 6 5.177 4.2 38.029 11.0 14.166 23.5 REZZO 4* 43.403 35.3 154.273 44.6 TOTAL 199.228 100.0 123.123 100.0 : 345.975 100.0 60.290 100.0 * tlata from 19% Source: SI IMU 2 Figure 2 Emissions of SO2 Figure 4 Specific territorial emissions of NOX (tonnes per km ) P rt 600 o

500 W 3

Source: SHMU O

1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997

Note: Following records from The Convention on SO, Emissions Reduction (Helsinki 1985 ; accession of the for- o* mer Czechoslovak Socialist Republic notified in 1986 and succession of the Slovak Republic notified in Oslo 1994) the SR is obliged to reduce emissions of SO2 by 60% (by the year 2000) , by 65% by 2005 and by 72% by 2010 - all values in comparison to 1980 values Source: SHMU oo -a

2 Figure 5 Emissions of NOX Figure 3 Specific territorial emissions of SO2 (tonnes per km ) 250

200

col CO-

Source: SHMU 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997

Note: According to the Protocol of "The Convention on NOX Emissions Reduction (Sofia 1988, accession of the former CSSR in 1988, succession of the SR in 1994) the main aim of the SR is to stabilise NOX emissions values by the year 1994, based on 1987 data on NOX emissions Source: SHMU Figure 6 Emissions of SPM Figure 8 Specific territorial emissions of CO (tonnes per km2)

l ]1 -5 [5-10

Source: SHMU

1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997

Source: SHMU n W Figure 9 Emissions of CO Figure 7 Specific territorial emissions of SPM (tonnes per km2) O 3

J o

Source: SHMU cr 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997

Source: SHMU State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997

Total Emissions of Greenhouse Gases

According to the summary for 1996, the total amount of CO2 anthropogenic emissions reached

46 mil tonnes (in 1990 it was 60 mil tonnes, in 1988 more than 61 mil tonnes).The CO2 retained in forest ecosystems hovers around the level of 6 mil tonnes and since 1990, a moderate increase has been registered. Methane emissions have reached the level of 320 thousand tonnes (in 1990 it was more than 400 thousand tonnes). N2O total emissions have been estimated at 8 thousand tonnes (as opposed to 13 thousand tonnes in 1990). Greenhouse gases emissions peaked at the end of 1980's. Between 1990 and 1994 a 25% decrease was registered. Since 1994, a slight increase in the amount of emissions has been recorded.

Figure 10 Individual sources and their percentage contribution to greenhouse gases emissions

Source: SHMU Total Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds Based on the summary relating to year 1996, total emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOC) reached 104 074 tonnes (compared to 148 724 tonnes in 1990).

Table 7 Total emissions of VOC, sectors of their production division

Sector Emissions 1990 Emissions 1993 Emissions 1996 tonnes % tonnes % tonnes % Paintings ami adhesive utilisation 3 2X1.1 22.06 1l) 34') 16.59 i<; 122 IS Chemical treatment and degreasing () 650.5 4.47 10 366 2.87 12 108 12 Exploitation, transport and crude oil 22 386 15.05 17313 14.84 12 657 12 refinement Fuel distribution 3 623.9 2.44 3 673,6 3.15 3 808 4 Industrial organic chemistry 6 436.7 4.33 3 51 8,9 3.02 1 386 1 Incineration & combustion processes 1 1 465 7.71 11 317 9.70 3 889 4 Food-processing 4 001.3 2.69 3 541,3 3.04 2 525 2 Industrial production and metal processing 1624 1.09 2 136 1.83 2 108 2 Waste 8 298 5.58 1 572,5 1.35 526 1 Agriculture 651 0.44 436 0.37 436 0 Industrial products 8 278 5.57 8 278 7.10 8 278 8 Transport 42 499 28.58 42 161 36.14 37 231 36 Total 148 724 100 123 663 100 104 074 100 Source: SHMU

10 State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997

Table 8 Air quality standards for selected polluting substances

Polluting substance Expressed as Air quality standards (flg.m"')

AQSV AQS,, AQS,,,, AQSS Particuhite matter 60 150 500 Sulphur dioxide SO, 60 150 500 Sulphur dioxide and particulatc SO2+p.p. 250* matter Nitrogen oxides NO2 80 100 200 Carbon monoxide CO 5 000 10 000 Ozone O.i 110 Lead in participate matter I'b 0.5 Cadmium in particulate matter Cd 0.01 Ma [odours substance nuisl nol occur in concenlra ions to he public nuisance * Caleulaled aridinielic sum of bnlli componenl's daily averages conecnlration F.xplanal ion of symbols: AQS; average annual concentration of the polluting substance Average concentration is a mean concentration level recorded at a designated point within a span of one year. The result is given in the form <>/ an arithmetic mean calculated from average daily concentrations

AQSt: average daily concentration of the polluting substance Average daily concentration is a mean concentration level recorded at a designated point within a pan of 24 hours. Average daily concentration is also understood as the mean of at least 12 (periodical) average concentration levels recorded every 30 minutes within a span of 24 hours (arithmetic mean)

AQSHh: average 8-hour-concentration of the polluting substance Average 8-hour-concentration is a mean concentration level recorded at a designated point within a span of 8 hours AQSj average 30-minute-concentration oj the polluting substance Average 30-minute-concentralion is a mean concentration level recorded at a designated point within a span of 30 minutes

Limiting criteria: AQSj and AQSsfor parliculate matter, SO,, NOX and CO cannot be exceeded in the course of the year in more than 5% of cases. -'

Local Air Pollution

32 local and 7 regional air pollution monitoring stations were in operation within the territory of the Slovak Republic in 1997.

11 State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997

Figure 11 Localization of air pollution monitoring stations

Prešov Krompachy * Rudňanv • * Vranov nad • Humenné Handlová» J Topľou • • Bystričany* L.£> Strážske z Lovca** Žiar nad JClsaVd Štúrova » « ..,.,, Hronom í Ida. Galaktická •Milhostov Trnavské mýto Turbínová námestie Mamatevova

© Regional stations - HMI.LP - monitoring network i Source: SUMU 0 Other regional stations • Local monitoring stations 1 area of Bratislava 2 area of Košice 3 area of Banská Bystrica 4 area of Žilina 5 area of Ružomberok Sulphur Dioxide Daily ambient air limit of sulphur dioxide (an average daily concentration) was exceeded only in the Horná Nitra region - station Handlová: 2.5% of days within a year.

Figure 12 Average annual concentrations of SO2 at the selected monitoring stations 3 (AQS 60 Mg per m )

50 • 1992 40 El 1993 D 1994 30 E! 1995 U 1996 20 • 1997

0 Uralisi; Kosii* - Trnavskí PodhraiiiiYii Mýto Source: SHMU

Nitrogen oxides 3 AQS(j level of an average daily concentration of 100 mg per m was most frequently exceed i Bratislava 38.5% of days within a year. Average annual concentrations exceeded the yearly AQS; imissio limits of 80 /u,g per m3 in Bratislava, Banská Bystrica and Žilina.

12 State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997

Figure 13 Average annual concentrations of NOx at the selected monitoring stations (AQSy 80 jug per m3)

200 180 160 • 1992 140 01993 120 • 1994 100 • 1995 80 60 01996 40 111997 20 0 Bralislava KoSicc - I'rcsov Tmavskc odhnidnvi'i Mvlo Source: SHMU

Particulate Matter 3 Particulate matter daily concentrations exceeded the AQS(I limit of 150 ^g per m most frequently in Kosice 6.6% of days within a year. Paniculate matter air pollution exceeding the annual AQS; imission limit of 60 ng per m3 was recorded in some regions of the Central Slovakia and in Kosice.

Figure 14 Average annual concentration of particulate matter at the selected monitoring stations 3 (AQSy 60 jag per m )

• 1992 IS 1993 • 1994 BI995 01996 01997

I'rcsuv

Source: SHMU

Air Pollution Indices (API) More complex classification of air pollution is available through the air-pollution-indices-assessment, based on the cumulative effect of selected pollutants. According to the air-pollution-indices-classification, 11 out of a total number of evaluated monitoring stations were classified as those with heavy pollution (pollution index 2 or more) which means a decrease of 1 station as opposed to year 1996. Evaluation of the air pollution level, following the approved indices classification, was based on the highest value of a pollution indices values most often equal to those of the daily air pollution index

13 State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997

Table 9 Air pollution indices for year 1997

Area Station APIy API,, API, NOx PM total NO, PM total NO, PM total so2 so2 so2 Bratislava Mamateyova 0.7 0.3 0.8 1.8 1.0 0.4 0.6 2.0 0.7 0.1 0.2 1.0 Kamenné nám 0.6 0.4 0.6 1.6 0.8 0.4 0.4 1.6 0.5 0.1 0.2 0.8 Turbínová ul. 0.7 . 0.6 0.8 2.1 1.3 0.6 0.6 2.5 0.8 0.2 0.2 1.2 Trnavské 1.3 0.3 0.7 2.3 2.6 0.3 0.5 3.4 1.7 0.1 0.2 2.0 mýto Senica 0.4 0.4 0.6 1.4 0.7 0.6 0.5 1.8 0.4 0.2 0.8 0.7 Banská nám. Slobody 1.2 0.4 1.0 2.6 2.4 0.4 0.8 3.6 1.4 0.2 0.2 1.9 Bystrica Sásová 0.9 0.2 0.6 1.7 2.0 0.3 0.4 2.7 1.1 0.1 0.2 1.4 Ružomberok Sihoť 0.5 0.5. . -• 1.0 2.0 1.0 0.6 1.3 2.9 0.6 0.2 0.4 1.2 Žiar nad Žiar nad 0.3 0.3 0.8 1.4 0.6 0.5 0.6 1.7 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.8 Hronom Hronom Lovčica 0.3 0.5 0.2 1.0 0.5 0.6 0.2 1.3 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.6 Horná Nitra Prievidza 0.6 0.7 1.0 2.3 1.3 0.7 0.9 2.9 0.7 0.3 0.3 1.3 Handlová 0.3 1.0 0.6 1.9 0.5 1.3 0.5 2.3 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.9 Bystričany 0.3 0.7 0.5 1.5 0.5 0.8 0.5 1.8 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.7 Žilina Veľká 1.0 0.5 1.1 2.6 1.7 0.6 0.9 3.2 1.1 0.2 0.3 1.6 Okružná Vlčince 0.7 0.4 1.2 2.3 1.4 0.5 1.0 2.9 0.8 0.2 0.4 1.4 HnúSťa 0.4 0.3 0.7 1.4 0.8 0.4 0.6 1.8 0.5 0.1 0.2 0.8 Košice Podhradová 0.3 0.3 0.5 1.1 0.5 0.3 0.4 1.2 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.5 Štúrova 0.8 0.4 1.0 2.0 1.3 0.4 0.7 2.4 0.8 0.1 0.3 1.2 Veľká Ida 0.4 0.7 1.5 2.6 0.6 0.9 1.2 2.7 0.4 0.3 0.5 1.2 Prešov 0.6 0.4 0.4 1.4 0.8 0.3 0.3 1.4 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.7 Krompachy 0.4 0.6 0.6 1.6 0.8 0.6 0.6 2.0 0.4 0.2 0.5 1.1 Strážske 0.4 0.2 0.6 1.2 0.6 0.2 0.4 1.2 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.7 Vranov nad 0.5 0.3 0.6 1.4 0.8 0.2 0.5 1.5 0.5 0.1 0.2 0.8 Topľou Humenné 0.2 0.2 0.6 1.0 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.9 0.2 0.1 0.5 0.8 Source: SHMU

Regional Air Pollution Regional Concentration of Sulphur Dioxide and Sulphates 3 In 1997 regional concentration of sulphur dioxide (SO2-S) ranged between 1.15 /xgS per m (Chopok) and 7.81 /i.gS per m3 (Mochovce). Compared to the previous year, the values for sulphur dioxide concentration have decreased at a majority of the monitoring stations excluding Mochovce and Liesek. The upper limit of the concentration range is equal to 78% of the sulphure dioxide critical concentration level value (the critical value for forests and natural vegetation landcover is lOjugS per m3 and 15 /igS per m3 for agricultural crops). In 1997, concentration of sulphates in atmospheric aerosol recorded by all regional monitoring stations showed a reduction when compared to 1996. The lowest sulphates concentration was at the Chopok station 0.69 /xgS per m3. On the contrary, the highest concentration was recorded at the Mochovce station 1.94 /j,gS per m3. The percentage sulphates content in the total atmospheric aerosol volume was between 11-16%.

Regional Concentration of Nitrogen Oxides

Concentration of nitrogen oxides monitored at regional stations, stated as N02-N, varied from 1.3 to 3.8 ,ugN per m3. The lowest average concentration level of 1.3 /xgN per m3 was recorded at the Chopok station, whereas the highest concentration level of 3.81 p,gN per m3 was recorded at the Topol'niky station in lowland territory of Slovakia. In 1997 the critical concentration level of nitrogen oxides (9 /igN per m3 applied to all ecosystems) was not exceeded at any of regional monitoring stations. Heavy Metals in Particulate Matter At the majority of monitoring stations, heavy metals concentrations in atmospheric aerosol are lower than in 1996. This data applies to the majority of heavy metals with the exception of the Chopok station where only a decrease in the concentrations of copper, zinc and vanadium was recorded.

14 State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997

Table 10 1997 Heavy metals concentrations in particulate matter - data supplied by the regional monitoring stations

I'M l'b Mn Cu Ctl Zn Ni V Cr J HR.m "-1 ng.m •' "S-m"' ng.m -' ng.m"3 "S-m '•' ng.m ng.m -1 ng.m -1 Chopok 14.4 4.2 3.3 1.8 0.2 6.6 3.1 0.6 1.7 Mochovcc 37.0 17.4 7.1 3.6 0.4 23.9 2.5 2.2 0.8 TopoPniky 33.1 20.5 7.0 4.6 0.6 25.9 0.8 3.5 1.3 Milhostov 50.4 31.1 8.2 5.6 0.7 37.8 2.4 2.5 1.0 Slarina 26.2 17.5 4.0 3.4 0.5 21.5 1.6 1.6 1.(1 StarA Lesna 26.6 30.8 5.1 7.6 0.6 85.7 1.3 1.4 0.7 Liesck 40.1 20.2 16.5 6.0 0.6 33.5 4.1 2.5 2.6 Source: SHMU

Analyses of atmospheric precipitation as well as pH measurement's indicate a slight decrease in acidity at the majority of monitoring stations.The pH value interval of monthly precipitation, fluctuated between A.4 (Chopok) and 5.8 (Milhostov). This trend was not observed at Chopok and in Bratislava where pH values indicated a slight decrease. The amount of the precipitation varied from 524 mm (Milhostov) to 993 mm (Chopok).

Average ozone concentrations recorded on the territory of Slovakia within the period of 1973 to 1993 indicated an increase of approximately 1 ,ug per in1 per year. Since 1990, no significant changes within the whole of the Central European region have been obse'rved. The annual average ground level ozone concentrations measured in urban and industrial zones in 1997 fell into interval of 30-52 fxg per m\ On the rest of the Slovak territory, depending on altitude, values rose to 78 /zg per m3 (the Chopok hilltop station). Within the whole Slovak territory, ozone exposure indexes AOT40 regarding agricultural crop and forest ecosystems were exceeded. At the upper tree line, the value doubled. Some stations recorded concentrations higher than 180 /xg per nr' (information available to public); concentrations exceeding 360/xg per m3 (warning value for public) were not recorded.

15 State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997

Water

Precipitation and Runoff Conditions

In 1997, total precipitation on the Slovak Republic territory reached value of 756 mm which represents 99% of standard.

Table 11 Average total precipitation on the territory of the Slovak Republic (1997)

Month I. II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. VIII IX. X. XI. XII. Year

[mm] 19 36 22 50 78 89 184 50 38 43 109 38 756 % of standard 41 86 47 91 103 103 204 62 60 70 176 72 99 Surplus (+)/ -27 -6 -25 -5 2 3 94 -31 -25 -18 47 -15 -6 Delicit(-) [mm] Rainfall period VS N VS N N N MV S S S VV S N characteristics N - normal MV - extremely high rainfall S - dry VS - very dry VV - high rainfall Source: SHMU

Slovak rivers belong to 2 sea catchment areas: • the Black Sea catchment area that includes 10 subcatchment areas - the Danube, Morava, Vah, Hron, Ipel', Slana, Hornad, Bodva and Bodrog (96% of the Slovak territory) • the Baltic Sea catchment area - 1 subcatchment area - the Poprad (4% of the Slovak territory)

Average annual water discharge value ranged from 50% to 120% of standard.

Table 12 Average amount of rainfall and runoff in the following catchment areas (1997)

Catchment area Dunaj Vah Hron Bodrog a Hornad SR Subcatchment *Morava *Dunaj Vah Nitra Hron *Iper Slana Bodva Hornad *Bodrog *Poprad area a Dunajec catchment area |km2| 2 282 1 138 14 268 4 501 5 465 3 649 3217 858 4414 7 272 1 950 49 014 average precipitation 690 539 893 672 721 568 655 695 708 736 984 756 |mm| % of standard 101 86 106 97 92 83 83 95 104 104 117 99 rainfall period N S N N N S S N N N V N characteristics annual runoff 145 61 407 131 200 69 145 107 207 201 517 247 |mm| % of standard 123 169 114 83 63 44 69 50 91 86 140 94 ' watercourses and all above mentioned data take into account only the Slovak part of their catchment area Source: SHMU

16 State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997

In 1997, registered volume of water inflow into the Slovak territory overcame that of 1996 by 1 027 mil m3. Total amount of water being accumulated in existing reservoirs in 1997 equals 179.6 mil m3. Total volume in existing reservoirs was increased by 87.1 mil m3 as of the end of 1997.

Table 13 Total hydrological balance (Slovak territory)

Hydrological balance Volume |mil m3] 1996 1997 Rainfall 41 127 37 058 Annual inflow 65 465 66 492 Annual runoff 79 996 78 230 Annual runoff from the territory of the SR 12 842 12 106 Water management balance Total abstraction in the SR 1 359.8 1 369.935 Evaporation from water reservoirs and dams 46.897 46.42 Discharge into surface waters 1 160.314 1 114.62 Impact of water reservoirs 144.878 179.6 Accumulation Accumulation Total volume in water reservoirs as of 1st January 857.3 944.4 of the following year % of supply volume in accumulation water reservoirs 69 76 Source: SHMU

Surface Water Exploitation In 1997 surface water abstraction recorded in the Slovak Republic reached the amount of 811.55 mil m3 that represents a decrease by 2.2% in comparison to the previous year. Industry with its 690.759 mil m3 of water being abstracted is proved to be the major Slovak water abstractor. However, in 1997 a slight decline in water abstraction for industrial purposes (representing 1.7%) was observed, as compared to 1996. Also water discharge in 1997 showed a slight decline by 3.9%.

Table 14 Surface water exploitation in the Slovak Republic (mil m3)

Year Public Industry Irrigation Agriculture Total Discharge water (excluding irrigation) supplies 1997 73.843 690.759 46.91 0.036 811.55 1 114.62 Source: SHMU

Figure 15 Surface water exploitation in the SR in the period 1980-1997 (mil m3)

Surface Water Quality In 1997, quality of surface water in Slovakia was monitored at 254 basic and 6 special sampling sites. At the basic sampling sites, the following indicators were monitored: oxygen demand indicators

17 State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997

(A-group), basic chemical indicators (B-group) and additional chemical indicators (C-group), biological and microbiological indicators (E-group). At selected places, also heavy metals (D-group) and radioactivity indicators (F-group) were monitored. Assessment process was carried out in compliance with STN 75 7221 Standard. This standard recognises 5 water quality classes - from category I (very clean water) to category V (extremely heavily polluted water).

Table 15 List of monitored surface water sampling sites (1997)

Catchment area Sampling sites Monitored length Basic Special (km) Dunaj 44' :' - 855.5

Vih : ••••• . • •• '••• . - 56 5 1 422.5

: :: : •Hron •••••...•••'...• •:" . ..' - ..••. .. ••' 52 . 1 269.6 Bodrog a Horndd 102 1 1 746.9 Total 254 6 5 294.5 Source: SHMU

The River Danube Catchment Area The River Danube catchment area includes the River Danube, Maly Dunaj and Morava subcatchment areas. Monitored length 855.5 km represents 21.3% of total length of all watercourses belonging to the River Danube catchment area on the territory of the SR.

Table 16 Assessed length of watercourses with water quality belonging to the cetegory V (1997) (km)

Quality category V Subcatchment Dunaj (Danube) Morava Maty Dunaj A — group 33.35 31.9 B - group 79.95 31.9 C - group 33.35 31.9 D - group 1.8 E - group 38.0 31.9 monitored length 183.0 356.5 316.0 assessed length 179.1 259.15 259.8 Indicators used for classification: Source: SHMU A - group: biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5X chemical oxygen demand (CODc), O2 B - group: specific conductivity, soluble solids (SS), insoluble solids (IS), N-NH4, N^, P,oUi C - group: extractible non-polar substances (ENP^v), SO4 ' D — group: Zn E - group: coliform bacteria, saprobic index

The River Vah Catchment Area The River Vah catchment area includes the River Vah and Nitra subcatchment areas . Monitored length of 1 422.5 km represents 17.9% of the total length of all watercourses belonging to the River Vah catchment area.

Table 17 Assessed length of watercourses with water quality belonging to the category V (1997) (km)

Quality category V Subcatchment Vah Nitra A - group 29.1 25.8 B - group 118.9 129.2 C-group 27.9 47.6 E - group 106.1 48.3 monitored length 1021.1 401.4 assessed length 755.5 286.0 Indicators used for classification: Source: SHMU A - group BOD j, CODM,,, CODcr, O2 B - group IS, N-NH4, P^ui, pH C - group ENPuv E - group colifonn bacteria, saprobic index

18 State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997

The River Hron Catchment Area The River Hron catchment area includes the River Hron, Ipel',and Slana subcatchment areas. Monitored length of 1 269.6 km represents 21.6% of the total length of all watercourses belonging to the River Hron catchment area.

Table 18 Assessed length of watercourses with water quality belonging to the category V (1997) (km)

Quality category V Subcatchment Hron Ipel' Slana A — group 5.3 B - group 109.2 17.6 54.4 C-group 41.4 17.5 60.7 D-group E — group 301.9 88.7 155.2 monitored length 528.9 463.7 277.0 assessed length 337.8 224.4 179.9 Indicators used for classification: Source: SUMU A - group CODCr C- group ENI'uv B - group IS, N-NH4, PtMh NorB. E - group coliibrm bacteria

The River Bodrog and Hornad Catchment Area The River Bodrog and Hornad catchment area includes the River Bodrog, Tisa, Hornad, Bodva, Poprad and Dunajec subcatchment areas . Monitored length of 1 746.9 km represents 19.5% of the total length of all watercourses belonging to this catchment area.

Table 19 Assessed length of watercorses with water quality belonging to the category V (1997) (km)

Quality category V Subcatchment Bodrog Tisa Hornad Bodva Poprad A - group 33.8 17.2 B - group 223.4 5.2 323.8 19.7 72.3 C — group 8.1 D — group 87.6 116.5 17.2 E - group 551.4 5.2 406.5 79.2 76.3 monitored length 761.6 5.2 673.3 127.4 162.5 assessed length 571.8 5.2 485.3 97.7 139.5 Indicators used for classification: Source: SHMU A - group BOD5, CODCr, O2 D - group Hg, Zn, Cu B - group pH, IS, Fc, Mn, N-NH4, P,olil| E - group coliform bacteria, saprobic index C - group SO,2'

Groundwater Levels In 1997, average annual water levels in the SR varied in comparison to their long-term average levels. Excluding the southern parts of Slovakia, average annual levels were close to the long-term average levels. In the River Morava, Poprad, Laborec and Torysa catchment areas the difference was between -20 cm and +30 cm; in the lower Vah area and Nitra catchment areas it was between -20 and +50cm; in the middle and upper Vah areas differences were between -60 and +40 cm; in the Hornad catchment area it was between -60 and +20 cm and in the

19 Table 20 Percentage of the water quality classes according to sampling sites on the monitored watercourses

Water quality A B c E> E F category according year oxygen demand basic chemical additional chemical heavy metals biological and radioactivity to the STN indicators indicators indicators microbiolog. indicators indicators 75 7221 standard Number* % Number* % Number* % Number* % Number* % Number* % 1993 0 0 0 0 50 17.2 16 9.9 0 0 11 36.7 1994 0 0 0 0 48 21 3 3 0 0 6 32 I 1995 0 0 0 0 54 22.5 3 3 0 0 5 35.7 1996 0 0 0 0 51 20.9 2 1.9 0 0 2 11.1 1997 0 0 0 0 63 24.2 6 5.6 0 0 2 7.2 1993 80 27.5 0 0 75 25.8 55 34 6 2.1 16 53.3 1994 74 32 0 0 66 28 26 29 0 0 7 37 II 1995 114 47.5 0 0 65 27.1 34 34.4 2 0.8 / 5 35.7 1996 95 39 0 0 66 27 26 24.8 1 0.4 ' 12 66.7 1997 94 36.2 0 0 75 28.8 25 23.1 1 0.4 20 71.4 1993 117 40.2 52 17.9 36 12.4 51 31.5 45 15.5 1 3.3 1994 96 41 50 22 33 14 35 39 33 14 4. 21 in 1995 84 35 114 47.5 29 12.1 17 7.2 22 9.2 2 14.3 to 1996 105 43 107 43.8 28 11.5 12 11.4 20 8.2 4 22.2 o 1997 108 41.5 112 43.1 39 15 18 16.7 22 8.5 6 21.4 1993 36 12.4 61 21 91 31.3 22 13.6 70 24.1 2 6.7 1994 31 13 53 23 63 27 15 16 53 23 2 10 IV 1995 29 2.1 74 30.8 62 25.8 21 21.2 119 49.6 2 14.3 1996 32 13.1 79 2.4 73 29.9 38 36.2 93 38.1 0 0 1997 43 16.5 70 26.9 62 23.9 40 37 99 38.1 0 0 1993 58 19.9 178 61.2 39 13.4 18 12.4 170 58.4 0 0 1994 31 13 129 55 22 10 12 13 146 63 0 0 V 1995 13 5.4 52 21.7 30 12.5 24 24.2 97 40.4 0 0 1996 12 4.9 58 23.8 26 10.7 27 25.7 130 53.3 0 0 1997 15 5.8 78 30 21 8.1 19 17.6 138 53 0 0 1993 291 100 291 100 291 100 162 100 291 100 30 100 1994 232 100 232 100 232 100 ^ 91 100 232 100 19 100 Total 1995 240 100 240 100 240 100 99 100 240 100 14 100 1996 244 100 244 100 244 100 105 100 244 100 18 100 1997 260 100 260 100 260 100 108 100 260 100 28 100 *- number of sampling sites Source: SHMU State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997

Ondava catchment area it was up to 40cm. In Southern Slovakia average annual water levels recorded were mostly lower than their corre- sponding long-term average annual values. In the River Hron, Ipel' and Slana catchment areas values ranged mostly from -50 or even -70 cm to 10-30 cm. In the River Bodrog catchment area only lower average annual levels (from -60 to -90 cm) were registered.

Springs Efficiency In 1997, average annual spring efficiency values within the territory of Slovakia varied considerably. A significant difference was recorded mainly between the south of Slovakia and the rest of its territory. In most parts of Slovakia (excluding southern areas) average annual spring efficiency values were close to long- term average annual spring efficiency values or they exceeded them. On the contrary, in southern areas values recorded were significantly lower than long-term average values, reaching only 40-90 % of total value (the Slana catchment area).

Groundwater Extraction In 1997, decrease by 5.9% (as compared to 1996) in groundwater extraction was recorded. The amount of groundwater being extracted in 1997 reached 15 774.4 1 per sec. Total groundwater extraction in 1997 represents only 21.3% of total groundwater supply available on the territory of the SR.

Table 21 Groundwater exploitation in the SR

Year Public water Food- Industry Agriculture & Crop Social Other supplies processing excluding livestock products, sphere industry food- irrigation processing 1997 Ls-1 12 400 373 978 576 16 346 1 084 Source: SIIMU

Decline in exploitation was also reflected in the assessment of total values being recorded in the following years. Ratio of accessible amount of groundwater and exploited amount in 1996 equalled to 4.42. In 1997, the value increased to 4.7.

Figure 16 Groundwater extraction in the SR in the period 1980-1997

25O0O ,

1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997

El extraction in I per sec Source: SI IMU

Following the assessment of groundwater exploitation according to the purpose, it is possible to say that Slovakia has recorded a water demand decline in all monitored spheres of life. However, in 1997 groundwater extraction for the purposes of irrigation and agricultural crop production as well as for the purposes of social sphere insignificantly increased. The most significant decrease was recorded in public water supplies (-785 1 per sec as related to 1996 value).

21 State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997

Groundwater Quality Groundwater quality in the SR has been monitored since 1982 with a focus on 27 important water management areas. In total, 291 monitoring stations within established monitoring network gathered data with twice-a-year monitoring frequency. The Zitny ostrov area belongs to one of the largest groundwater resource areas in the Central Europe region. Logically, a great emphasis is placed on the Zitny ostrov groundwater quality standard thus creating a separate part of the Slovak groundwater monitoring network. In 1997, quality was monitored at 46 monitoring objects located in 4 areas with a frequency between 2-12 times a year. Groundwater sample analyses were carried out for the basic group of indicators, general organic substances and special organic substances with regard to vulnerability and sensitivity of particular regions, bacteriological and biological analyses were not included. Laboratory analyses results were evaluated in compliance with STN 75 7111 Standard 'Drinking Water' through comparison of measured and limit values for all analysed indicators. In the River Vah alluvium limit values as stated in STN 75 7111 Standard were most frequently exceeded for the following chemical elements and substances: Fe, ENPUV (Extractable Non-polar

Substances), nitrates, Mn, sulphates. In the River Vah - its lower part also CODMn, chlorides, volatile phe- + noles released together with vapour and NH4 were exceeding limit values of their concentrations. With regard to specific organic substances, TCE (1,1,2-trichloroethane) - at Sokolovce was detected. Excessive occurrence of Al was recorded in Zlien and Horenicka Horka. The River Bela alluvium belongs to those Slovak regions with satisfactory groundwater quality. Excesive concentrations were detected only in Vavrisovo (Fe). Groundwater samples gathered from the River Orava alluvium showed excessive concentrations of + Fe, ENPuv and nitrogen compounds (NO,', NO2", NHi) ). In the Kysucka kotlina basin groundwater resources continual contamination by ENP has been observed. Unfavourable groundwater redox potential characteristic for this area demonstrates relatively frequent excessive amount of Fe and Mn limit values. In Rakova, excessive occurrence of Ai was recorded. In the Turcianska kotlina basin area the most frequently recorded concentrations were those of

Fe, ENPnv and Mn. In certain areas, also excessive concentrations of nitrogen compounds in Kost'any, Socovce, and Ivaneina were recorded. Groundwater quality standard in the Strazovske Vrchy hills is consistently high. However, excessive content of ENPm, present in groundwater should not be ignored. In Hradiste and Diviaky nad Nitricou excessive concentration of Fe and Al were registered. Groundwater quality standard of the River Nitra alluvium changes when comparing the upper river area to the middle river area. The upper river area enjoys a high groundwater quality standard excluding Opatovce and Novaky. The quality of groundwater in the middle river area is to a high extent affected by human activities. Increased content of ENPiiv, CODM , Fe, Mn, sulphates, chlorides and ammonium ions was due to agricultural and industrial activities. Excessive occurrence of phenols was fairly frequently recorded. Regarding chlorinated hydrocarbons, excessive amounts of TCE (in Novaky) and HCB (hexachlorobenzene) in Banov were found. The characteristic features of groundwater in the Solosnicko-Pernecka quarternary alluvium area are excessive concentrations of nitrogen compounds (caused by agriculture production) and Fe, Mn (unfavourable redox potential). As for organic substances groundwater contamination, excessive contents of phenols were recorded in Plavecky Mikulas, Plavecke Podhradie and Pernek. Comparing to 1996, groundwater quality standard monitored in 1997 improved. Excessive values of ENPuv and specific organic substances were not recorded and as for Mn concentration it showed a decrease in the amount present in groundwater. Groundwater bound to Mesozoic carbonatic complex of this area has satisfactory physico-chemical properties.

22 State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997

Groundwater of the River Danube surrounded area (from Komarno to Sturovo) shows increased mineralization caused by soil salinization, present only locally. Limit values were most frequently exceeded in the cases of Fe, Mn, phenols and sulphates. Locally, also higher contents of ENPuv, Cl, CODMn and Mg were registered. In monitored groundwater, continual contamination caused by chlorinated organic substances was detected (Komarno - TCE contamination and Muzl'a - HCB contamination). In the River Hron alluvium, anthropogenic contamination effects on groundwater are reflected in excessive ENPuv, Fe, Mn concentrations (in some cases also of inorganic nitrogen forms). Excessive concentrations of Al, Cr and As were detected in the area between Ziar nad Hronom and Zeliezovce. Groundwater of the Nfzke Tatry Mesozoic shows fairly high quality standards, with the exception of ENP content. IIV Groundwater of the Neovolcanics area ranks among those of the highest quality standards being monitored within the territory of the SR and within the framework of the groundwater quality monitoring system. Groundwater oxygen regime in the Krupinica and Litava valleys is considered to be inappropriate + and is linked to increased Mn, Fe, NH4 and H2S content. As in 1996, higher ENPiiv content was detected once again. Groundwater quality in the River Ipel' alluvium is affected by the redox potential conditions of + the environment and by athropogenic activities in this area. Higher Fe, Mn, and NH4 content is directly linked to the above mentioned factors. Excessive ENPuv concentrations were also detected. Continuing in the trends from the previous years, decreased nitrates and sulphates concentrations were again recorded. Increased Al ( heavy metal) concentrations were locally registered - such as in Bol'kovce.

In groundwater of the River Slana alluvium, high content of nitrogen compounds (NGy, NO2', + NH4 ), sulphates, chlorides, Mn and Fe was recorded. ENPuv concentration still persists despite its decrease in comparison to 1996 value. Higher Al content were detected in some areas such as Betliar and Roznava. Comparing to previous years, groundwater quality in the River Poprad alluvium remained stabile. Most frequently recorded excessive concentrations were those of groundwater quality indicators (such as H Fe, Mn, NO.,", NH4 ), resulting from redox potential conditions of the environment and from agricultural activities. Excessive Al contents were registered nearly at all monitored sites. Groundwater in the River Hornad alluvium is persistently contaminated mainly by nitrogen substances. Apart from that, increased Fe and Mn content raises concern amount specialists. Higher TCE content was recorded in Hutnfky - Sokol'any (81.7 g per 1) . Excessive ENPUV and heavy metals concentrations were not detected. + Groundwater of the River Bodva alluvium is characterised by higher values of Fe, Mn, NH4 , H2S that point out to a low content of dissolved oxygens. As for chlorinated hydrocarbonbs excessive concentrations were recorded for 1,2-dichloroethane (in Budulov), 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethene (in Moldava nad Bodvou) and 1,1,2-trichloroethene (in Budulov). Regarding heavy metals, excessive Al concentrations were found in Budulov and Buzica. Higher ENPUV contents were observed only in Buzica. Groundwater quality standard of the Slovensky kras karst Mesozoic is relatively high thanks to high oxygen content. Groundwater in the River Ondava alluvium area is very often not suitable for drinking purposes due to excessive Fe, Mn, Al and ENPuv contents. In comparison to 1996 number of samples with higher + NH4 concentration decreased. In the River Torysa alluvium, groundwater samples did not comply with STN 75 7111 Standard because of excessive values of ENPiiv, nitrates and Al being recorded. However, comparing to 1996, groundwater quality standard improved as for content of nitrates and specific organic substances. Also excessive Mn and Fe concentrations were not registered. Pecovska Nova Ves ranks among the most contaminated areas within the River Torysa alluvium.

23 State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997

Groundwater quality standard in the River Cirocha and Laborec alluvium is determined by reduction environment of the alluvium and by negative impact of anthropogenic pollution in this area. As a consequence, increased Fe, Mn, ammonium ions and nitrites concentrations were recorded. Nitrates limit value was exceeded only in the case of groundwater sample taken from Michalovce - Topol'any

(54.26 mg per 1). In comparison to 1996 higher trace elements contents were not detected. ENPuv content was detected only in Michalovce-Topofany. In the Medzibodrozie and River Ronava alluvium reduction conditions in their groundwater aquifers persisted and caused increased content of some water quality indicators such as ammonium ions, Fe and Mn. Due to anthropogenic pollution limit values of the following indicators were exceeded: • Al in Somotor, Plesany, Cerhov ••••.. • Hg in Vel'ky Hores • Ni in Plesany

• ENPuv in Somotor.

In Bratislava area groundwater contamination by sulphates, specific organic substances, ENPUV, phenols and chlorinated hydrocarbons still persists. The main contamination causing source is petro- chemical industry. Regarding in situ measured groundwater quality indicators within the Zitny ostrov territory, dissolved oxygen content did not comply with the limits set in all monitored sites; in some cases groundwater temperature (44 analyses), conductivity (17 analyses) and pH (4 analyses) did not meet the criteria. With regard to other chemical elements, compounds and substances excessive values were recorded for Fe, Mn, ammonium ions, nitrates, nitrites, CODMn, sulphates and fluoranthene. Excessive concentrations of volatile phenoles released together with vapour and those of ENPuv were also detected. Al concentrations were exceeded 4 times (Kalinkovo 721 291, KFucovec 736 692, Kvetoslavov 724 192, Ol'dza 601 192). From the organic substances group, excessive concentrations of the following compounds were recorded during analysing process: • benzo(e)pyrene (in Dobrohost', Dvorniky, Gabcikovo, Most pri Bratislave, Slovnaft, Kolarovo) • dichlorophenols (in Vel'ke Blahovo 729391) • 1,4-dichlorobenzene (in Gabcikovo) • benzene (in Vel'ke Blahovo) • l,l,dichloroethene (in Vel'ke Blahovo, Vlky) • hexachlorobenzene (in Vel'ky Meder).

When assessing groundwater quality standard on the ground of STN 75 7111 we must conclude that unfavourable results still prevail. As in the previous years, most frequent groundwater contaminants are

ENPuv, Fe and Mn. Frequent excessive Fe concentrations result from inadequate oxygen regime which causes heavy metals activation. This fact results from environmental conditions and anthropogenic impact. Regarding other indicators, most frequently recorded excessive concentration, were those of the following substances: inorganic nitrogen

forms, chlorides, sulphates, H2S and chlorinated hydrocarbons. Also observed was frequent Al occurrence. From trace elements, Hg, Ni, As and Cr were only seldom detected. Results of analyses have shown that in all monitored areas the groundwater quality standard is affected by anthropogenic factors excluding areas with low concentrations of industrial zones and conditions not suitable for agricultural purposes.

24 State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997

Contamination of Waste Water discharged into Watercourses

In 1997, further slight decrease in the amount of waste water discharge into the Slovak watercourses was observed. In numbers it represents a change from 1 139 980.643 thousand m3 per year to 1 108 538.075 thousand m3 per year. Equally, a decline in total amount of all assessed indicators, that is most obvious in treated waste water, was registered.

Table 22 Contamination of waste water discharged into watercourses

Discharged waste Volume IS BOD5 CODCr ENP water (thous.m3.year"') (t.year"1) (t.year'1) (t.year"1) (t.year-') Treated 799 588.513 24 857.19 18 167.08 58 127.37 498.67 Untreated 308 949.562 12 149.2 4 434.41 10 743.92 66.01 Total 1 108 538.075 37 006.39 22 601.49 68 871.29 564.68 Source: SHMU Regarding the presence of nutrients in waste water only the amounts of ammonium-nitrogen were analysed. Amounts being discharged into different catchment areas on the territory of Slovakia are shown in the following chart.

+ Table 23 Discharged amount of N-NH4 in waste waters in the following catchment areas (tonnes per year)

+ N-NH4 Danube Vah Hron Bodrog and Hornad SR 1996 535.1 3 137.4 499.3 1 079.1 5 250.9 1997 533.9 2 966.3 487.1 1 030.5 5 017.8 Source: SHMU

Public Water-Supply and Sewerage Systems In 1997, the total number of inhabitants being supplied with water from public water supplies reached 4 343.247 thousand which represents 80.8%. In T9'96Tit was 4 287.752 thousand inhabitants which equals to 79.7%. The length of water supply network excluding service pipes was 22 040 km , that is 349 km more than in 1996. The length of water supply network per capita with direct water supply was 5.07 m (5.05 m in 1996). The number of service pipes reached 612 454 pcs which represents increase by 7 558 pcs in comparison to 1996. The length of service pipes system increased by 12 km thus reaching 4 898 km. The number of metering units rose by 4 533 pcs to the total number of 593 113 in 1997 (in comparison to 1996). The total capacity of utilised water resources was 32 512 litre per sec in 1997. Comparing to the state in 1996 it represents an increase by 478 1 per sec. In 1997, water management facilities 446.457 mil m3 of drinking water which represents decrease by 14.077 mil m3 comparing to 1996.

25 State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997

Figure 17 Supplying with drinking water from public water supplies (%)

2 " 2 78 IE | 77

| 76

^ 75

74 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997

•'•••••• Source: SU SR Figure 18 Average water consumption in household (litre per capita per day)

200 '83-' ITOl I I 17I1 S I I I I I9')l 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 Source: 50 SR Percentage of population connected to the public sewerage system increased by 39.98 thousand (compared to 1996) thus reaching 2 892.938 thousand inhabitants which equals 53.7% of the total population. The length of sewerage network reached 5 940 km, which is an increase by 151 km (compared to 1996). Per capita it means 2.05 m (2.02 m in 1996). The total number of sewerage pipes rose to 187 765 pcs (174 667 pcs in 1996). The total length of sewerage pipes system was 1 490 km (1 447 km in 1996). The number of waste water treatment plants rose by 15 reaching 296. In 1997, the amount of waste waters discharged into watercourses via public sewerage system was 506.832 mil m-\ in 1996 it was 543.711 mil m3. It shows decrease by 36.879 mil m3. In 1997, the amount of treated waste waters discharged into public sewerage system reached 483 518 thousand m3. Treated waste water percentage was 95.4% as opposed to 93.5 % in 1996.

Figure 19 Percentage of population connected to public sewerage system.

54 53.7 5X5 c .2 53 f 515 S. 52 51.5 | 51.5 51.2 ^_ I 5I g 50.5 50

49.5 I1991 I1992 199I3 •1994 1995 il1996 199l7 Source: SO SR Table 24 Amount of waste water discharged to public sewerage system

Year 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 Amount of waste water 558.4 542.0 550.4 557.6 551.1 543.7 506.8 (mil m3) Amount of treated waste water 508.2 492.4 460.3 494.4 503.9 508.3 483.5 (mil m3) Percentage of treated waste 90.8 91.0 83.6 88.7 91.4 93.5 95.4 water (%) Source: SU SR

26 State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997

i i '!( ^^Z'^yi <,

Drinking Water Quality In 1997, 204 236 analyses of specified water quality indicators in a total number of 13 794 samples taken from 3 090 sampling sites of distribution network were carried out by VaK laboratories. No significant changes between yeas 1996 and 1997 occurred in the quality standard of drinking water produced and supplied to consumers by VaK . Percentage of drinking water samples not complying with the STN 75 71111 Standard 'Drinking Water' did not exceed the level of 5 %. Indicators most considerably contributing to this percentage were identical to those of previous years and their limit values are specified in the above mentioned standard. The indicators with the highest limit value occurred only in the minimal number of cases and indicators with limit value of acceptable risk were not present at all.

Epidemiological Safety Indicators In order to safeguard the purity of drinking water microbiological and biological indicators of water quality must be regularly monitored. Problem-causing indicators in 1997 were: • cesspit (thermotollerant) coliform bacteria • coliform bacteria • enterococcus (cesspit streptococcus) • psychophilic and mesophilic bacteria • living organisms.

Table 25 Drinking water epidemiological safety indicators - results of monitoring in 1997 (in the SR)

Indicator Number of % of analyses complying with STN analyses •'s ..,., standard Cesspit coliform bacteria 11 750 97.73 Coliform bacteria 12 790 94.31 Enterococcus 12 588 98.13 Mesophilic bacteria 12 793 98.42 Psychophilic bacteria 12 779 99.72 Living organisms 4 440 98.27 Source: VUVH Chemical Safety Indicators With reference to inorganic water quality indicators in 1997, limit values of the following indicators were most frequently exceeded: nitrates, manganese, iron, ammonium ions, nitrites. To a lesser

extent drinking water pH and CODMn caused problems.

27 State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997

Table 26 Drinking water inorganic quality indicators - the results of analyses carried out in 1997 (SR) Indicator Number of % of analyses complying with analyses STN standard Nitrates 8816 99.07 Manganese 6 770 99.08 Iron 9 188 97.94 Ammonium ions 8 599 99.74 Nitrites 10 300 99.74 Water pH 9 026 97.08

CODMn 10 568 99.82 Source: VUVH With regard to drinking water quality organic indicators, limit values specified in STN were not exceeded, however, the frequency of their determination is significantly lower than it is with inorganic substances. Within the group of radiological safety indicators total bulk activity Alpha and bulk activity of Radon 222 were analysed . Total bulk activity Beta did not exceed limit values.

Table 27 Drinking water radiological safety indicators - results of analyses in 1997 (SR) Indicator Number of analyses % of analyses complying with STN standard Total bulk activity Alpha 186 95.16 Bulk activity of Radon 222 167 89.82 Source: VUVH Disinfection Chlorination is currently the dominating method of disinfection. Limit value for active chlorine content present in treated water is 0.3 mg per 1. In distribution network the minimal value of active chlorine should be 0.05 mg per 1. In 1997, the percentage of non-compliant samples regarding the active chlorine content varied from 12 to 42%. Majority of analysed samples contained less than 0.05 mg per 1 of active chlorine or the presence of active chlorine was not detected at all. These values concern samples taken from the distribution network. Despite the fact that almost 40% of analysed samples taken from the distribution network contained less active chlorine than required, microbiological water quality complied with STN.

Geology

Endogeneous and exogenetic geological factors as main factors causing lithospheric changes significantly affect global development of the Earth. These geofactors (objects and processes) can be divided into two categories - geobarriers and geopotentials - resulting from their impact on environmental quality changes. Geobarriers can cause: • direct threat to population (life losses) • efficiency and durability decrease regarding technical works • decrease in safety of technical works operation • damage to geological and nature environment inter-related to technical works impact. One of the most promising geopotentials of the SR is represented by geothermal energy.

28 State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997

Table 28 Volume of geothermal energy accessible (MW) Renewable resources Non-renewable resources Verified Predicted Possible Verified Predicted Possible 155 85 321 29 445 5 319 total: 561 total: 5 793 total: 6 354 Source: MZP SR List and content of geofactors being monitored within the framework of CMS (Partial Monitoring System) Geological Factors are stated below.

Table 29 Structure of Partial Projects monitored within the framework of CMS 'Geological Factors'

•• Name of snbprojects -' " '_:• ;••• y:«'; :ii 5r;ft::Is»ne of concern Locality of; Landslides and other Monitoring of areas sensitive to crash • Western Carpathian flysch sediments territory (Harvelka, slope deformation landslides and research of the quality of KlieStini, Liptovsld Mara, OkolifcniS a Oravsky Podzamok) si realising remediation actions for their • Neogene depressions: (Hlohovec a ViStuk), minimisation • Neovolcanic areas and Core Mountains (Slanske vrchy Mountain: Velicalzra, KoSicky Klecenov, Sokof) • Harmanec, Liptovske" Man'a$ovcc-Huty, Banska Stiavnica [02i: Koston processes:•:,y >::'% Research of evolution, tendency and dynamic • Myjavska pahorkatma Upland, Hornonitrianska kotlina of the processes influencing me recent Basin, Krupinski planina Plateau geomorhologic relief of the SR • Kohut zone of Vepor area, Flysch belt, Klippen belt, Central Carphatian Pateogene • PreSovska kotlina Basin, V^chodoslovenskd panva Basin 03! Weathering proce«e« Problems of the stability of line engineering Malinec, Kostelec pri Ducovom, Cervena skala near Podbiel, structures after cutting of rock massifs - from LiptovskJ Hradok, Banska1 Stiavnica, Liptovske MatiaSovce - the poit of view of supplies of weathered Huty, Nova1 Bystrica, Bratislava - Sldviiie udolic Valley, '•, •

. •••• ••••.•....•• • .• ••. ;•.'•: • • :; material released from unprotected rock Harmancc, Lipovnfk - Jablonov n. Tun'iou, Slarina, Demjata blocks 04^ Physical and chemical/;. : Stability of the areas consisting of thick layers • TmavskS pahorkatina Upland ; sagging: of the basement of loess in which as a consequence of • Nitrianskapahorkatina Upland I*-- !.••;." ••SollSfitV.':'••,.?-:•=;;• >fiy-:••".v V; J, drenching and/or vertical additional load occurs desintegration of 1heir structure and ';V-:7v;.;. .' ••-'•-;••. •'•::: .-:y-.:'y- reduction of their volume 0? Impact of mining 5 ; j sx Determination and monitoring of damages in • Localities with considerable level of disruption of the activities on the ?;;S;: i the environment arising from mining activities environment: Rudnany-PoraC, Banska Stiavnica, Smolnik, • environment :;:; £:;;;; j;;j;:;ii (subsidence processes, changes in Novoveska Huta, Bind-Zavadka, Slovinky-Gelnica, hydrological current, chemical composition of JcBava-Lubcnlk-Burda-Ploski, KoSice-Bankov, Handlova

:;;i: :i: : : water and soil etc.) and Cigcl' brown coal-fields, Pezinok, Spania dolina Valley, • . .'"•«•:• • ^" i': ' :-S'Sir";*:'':V is' Liptovska Diibrava, Roinava ore-field, Ni&a Slana, Novaky coal-mine, Bai^a Dolina-Modry Kamefi coal mine, HnuSl'a-Mutnik 06 Changes $V; ;:.:;<;•.Sfcji Study of changes occured in the fine-grained • Ash from the power station Novaky: Zemianske Kostol'any, anthropbgeneouj;: i ; sediments of settling pits of various origin BystriJany-Chalmovd, Chalmova • Sludge and sediments coming from the extraction and processing of ore minerals in the locality Banska Stiavnica: slime beds (tailings) 7 iien and Lintych • Industrial sludge from the Duslo Sala chemical plant: slime beds (tailings) Amcrika and RSTO The;stabflift,qf;:;i::.::':;';S:;K Study of gravitational slope events, evaluation Strecno Castle, SpiJsky hrad Castle, Skalka Cloister, Plavec W. basement rocka under; of causes of their origin and specification of and Lietava Castle historical monuments ; other secondary factors (i.e. climate etc.) affecting these events 08; Searching and;-;;;.' j; •;;:;; > • Documentation of "hidden1 anthropogeneous • Great Bratislava area documenUtiod of the deposits filled by waste of various origin in • area of Zitny ostrov zone the sites of previous mining activities • selected areas of the Middle Slovakia region (Stiavnicke1 anthropogeneous : and Krcninicke vrchy Mountains, Starohorske vrchy Mountains, Nizke Tatry Mountains - North and South), etc... OS Tectonic and seismic Study and evaluation of movement activity of Institutions and seismic stations of the Geophysical Institute geological structures and relative rate of the Slovak Academy of Sciences: ZST (Bratislava), MOD movement along the faults (Modra),MB (Hurbanovo), SRO (Srobarova), VYH (Vyhne), SPC (Skalnati Pleso), KOS (KoSice)

Sno^cpver^oality-j'^i-;: Country - wide evaluation of chemical Approximately 44 sampling sites: Bratislava-Slovnaft and moiUto]ring:ff:':':v::l''i:::KK composition of the snow cover on the territory Zeleznd studienka, Pernek, Skalica, Stary Hrozenkov, of the SR from the point of view of their impact Trcnfianskc Jastrabic, Homolka, Nitra, Patincc, Opavski hora on groundwater reserves, chemical Mount, BanskJ Studenec, Lehfltka pod Brehy, Handlova - composition of groundwater, soil acidification Nova Lehota, Podhradie pri Novikoch, Martinski hole, and contamination of the environment of the SR Vratna dolina Valley, OSSadnica, Lokca, Ruzomberok, T'.upcianska dolina Valley, Donovaly, Homy Tisovnik atd'. Monitoring of seismic •;:•;• Continuous registration of seismic events on Seismic stations of the Geophysical Institute of the Slovak events in fliieMfSS^Wj the territory of Slovakia Academy of Sciences Active stroini-sediment Focus on effects of human activities on the It is proposed to establish the monitoring network with 47 quality of active stream sediments and reference sampling sites evaluation of their impact on the quality of surface water •13; ] Partial infoinaiaapiiWilj IS2PSR Geological Service of the SR Bratislava system''*:;*is;^S:;-:? Zdroj: GS SR

29 State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997

Maintenance of Old Mining Works During inventory process (1992-1996) o: mining works the following objects were registc 203 shafts, 4 971 mine adits, 6 sludge pits, 4 200 p and ping drifts, 6 025 pit heaps and 1 142 gangwa) mining drifts 16 547 objects altogether on the terri of the SR. Documentation for each of the above n tioned objects has been elaborated; it contains following information: • localization • geological data • technical data • other important data referring to the object includ data on its impact on the environment. This information pack is available in a digital form (at scale 1:10 000). Special-purpose maps scales 1:50 000 and 1:400 000 have been prepared. At present, MZP SR is preparing data regarding st pliers' selection for maintenance and destruction of old mining works with recorded negative impacts the environment.

Table 30 Fuel deposits (1997) Table 32 Non-metallic ore deposits (199

Raw material Number of deposits Raw material Number of deposits I* II* 1* II* Gasoline 8 6 Anhydride 5 5 Non-bitumen gases 2 0 Asbestos 4 2 Non-paraffin oil 4 3 Baryte 6 2 Semi-paraffin oil 9 6 Bentonite 16 14 Natural gas 39 24 Cast basalt 5 5 Anthracite 1 1 Decorative rock 20 18 Brown coal 13 7 Diatomitc 2 2 Lignite 8 6 Dolomite 17 17 Uranium ore 3 1 llalloysite 2 2 Bitumen sediments 1 1 Rock salt 3 3 I* - deposits included in Hie balance Source: CIS SR Kaolin 5 2 II* - deposits with tree balance resources Kaolinitic clay 1 1 Kaolinitic sands 6 6 Ceramic materials 27 20 Table 31 Ore deposits (1997) Quartz 8 8 Quart/.ite 10 !l) Magncsite 12 10 Type of ore Number of deposits Talc 6 3 1* 11* Pearlite 5 5 Sb ores 11 3 Pyrite 4 0 Sn ores 1 1 Gypsum 4 4 Complex Fe ores 12 4 Sialitic raw materials 14 13 Mn ores 4 0 Building rock 174 167 Cu ores 24 3 Gravel sands and sands 42 37 1 1 Ni, Co ores Brick clay 83 73 5 Hg ores (1 Tech. usable mineral crystals 1 1 1 0 Other ores Limestone-unspecified 24 23 6 Poly-metallic ores 15 High-content limestone 12 11 Pyrite 4 0 Calcateous marl 4 3 1 Wolfram ores 2 Zeolite 5 5 Gold and silver ores 12 6 Foundry sands 20 7 Fe ores 5 3 Refractory clay 10 7 Molybdenum ores 2 0 Total 566 495 I* - deposits included in the balance Source: GS SR Source: GS SR II* - deposits with free balance resources H* - deposits with free balance resources

30 State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997

In 1997, in total there was 49.9% of agricultural land and 51.1% of non-agricultural land in the SR. In comparison to 1996 agricultural land area increased by 189 ha, forest land area increased by 3 007 ha and build-up area by 22 441 ha. The other area decreased by 25 000 ha.

Table 33 Total area of the main land categories (state as of December 31st, 1997)

Land category Area (ha) % of total area Agricultural land 2 444 634 49.9 Forest land 1 996 373 40.7 Water bodies 93 310 1.9 Build-up land 218 584 4.4 Other land 150 554 3.1 Total area 4 903 455 100.0 Source: UGKK SR

Year 1997 was the first year of the second stage of the state soil monitoring system. Soil samples were gathered from all sites of the basic monitoring network that means 312 monitoring sites on agricultural land and from 21 key monitoring sites. Currently the analyses of the gathered samples are being carried out. Therefore, the listed data regarding the amount of contaminants are related to soil contamination in 1996.

31 State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997

Table 34 The highest allowed concentration of some hazardous substances in soils l) (in mg. kg1 of dry matter) Hazardous substance A Al B C Metals As 29 5.0 30 50 Ba 500 X 1000 2 000 Be 3 X 20 30 Cd 0.8 0.3 5 20 Co 20 X 50 300 Cr 130 10.0 250 800 Cu 36 20 100 500 Hg 0.3--•••- - X 2 10 Mo I X 40 200 Ni 35 10.0 100 500 Pb 85 30.0 150 600 Se 0.8 X 5 20 Sn 20 X 50 300 V 120 X 200 500 Zn 140 40.0 500 3 000 Inorganic substances X 2) F(total) 500 X 1 000 2 000 S(su)phidic) 2 X 20 200 Br(total) 20 X 50 300 Notes: Source: VUPU 1) values valid for the given standard soil (25% of loam fraction and 10 % of organic material out in the content of the total content) 2) the simultaneous analysis of the fluorine water soluble forms must be carried out and the threshold value of the possible toxicity is the value greater than 5 mg. kg"1 A - reference value; soil is not contaminated if the substance concentration is less than this reference value. If the concentration is equal or greater than this reference value, the substance concentration is higher than the background values valid for the observed site or the values are higher than the sensitivity threshold of the relevant analytical analysis Al - reference value related to value A and valid for the assessment of the hazardous substance extractions with 2M HNO3 B - indicative value means that the soil contamination was analytically proven. The further study and the contaminated site control is required if the cause, area and contamination can have a negative impact on human health or on other components of the environment C - sanitary indicative value ; if the substance concentration value is equal or greater than this sanitary indicative value, the immediate analytical mapping of the pollution extent in the referred site is required followed by the proposal for decontamination. If values are within the range of B or C similar procedure should be followed.

Figure 20 Soil contamination categories in the SR - statistics C-0.4%. B-l.4% A,Al-28.7% 0C - heavily contaminated soils KB - contaminated soils DA, Al - soils exposed • O - soils without contamination

Figure 21 Source: VUPU Soil contamination map

Soil with low contamination [ category A, Al Contaminated soil | category B Heavily contaminated soil | category C Source: VUPU and SAZP Soil contaminated by MgCO3 (magnesite) I

32 State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997

On the Slovak territory the relations between occurrence of some trace elements and the soil attri- butes are rather complicated, especially in mountain ranges proximity, due to the endogenneous geo- chemical anomalies. However, the results of monitoring indicate that the soils in the SR are contaminated by hazardous substances at relatively low level. Note that the greatest part of the category A, Al (category with the largest area) is represented by forest land. Soils with significant contamination represent only 1.4% of the category B and 0.4% of the category C. The analyses of mobile and potential mobile forms of trace elements are very important in relation to the risk assessment of their possible penetration entry into the food chain and biological circulation with negative impacts on mankind and the environment. The order of trace elements share bound by plants in comparison to total accessible content is as follows: Cd > Zn > Ni > Pb > Cu > Cr. Due to this fact, Cd and also Zn and Ni are the trace elements of extra importance. Zn and Cu are classified at mainly lower levels as micronutrients rather than contaminants. The mobility of Cr is very low.

Figure 22 Cadmium content (extraction with 2M HNO3) in the upper soil horizon in the SR

<0.1 ppm PI 0.4-0.5 ppm • 0.1 -0.2 ppm • 0.5-0.6 ppm • 0.2-0.3 ppm B >0-6 PPm lH 0.3 -0.4 ppm Source: VUPU Figure 23 Plumbum content (extraction with 2M HNO3) in the upper soil horizon in the SR

H < 10 ppm HO 30-40 ppm • 10-20 ppm S 40-50 ppm • 20-30 ppm H > 50 ppm Source: VUPU

33 State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997

/ i»;':;/; j *;'.} v 5 '4/'iy --Vri1! l!^

The graph represents the both increase and decrease in

the soil reaction in CaCl2 since 1994 monitored on the key

sites. Significant decrease of pH in CaCl2 observed during 1995 and 1996 was replaced by an increase of pH to 76% in 1997.

Figure 24 pH changes in CaCl on key sites

decrease of pH

1994 increase of pH 1996 1997 Source: VUPU

Considering total acreage of agricultural land in the SR, presently 40% out of total, are soils heavily affected by water erosion. As for deflation 5% of agricultural land would fall into category of mild intensity and only 2% would belong to the strong erosion intensity category. For these numbers being low and insignificant in the overall context, this erosion form currently is not subject of the monitoring.

34 State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997

Flora and Fauna

National Strategy of Biodiversity Protection in the Slovak Republic was approved by the Government of the SR on April 1st 1997 and by the Slovak National Council on July 2nd 1997, following the ratification of the Convention on Biological Diversity (Rio de Janeiro, 1992) from May 19th 1993.

The evaluation of potentionally endangered and threatened species of wild growing plants is based on the study by Marhold K. & Hindak F. (eds.), 1998 called: 'Checklist of non-vascular and vascular plants of Slovakia.' (Veda, pub- lishing house of SAV, Bratislava, 687 pp.). The Checklist was compiled within a framework of the state project order No. 5305/025 called 'Biodiversity of Slovak Flora'. Also international project 'Kartierung der Flora der Slowakei' coordinated by the Austrian Academy of Sciences was used as supportive material during the elaboration process.

Table 35 Endagered flora species in 1997

Group Total number of taxons Endangered (1UCN categories) World estimation Slovakia Ex E Vm V R I Ed Cyanophytes and 50 000 2 989 Algae Lower Fungi 80 000 1295 Higher Fungi 20 000 2 469 20 46 70 Lichens 20 000 1508 100 129 0 249 100 18 Bryophytes 20 000 . 905 30 61 0 61 195 169 Vascular Plants 4 178 39 173 321 263 297 170 127 Source: BU SAV

35 State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997

Figure 25 Statistics comparing total number of plant taxons to endangered taxons

Total number Endangered taxons - IUCN catagorisation

Vascular plants Uryophytcs Higher fungi Source: BU SAV Figure 26 Endangered taxons within IUCN categorisation - Vascular plants

Source: BU SAV Figure 27 Endangered taxons within IUCN categorisation - Bryophytes

30 Legend: Ex - extinct 25 E - critically endangered V - vulnerable / endangered %20 R - rare I - indeterminated Vm - very sensitive Ed — endemic species

Ex Vm V R I Source: BU SAV In 1997, 4 319 to date known sites with presence of rare and endangered species were monitored and presence of species was confirmed. 536 sites were recorded for the first time and 32 sites were withdrawn from the inventory. The total number of species under state protection remained unchanged since 1958 (the Regulation of the Deputy of Education and Culture No.21/1958 Coll. from December 23rd 1958 on Protected Species of Plants and Protection Conditions). In total, legislative protection is applied to 127 taxons on species and subspecies level, one family and 9 genuses (252 taxons of vascular plants altogether). In the period of 1983-1996, 57 proposals of the specific protection regime plans were elaborated mainly for critically endangered plant species. In 1997, plans of the specific protection regime for the following species were completed: • Anacamptis pyramidalis • Juncus sphaerocarpus • Carex buxbaumanii

36 State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997

Table 36 Specific protection regime plans elaboration

Year Number of Number of updated Year Number of Number of updated species regime plans species regime plans 1983 4 - 1991 7 16 1984 6 - 1992 4 - 1985 6 - 1993 7 20 1986 3 - 1994 1 - 1987 3 - 1995 4 - 1988 4 - 1996 2 - 1989 3 18 1997 3 - 1990 3 - Source: SAZP In 1997, SAZP-COPK transferred to new sites or rescued the following species: • Nuphar luteum - 5 individuals • Sagittaria sagittifolia - 10 individuals • Hippuris vulgaris - 5 individuals

In 1997, no major changes occurred in the categorisation of animal groups according to the level of danger (compared to 1996 and 1995), excluding mammals were theupdated Red Checklist was prepared following the new IUCN classification (Stollmann et al. 1997).

Table 37 Endangered fauna species

Number of Higher taxons taxons Ex E V R I K Total % Mollusca 256 3 26 10 14 7 3 63 25.6 Aranea 879 11 88 137 157 18 3 414 47.1 Ephcmcroptera 112 0 8 18 18 0 0 44 39.3 Odonata 69 8 10 7 6 16 0 47 68.1 Orthoptera 122 0 6 3 11 22 14 56 45.9 Heteroptcra 787 0 3 21 105 0 0 129 16.4 Coleoptera 6 498 60 116 420 887 5 16 1504 23.1 Hymenoptera 4 300 0 6 8 126 43 15 198 4.6 Lepidoptora 3519 0 58 512 185 123 169 1 047 29.7 Diptera 4 635 0 0 35 8 3 1 47 1.0 Pisces 78 10 10 10 0 'ft 4 45 57.7 Amphibia 21 0 7 11 3 0 0 21 100 Reptilia 20 0 4 7 9 0 0 20 100 Avcs 352 2 26 26 37 23 0 114 32.4 Legend: Ex - extinct Source: MZI> SR £ - critically endangered V - vulnerable/ endangered R - rare 1 - indeterminaled K - insufficiently known

37 State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997

Table 38 Complex statistics on mammal species of Slovakia - classification based on the level of danger as suggested in the Red Checklist Category Ex CR EN vu LR:cd LR:nt LR.Ic DD NE Total Number of taxons 2 1 6 13 6 4 12 10 32 86 % 2.3 1.2 7.0 15.1 7.0 4.6 14.0 11.6 37.2 100.0 Legend: Ex - extinct taxon LR - less endangered taxon Source: SAZP CR - critically endangered taxon cd - taxon requiring protection EN - endangered taxon nt - almost endangered taxon VU - vulnerable taxon lc - the least endangered taxon DD - insufficiently known taxon NE - unclassified taxon In the network of 3 rehabilitation stations (RS) and 12 emergency rescue centres (PZZ) managed by nature conservation and landscape protection bodies, 334 injured or otherwise handicapped animals were treated (261 in PZZ and 73 in RS). 178 animals were released back into wilderness (146 from PZZ and 32 from RS). With the intention to improve nesting and living conditions of animal species there were 77 artificial nests (UHP) for storks and 54 for birds of prey installed. 83 artificial bird boxes (UHB) were installed for bird species (63) and for bats (20). At the same time 7 generation sites for Amphibia were prepared. With regard to in situ animal protection, nature conservation and landscape protection organisations carried out 419 transfers of individuals. Within the re-introduction and restitution programme framework further 156 individuals of protected and endangered species were taken care of (6 re-introduction, 150 restitution) and placed into suitable biotops in the wilderness. 4 protected and endangered animal species (listed below) were transferred into special breeding centres managed in co-operation with nature protection bodies with the intention of securing their future. The species are: • Emys orbicularis • Otis tarda • Falco peregrinus Tunst. • Falco cherrug Gray 5 individuals were released into the wilderness.

'< 4

38 State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997

Nature and Landscape protection Natural Heritage

In accordance with the NCSR (National Council of the Slovak Republic) Act No.287/1994 Coll. on Nature and Landscape Protection, the system of complex nature and landscape protection has been designed based on five levels of protection . I. level of protection- the territory of the SR not included in any of the higher levels of protection II. level of protection - Protected Landscape Area (PLA) III. level of protection - National Park (NP) IV. level of protection - Protected Site (PS) V. level of protection - Nature Reserve (NR) - Nature Monument (NM) - National Nature Reserve (NNR) - National Nature Monument (NNM)

In 1997, 56 protected area proposals were elaborated and 15 new NR with total area of 3 214 ha, 5 NM with total area 86 ha and 3 PS with total area of 129 ha were designated. With regard to large-scale protected areas 2 new national parks were designated, namely NP Muranska Planina Plateau with a total area of 20 318 ha (former PLA) and NP Poloniny with the total area 29 805 ha (formerly part of PLA Vychodne Karpaty). The law on their designation came into effect on October 1st, 1997. Furthermore, 3 protected sites were withdrawn from the list of protected areas of Slovakia.

Table 39 Categories of Protected Areas in the SR (as of December 3Lst ,1997)

Category Number Area of protected territory Area of protective zone (ha) (ha) Protected Landscape Areji 15 598 5X5 - National Park 7 243 219 238 124 Protected Site- 174 4 397.7447 2 263.2476 Nature Reserve 347 13 885.4380 318.4179 National Nature Reserve 229 82 121.8907 3 162.2489 Nature Monument 214 1 377.0270 232.6567 National Nature Monument 45 55.3181 26.6225 Source: SAZI', S NP SR Within the 4th and 5th levels of protection, 270 protected areas with a total area of 19 805 ha are located within designated PLA boundaries, 192 protected areas with a total area 63 691 ha are located within designated NP boundaries and their protective zones. 547 protected areas lie outside designated PLA, NP and their protective zones. Protected areas belonging to the 4th and 5th levels of protection statistics based on 3 categories according to the level of potential danger are listed in the following table.

39 State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997

Table 40 The Categories of Protected Areas as of December 31st, 1997

Category Number Area * Optimal Threatened Degraded (ha) Number Area Number Area Number Area NNR 229 82 122 150 69 147 77 12 952 2 23 NR 347 13 885 181 9 921 161 3 905 5 59 PS 174 4 398 47 1334 96 2 092 31 972 NNM 45 55 30 22 15 33 - - NM 214 1 377 118 938 93 421 3 18 *area excluding protective zone Source: SAZP, SNPSR

Figure 28 Protected Areas of the SR

nutiona! park p ot te hn 1 c | e a forest Source: MZPSR

• national nature monument a nature monument • national nature reserve ' -. nature reserve A protected site

Category Optimal Protected Area referers to all protected areas where subject of protection is not threatened by human activities and develops according to protection objectives. Category Threatened Protected Area refers to all protected areas where subject of protection is being negatively affected by human activities to such extent that without regulation measures its existence is threatened. Category Degraded Protected Area refers to all protected areas where changes, respectively destruction of natural ecosystem were caused either by human activities or evolution. From the total number of 1 009 small-size protected areas: • 41 fall into category Degraded (representing 1% of the total area) • 442 fall into category Threatened (19% of the total area) • 526 fall into category Optimal (80% of the total area) The most serious situation is in the group Protected Site where: • 17.82% of areas fall into category Degraded (22.10% of the total area) • 55.17% of areas fall into category Threatened (45.57% of the total area). In the group Nature Reserve 46.39% (28.13% of the total area) fall into category Threatened. In the group Nature Monument 43.35% (30.59 of the total area) fall into category Threatened. Protected Tree group includes 463 trees growing outside forest and their clumps. Nature protection bodies have so far elaborated 24 inventory reasearch theses and 8 specific protection regime plans which form base for practical protection measures.

40 State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997

Cultural Monuments

Fundamentals of historical settlements in the country are represented by immovable cultural monuments. In comparison to 1996, total number of immovable cultural monuments rose in 1997 by 314 monuments.

Table 41 Cultural Monuments - their structure and categories

Category Year 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 Architectural monuments 6 888 6 999 7 098 7 028 7 247 7 353 Archaeological monuments 328 344 362 362 364 366 Historical monuments 1 478 1 478 1 419 1 416 1 417 1 419 Historical gardens and parks 317 320 331 332 334 335 Folk architecture 1 534 1 508 1 516 1 526 1 537 1 721 monuments Technical monuments 418 423 434 435 437 446 Art work monuments 649 660 739 739 742 752 Total 11 612 1 1 732 11 899 12018 12 078 12 392 Source: Nl'KC In 1997, total number of movable cultural monuments in evidence reached 28 359. The total number of cultural monuments include 94 castles and mansions, 430 manor houses and 72 national cultural monuments.

Table 42 Legislative Protection of Cultural Monuments

Cultural Monument Year 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 Designated 125 87 64 108 123 328 Withdrawn 49 17 22 13 12 14 Source: NPKC Regarding technical state, 27% of cultural monuments were in unsatisfactory state or in very bad conditions requiring immediate action and 7% of cultural monuments were undergoing reconstruction.

Table 43 Technical State of Cultural Monuments in 1997 State Number % In good conditions 3 941 32 Satisfactory 4 275 34 Unsatisfactory 2 588 21 In bad conditions 686 6 Under reconstruction 902 7 Total 12 392 100 Source: NPKC In accordance with the NCSR Act No. 27/1987 Coll. on State Conservation of Cultural Monuments, owner of the cultural monument is obliged to carry out maintenance and reconstruction at their own expense. The MK SR annualy provides funding covering cultural monuments' reconstruction. This is done through the State Cultural Fund called 'Pro Slovakia'.

41 State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997

Table 44 State Cultural Fund 'Pro Slovakia' funding provided for cultural monuments reconstruction Year 1994 1995 1996 1997 Number of projects 53 46 68 22 Total funding in Sk 20 750 000 26 400 000 29019 180 12 200 000 Source: MK SRTSFK SR Table 45 Protected Parks

Region Number of protected parks Banska Bystrica region 7 Bratislava region 6 Koslce region 1 Nitra region 8 PrcSoY region 10 Trencin region 3 Trnava region 8 Zilina region 2 Total 270 Source: NPKC

Slovak Contribution to the World Heritage

By the end of 1997, World Heritage (WH) Committee based in Paris included 552 sites (properties) into the UNESCO World Heritage List. Four sites inscribed into the list can be found on the territory of the Slovakia: 1. the Vlkoh'nec Folk Architecture Reserve 2. the National Cultural Monument Spissky Castle and its neighbouring historical monuments - the Spisska Kapitula Historical Town Reserve, Spisske Podhradie Historical Zone and the Church of the Holy Ghost in Zehra 3. the Banska Stiavnica Historical Town Reserve and its neighbouring technical monuments 4. the caves of the Slovensky kras karst and Aggtelek kras karst Other properties proposed for inscription to the WH List: 1. the Kysuce - Orava Switch-back Railway 2. the Ravines of the Slovak Paradise and the Dobsinska ice cave Properties from tentative list for nomination: A. Natural heritage properties (together with Poland) 1. the Belianske Tatry NNR - Bielovodska dolina valley NNR 2. the Prielom Dunajca NNR B. Cultural heritage properties 1. Inclusion of the Levoca Historical Town Reserve into the WHS of the Spissky Castle and its surroundings 2. Wooden churches in the Beskydy (together with Poland) 3. Wooden Protestant church and the historical centre of Kezmarok 4. Medieval murals in the churches of Gemer region and Abov 5. Bardejov Historical Town Reserve 6. Kosice Historical Town Reserve

42 Figure 29 Historical Town Reserves and Folk Architrecture Reserves, Zones and the WH Sites in the SR

(author: J. Klinda and col.)

World Heritage Sites (4)

Properties nominated as WHS (2) & Historical town reserves (18)

Cultural Properties from tentative list for nomination as WHS (6) Jk. Folk architecture reserves (10)

Natural Properties from tentative list for nomination as WHS (2) ® Historical and folk architecture zones (84) State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997 SK99K0198

ENVlRONtffl IEGH

AKTUALIZACIA WIRONMENTAUEJ REOK) •IALIZACIE SIO/ENSK* The State of the ttKONANAVROKUOT/ Environment in Selected Regions

There are five levels of the quality of environment that were defined by the new environmental classification based on the complete assessment of the state of air, groundwater, surface water, soil, rock environment, biota and other factors:

Table 46 Basic criteria of environmental regional classification of the Slovak Republic according to the number of population and area

Quality Specification of quality Population of SR Area

Endangered territories of Slovakia according to the environmental classification are the territories where the environmental quality reaches levels IV. and V. at the same time. The percentage of population living in these territories is approx. 33.2% and they occupy 9.5% of the total area of the Slovak Republic. These territories are usually linked to large urban and industrial areas. The territories belonging only to the level IV. of environmental quality are not a part of defined areas. There are approx. 233 000 inhabitants living on these territories. The following settlements together with their own urban areas belong to this group: Senica, Surany, Sahy, Zeliezovce, Levice, Nova Bafta, Lucenec, Svit and Presov.

Table 47 The following endangered territories in Slovakia were selected

Endangered region Number of Area 2 population (km ) 1. Bratislava region 491 000 710 2. Trnava-Galanta region 162 000 384 3. Upper Nitru region 179 000 519 4. Upper Povazie region 162 000 183 5. Middle Pohronie region 170 000 371 6. Middle SpiS region 87 000 364 7. Middle Gemer region 56 000 401 8. KoSice region 267 000 658 9. Middle Zemplin region 207 000 1 OSl Total 1 781 000 4 671 Source: SAZP

44 State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997

Figure 30 Quality of the environment in the Slovak Republic

Qualify of the environment 1" degree - high quality environment ] 2nd degree - suitable quality environment i 3'" degree - moderately deteriorated environment I 4'" degree - deteriorated environment m 5"'degree - heavily deteriorated environment While the territories with heavily deteriorated environment in Bratislava, Trnava-Galanta, Horna Nitra and Kosice regions are relatively compact, the other are not. They create a mosaic, divided by significant natural barriers that partly eliminate the negative impact.

This region consists of the capital city of the SR area, that means Bratislava Districts I.-V. and the parts of near-by districts of Malacky, Pezinok and Senec. The number of inhabitants is 491 000, number of settlements is 17 and only Bratislava is a municipal industrial and administrative agglomeration. The endangered area of Bratislava region occupies 710 km2.

Air Pollution Table 48 The largest sources of air pollution in Bratislava endangered region according to the emissions of basic air pollutants from 1996 to 1997 (t per year) Basic characteristics of main producers of air Pollution source SPM SO, KO, CO pollution and pollutants 1996 1997 1996 1997 1996 1997 1996 1997 Slovnaft a. s. 1 181.3 1 264.0 24 006.0 21 924.2 3 836.7 4 460.6 784.6 702.6 • The emission of basic pollutants from all Bratislava ZHZ 5. p. Bratislava, 103.9 41.2 ] 645.3 621.2 309.9 158.2 25.2 23.2 sources in the Bratislava endangered region Vylircvna Bratislava Juli was 33 757 tin 1997 7X-Z 5. p. Bratislava, 16.9 23/i 108.7 206.6 243.6 262.9 7(..5 77.9 Heating Plant II • The industry and transport are the princi- Maladorcx a.s. 36.8 18.7 640.5 312.3 110.3 65.5 9.2 8.2 Bratislava pal pollution sources Istroclicm a. s. 31.9 10.7 130.5 190.5 15.0 II.1 1.2 1.5 Bratislava • Slovnaft a.s. Bratislava has a contribution OLO a. s. Bratislava, Municipal Waste 105.4 100.5 73..1 74.2 110.3 111.5 0.3 0.3 of approx. 83.9% of the total amount of Incinerator basic pollutants from all the large sources in the region

45 State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997

• Slovnaft a.s. Bratislava emitted considerable volume of other pollutants, esp. benzene (314 t in 1996 and 312 t in 1997) and inorganic compounds of hydrochloric acid (19 t in 1996 and 1997) excluding basic pollutants. The toulene emissions produced in Slovenskd Grafika a.s. Bratislava reached 277 t in 1997.

Water Pollution Table 49 The largest sources of surface water pollution in Bratislava endangered region according to the selected indicators of discharged pollutants in 1996 and 1997 Basic characteristics of the quality of surface Pollution I1OD51 per year CODCr 1 per year SS 1 per year [S t per year source watercourses at the checkpoints in 1997 199ft I9M7 1996 1997 1996 1997 1996 1997 Slovnart 72.43 N7.5K 316.90 3.S4.-19 4 75.1.46 4 3X7.94 217.30 87.58 • Danube-Bratislava middle course: the group a.s.WWTP Istrochem 638.94 805.68 1 904.77 2 2C5.99 19 136.10 15 998.65 172.80 197.82 of oxygen demand indicators reached quality a.s. WWTP Slovnarc 751.78 415.69 1 433.08 1 351.01 20 556.45 2 020.49 ! 644.52 1 616.59 category II, groups of basic and additional bl. 17- IS VaK- chemical indicators reached category III and WWTP 283.82 249.60 1 753.40 1 533.26 26 427.17 23 771.58 1 135.30 1 010.29 Vrakufia biological and microbiological indicators VaK- \V\VIT f.2.25 88.95 303.49 .17O.f.2 6 162.70 6 196.87 3-10.65 281.67 reached quality category IV. The concentra- Pclrialka WWTP- Waste Water Treatment Plant Source: SIIMU dons of zinc reached category II and other heavy metals category I • Estuary of Mldka watercourse: the group of oxygen demand indicators and the group of basic and additional chemical indicators reached category V and biological and microbiological indicators reached quality category IV. High concentrations of organic substances and nitrogen and phosphorus compounds were recorded • The upper course of the River Maly Dunaj: the group of oxygen demand indicators reached quality category II and the group of basic chemical indicators reached category HI. The group of heavy metals and biological, microbiological and additional indicators reached quality category IV.

Soil Pollution According to the Soil Fertility Research Institute (VUPU) monitoring, the soil in Bratislava endangered region did not reach the level of heavily contaminated soil.

Waste Management The principal method of waste treatment in Bratislava region is incineration in the city, incinerator that is going to be upgraded and reconstructed. The incineration residues (solid particular matter, clinker) are treated at the landfill site of the construction category III. near Pezinok. A serious problem of this area is the environmental impact of old unregistered landfill sites in various city districts. One of the most dangerous is gudrone landfill site in Devinska Nova Ves and also the waste from former CHZJD (Chemical works) in the natural bed in Mlynsky arm of the River Maly Dunaj near Vrakufia. The problem of remediation of these landfill sites has not been solved yet. The largest waste producer in this area is Slovnaft a.s. Since the incinerator in this plant does not fulfill the demands of emission limits, the construction of the new incinerator with the capacity of 12 000 t.p.a. is prepared.

The region occupies the area of Podunajska Highland with the part of Trnava and Podunajska Plain with the parts of Galanta and Sal'a districts. The axis of this region is broad flood plain of the River Vah.

46 The environmental impact is mostly from agriculture (food production), energy and chemical industries. In this endangered region, there are 162 000 inhabitants living in 20 settlements, out of which five are municipal. The region occupies the area of 384 km2.

Air Pollution Table 50 The largest sources of air pollution in Trnava-Galanta region according to the emissions of basic air pollutants from 1996 to 1997 (t per year) The basic characteristics of main producers of air PoUatfoa source : • SPM SO, : 'NO, •1.-:.1 CO 199« 1997 19S7 I9SS 1997 1996 \m pollution sources and pollutants Duak>8^.SaEV 674.7 632.0 2 479.2 2 293.7 2 0S7.7 1672.5 102.5 94.7 ZEZJ..p.Brat*lava, 50.3 aoj 76S.8 281.9 I82J 107.1 24.4 214 • The emission of basic pollutants from all sources Heating plant : Trnava in this endangered region was 9 840 t in 1997 CUKOS»^. 19Z0 220.4 230.9 196.7 70.2 62.1 10Z9 86.5 SUdlajviJovo • From other pollutants, Duslo Sal'a a.s. emitted Sugar Factory S. p. 28J 454.9 467.8 80.6 83.1 62 6.3 Tnara ammonia (341 tonnes per year in 1996 and 1997) Source: SHMU ' The secondary source of air pollution caused by SPM pollutants is the leach sludge pit. Water Pollution Table 51 The largest sources of surface water pollution in Trnava-Galanta endangered region according to selected indicators of discharged pollutants in 1996 and 1997 Basic characteristics of the quality of surface water- Pollution Source BOD,tperyear CODfv t per year SS t per year IS t per year 19M 1997 1S97 1996 1997 1996 1S97 courses at the checkpoints in 1997 Doslo a. g. Sati 173.1 183.9 630.7 5663 11004.0 9 226.3 133.0 120.3 CUKOS i J-.O. 1S6.6 188.9 243.6 144 2 308.3 343.7 246.9 276.7 • Vdh-Hlohovec: quality category IV caused by the SlidlroviiSovD ZiVsKitaavn 672.7 174.5 1 125.7 353.4 3 614.9 191.7 411.8 191.7 considerable number of coliform bacteria • The improvement was indicated in the area of Selice where the River Vdh leaves the endangered region. The quality level changed from the category V to category TV in the case ofENP indicator which indicates petroleum products pollution. Other indicators reached category III • The most heavily polluted are the Horny Dudvdh and Trndvka tributaries - in most cases in category V. Trndvka pod Trnavou belongs to the long-term watercourses with the heaviest organic pollution in the watershed of the River Vdh.

Soil Pollution Despite the fact that production in Nickel Metallurgical Works a.s. in Sered' stopped, the residues still contaminate the soil (Ni, Cr) as a result of environmental impact caused by the leach waste bank that contains poly-metallic dust with the high concentrations of Ni, Cr, Co and Fe.

Waste Management Most of the landfill sites for bulky municipal and industrial waste built in this endangered area are without proper insulation from the bedrock. Duslo a.s. Sal'a is also the source of hazardous waste which is treated in the factory incinerator together with hazardous waste from other sources.

Table 52 Landfill sites in Trnava-Galanta endangered region

Industrial waste landfill of Municipal landfill of construction category III. construction category ID. District In accordance Special Operated by In accordance Special Under the Sludge pits to the conditions to the conditions reconstruction In governmental issued in governmental issued in /lathe accordance regulation No. accordance to regulation No, accordance to preparation to Act. No. 606/92 CoU. §15 Act No. 606/92 Coll. §15 Act No. 327/96 Coll. 238/91 CoIL 238/91 CoIL Galanta - 1 •CUKOS 2 1 1 1 Sladkovi£ovo s.r.o. Sal'a - 1 •Duslo Sara a.s. 1 1 1 1 Trnava 1 (outside the - •Chemolak a_s. 2 4 1 - region) Smolenice Source: SAZP

47 State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997

This region is negatively influenced by mining, energy and chemical industries. The region includes Horna Nitra basin stretching from Prievidza to Topolcany with the heart of pollution in Novaky and Zemianske Kostol'any. This part influences Prievidza, Partizanske and Topolcany districts. There are 179 000 inhabitants in 31 settlements (five are municipal) living in the stressed environment. Area occupies 519 km2.

Air Pollution Table 53 The largest sources of air pollution in Horna Nitra region according to the emissions of basic air pollutants from 1996 to 1997 (t per year)

Pollution source SPM SO, NO, CO Basic characteristics of main producers of air 1996 1997 1996 1997 1996 1997 1996 1997 SEa.s. ENO ] 110.0 902.5 45 900.0 44 425.5 4 186.0 3 939.7 690.0 647.0 pollution and pollutants: Novaky, o.z. NCHZ a.s. (Chemical 667.0 47S.5 26.0 19.8 109.0 53.1 48.0 49.4 • In 1997, the emission of basic pollutants planl) Novaky Hormmitrianskc from the largest sources in this endangered Mines a.s. Bana 68.0 36.4 218.0 249.0 33.0 36.') 111.0 13.7 Cigcr region was 50 908.5 t • Novaky power station finished the reconstruction of blocks 1,2 ENO B in order to desulphurize the emissions. This reconstruction will contribute to the decrease of 30-40 000 t.p.a. of sulphurdioxide emissions in 1999 when this device will work at total power * Novaky Chemical Plant a.s. Novdky produced other special pollutants esp. the carbide and calcareous dust, chlorine, vinyl chloride, ethyleneoxide and propyleneoxide.

Water Pollution Table 54 The largest sources of surface water pollution in Horna Nitra endangered region according to selected indicators of discharged pollutants in 1996 and 1997

Pollution source BOD^t per year COD(> t per year SS t per year IS t per year Basic characteristics of the quality of surface 1996 1997 1996 1997 1996 1997 1996 1997 Homnnitrianske watercourses at the checkpoints in 1997 Mines a. s. Bana 0.00 0.0 36.'; 4U.I (1.0 0.(1 460.8 564.08 Cigar • Since the high concentration ofENP and con- NCHZa.s. 437.68 319.2 1 984.3 1 426.9 22 326.8 16215.7 210.6 227.23 Novaky siderable amount ofcoliform bacteria, the quali- si; a.s. I;NO 16.52 9..1 111.5 7<>.X 95(1.2 X94.7 2112.4 206.18 Novaky, 0.7.. ty of water at the checkpoint Opatovce nad ScVaK Prievidza 205.30 182.1 877.0 537.2 2 108.1 1 220.0 236.0 162.06 Nitrou is in the category IV • At Chalmova checkpoint, the water quality reached category V because of high concentrations of IS and ENPm. The oxygen demand indicators with microbiological indicators reached quality category IV in this part of the watercourse. The contamination caused by Hg, Pb, As and Cu was also serious • The most heavily polluted tributary of the River Nitra is Handlovka in the quality category V.

Soil Pollution Horna Nitra region is heavily contaminated by anthropogenic sources (Novaky surroundings). The arsenic content reached concentrations from 61 mg.kg'1 to more than 100 mg.kg'1. Extremely high arsenic

48 State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997 concentrations are in the south of Novaky under the sedimentary reservoir of fly ash produced in Zemianske Kostol'any power station. This reservoir is on the flood plain of the River Nitra which was flooded by this waste when the dam of this reservoir was damaged in 1965. Except this hazardous element, there are also high concentrations of Cd, Sr, Al and Fe in this area. The estimate of contaminated area is 19 000 ha.

Waste Management Since the municipal waste in Horna Nitra endangered region is treated at the landfill sites that comply with the legislative criteria, the situation of waste management is much more better than it was in the past. The most serious problem is still the waste produced in heat-producing devices in Zemianske Kostol'any power station. This waste is partly used for the production of prefab parts and the rest is deposited at the landfill sites for fly ash (Chalmova, Bystricany). NCHZ a.s. Novaky is also the source of the variety of waste esp. of carbide lime. Novaky and Handlova mines deposit the mining waste in waste rock banks.

Table 55 Landfill sites in Horna Nitra endangered region

Industrial waste landfill Municipal landfill of construction category 111. of construction category III. District In accordance Special Operated by In accordance Special Under the Sludge pits to the conditions to the conditions reconstruction in governmental issued in governmental issued in /In the accordance regulation No. accordance to regulation No. accordance to preparation to Act. No. 606/92 Coll. §15 Act No. 606/92 Coll. §15 Act No. 327/96 Coll. 238/91 Coll. 238/91 Coll. Prievidza 2 •UNO Zcmianske 3 2 1 4 Kostol'any, Cercnany villase. Partizanskc 1 •Cebo Molding 1 a.s. Slovakia, , Parlizanskc Source: SAZP

HornePovazie (Upper Povazie)

This region is not compact and is situated in the north - west of Slovakia. The region occupies the agglomeration of Zilina in Zilina basin and the industrial zone of Ruzomberok in Liptov basin. The endangered region includes the territory of Istebne with the local environmental impact. The region reaches Zilina, Ruzomberok, Dolny Kubin, Martin and Liptovsky Mikulas districts. The environmental impact is caused by energetic, chemical, machine, metallurgical and pulp and paper-making industries. The region is also exposed to the long-range transfer of pollutants from Ostrava and Katowice industrial zones. In this endangered region, there are 162 000 inhabitants living in 14 settlements, three are municipal. The region occupies the area of 183 km2.

49 State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997

Air Pollution Table 56 The largest sources of air pollution in Home Povazie region according to the emissions of basic air pollutants from 1996 to 1997 (t per year) Basic characteristics of main producers of air Pollution source SPM SO, NO, CO 1596 1997 1996 1S97 1996 19*7 1996 15J7 pollution and pollutants S

Water Pollution Table 57 The largest sources of surface water pollution in Home Povazie endangered region according to selected indicators of discharged pollutants in 1996 and 1997

Pollution source BOD, tper year CODrv t per vear SStperyw IStperyeftT Basic characteristics of the quality of surface 19S6 1997 19M 1997 I99* 1997 1996 1997 SCP a. >. Svpni 272.02 188.4 715.1 603.0 3 657.20 3 217.97 480.05 387.02 watercourses at the checkpoints in 1997 SCP a.s. Cefpap 139.74 104.7 505.9 244.2 819.50 96134 42.73 47.77 OFZ a. s. Istebae 23.29 22.3 62.6 65.0 1244.67 919J27 167.41 135.92 • The endangered area is in the territory of PCHZ us. 2jlma 103.99 153.1 400.2 477.4 656.94 768.01 82.51 128.74 ScVaK !.p, ox 529.81 399.4 4471.7 4S98J 22 840.26 20 728.57 1622.39 1S92J6 the River Vdh watershed Ruiomberok SeVaKS.p. 2ilina 125.12 140.3 571.1 808.0 5 408.62 6 202.94 161.45 335.83 • The watercourse of the River Vdh at the ScVaK l.p, ox 440.70 471.6 932.6 1 567.6 10 058.83 9310.73 338.11 595.28 L.MikuKJ checkpoints from Cierny Vdh dam to Liskovd ScVaK S.p, ox, 150.36 87.9 508.2 528.6 4450.66 4 541.61 150J6 223.36 Martin-Vriitlcy is in the quality category II according to oxygen demand indicators. According to the group of basic chemical indicators the watercourse is in category III caused by water pH and locally by the volume of IS • The volume ofcoliform bacteria from the Biely Vdh checkpoint as far as Vazec and Vdh - Liskovd indicates quality category IV in this part of the River Vdh watercourse • In 1997, higher presence of coliform bacteria than in 1995-1996 period was registered, thus putting the Hubovd stretch of the river into the category V of quality.

Soil Pollution The largest sources of soil pollution in this region are chemical and metallurgical industries (Istebne, Zilina, Martin) and other unspecified sources as well (Ruzomberok, Liptovsky Mikulas surroundings). The soil in Dolna Orava near Istebne belongs to the area with the highest impact of chrommium imissions. The content of Crf>+ is 1.746 mg.kg-' and this represents 1.877% of the harmful content of chrommium.

Waste Management There are good conditions for bulky municipal waste disposal in Home Povazie region. The landfill sites selection for the construction category III. is in progress or has just finished. The selection is in accordance to the Act No. 127/194 Coll. Elimination of the old environmental impacts is still a serious problem. The improvement of waste management was indicated in the industrial factories that are focused on the waste reduction and on the reutilization of waste and the building of new landfill sites (SCP a.s. Ruzomberok, OFZ a.s. Istebne, PCHZ a.s. Zilina).

50 State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997

Table 58 Landfill sites in Home Povazie endangered region

Industrial waste landfill of Municipal landfill of construction category III. construction category III. District In Special Operated by In accordance Special Under the Sludge pits accordance conditions issued to the conditions issued reconstruction in to the in accordance to governmental in accordance to / In the accordance governmental §15 Act No. regulation No. §15 Act No. preparation to Act. No. regulation 238/91 Coll. 606/92 Coll. 238/91 Coll. 327/96 Coll. No. 606/92 Coll. Dolny Kubin - 2 •OFZ a.s. - 1 - 1 Islebne, Siroka Liptovsky - 1 •Koi zavody (Leather 1 2 - - Mikulas Manufacturer) Martin - 1 •Ekopolis a.s. 1 - - 2 Ruzomberok 1 1 •SCI' a.s. 1 1 - Ruzomberok Zilina - - - 1 1 - 1 Source: SAZP

This region is situated in the watershed of the River Hron in Ziar and Zvolen basins. The region occupies the area of Ziar nad Hronom, Zvolen and Banska Bystrica districts. The pollution is caused by metallurgic and wood-processing industries. In this endangered region there are 170 000 inhabitants living in 18 settlements, three are municipal. The region occupies the area of 371 km2.

Air Pollution Table 59 The largest sources of air pollution in Stredne Pohronie region according to the emissions of basic air pollutants from 1996 to 1997 (t per year)

Pollution source SPM SO, NO, CO Basic characteristics of main producers of air 1996 1997 1996 1997 1996 1997 1996 1997 ZSNP a. s. Ziar nad pollution sources and pollutants Hronom '108.2 339.9 2 170.7 2 588.3 389.9 421.7 1 1 171.4 10M0.5 (Aluminium * The emission of basic pollutants from the 13 Works) SEZ5. p. Heating 33.5 47.1 2 787.5 3 8SS.7 685.8 682.0 85.5 95.3 largest sources of air pollution in this endan- Plant Zvolcn Bucina a. s. Zvolcn 211." 212.2 0.3 10.3 37.9 245.8 1,1-1.7 832.fi gered region was 25 294.8 tonnes of basic StredoslovcnskC Cement 1'Iant a.s. S4.K 77.X 147.8 71.0 K49.8 541.8 3KO.8 372.'J Banska Bystrica pollutants (it is approx. 2 OOOt less then in Source: SHMU 1 QQC) • Compared to the year 1996, there was a slight increas ofSPM emission in 1997 with the exception ofZSNP a.s. Ziar nad Hronom (68.3 t less) • The increase of sulphur e dioxide was indicated in all of these sources with the exception of Stredoslovenske cementdrne a.s. B. Bystrica (the highest increase by 1 1011 in SEZ s.p. Heating Plant Zvolen)

• In total, NOX emissions decreased by 72.1 t in 1997 • Compared to the year 1996, the total volume of CO emissions was 168.9 t more.

The increase of sulphur dioxide emissions in the heating plant in Zvolen in 1997 was caused by the combustion of the fuel with high concentration of sulphur (Slovak lignite). The introduction of gas in K6 heating unit was carried out in 1997 but the plans for desulphurization and denitrification were not

51 State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997 realized. The change of aluminium production technology in ZSNP a.s. Ziar nad Hronom in 1997 caused the decrease of fluorine and tar emissions with the content of polycyclic hydrocarbons. Compared to 1995, in the years of 1996 and 1997 the rapid increase of carbon monoxide emissions was indicated (in 1995 - 959 t, in 1996 - 11 171 t, in 1997 - 10 640 t) but the ratio of the volume of CO emissions to the volume of aluminium produced has showed decreasing trend.

Figure 31 The trend in emissions of fluorine and polycyclic hydrocarbons in Ziar basin

1000

D Fluorine v 600 1 400 • Polycyclic hydrocarbons 2 200

0 Source: ZSNP a.s. 199! 1995 1996 1997 Ziar nad Hronom Water Pollution Table 60 The largest sources of surface water pollution in Stredne Pohronie endangered region according to selected indicators of discharged pollutants in 1996 and 1997

Pollution BODs t oer vear CODcf t Der vear SS t oer vear IS t Der vear Basic characteristics of the quality of surface source 1996 1997 1996 1997 1996 1997 1996 1997 watercourses at the checkpoints in 1997 Biotika a.s. 185.8 190.0 587.2 715.4 1 012.6 996.9 76.7 129.0 Slovenska • The endangered area is in the territory of the Uurrfa Fermas s.r.o. 53.1 36.3 310.9 182.9 1 673.6 1 647.8 137.2 86.7 River Hron watershed Slovenska Uuoca • The water quality according to oxygen ZSNP a.s. Ziar 38.6 32.1 450.3 235.9 2 862.8 1 667.3 1 351.0 375.3 nad Hronom demand indicators at the checkpoint in Budca is HarmanecW papier- 116.3 131.2 445.6 508.2 525.1 450.9 58.1 44.3 ne a.s. [Paper Hill) between the category II and the category III Budina a.s. 34.4 27.2 107.3 95.7 306.0 179.7 54.3 44.0 Zvolen • For high CODCr from the checkpoint in Budca Preqleika. a. s. 14.5 16.3 47.1 50.8 190.0 129.8 12.3 13.8 Zarnovica StVaK s.o. 1 092.9 794.8 2 876.1 2 384.4 6 219.5 6 975.8 1 006.6 724.1 to the checkpoint in Kalnd nad Hronom, the Banska Bvstrica water quality reached category IV and in some StVaK i.p., 110.4 78.8 536.1 315.4 2 231.2 2 554.4 149.8 118.3 o.z. Zvolen parts, for high content of IS, reaches quality cat- Source: SHMU egory V. The increased concentrations of heavy metals (Hg, Pb and Cu - quality category II, Zn-IV) were indicated at the checkpoints in Ziar nad Hronom, in Zarnovica and in Tekovskd Breznica. High values ofENP and coliform bacteria were measured in the whole area. These values correspond to the quality categories IV and V.

Soil Pollution The most serious soil damage was caused by the emissions of industrial production emitted in Ziar basin and in Banska Bystrica surroundings. Ziar basin is under the impact of fluorine emissions esp. the area close to ZSNP a.s. in Ziar nad Hronom. The concentrations of water-soluble fluorine reaches from 35 mg.kg*1 near the source to 5 mg.kg"1 in the south-east of the source. The area of contaminated soil in Ziar nad Hronom - Lovcica - Trubi'n - Stara Kremnicka - Dolna Trnavka is 9 048 ha. It is necessary to establish special methods of soil exploitation in this area, to eliminate wheat growing for food production and cere- al fodder crops. A small area with the high concentration of mercury is situated south to Harmanec.

Waste Management Since the municipal waste is treated in the landfill sites of construction category III., the waste management in the Stredne Pohronie endangered region is good. The new regional landfill site for the municipal waste for Banska Bystrica and villages near-by is to open in 1998. The largest sources of industrial waste are ZSNP a.s. Ziar nad Hronom and Petrochema a.s. Dubova. ZSNP a.s. Ziar nad Hronom has

52 State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997

completed the construction of bentonite wall that would prevent any discharge of red and brown sludge from the sludge pit.

Table 61 Landfill sites in Stredne Pohronie endangered region Industrial waste landfill of Municipal landfill of construction category construction category III. III. District In Special Operated by In Special Under the Sludge pits in accordance conditions accordance conditions reconstruction accordance to to the issued in to the issued in /In the Act. No. governmental accordance to governmenta accordance to preparation 327/96 Coll. regulation §15 Act No. 1 regulation §15 Act No. No. 606/92 238/91 Coll. No. 606/92 238/91 Coll. Coll. Coll.

B. Bystrica - - - - 1 1 - Brezno 1 1 •Pctrochema a.s. 1 Dubova, • Ironworks a.s. Podbrczova Zarnovica 2 •Izomal a.s. Nova 1 Baiia, •TS Nova Bafia Ziar nad 1 - •ZSNP a.s. Ziar nad I - - 2 Hronom Hronom Zvolen - - - 1 - - 1 Source: SAZP

The Stredny Spis region mostly occupies the area of Gelnica and Spisska Nova Ves districts. The negative impact on this region is caused by mining and the treatment of complex copper and iron ore. The region has three principal sources of pollution and these are the industrial zones in Rudriany, Krompachy and Spisska Nova Ves. The environmental impact also includes the environmental problems of old mining and machine industry production in the territory of Prakovce, Slovinky and Gelnica. In this endangered region, there are 87 000 inhabitants living in 21 settlements, three are municipal. The region occupies the area of 364 km2.

Air Pollution Table 62 The largest sources of air pollution in Stredny Spis region according to the emissions of basic air pollutants from 1996 to 1997 (in t per year)

Pollution source SPM SO, NO, CO Basic characteristics of main producers of air pollution 1996 1997 1996 1997 1996 1997 1996 1997 Kovohuty a.s. 187.4 296.0 9O08.0 7 236.0 89.9 98.9 1 024.5 689.2 and pollutants KrompRchy Zelba U.S. SpiSska • In 1997, the decrease ofS02 emissions in Kovohuty Novi Ves, 14.5 10.9 60.9 43.3 8.5 6.1 21.1 11.5 0. z. Rudilany a.s. Krompachy was caused by the lower concentra- KiniS a.s.S[ii!skii 147.3 140.9 399.0 229.7 95.0 28.S 190.0 66.6 Nova Ves tions of sulphur in the input concentrate. The increase Source: SHMU of SPM emissions compared to the year 1996 was caused by expansion of the production. The decrease of pollution is expected due to 1998 after the start of environmentally friendly production technology * The largest source of heavy metal pollution is Zelba a.s. Spisska Nova Ves, plant in Rudnany. Little improvement of heavy metal contamination was caused by the decrease in extraction and production after 1992.

53 State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997

Water Pollution Table 63 The largest sources of surface water pollution in Stredny Spis endangered region according to selected indicators of discharged pollutants in 1996 and 1997 Basic characteristics of the quality of surface Pollution source BOD5 t per year CODCr t per SS t per year IS t per year watercourses at the checkpoints in 1997 !996 1997 1996 1997 1996 [997 1996 1997 Kovohuty a.s. 4.0 3.9 6.5 8.4 317.2 306.3 19.0 20.4 • The endangered area is in the territory of the Knrnipachv SK/.a.s. 5.4 5.(. 8.') 15.1 2-K..4 268.5 J2.2 36.2 River Hornad watershed Krompachy Zclba Rudnany 0.1 O.I O.S 1.0 39.5 52.9 0.5 0.9 • The watershed is under the impact of high con- VVaKSpiSska 153.3 75.2 425.S 292.5 1788.1 2 172.8 212.9 83.6 NovS Vcs centrations of heavy metals (Hg, Cu, Zn) that are the extraction and treatment waste and this is the cause of the quality category V of this watershed • The volume ofcoliform bacteria is the cause for the quality category V too.

Soil Pollution There is the heterogeneous soil contamination by mercury and other heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Cd, Zn) that are waste from the extraction and treatment companies. The area of contaminated and degraded agriculture land is approx. 9 000 ha. The considerable concentrations of Hg reached the levels above A, B and also C in the surroundings of Rudnany and Gelnica. High concentrations of magnesium are in the acid soils in the area near Krompachy, Kluknava, Richnava, Hnisovce and Slovinky. The concentration of copper in the area of Krompachy, Kluknava and Mnisok nad Hnilcom is above the indication limit C.

Waste Management The regional landfill site of the construction category III., which is possible to expand, is used for the municipal waste treatment. Another landfill site for municipal waste treatment near Spisske Vlachy is under the long-term reconstruction. There are a lot of large and small unregistered landfill sites for municipal waste treatment in this endangered region. The clearance of these landfill sites is slow because of problematic financial situation.

Table 64 Landfill sites in Stredny Spis endangered region

Industrial waste landfill of Municipal landfill of construction category III. construction category III. District In Special Operated by In accordance Special Under the Sludge pits accordance conditions issued to the conditions issued reconstruction in to the in accordance to governmental in accordance to / In the accordance governmental §15 Act No. regulation No. §15 Act No. preparation to Act. No. regulation 238/91 Coll. 606/92 Coll. 238/91 Coll. 327/96 Coll. No. 606/92 Coll. SpiSska Nova 7 •SEZ a.s. Krompachy, 1 7 1 3 Ves •Kovohuty a.s. Krompachy, •ZZS Prakovce, •NPZ Rudnany Source: SAZ!>

54 State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997

Stredny Gemer (Middle Gemer) Region

The region of Stredny Gemer is surrounded by Muran valley stretching from Revuca, Lubenik and Jelsava valley, by Rimava valley stretching from Hnust'a to Hacava and finally by Slana valley stretching from Nizna Slana to Slavec. The whole region is a part of Revuca Highland connected to Roznava basin and occupies the regions of three districts: Rimavska Sobota, Revuca and Roznava. The environmental impact on this region is caused by the extraction and treatment of mineral raw materials and by chemical industry. In this endangered region, there are 56 000 inhabitants living in 19 settlements, three are municipal, under the environmental impact. The region occupies the area of 401 km2.

Air Pollution Table 65 The largest sources of air pollution in Stredny Gemer region according to the emissions of basic air pollutants from 1996 to 1997 (t per year) Basic characteristics of main producers of air pol-

Pollution source SPM SO, NO, CO lution and pollutants: 1996 1997 1996 1997 1996 1997 1996 1997 Slovinag a. s. 135.4 130.O 69.1 25.9 494.7 44S.9 1 077.S 1088.5 • The emission of basic pollutants from the four Lubenik Slovak Magnesium largest sources of air pollution in this endangered Works (SMZ) a. s. 166.0 154.9 232.1 21.4 333.5 233.7 133.7 163.8 JelSava region was 7 692 t in 1997, that means the Zclba a. s. SpiSska Nova Vcs, 0. z. 297.2 152.3 2 709.0 2 787.0 307.1 304.7 2 066.2 2 129.0 decrease by 608 t compared to the year 1996 Sidcril Niina Slana Slovcnske luSobne • The decrease of the volume of SO2 emissions zavody (SLZ) a. s. 177.3 13.1 30.ci 11.3 38.1 14.1 32.2 13.5 HiuiSfa (210.7 t less than in 1996) in SMZ a.s. Jelsava Source: S1IMU was caused by the change of fuel (now the gas is used) • The decrease of SPM emissions (145 t less than in 1996) came in Siderit Nizna Slana when the new electromagnetic separator started working • The technical and technological measures on air protection and also reduction or even abandonment of some technologies in SLZ a.s. Hnust'a, caused the decrease of the volume of basic pollutants by 226 t (it is less then in 1996) • The solid pollutants from SMZ a.s. Jelsava and Slovmag a.s. Lubenik contained high concentrations of Mg and from the point of hygiene were significant the concentrations of Cd and Pb as well.

Water Pollution Table 66 The largest sources of surface water pollution in Stredny Gemer endangered region according to selected indicators of discharged pollutants in 1996 and 1997 Basic characteristics of the quality of surface

Pollution source BOD tper CODCr t per SStp r year lStpc r year VC yr;r watercourses at the checkpoints in 1997 1996 1997 1996 1997 1996 1997 1996 1997 Ferrous Ore Mines (ZRB) • The high values of CODCr at the checkpoint S.p. Nizna Slana 33.3 24.3 122.2 82.0 2 343.3 2 604.1 137.5 141.0 SlavoSovcc Paper Mill a.s. 67.2 r.o.o 179.1 170.0 526.2 469.9 58.2 46.0 bellow Jelsava in the watercourse of the River Slovmag a.s. Lubenik 1.3 0.9 6.0 3.5 112.0 65.9 3.8 2.2 Slovcnskc luCobnc Muran in the last year were the reasons for the zavody (SI.Z) a.s. Hnuffa 16.5 10.1 32.S 37.7, 78.3 7.0 9.0 - channel 600 change of water quality category to the catego- SLZ a.s. llnusTa -deep 31.3 20.5 63.3 73.3 192.4 24.1 35.5 channel ry HI SLZa.s. HnusTa-WWTP 16.5 4.7 29.9 37.8 35.7 10.5 7.2 Slovcnskc' Magnesium • To the lower quality level were also put the Works a.s. (SMZ) JelSava 3.2 1.1 17.4 4.6 87.4 76.3 6.4 2.3 Source: S11MU waters in the River Rimava watershed at the

55 State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997 checkpoint bellow Hacava because of the high content of IS, Mn and Fe (IS - category V, Mn- category III). The high values ofENP and bacteriological indicators were the reasons for the change of water quality category to categories IV and V • The waters in the River Stand watershed are in the quality category III - V because of their pollution by the industrial production in SLZ a.s. Hnust'a, Paper Mill a.s. Slavosovce, SMZ a.s. Jelsava and Slovmag a.s. Lubenik • The new mechanico-chemical WWTP started working in 1997 and 30-50 % of treated water is reutilized during production. When the project of reconstruction of charcoal production was completed in SLZ a.s. Hnust'a, the production of waste water was 600 - 800 t of BOD5 lower.

Soil Pollution

The soil quality was degraded esp. by solid pollutants of MgO, Fe2Ov CaO, SiO2 with the high content of magnesium, cadmium and lead. Magnesium is not a dangerous trace element but the considerable volume of this element near the plants for magnesium production can cause direct physical damage to soil. The considerable reduction of soil production is evident in the soil of category 3 and 5. Soil of category 5 is degraded in some territories to such extent, that the production is impossible. The damage of the forest land is also indicated in the area of 16 728.7 ha (levels A-D) of endangered forest land. The soil contamination by heavy metals such as As, Ni, Cu, Hg, Mn near Nizna Slana was caused by mining and the treatment of mineral raw materials.

Waste Management There is only one registered regional landfill site for the treatment of bulky municipal waste. Large factories treat their waste in accordance to the legislation. The environment impact is caused by the mining and the treatment production in Slovmag a.s. Lubenik and SMZ a.s. Jelsava.

Table 67 Landfill sites in Stredny Gemer endangered region

Industrial waste landfill of Municipal landfill of construction category III. construction category III. District In Special Operated by In accordance Special Under the Sludge pits in accordance conditions to the conditions reconstruction accordance to to the issued in governmental issued in / In the Act. No. governmental accordance to regulation No. accordance to preparation 327/96 Coll. regulation §15 Act No. 606/92 Coll. §15 Act No. No. 606/92 238/!M Coll. 238/91 Coll. Coll. Reviica - 2" •Slovmag a.s. - 3 1 Lubenik, •SMZ a.s. ! Inust'a Rimavska 1 •SLZ a.s. Hnust'a 1 - - - Sobota landfill sites of construction category I. Source: SAZP

Kosice region occupies the major part of Kosice basin that includes four districts of Kosice City and the southern part of Kosice-Surrouding District. The region is heavily polluted by metallurgy and energy industries. There are 267 000 inhabitants in 19 settlements, Kosice is the only municipal settlement under the environmental impact in this endangered region. The region occupies the area of 658 km2.

56 State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997

Air Pollution Table 68 The largest sources of air pollution in Kosice region according to the emissions of basic air pollutants from 1996 to 1997 (t per year) Basic characteristics of main producers of air Follutloa loarce STM SO, NO.: CO 1996 1997 1996 1997 1996 1997 1996 1997 pollution and pollutants: VS2s.a.KoSiee 10 3S3.O 102SS.2 16 07O.O IS 049.0 16 075.0 13 600.0 75 018.O 83 822.0 fSte*lWork») • The emission of basic pollutants from the SB a. s. Heat Energy, plant in 126.6 121.6 1 701.8 2 566.4 IB02.4 2 165.0 183.1 61.9 largest sources of air pollution in this endan- Kfliice Centre for Waste gered region was 128 413 t in 1997, that Treatment a.r.o. (CZO) 55.6 822 19.9 48.3 73.4 94.2 145.2 42.7 Xnikc -Incinerator Cement Works 53.9 55.3 231.6 123.0 430.9 206.7 151.1 109.5 means 3 871 t more compared to the year "nirfia nadBodvoa 1996. The SPM emissions decreased by

65 t, SO2 by 2 287 t, NOX by 2 475 t but the CO emissions increased by 8 539 t • The total volume of emissions produced in VSZ a.s. Kosice in 1997 was 3 220 t more than in 1996. This increase was caused by the increase of CO emissions (8 804 t more then in 1996). The decrease of emissions was indicated in the case ofS02 (3 021 t less) and in the case ofNOx (2 475 t less)

• The increase of coal combustion with the decrease of natural gas combustion caused the increase ofSO2 andNOx in SE a.s. Tepelna energetika, Kosice o.z.

• The increase of SPM, SOV NOX compared with the year 1996 was shown by the Centre for Waste Treatment (CZO) s.r.o. Kosice- incinerator of municipal waste. This state is caused by the absence of the second level treatment.

Water Pollution Table 69 The largest sources of surface water pollution in Kosice endangered region according to selected indicators of discharged pollutants in 1996 and 1997 Basic characteristics of the quality of surface Pollution aoaree BOD< 1 per yew COD,, tpcrytar SS t per yew IS t per year IMC 1997 1996 1997 1996 1997 1996 1997 watercourses at the checkpoints in 1997 \St a.1. 94.2 92.4 693.0 924.0 7 320.8 7 392.0 373.2 369.6 Koike * Although the volume of coliform bacteria WaKi-p. 1 182.6 819,9 2956.5 1 803.9 14191.2 15 455.8 2 759.4 2 254.8 KoSice decreased, this amount is still the reason for the Source: SHMU water quality category V in the River Bodva. High concentrations of zinc caused water quality category V at the checkpoint in Moldva nad Bodvou • For coliform bacteria volume, the River Horndd reaches the quality category V. The concentrations of mercury are in the interval of quality category III - V.

Soil Pollution The soil in Kosice basin is in the A, Al category, that means not contaminated soil with possible negative impact on the environment. The area of former Kosicky Magnezit s.p. Tahanovce indicates the long-term magnesium contamination of soil. The acidification of soil within and near the area of VSZ a.s. Kosice caused the destruction of mineral constituents and organic part of the sorption content of the soil colloidal complex. There are still significant deposits of sulphrum and heavy metals, the principal are Mn, Mg, Cr, Al, As and Pb as well as Fe.

Waste Management The treatment of bulky municipal waste in Kosice endangered area is carried out by the incinerat- ing and by the depositing in landfill sites. The municipal waste incinerator in Koksov-Baksi is due to reconstruction and modernization. VSZ a.s. Kosice is the largest source of assorted waste (other, special, hazardous). The industrial waste is in various forms of consistency and has various physical and chemical properties. The principal is metallurgy and machine industries waste. The serious environmental problem is the hazardous waste landfill site that belonged to the former Tesla in Moldava nad Bodvou. This waste consists of glass and metals contaminated by mercury. The landfill site is outside the factory in Mokrance surroundings.

57 State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997

Table 70 Landfill sites in Kosice endangered region

Industrial waste landfill of Municipal landfill of construction category III. construction category III. District In accordance Special Operated by In accordance Special Under the Sludge pits to the conditions to the conditions reconstruction / in governmental issued in government issued in In the accordance regulation accordance to regulation accordance to preparation to Act. No. No. 606/92 §15 Act No. No. 606/92 §15 Act No. 327/96 Coll. Coll. 238/91 Coll. Coll. 238/91 Coll. Kosice-City 2 3 •CZO KoSicc, - - - 4 •VSZ a.s. Kosice KoSice- - I •Tesla Moldava 1 5 1 - Surroundings naci Hodvou Source: SAZP

This endangered region is marked off by the towns Vranov nad Topl'ou, Humenne and Michalovce with- the centre around Strazske. The region goes south esp. to Vojany and Trebisov settlements. The region occupies the area of Humenne, Vranov nad Topl'ou, Trebisov and Michalovce districts. The pollution is mainly caused by the chemical and energy industries. In this endangered region, there are 207 000 inhabitants living in 57 settlements, eight are municipal. The region occupies the area of 1 081 km2.

Air Pollution Table 71 The largest sources of air pollution in Stredny Zemplin region according to the emissions of basic air pollutants from 1996 to 1997 (t per year) Basic characteristics of main producers of air Pollution SPM SO, NO, CO sources pollution and pollutants 1996 1997 1996 1997 1996 1997 1996 1997 SE a. s. 8 580.') 10 607.0 25 578.fi 22 [177.0 17 587.7 17 302.0 722.X 729.0 Tower • The emission of basic pollutants from the Station Vojany largest sources of air pollution in this endan- (EVO) Chemko a.s. 642.6 580.6 8 039.5 9 404.5 2 7S7.7 1 000.0 2 608.3 2 641).] gered region was 74 484 t in 1997, that means Strafake Bukdza a.s. 2 659 t less than in 1996 Vranov nad 363.4 369.3 2 948.0 3 204.0 761.0 806.0 344.4 344.0 Toprou Chcmcs a s. <>72.2 569.1) 2XS1.I 2 332.0 676.1 758.0 612.4 447.0 • The slight decrease of SPM emissions was tlumenn£ Potravlnarsky indicated in 1997 with the exception of Vojany komblna! a.s. 20.1 11.4 232.2 181.0 74.3 210.8 11.3 9.7 TrcbiSov power station, which produced 2 017 t more Source: SI IMl'I . . , r 1 • r \ • • emissions because oj the increase of electricity production

• The total volume of SO2 emissions from the largest sources was 3 380 t more then in 1996. The increase ofSO2 emission by 465 t was indicated in Chemko a.s. Strazske and by 256 t in Bukoza a.s. Vranov nad Topl'ou

• The total volume of NOx and CO emissions slightly decreased, compared to the year 1996 • The emissions of chlorine, mercaptan and hydrogene sulphide (Bukoza a.s. Vranov nad Topl'ou), ammonia, formalde- hyde, acetaldehyde, cyclohexane, cyclohexanone and alkylalcohol (Chemko a.s. Strdzske) were also important.

58 State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997

Water Pollution Table 72 The largest sources of surface water pollution in Stredny Zemplin endangered region according to selected indicators of discharged pollutants in 1996 and 1997 Basic characteristics of the quality of surface Fdliitfoa loarce BOD, t per yew CODp, t p*r yeir SStperye*r IS t p«rye*r 1956 1997 1996 1997 1996 1997 1996 1997 watercourses at the checkpoints in 1997 Bvk&x ».i. 295.7 297.9 2 534.9 2 904.7 10 213.3 10001.6 549.2 532.0 Vnmovnid • For the high concentrations of mercury, the Toprov Cbemko tta. 138.S 133.6 735.9 847.9 3 188.8 3 753.8 360.0 213.7 River Laborec is put to water quality category Str0»ke Fotraviairtky 31.5 34.5 108.2 125.9 421.0 439.9 45.7 48.3 IV - V. Coliform bacteria in all checkpoints kombuiii Ll. TrcbSoT put the group of biological and microbiologi- 500.2 488.8 8SS.7 879.9 913.8 684J 432.8 342.2 cal indicators to category V - as a consequence W«KS.p,cz. 425.7 381.6 922.4 901.9 2 188.7 1873.2 319.3 3122 MkbOovc. -. —-f of improper water treatment in WWTP in Michalovce and WWl'P in Humenne • The water quality in the River Latorica and Uh tributaries running from Ukraine was in the quality category III - V. The category V was caused by coliform bacteria • The River Ondava watercourse bellow Vranov nad Topl'ou is in all assessed groups of indicators in the categories IV -

V. This quality level is caused by CODCr> IS, ENPuv, zinc and coliform bacteria indicators.

Soil Pollution The soil in this region is under the long-term impact of emissions from various sources. The acidification is apparent from the past production of Vojany power station and Chemko a.s. Strazske. The soil is in the category O-A not contaminated - risk soil according to the Soil Fertility Research Institute survey. The contamination by petroleum products was caused outside the territory of Slovakia (Ukraine) by the accidents that led to the contamination of the Rivers Uh and Latorica (in 1993 and 1994).

Waste Management All district towns in this region have problems with the waste treatment. This situation is caused by the lack of landfill sites capacities and by the lack of appropriate landfill sites. The assessment of the environmental impact in Michalovce and Michalovce surroundings forced to find a new area for the new regional landfill site. The largest producers of waste - hazardous including (Chemes a.s. Humenne, Chemko a.s. Strazske, Bukoza a.s. Vranov nad Topl'ou, Vojany power plant) solved the problem of waste management by the construction of their own landfill sites, incinerators and sludge pits so the waste management in these companies is in accordance to the legislation (except Bukoza a.s. Vranov nad Topl'ou). There is a waste separation plant operating in Michalovce.

Table 73 Landfill sites in Stredny Zemplin region

Industrial waste landfill Municipal landfill of construction category HI. of construction category HI. District In accordance Special Operated by 1° Special Under the Sludge pits in to the conditions accordance to conditions reconstruction accordance to governmental issued in the issued in /In the Act No. regulation No. accordance to governmental accordance to preparation 327/96 CoU. 606/92 CoIL §15 Act No. regulation §15 Art No. 238/91 Coll. No. 606/92 238/91 ColL CoU, Michalovce 3 •Vojany Power 1 2 2 2 Station, •Chemko a.s. Stra&ke •Nafta a.s. Gbcly Uumenne 1 - •Chemes a.s. 0 1 1 - Humenne Vranov nad 1 •Bukoza a.s. 2 0 1 Topl'ou Vranov nad Topl'ou Trebisov - - - 0 1 1 - Note: Thia chart contains only the district landfills thai are within Ihc endangered area. Source: SA^P

59 State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997

SK99K0199 tate of the Environment • Causes and Consequence', Economic Development and Technologies

In 1997, Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in the Slovak Republic equalled to 653.9 billion Sk in current prices. In comparison to 1996 GDP growth reached the level of 6.5%. Year-to-year GDP growth index came up to 113.6 . All economic spheres contributed to its growth. From industrial fields with major contribution to environmental problems industry attained growth index of 106.5 and agriculture&forestry sector growth index of 106.0.

Table 74 GDP according to main economic sectors

GDP percentage share (%) 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 Total GDP 100 100 100 100 100 Agriculture and forestry 6.6 7.4 5.6 5.2 4.8 Industry 36.8 30.6 28.6 26.3 28.2 Construction 6.7 5.0 4.6 4.7 5.3 Market services 28.0 41.6 41.0 41.4 43.4 Other 21.9 15.4 20.2 22.4 18.3 Source: SU SR

Industrial contribution to GDP in 1997 was 28.2%. In comparison to 1996, industrial commodities output in 1997 increased by 5.9%. Considering industries with significant negative impacts on the environment, the output growth in the following sectors is important: • processing industry - growth by 6% • mining and quarrying - growth by 9.9% • electricity generation and distribution - growth by 4.4%. In 1997, continuing in trends of previous years, principal shares in industrial output were as follows: • metal processing - 16% • machinery and vehicle production - 15% • food processing - 14.1%. 60 State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997

Less important contributors to total industrial output were: • leather processing industry - 0.9% • wood-processing industry - 1.5%.

Table 75 Basic indicators of industrial output development (statistics including only enterpris- es with more than 25 employees)

Sector Commodities production Index Sector's share in commodities (mil Sk) - 1997 1997/19961 production (%)-1997 Industry and energy 475 713 105.9 Mining and quarrying 11478. 109.9 2.4 Processing industries including: 413 672 106.0 87.0 Food-processing industry 66918 105.4 14.1 Textile and fabric industry 14 600 95.0 3.1 Leather-processing industry 4 257 70.8 0.9 Wood-processing industry 7 308 105.6 1.5 Pulp / paper-making industry 26 188 10.0 5.5 Coke production, crude oil refining, nuclear fuels 37 538 108.8 7.9 Chemical industry- rubber production 56 266 100.1 11.8 Metal-processing industry 76 254 109.7 16.0 Machinery and vehicle production 71 568 108.0 15.0 Others 52 775 111.7 11.2 Electricity, gas and water production and supply 50 563 104.4 10.6 'index calculated from fixed prices (excluding consumption and VAT) Source: SO SR Industrial activities have considerably high, mostly negative impact on the main components of the environment. Main negative effects of industrial production on the Slovak environment are listed below: • air pollution • water pollution • soil contamination • mineral environment damage • post-accident risk <• • industrial waste production • reduction of agricultural land. Regarding waste waters discharge, positive trend meaning reduction of total volume (by 71 603 thousand m3 in comparison to 1994) was recorded. This trend also regards decline in a level of pollution for the following pollutants (amounts compared to 1996): • IS (Insoluble solids) by 1 605 tonnes

• BOD5 (Biochemical oxygen demand) by 182.9 tonnes

• CODCr (Chemical oxygen demand) by 1 915.3 tonnes • ENP (Extractable non-polar substances) by 92 tonnes.

Table 76 Volume of discharged industrial waste waters (1997)

Industrial waste Volume IS BOD5 CODCr ENP water- (thous.m3.year"') (t.year"1) (t.year"1) (tyear'1) (t.year'')

Treated 305 303.156 8 349.51 7 136.16 22 574.97 150.36

Untreated 272 795.022 8 925.78 1 073.81 2 576.54 24.70

Total 578 098.178 17 275.29 8 209.97 25 151.51 175.06 Source:SHMU In the area of basic pollutants emissions produced during technological processes the decline in total amount of SO2, NOX and solid substances was recorded. However, CO production was increased by 12 249 tonnes, compared to 1996.

61 State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997

Table 77 Industrial sectors contribution to waste production - excluding other waste (tonnes)

Sector Waste volume Mining and quarrying 21 058 Food-processing industry 165 622 Textile and fabric industry 15 780 Leather-processing industry 14 860 Wood-processing industry 46 151 Pulp / paper-making industry 58 928 Coke production, crude oil refining, nuclear fuels 224 543 Chemical industry- rubber production 236 951 Metal processing 333 206 Machinery and vehicle production 291 575 Others 1 851 Electricity, gas and water production and supply 148 644 Total 1 559 169 Source: SA2P

Table 78 Emission released into air during technologic processes - classification based on industrial sectors (REZZO1) . Results given in tonnes (1997)

Kind of SPM SOj NO, CO production Amount (%) Amount (%) Amount (%) Amount (%) Metallurgy- 7 718 21.06 8 372 4.74 4 408 6.24 80 447 56.80 ferrous metals Metallurgy-non- 568 1.55 8 248 4.67 169 0.24 11 214 7.92 ferrous metals Chemical 1 648 4.50 569 0.32 1629 2.31 2 652 1.87 industry Cement & Lime 1 689 4.60 321 0.18 3 193 4.52 18 747 13.23 works Wood-processing 779 2.13 2 297 1.30 1796 2.54 341 0.24 industry pulp / paper-making industry Crude oil 163 0.44 3 609 4 506 6.38 3 737 2.63 refinery Other industry 1401 3.84 1 388 0.79 3 599 5.10 2 521 1.78 Technological 13 966 38.11 24 804 14.05 19 300 27.34 119 659 84.48 processes from REZZO 1 total (REZZO 1) 36 646 100.00 176 564 100.00 70 583 100.00 141 636 100.00 Source: SHMU

•},) I

In 1997, 439 mines were in operation on the territory of the SR. Mineral resources exploitation took place at 607 exclusive mineral deposits of which 379 deposits were with exploitation site regarded as protected deposit area. This number included: • 5 coal deposits • 31 crude oil and natural gas deposits • 22 ore and magnesite deposits • 321 non-metallic ore deposits.

62 State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997

The statistics shows that 107 exclusive mineral deposits were only with protected deposit sites being approved and 61 exclusive deposits were undergoing approval procedure. As of December 31, 1997, 167 exclusive deposits were not exploited including: • 10 coal deposits • 5 crude oil and natural deposits • 26 ore and magnesite deposits • 126 non-metallic ore deposits. Besides exclusive deposit exploitation was in progress also at 224 non-limited mineral deposits. In 1997, stabilisation trend in mining prevailed. In some cases such as coal mining and magnesite exploitation a slight increase was recorded. From the total amount of coal mined approx. 85% was used for energy production, 15% was distributed in a form of graded coal. In 1997, from the total amount of 64 483 tonnes of crude oil exploited 4 214 tonnes were of non- paraffin oil and 44 934 tonnes were of semi-paraffin oil. In 1997, a decline by 27 677 thousand m3 in natural gas exploitation was recorded (as compared to 1996). Ptruksa - the most important natural gas deposit allows even propane-butane extraction of 1 023 tonnes a year which covers demand of East Slovakia region and partly also that of Central Slovakia region. Ore exploitation in 1996 took place at branch enterprise Rudnany Zelba shared comp. with head- quarters at Spisska Nova Ves (complex baryte-siderite-sulphide ores). In 1997, the total production at Zelba rose by 9.5 kilotons, in comparison to 1996. However, total concentrate production fell by 3.7 kilotons. At branch enterprise Siderit - Nizna Slana monomineral siderite replacement ores were mined. Non-ferrous ores were mined only by the Slovak Mining Comp. s.r.o.. Hodrusa-Hamre. In 1997, it produced 66.3 kilotons of gold ore and 1.75 kilotons of concentrates. Programmes following reduction of total ores output were under way in Rudne Bane, State Mining Comp. Banska Bystrica and Spisska Nova Ves State Mining Comp.

Table 79 Mineral resources exploitation (as of December 31,1997)

Raw material Units Exploitation Fuels Brown coal and lignite kt 4 297.6 Crude oil including gasoline kt 64.48 Natural gas thous. m3 289 431.0

Ores Complex Fe, Cu, Hg ores kt 106.14 Fe ores kt 962.1 Gold and Silver ores kt 66.3 Ores (total) kt 1 134.54 Non-metallic ores Magnesite kt 1 580.7 Rock salt kt 105.2 Bentonite thous. m3 47.2 Zeolite thous.m3 5.6 Talc kt - Gypsum and Anhydride kt 102.0 Quartzite thous. m3 8.3 Building material Building rock thous. m3 5 022.5 Gravel sands and sands thous. m3 6 255.1 Brick clay thous. m3 457.6 Limestone thous. m3 312.5 kt 1 406.3 Limestone for specific purposes thous. m3 970.9 kt 519.0 High-content Limestone thous. m3 1 230.0 kt 2 867.3 Source: HBU SR

63 State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997

Figure 32 Total exploitation of selected minerals in the SR (kilotonnes)

» Brown coal and lignite A Ores

K— Magnesite

1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 year Source: HBU SR Natural gas storage and retrograde exploitation of active resources from Lab underground storage tank complied with regime curves for exploitation and sinking.

Figure 33 Trends regarding underground storage total natural gas and exploitation from aquifers.

• Stored amount • Total exploitation

I99I 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 Source: HBU SR year

Thermal Energy Generation and Gas Utilization Domestic electricity consumption reached 28 629 GWh which represents decrease by 253 GWh comparing to 1996. Total amount of electricity generated in 1997 was 24 547 GWh which is a decrease by 743 GWh. In the context of foreign balance it means 4 082 GWh which represents increase by 490 GWh in comparison to 1996. No significant change between years 1996-1997 occurred in percentage of various power plants contribution to the total output.

Figure 34 Percentage of various types of power plants contribution to the total electricity generated volume in 1997

44% • NPS • UPS • TPS

18% Source: MH SR

64 State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997

When comparing years 1996 and 1997 we can say that only insignificant changes occurred in the percentage of various power plant types related to the total electricity produced.

Table 80 Produced and imported amount of electricity in the SR in 1997 (GWh)

GWh Index 1997/1996 Grip generation, SEv REP, :ZE t- including:': :''^X";: f; ; 24 547 97.06 : SlovakEle(^cityCon^; (SE) :::::; i::; •,^[l\fyj: yi •. »'' 21171 96.20 Regional Energy Supplying Compl;; (REP) •?•;;;::: \ 630 106.06 Power plants linked: to ^independent industrial' unite 2 744 102.05

: Import from abroad •-...::'•'•• •'"••'••'' ' • " 6 825 114.80 Export abroad .;.: : : ; : 2 743 116.57

Independent producers y': •:: .••.•.:;;.• •/••.•;:;••;, ^^.-^ ;:; :k 2 - Total wtheSR ;] --Xr-X 31372 100.44 Source: SE a.s

Table 81 Power plants installed output in the SR (MW) - type classification

Indicator 1995 1996 1997 Index 19W1996 SR SE SR SE SR SE SR SE Nuclear power stations (NPS) 1 760.00 1 760.00 1 760.00 1 760.00 1 760.00 1 760.00 100 100 Thermal power stations 2 981.14 1 989.14 2 995.31 2 017.80 2 995.31 2 017.80 100 100 (TPS) Hydroelectric flow power 1 640.27 1 633.66 1 640.27 1 633.66 1 640.27 1 633.66 100 100 stations (HPS) Hydroelectric repumping 735.16 735.16 735.16 735.16 735.16 735.16 100 100 power stations (HPS) Total 7116.57 6 118.62 7 130.74 6 146.62 7 130.74 6 146.62 100 100 Source: SE a.s. Table 82 Comparison of electricity generated in the SR - technology based

1996 % of total electricity 1997 % of total electricity 1997/1996 generated generated (GWh) (GWh) Index Nuclear power stations 11 261 28.99 10 797 37.71 95.88 Thermal power stations 6 862 23.76 6 697 23.39 97.6 Hydroelectric power 4 478 15.5 4 309 15.05 96.23 stations Power stations linked to 2 689 9.31 2 744 9.58 102.05 independent industrial units

Total generation ;:. 25 290 87.56 24 547 85.74 97.06 Including: SSE 344 1.19 387 1.35 112.5

•/ •••":V;ZSE^ •••••';. ,; 251 0.87 245 0.86 97.61 Foreign balanced: 3 592 12.44 4 082 14.26 113.64 Consumption - total 28 882 100.00 28 629 100.00 99.12 Source: SE a.s. Table 83 Fuel and energy consumption in 1997 - sectoral split - agriculture, forestry, trans- portation, industry and Construction Fuel and energy Volume Anthracite, brown coal, coke 11 745 thous.t

v Motorandheatingoil i:^ ; :'^ :: :.:: ; •:•.•'•;•'••' .••••' 824 thous.t Heating oils ; • ;' '••':'•••'•> :' > • : . : •-• • v :•:•• .:':' .V'':" 675 thous.t

: : 1 1 1 : : : 3 NatUraI.gaS' :'<:.V.:V :^ :^:.Vv V..:- ::.' •. "•/•i'---i-. :-:.•>;•::.•.•:•:.:• •••?.: :•::; 5 439 mil m

: : v : : : Electricity : -; : i v' •,'••' :'"V ' : '•:••••••• -r^y'^r/' - " :: .' - 21 201 GWh •Therrnal.energy:'.:vv/^'^;:.' •• •••':••;•;•;• •; :' : :; ' >:,,;•••...•••.•:. 133 368 TJ Source: Su SR

65 State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997

Table 84 Primary energy resources used in the SR (1997) - based on the fuel categories

Fuel categories TJ Solid 209 460

Liquid..:;; ...• u:;:y.: . : 120 453

: Fluid ,;;.•::•::?••:•• '-::,^::..^y ' 235 187 Source: SU SR

With installed output of 6 147 MW, SE a.s. secures 86% of total Slovak electricity generation. Nuclear power stations generate 51% of total annual electricity production supplied by SE a.s. Thermal power station produced 29% and hydroelectric power station contribute by approx. 20%. High percentage of electricity generated by nuclear and hydroelectric power stations minimalizes the amount of emissions released into air. In total, emissions of basic pollutants decreased comparing to 1996 by 2 407 tonnes of solid substances, 16 169 tonnes of SO2, by 5 150 tonnes of NOX and 2 655 tonnes of CO.

Table 85 Air pollution related to energy production in the SR (REZZO1 - statistics for 1997 in tonnes)

Method of SPM SO* NO, CO

generation Amount ..(%)••. Amount (%) Amount Amount

REZZO1 36 646 - 176 564 - 70 583 - 141 636 - total Energy generation 22 680 61.89 151 760 85.95 51 283 72.66 21 977 15.52 including: Systematic 12 639 34.49 72 770 41.21 25 135 35.61 4 692 3.31 Industrial 8 411 22.95 59 437 33.66 19 241 27.26 15 102 10.66 Municipal 1 630 4.48 19 553 11.07 6 907 9.79 2 183 1.54 Source: SHMU

Table 86 Proportional comparison of emissions of systematic and other energy generation (years 1996-1997, in tonnes)

Indicator SPM SOZ NO, CO 1996 1997 1996 1997 1996 1997 1996 1997 Energy generation 25 087 22 680 167 929 151 760 56 433 51283 24 632 21 977 total including Systematic energy 11030 12 639 78 514 72 770 26 555 25 135 5 035 4 692 generation Percentage % 44.0 55.7 46.8 47.9 47.1 49.0 0.4 21.3 Industrial and 14 057 10 041 89415 78 990 29 878 26 148 19 597 17 285 municipal sources Percentage % 56.0 44.3 53.2 52.0 52.9 51.0 79.6 78.6 Source: SHMU For information about waste generation related to electricity, gas, water production and supply see section Industry within this chapter. As of the end 1997, the total length of operated domestic gas distribution networks was 21 503 km (19 152 km) in 1996; the length of long-distance networks was 5 580 km (5 340 km in 1996) of total length (21 503 km) and distribution network accounted for 15 923 km of the total length (13 812 km in 1996). In 1997, 226 new villages were linked to the existing distribution network thus increasing the total number to 1 419 villages.

Table 87 Natural gas consumers chart

Number of consumers 1993 y:: :T994;>:;, 1996 1997

; Population : .;•:; •'•'•••:' 906 889 951 049 996 177 1044 123 1 100 878 1 164 172 Small consumers 27 697 29 571 31349 32 991 35 216 39 621 Major consumers 3 448 3 750 4 063 4 244 4 503 4 781 Total 938 034 984 370 1 031 589 1 081358 1140 597 1 208 574 Source: SPP §.p.

66 State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997

The Slovak Republic with its forest cover of 40.65 % (1 990 603 ha) belongs to one of those European countries with the highest proportion of forests set against the overall . country area. In European context only Scandinavian states of Finland (77%) and Sweden (69%) and Austria (46%) in Central Europe enjoy higher forest cover. Timber land (land intended for growing forest species) occupies 1 919 911 ha (96.45% of forest land fund). In the context of prevailing forest functions and from them resulting management methods the forests are divided into 3 categories: • commercial forests (1 296 005 ha, 67.50%) • special-purpose forests (334 777 ha, 17.44%) with special functions • protection forests (289 129 ha, 15.06%) securing principle ecological and conservation functions.

Figure 35 Forest categories according to acreage in the SR (%)

15.06%

M Commercial forests H Special-purpose forests H Protection forests

Source: Lesoprojekl Zvolen

Table 88 Proportion of stand types in the SR

Stand type % Dwarf-pine forest 1.11 Spruce forest 19.96 Fir forest 0.49 Pine forest 6.56 Oak forest 7.36 Beech forest 21.01 Mixed Oak-Beech forest 7.33 Mixed Beech-Oak forest 4.62 Robinia (Locust) forest 1.80 Mixed Spruce-Fir-Beech forest 14.41 Mixed Beech-Fir-Spruce forest 12.29 Others 6.06 Source: Lcsoprojckt Zvolcn

Proportion of broad-leaved and coniferous forests in the SR is as below: • broad-leaved forests - 57.55 % of the total forested area • coniferous forests - 42.45 % of the total forested area. At the moment, trend in tree species representation favours higher percentage of broad-leaved species in forest ecosystems thus creating more favourable preconditions for achieving ecological stability of forest stands.

67 State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997

More complex view on tree species representation is given in the statistics of stand type representation as this also reflects tree species mixture, combination and their spatial distribution.

Table 89 Spatial tree species distribution in the SR

Tree species % Spruce 27.10 Fir 4.39 Pine 7.64 Larch 2.28 Dwarf-pine 1.02 Other coniferous species 0.02 Coniferous total 42.45 Oak 11.20 Turkey oak 2.40 Beech 30.04 Hornbeam 5.60 Maple 1.68 Ash 1.19 Elm 0.05 Robinia 1.74 Birch 1.34 Lime-tree 0.34 Alder 0.71 Domestic poplar species 0.37 Hybrid poplar species 0.58 Willow 0.11 Other broad-leaved species 0.20 Broad-leaved total 57.55 Source: Lesoprojekt Zvolcn Age structure of the Slovak forests is not optimal and is being described as unbalanced. Regarding proportion of age categories in the Slovak forested areas, percentage of age categories 1-4 (forest stands between 1-40 years of age) is subnormal (30.52%), percentage of age categories 5-9 (forest stands between 41-90 years of age) is on the contrary higher than optimal percentage (50.93%). Older mature forest stands with age limit 91 and over (age category 10 and more) have proportion lower than optimal (18.55%). Effective management and forest protection measures taking into consideration ecological aspects are made possible thanks to existing forest transport system (LDS) allowing optimal access to all forested areas. The most important component of LDS is forest haulage road system with its length of 20 645 km in 1997 (10.4 m per ha of forest land). Total length of skidding roads and lines was 15 037 km (7.6 m per ha). In 1997, the total area of 13 239 ha was afforested of which 11 562 ha was artificial regeneration and 1 677 ha was down to natural regeneration. Total growing stock was 390 mil m3 of timber to the top of 7 cm o.b. without bark which represents increased by 6 mil m3 (384 mil m3 in 1996). Total 1997 volume of harvested timber was 5 944 thousand m3 (coniferous species - 3 686 thousand m3, broad-leaved species 2 258 thousand m3). Incidental felling reached 3 396 thousand m3 which represents 57.1% of total volume of harvested timber.

Figure 36 Percentage of incidental felling in total volume of harvested timber (SR)

1988 !')89 \V)0 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 Source: MP SR, Lesoprojekt Zvolen

68 State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997

Abiotic harmful factors are considered to be principal causes of incidental felling. Range of damages caused by their activity in 1997 is as follows: • windthrow hazard - 2 082 thousand m3 • snow 58 thousand m3 • frost deposit - 100 thousand m3 forest fires 10 thousand m3 drought - 145 thousand m3 unknown cases - 118 thousand m3.

Table 90 Proportion of damages caused by main abiotic harmful factors (1988-1997) in thousand m3 of timber

Year Windthrow Snow Frost deposit Drought Total hazard 1988 825 176 146 58 1 205 1989 I 337 165 57 42 1 601 1990 1 480 167 45 66 1 758 1991 849 124 10 172 1 155 1992 827 106 12 149 1 094 1993 666 70 6 201 943 1994 794 511 1 179 1 485 1995 823 240 21 257 1 342 1996 1 997 133 182 430 2 742 1997 2 082 58 100 145 2 385 Source: LVU Zvolcn

Main biotic harmful factors contributing to incidental felling: bark - beetle species and woodworm - 644 thousand m3 leaf-eating and sucking insects - 14 thousand ha rots - 18 thousand m3 tracheomycosis - 57 thousand m3 game 0.64 thousand ha.

Other harmful factors contributing to forest damage are ambient air quality, grazing and tourism, /olume of timber damaged by ambient air quality reached 381 535 m3 in total. Out of this number spruce lamage accounted for 79% , fir damage 16%, oak 2%, pine 2%. In comparison to 1996, total damages aused by ambient air quality are lower by 0.4%. Monitoring plays an important part in forest health state monitoring. In 1997, Forestry Research nstitute (LVU Zvolen) carried out 11th monitoring cycle within 16 x 16 km monitoring network indu- ing 11 permanent monitoring sites. According to the monitoring results for 1997 (based on damage levels and % of defoliation) 18% f trees fell into category 0 - Healthy trees (0-10 % defoliation) and 82% of trees fell into the category inge 1-4 (11-100 % defoliation) out of which 31% of trees showed signs of heavy damage. 1% of trees •ere considered to be dying or already dead. According to survey, broad-leaved species are more resistant to harmful factors than conifers. The ast damaged broad-leaved species appear to be hornbeam (6.1%) and beech (13.5%). The most suf- ring and sensitive species with the highest percentage in the categories 2-4 are fir (59%) and spruce •4%). From broad-leaved species the least tolerant species appears to be oak (41.9%).

69 State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997

Table 91 Forest health state monitoring results (1987-1997)

Year Species Percentage of trees according to damage level (%) 0 I 2 3 4 1-4 2-4 3-4 1987 coniferous 11 36 41 11 1 89 S3 12 broad-leaved 26 47 22 5 0 74 27 5 total 19 42 32 7 0 81 39 7 1988 coniferous 14 33 43 9 1 86 53 10 broad-leaved 33 39 23 5 0 67 28 5 total 25 36 32 6 75 39 7 1989 coniferous 9 32 49 9 91 59 10 broad-leaved 20 38 37 4 80 42 5 total 15 36 42 6 85 49 7 1990 coniferous 14 30 47 8 86 56 9 broad-leaved 23 45 25 5 77 32 7 total 20 39 34 6 80 41 7 1991 coniferous 14 47 34 4 86 39 5 broad-leaved 41 38 17 3 59 21 4 total 30 42 24 3 70 28 4 1992 coniferous 15 44 33 7 85 41 8 broad-leaved 31 40 23 5 69 29 6 total 24 42 27 6 76 34 7 1993 coniferous 8 42 46 3 92 50 4 broad-leaved 28 43 25 3 72 28 4 total 20 43 33 3 80 37 4 1994 coniferous 8 41 44 5 ; 92 51 7 broad-leaved 20 45 31 4 80 36 S total 15 43 36 5 85 42 6 1995 coniferous 8 40 46 5 92 52 6 broad-leaved 19 46 32 2 81 35 3 total 14 44 38 3 86 42 4 1996 coniferous 12 47 37 2 2 88 41 4 broad-leaved 15 57 26 1 1 85 28 2 total 13 53 30 2 2 87 34 4 1997 coniferous 13 45 38 3 1 87 42 4 broad-leaved 22 55 21 2 0 78 23 2 total 18 51 28 2 1 82 31 3 Legend describing damage levels: 1 Source: LVU Zvolcn 0 - 0-10 % without defoliation - healthy trees 3 - 61-99% heavy defoliation - heavily damaged trees 1 -11-25% slight defoliation - slightly damaged trees 4 -100% dying or already dead trees 2 -26-60% medium defoliation - medium damaged trees Comparison of dynamics of forest health state changes between year 1996-1997 (expressed by level of defoliation) in 24% of trees the health state improvement was recorded, 58% trees no changes were observed, in 18% of trees the health state deteriorated.To conclude, we can say that a slight improvement in the health state of Slovak forest was observed in comparison to 1996. The difference represents 6%. Broad-leaved species in general show higher resistance and more tolerance to harmful factors.

In 1997, agriculture contribution to GDP was 28 867 mil Sk in current prices which represents 4.41% of total GDP, as opposed to 4.7% in 1996. In 1997, a slight decline in the total acreage of arable land was recorded but, on the contrary, permanent grassland area increased by a few hectares.

70 State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997

Table 92 Structure of agricultural land fund as of January 1st, 1998

Area Percentage Land category (thousand ha) (%) 1996 1997 1996 1997 Agricultural land in total 2 444.0 2 444.63 100 100 Arable land 1 475.0 1472.12 60.35 60.22

Hop-gardens 1.0 1.26 0.04 0.05 Vineyards 29.0 28.81 1.18 1.18 Gardens 78.0 77.89 3.19 3.19 Orchards 19.0 18.97 0.77 0.78 Permanent grassland 842.0. 845.59 34.45 34.59 Total SR area 4 903.46 4 903.46 - - Source: UGKK SR In annual production, trend in decreasing numbers of livestock, swine, sheep and horses was detained. The only exception to this trend were numbers of goats and poultry that continued to grow following the trend from previous years.

Table 93 Livestock statistics 1997 (in pcs)

Category 1995 1996 1997 Cattle 929 000 891 991 803 398 Swine 2 076 000 1 985 223 1 809 868 Sheep 428 000 418 823 417 337 Goats X 26 147 26 778 Poultry 13 382 000 14 147 177 14 221 713 Horses X 9 722 9 533 x - data not available Source: SU SR

In 1997, an increase in area of complex cultivated patterns was recorded only in case of cereals, oil producing plants, sugar beet and vegetables. However, a significant decrease in complex cultivated area of potatoes, edible legumes and root forage plants was observed. Total volume of industrial fertilizers consumption rose in 1997 by 19.7 % comparing to 1996. Use of pesticides showed a decreasing trend as in previous years.

Table 94 Consumption of fertilizers in 1996 / 1997 (tonnes)

Fertilizers Calcareous Nitrogenous Phosphate Potassium Industrial Manure fertilizers total SR total 854 233.21 88 016.58 24 493.60 20 477.40 132 987.68 7 961 988.65 Source: SO SR

Figure 37 Consumption of industrial fertilizers in the SR (in tonnes of pure nutrient)

3 O. 300000

C o

1993 Source: SU SR

71 State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997

Table 95 Consumption of NPK fertilizers per 1 ha of agricultural land (in kg of pure nutrients)

Fertilizer type Consumption per 1 ha of agricultural land 1995 1996 1997 Nitrogenous 30.6 32.8 37.7 Phosphate 7.8 8.8 10.5 Potassium 6.6 7.3 8.8 Industrial fertilizers in 45.0 48.9 57.0 total Source: §11 SR Table 96 Consumption of pesticides in 1997 (tonnes)

Type Consumption Pesticides - total 3 512.5 Insecticides -total 159.2 Chlorinated Hydrocarbon 0.1 Phosphorus organic compounds 83.1 Carbamate insecticides 13.9 Pyrethrum insecticides 42.1 Mineral oil insecticides 6.5 other insecticides 12.2 Biological pesticides 1.3 Herbicides - total 2 523.4 Phenol- group Acids 658.6 Triazines 356.3 Acetamides 527.2 Carbamates 131.4 Dinitroaniline 72.3 Mineral oils 2.5 Other herbicides 775.1 Fungicides - total 506.4 Other chemicals - total 323.5 Mordants 92.6 Desiccators and defoliators 115.0 Morphoregulators 78.8 Chemicals limiting harvest losses 14.3 Rodenticides 9.8 Repellents 0.2 Tenzides 4.7 Additives 6.8 Antitranspirants 0.4 Soil remediation substances 0.9 Source: UKSUP In 1997, agriculture produced 4.18 mil tonnes of waste in total (data represents summary of agricultural waste, game management and related services waste excluding other waste). Comparing to 1996, total amount of discharged waste water fell by 84 thousand m3.

Simultaneously the decrease of CODCr and BOD5 and increase of IS and ENP were registered.

Table 97 Amount of discharged wastewater related to agriculture activities

Waste water Volume IS BODS CODCr ENP 1 produced by (thous.m3.year"') (t.year ) (t.year"1) (t-year1) (tyear"1) agriculture Treated 2 375.343 122.33 86.89 297.65 1.39 Untreated 67.160 5.48 5.78 21.22 0.01 Total 2 442.503 127.81 92.67 318.87 1.40 Source: SHMU Hydromelioration No change between 1996 and 1997 was recorded.

Table 98 Transformation of principal melioration facilities in the SR (ha)

Irrigation system Drainage system SR 320 091 458 500 Source: VUZH Bratislava

72 State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997

Transport Network In 1997, transport network of the SR included 17 629 km of roads and motorways of which 218.9 km were motorways. As for railway transport network there were 3 673 railway tracks out of which 1 516 were electrified railway tracks. The length of navigable watercourses remained unchanged 182 km of which channel length represented 38.45 km. The amount of passengers carried by road vehicles fell by 17 310 passengers. Similar trend was observed in railway transport with the number of passengers decreased by 3 703 persons. A sharp decline was recorded in number of persons carried by air. Increased by 1 thousand carried passengers was recorded by shipping. In case of freight all type of transport excluding shipping recorded an increase.

Table 99 Freight and passengers shipping

Type of transport 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 Road transport carried passengers (in thousands) 825 677 761 439 722 510 699 758 682 148 efficiency - (mil persons per km) 11445 10 574 11 191 11 097 9 969 freight shipping (in thous. tonnes) 37 826 28 465 32 043 34 745 41 108 efficiency in (mil tonnes per km) 5 464 4 910 5 158 5 171 3 779 Railway transport carried passengers (in thousands) 86 727 99 101 89 471 74 294 70 591 efficiency - (mil persons per km) 2 948 4 548 4 202 3 752 3 057 freight shipping (in thous. tonnes) 64 825 58 953 60 776 58 066 59 377 efficiency (in mil tonnes per km) 14 304 12 236 13 674 12017 12 373 Shipping carried passengers (in thousands) 134 151 138 80 81 efficiency - (mil persons per km) 7 7 7 5 4 freight shipping (in thous. tonnes) 1 399 1 416 1 661 1 413 1 328 efficiency (in mil tonnes per km) 843 846 1 468 1 597 1 519 Air transport carried passengers (in thousands) 34210 6 780 111 388 125 104 177 efficiency - (mil persons per km) 37 94 153 193 231 freight shipping (in thous. tonnes) 5.92 7.42 1.85 3.1 1 efficiency (in mil tonnes per km) 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.4 191 Source: SU SR Continual increase in a number vehicles was again recorded in 1997.

Table 100 Number of vehicles according to the categories (as of December 31st, 1997)

Indicator 1997 Total number of vehicles including: 1 623 305 Passenger cars 1 135 914 Vans 14 061

Lorries / trucks 89 019 Special 45 976 Buses 11 235 Source: SU SR

73 State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997

Figure 38 Total number of registered vehicles

•••II19% IIW7 year Source: SO SR Figure 39 Trends in the selected vehicle categories

§> 1000000

• passenger cars • vans • lorries/trucks • special IS buses

Source: §U SR Emissions from Traffic

During 1997 only the summary of 1996 emission situation in traffic was elaborated.

Table 101 Emissions from traffic (1996) Sector NO, CO NMVOC SO2 NH3 CO2 CH4 N2O (t) (t) (t) (t) (thous.t) (t) (thous. t) Road transport 37 760 152 446 36 623 1 97m1 161 3 822 1 158 234 • Passenger cars 15314 119 161 22 181 1 600 • Light lorries 1 066 4 547 740 249 • Heavy lorries 21 343 11 659 4 800 1 891 • Motorbikes 37 17 079 8 902 83 Other means of 5 643 1 827 609 339 341 19 135 transport • Railway transport 3 581 754 320 189 200 12 86 • Shipping 2011 431 183 144 114 7 49 • Air transport 51 642 106 6.37 26 Total 43 403 154 273 37 232 2 310 161 4 164 1 177 369 Source: SHMU Figure 40 Trends in traffic emissions

1995 1996 Source: SHMU

74 State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997

199S 1996 Source: SHMU NMVOC

1987 1990 1994 1995 1996 Source: SHMU Traffic Noise Traffic noise pollution assessment is a part of 'Risk Factors in the Environment' chapter.

Traffic Generated Waste In 1997, traffic generated waste - belonging into the category of special waste - reached following volumes: • ground transport, pipe system transport 51 222.3 tonnes • shipping 210.7 tonnes • air transport 124.7 tonnes.

Public Health

In 1997, average life expectancy at birth reached 68.91 for men and 76.73 for women. A slight increase in the average life expectancy results from a positive trends observed in a baby death rate. Comparing to the rest of Europe on average life expectancy of the Slovak population is lower (men by 6-7 years, women by 4-5 years). World wide analyses carried out to date have shown that the impact of environmental pollution on human health is not significant. This fact has also been confirmed in Slovak conditions. Life expectancy of mail population in 3 most polluted districts (Bratislava - city, Kosice - city and Prievidza) was the highest in the whole Slovakia. On the Slovak territory in general we can observe considerable differences in a life expectancy. The difference can be as high as 6 years between individual districts of Slovakia.

75 State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997

Figure 41 Average life expectancy at birth - female population - in the Slovak districts (1993-1995)

Source: SU SR

Figure 42 Average life expectancy at birth - male population - in the Slovak districts (1993-1995)

69-71 68-69 67-68 66 - 67 •• 64 - 66 Source: SU SR

The shortest life expectancy is recorded in districts with low percentage of male population with university or high school education background, on the contrary with high percentage of male population with only basic school education. The mentioned phenomena points out to a direct link between life expectancy and differences in life-style. Short life expectancy of the Slovak population is caused mainly by high death rate of middle-age population group. In 1997, according to the statistics for the Slovak Republic, 52 124 men and women died. In 3 quarters of cases diseases of cardiovascular system and cancer are to blame. Other categories of diseases namely diseases of respiratory tract, alimentary tract, urinary system and reproductive system as well as outside causes of death contributed to the total death-rate by less than one quarter.

Figure 43 Basic factors influencing the death-rate of the Slovak population Diseases of cardiovascular system

76 State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997

tumors

19% I9')7 Source: UPK.M

Statistically, the highest long-term death-rate among the Slovak population is that caused by circulatory system diseases. In 1997, 28.5 thousand of patients died of this cause. As for age group and gender, male population is most severely affected in the age group of 70-79 years. Comparatively, the most severely affected age group among female population appears to be that of 70-89 years. From diseases included in this category, heart attack and cerebrovascular diseases are the prevalent cause of death. The second most frequent cause of death occurring among the Slovak population is cancer and tumors, momentarily showing an increasing trend. In 1997, 1.3 thousand of people died of these causes. The most affected age groups are: • Male population between 65-74 years of age • Female population between 65-79 years of age The following types of cancer are the most common: trachea, bronchi and lung tumors and cancer, malignant cancer of stomach and large intestine. A slight increase in occurrence of respiratory diseases was registered. In 1997, 3.7 thousand of persons died of this cause (50.4 % of males, 49.6% of females). The male population death rate is most obvious in groups between 65-84 years of age. As for female population, it is the group of 75 years of age and more. The typical death causing diseases are chronic pneumonia and influenza.

Figure 44 Causes of death in 1997

Alimentary Iract diseases 4.2% Others Injuries ;IIKI poisonings • 7.1%

Respiratory diseases Circulatory 7.2% diseases 54.7%

Cancer and tumors 21.7% Source: 50 SR

In statistics, rather than the total death rate comprising death in all age groups, indicator showing premature death (0-64 year interval) is more significant. In the Central Europe, premature cardiovascular deaths serving also as the principal indicator of the total death-rate which has been dependent on the societal-political organisation since the second half of 1960-ties. In democratic societies (Germany, Austria and Switzerland), the cardiovascular diseases death rate was showing a continual decrease. On the contrary, in geographically close countries of the Central Europe (Hungary, Poland, the former Czechoslovakia) it showed a steady, significant growth. The trend in premature oncological diseases deaths was also unfavourable. Differences in prematurely occurred death caused by widespread diseases continue to exist in the Central region to these days. In the long-term prospect, positive trends in baby death rate were observed, in percentage almost reaching the level common for developed countries. In 1997, 514 babies died before reaching their first

77 State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997 year. In comparison to 1996 this number is lower by 101 cases. The similar statistics in 1993 showed 525 more deaths in this category. Before reaching 28 days of their life, 321 babies died as compared to 415 in 1996.

Table 102 Public health - selected indicators

Indicator 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 Life expectancy at birth • Male 67.56 68.35 68.34 68.4 68.8 68.91 • Female 76.22 76.66 76.48 76.3 76.6 76.73 Live-births per 1 thousand 14.1 13.8 12.4 11.5 11.2 11.0 inhabitants Dead before reaching 1" year of 12.6 10.4 11.2 11.0 10.2 8.7 age per one thousand live births Baby death rate 8.4 7.5 7.4 7.9 6.9 5.4 Deaths in total 53 432 52 707 51 386 52 686 51 236 52 124 Deaths per one thousand 10.0 9.9 9.6 9.8 9.5 9.7 inhabitants Source: SU SR

78 State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997

Environmental Risk Factors and Pressures Physical Risk Factors

In 1997, input of the air-dose-equivalent (PDE) remained constant as compared to previous years. PDE value ranged from 88 to 184 nSv per hour (average value - 124 nSv.h"1)- The average annual effective-dose within Slovakia calculated from the data mentioned above equalled to 811mSv.

Table 103 Average radiation exposure (1997)

Author H, Ka E Measuring device inSv. h"1] [nSv. hl] [jiSv per year] Spumy (1997) 124.8 108.4 811 GM Tube STS 6 SURMS(1997) 124.0 107.8 811 FAG 621 B

Hx - input of air-cffcctivc-dosc per hour E - effective dose per year Source: UPK.M K°- input of air-photon-radiation -dose per hour

Air Contamination In 1997, the trend set in 1996 continued as continued deviations in artificial radionuclides air contamination. As for artificial radionuclides, only those of 137Cs were detected. In 1997, their values ranged rrom 0.25 to 0.95 /xBq.nr3. In analysed samples, also natural radionuclides 7Be (100 - 5 000 juBq.nr3) and 10Pb (40 - 1300 ,uBq.m"3) were present and detected. In the period 1993 - 1997, a gradual decrease in 37Cs volume activity was recorded. 7Be volume activity did not show any significant year-to-year varia- ion. However, seasonal maximal and minimal values were recorded within a year period.

able 104 137Cs air volume activity (1993-1997) Year Unit 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 Number of samples 23 29 29 32 31 Samples exceeding MDA 7 16 20 17 15 Minimal value ruBqnv1! 3.4 I.I 0.5 0.4 0.25 Maximal value ruBqm-3l 9.1 13.8 7.3 2.9 0.95 Average value [uBqm-3! 5.8 4.5 1.7 1.4 0.60 MDA - minimal delectable activity Source: UPKM mtamination of the Environment Components Components of the environment were contaminated with 137Cs nuclides gradually falling out from : upper atmosphere layers. Surface fallout activity was measured in samples gathered within a period )ne month. 137Cs values ranged from 2 to 2 500 mBq per m2 (average value - 280 mBq per m2). Surface '. drinking water contamination was lower than 0.02 Bq per 1 (minimal detectable activity) in all )rd.ed cases. Tritium contamination was also measured and recorded and its values ranged from 8 to bq per 1 (average value - 17 Bq per I).

79 State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997

Table 105 137Cs activity in the individual components of the environment (1997) Component Unit Average Band Air Bq.m"3 5.7 E-07 2.5 E-07 - 9.5 E-07 Fallout-monthly Bq.m'2 2.8E-01 2.0 E-03 - 2.5 E+00 Soil Bq.kg' not recorded not recorded Water Bq.r' 4.0 E-03 1.0 E-03-3.0 E-02 Water (tritium) Bq.K1 1.7E+01 8E+00-4.65E+02 Source: UPKM Food Contamination With regard to artificial radionuclides, only 137Cs radionuclide was detected in food samples analysed. Its content fell in the majority of samples below the level 0.5 Bq per kg.

Table 106 137Cs activity in food and agricultural products (in Bq per kg or Bq per 1)

Product Type Average Min Max Milk Fresh 1.22 E-2 l.OOE-03 1.50E-01 Beef Fresh 1.80E-01 5.00E-02 6.50E-01 Pork Fresh 1.62E-01 2.50E-02 1.05E+00 Game Fresh 3.26E+00 2.50E-01 4.25E+01 Poultry Fresh 6.12E-02 <0.005 7.50E-01 Cereals dry matter 7.58E-02 <0.005 1.15E+00 Potatoes dry matter 1.58E-02 <0.005 5.00E-02 Vegetables dry matter 1.94E-02 <0.005 7.50E-02 Fruit dry matter 7.07E-02 O.005 1.00E+00 Forest berries Fresh * <0.005 8.50E+01 Grass Fresh 1.50E-01 5.00E-02 4.50E-01 Mushrooms dry matter 3.00E-01 2.50E+01 Source: UPKM

"I Ml > I ', i '

Radon and its radioactive decay products represent the most significant source of human radiation exposure (approximately 43 % of annual radiation effective equivalent). For this reason a special attention is paid to natural radioactivity and potential radon risk. Natural radioactivity is the most usually calculated in Gamma radiation dose input. Data recorded on the territory of Slovakia (63.3 nGy per hour) exceeded set the European limit. Average concentrations of K reached 2.52 %, Th 9.4 ppm and U 3.3 ppm. The highest concentrations of U are common for rocks of Permian ages in which also uranium ore mineralisations are present (Novoveska Huta, Povazsky Inovec, hronicum system of the Nfzke Tatry Mountains). In 1997, the study 'Radon Risk Assessment from Geological Bedrock of Towns with Population Exceeding 10 000 and District Towns with Medium and High Radon Risk' was completed. Simultaneously, radon risk map at scales 1: 500 000 and 1: 200 000 including the whole territory of Slovakia was created. High potential radon risk was recognised in Spissko-gemerske rudohorie Mountains area (Smolnik, Rozriava, Hnilcik, Poproc, Medzev, Hnilec, Novoveska Huta), in Horehronske podolie basin, in Bratislava, Kosice, Banska Bystrica, Kremnica and their surrounding areas as well as in the town of Levice, Roznava, Zilina, Partizanske, Bytca and mainly Pezinok. High radium and radon values were recorded in water samples taken from different thermal and mineral springs (e.g. Oravice, Besenova, Plavnica). However, the highest occurrence of waters with high radon values was registered in waters coming from core areas (such as Male Karpaty Mountains, Povazsky Inovec Mountains, Tn'bec

80 State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997

Mountains, etc.) and in waters of Veporske and Stolicke crystalline Mountains. Importance of radon health risk in indoor facilities (work places and living areas) is stated for different radon volume equivalent activity intervals (EOAR) and is based on representative survey results. The survey was conducted by UPKM and included 2 745 housing units and 650 nursery schools and educational facilities, serving as sample material. The above mentioned data represents approximately 1.5 %o of the Slovak housing fund. According to the survey results given in cartographic form it is possible to say that weighted arithmetic mean (AP) EOAR calculated from the population distribution is equal to 48 Bq per m3. When comparing samples of family houses and blocks of flats the following differences were recorded: family houses - AP - 125 Bq per m3, GN (geometric mean) - 73 Bq per m3 and blocks of flats - AP - 22 Bq per m3, GN - 14 Bq per m3 (EOAR). The maximal recorded value of EOAR is 1 500 Bq per m3 and the average radon decay products inhalation effective dose in indoor facilities per capita is 3 mSv.

Table 107 EOAR values recorded in indoor facilities (SR)

EOAR Number of flats Number of flats -3 to/ I [Bq.m ] <20 728 26.5 20-199 1651 60.2 200 - 599 336 12.2 600 - 999 27 1.0 > 1000 3 0.1 Source: UPKM According to the Regulation of the MZ SR No. 406/1992 Coll. on existing developments, so-called action level (400 Bq per m3), is recommended. This regulation allows the executive bodies to decide upon introduction of corrective measures. In case of new indoor facilities development so - called reference level (100 Bq per m3) is used. This level has been set for areas with medium or high risk of the radon content in soil air.

Table 108 Districts with the highest average EOAR values and average annual radon and its decay products exposure effective dose in indoor facilities (per capita)

District EOAR E [Bq.m'3l [mSv] 1. Ro2nava 120 7.5 2. KoSice-vidiek 119 7.4 3. SpiSska NovaVes 94 5.9 4. Rimavska Sobota 87 5.4 5. Stara Cubovna 87 5.4 6. Vel'ky Krtfs 79 4.9 7. TrebiSov 72 4.5 8. Nitra -71 4.4 9. Komarno 66 4.1 10. Levice 65 4.1 Source: UPKM Figure 45 Average annual radon and its decay products inhalation effective dose in indoor facilities - based on district division (per capita)

mSv • 0.0-1.9 • 2.0-3.9 • 4.0-5.9 • 6.0-7.9

Source: UPKM

81 State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997

In 1997, total amount of generated radioactive waste produced in V-1, V-2 and A-1 nuclear power stations in Jaslovske Bohunice is presented in the following table.

Table 109 Generation of radioactive waste (RAO)

V-1 V-2 A-1 Concentrates Total amount 263 m3 123 m3 5 m3 Salt content 61.7 t 29.5 t 0.3 t Total activity 5.3.10" Bq 1.3.10'° Bq 2.10" Bq Sorbents Total amount - 3 m3 0.86 m3 Total activity - 2.5.109Bq 2.1014Bq Solid RAO Burnable 121 mJ 38.75 m3 Refractory 61.8 m3 16.5 m3 267 m3 Total 182.8 m3 55.25 m3 267 m3 Air technical filters 9.7 m3 7.9 m3 Note: increased amount of liquid and solid RAO in nuclear power station V-1 is due to undergoing reconstruction Source: UJD SR

The Slovak State Health Institute (SZU SR) is responsible for dealing with the problem of noise pollution. According to the 1997 statistics on noise pollution, this was monitored in 46 towns and villages with the total population of, 1 357 598. Railway traffic impact was tested only in the town of Trnava (71 783 inhabitants).

Table 110 Percentage of population affected Ipy road and railway traffic noise based on the equivalent noise levels (L Aeq) excess in dB (A)

Noise level % of population affected by road traffic % of population affected by railway traffic noise noise > 55 dB(A) 19.69 1.27 > 60 dB(A) 15.62 1.26 > 65 dB(A) 6.48 0.46 > 70 dB(A) 1.00 0 > 75 dB(A) 0.07 0 Source: SZU SR

Noise level of 65 dB (A), as given by results of medkal research, represents a level where negative impacts on human autonomic nervous system start. According to the Regulation of the MZ SSR No.14/1977 Coll. allowed noise limits are as follows: 60dB (A) - day-time and 5OdB (/M - night-time

82 State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997

Table 111 Results of the noise pollution monitoring in the selected towns based on the equivalent levels of the road traffic noise

% of population affected by road traffic noise in dB(A) Place > 55 dB(A) > 60 dB(A) > 65 dB(A) > 70 dB(A) > 75 dB(A) Dunajska Streda 10.816 7.216 4.132 0.592 0 Levice 12.205 3.449 0.504 0.072 0 Nov6 Zamky 1.371 0.649 0.172 0.003 0 Nitra 9.745 8.082 3.962 1.183 0 Pezinok 2.940 2.163 1.683 0.240 0 TopoPcany 3.503 3.398 3.228 1.599 0.119 Tmava 11.021 9.109 3.551 0 0 Banska Bystrica 8.172 5.840 3.576 0.746 0 Bardejov 1.620 1.420 0.300 0 0 Cadca 9.675 6.059 1.528 0.792 0 Liptovsky MikulaS ' 6.587 5.942 4.980 0.480 0 LuCeneo 4.265 2.940 0.484 0.0054 0 Martin 12.795 10.476 7.026 2.209 0.353 Povazska Bystrica 9.036 7.136 5.980 0 0 Zvolen 12.311 7.568 3.293 0.063 0 Zilina 5.573 4.871 4.620 1.689 0.108 KoSice 43.035 28.801 13.536 3.575 0.338 Rimavska Sobota 8.036 6.235 1.670 0.074 0 Presov 20.449 13.259 4.842 1.921 0.092 Senica 7.062 4.092 0.846 0 0 Vranov nad Topl'ou 4.132 3.277 2.205 0.070 0 Dubnica nad Vahom 3.293 2.235 1.360 0 0 Source: SZU SR

Chemical Risk Factors , <

The new chemical legislation was prepared under the supervision of MH SR, in collaboration with MZ SR, MZP SR, MP SR, MO SR, MV SR, UBP SR, the Slovak Association of Industrial Ecology and the Association of Chemical, Pharmaceutical Industry. This legislation was based on the Government Decree No.533/1994 and 100/1995. This is the act on chemical substances and products, which principles were negotiated and approved by the Slovak National Council Committees in January 1997. The juridical act wording was submitted for approval to the Governmental Legislative Council on December 1, 1997. The relevant act creates legal preconditions on the unification in registration, classification, labelling and packaging of the chemicals and the chemical products that are produced, imported and placed on the market in the SR. This also includes monitoring of already existing substances and their risk reduction, assessment of the chemicals potential impacts on the environment and results from conclusions accepted at international level (OECD and EU legislation).

83 State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997

PMS Xenobiotics in Foodstuffs and Animal Feed consists of 3 partial systems: Co-ordinated Purpose-oriented Monitoring System (KCM), Consumption Monitoring System (MSK), and Monitoring of Game and Fish (MLZ), Year 1997 was the second year of the second 5-year- cycle of partial system KCM carried out since 1991. Its main objective was to identify mutual correlation among agricultural soil contamination, irrigation water, feed water and plant and animal production. Since 1991, the total amount of 13 133 samples have been analysed; 1 017 (7.7%) samples have exceeded limit values of at least one of the monitored contaminants. When regarding the samples of soil and animal products, the most significant excess of set limit values was observed in case of fluorine and cadmium. In the analysed samples of feed water, animal feed and plant products, the excess of nitrate limit values was recorded. The contamination of irrigation water was caused mainly by nitrites. Cadmium is considered as being the most significant contaminant from the group of monitored chemical elements. From a total amount of 4 748 soil samples being analysed since 1991, in 496 cadmium content exceeded set limit values which represent 10.4 % of all samples. According to assessment of the average amount of cadmium present in soil, the highest average values were registered in Cadca, Tvrdosin and Levice districts. The second most cogent chemical element is mercury. From a total amount of 4 578 soil samples analysed since 1991, mercury content limit value was exceeded in 301 cases (6.6%). Since 1993, Partial system MSK aiming at gathering data about food contamination within consumers network has been in operation. Analyses of organic and inorganic contaminants, medicines, additives and radionuclides are carried out in each group of commodities. The total amount of analysis done through MSK reached 46 880 (3 026 samples). The highest values of weekly intake into human body were calculated for the following chemical elements: • nickel - 0.88 mg per person per week • chromium - 0.37 mg per person per week • lead - 0.34 mg per person per week • arsenic - 0.17 mg per person per week.x 4 Occurrence of the samples with excessive heavy metal content was minimal. Samples not meeting set criteria were most numerous in case of cadmium (beer, table salt, pork, drinking water), nickel (vegetable oil, butter, vine) and chromium (vegetable oils, table salt). Occurrence of the samples with excessive heavy metal content was recorded mainly in Kezmarok and Kral'ovsky Chlmec areas. In Nitra area, unlike other areas, higher average values of nitrates present in vegetables were registered. In 1995, for the first time, monitoring of xenobiotics presence in fish and wild animal organisms was carried out in the selected areas of different Slovak regions. Partial system MSK focuses on the monitoring of contaminants and their penetration into organisms of wild animals and fish, as fish serve as a natural water quality bioindicator and form a part of human diet. Excessive values of risk elements were recorded in Kosice region (Kosice - surrounding area, Trebisov, Spisska Nova Ves) and Presov region (Bardejov and Humenne). Most frequently recorded excessive values were those of cadmium, mercury, lead and copper.

84 State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997

Table 112 Amount of samples, samples with excessive limit values and number of analyses carried out within the partial monitoring system xenobiotics in the food chain

subsystem Number of Number of Number of samples with Percentage of samples analyses samples excessive limit values with excessive limit values % KCM 24 135 2 706 147 5.5 MSK 14 291 743 23 3.1 MLZ 3 509 355 110 30.9 Source: VUP The Ozone Layer Depletion

The Slovak Republic succeeded the former Czechoslovakia into the Vienna Convention for the Protection the Ozone Layer (Vienna, 1985) and Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (Montreal, 1987), joined the world-wide effort concerning the Earth ozone layer protection. Taking into consideration the fact of ever growing trend in the ozone layer depletion, the Montreal Protocol signatories consented upon tightening measures on their meeting in London (1990), Copenhagen (1992), Vienna (1995) and Montreal (1997). The Slovak Republic became the signatory of the London Amendment on April 16, 1994 after approvals of the Slovak Government (Decree No.272, April 1993) and the Slovak National Council (Decree No.393,17th February, 1994). It became the signatory of the Copenhagen Amendment on January 9th, 1997 after receiving approvals from the Slovak government (Decree No.535, July 15th, 1997) and the Slovak National Council (Decree No. 732, October 2nd, 1997). Following the Montreal Protocol Amendments and changes resulting from the London and Copenhagen Amendments, consumption of the monitored and registered substances of group I Amendment A - perchlorfluorhydrocarbons, group II Amendment A - halons, group I Amendment B- other perchlorfluorhydrocarbons, group II Amendment B - tetrachlormethane, group III Amendment B- 1,1,1-trichlorethane in the Slovak Republic should be since January 1st, 1996 completely stopped. Only recycled, regenerated and stocked substances are allowed to be in further use. The only exception to this rule, is when these substances are used for laboratory and analytical purposes. According to the Copenhagen Amendment to the Montreal Protocol (1992) which was further elaborated in Vienna (1995), the production and consumption of substances in group C.I. (chlorfluorhy- drocarbons) should be equal to 0.5% of calculated level of the starting year 1989 during the next decade. Production of these substances during the next decade is strictly limited to servicing purposes, with the commitment of their total elimination by the year 2020. Methylbromide consumption (E.I.group) should in accordance with the Montreal Protocol changes (1997) decrease by 25% by the year 1999; by 50% by the year 2001; by 70% by the year 2003 with its total elimination by the year 2005. The initial year of this intention was 1991. Since January 1st 1996, production and consumption of the group C.II. substances is banned (bromfluorhydrocarbons).

85 State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997

The Slovak Republic fully complies with the principal commitment as given in the Montreal Protocol, accepting all its changes. Calculated consumption of the group C.I. limited production (chlor- fluorhydrocarbons) in accordance with the Copenhagen Amendment (using ozone depletion potentials - ODP) is lower than 6% of the allowed calculated consumption level of these substances. Methylbromide consumption in 1997 reached 56% of consumption allowed.

Table 113 Consumption of substances under control (1992-1997) (t)

Group of 1986/89 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 substances Initial Consumption Consumption Conanmption Consumption Consumption Consumption consumption

AI -freons ,:.. 1 710.5 609.6 986.9 229.4 3.79.2 1.2" 2.05° AII -halbris:: i: •: 8.1 2.5 2.0 0.0 ' 0.0 0.0 0.0 BI*: -iireons : : 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Bn*-CCl4:: ;•:::: 91.0 251.8 250.0 315.4 0.6 0.0 0.16" BHI*- 200.1 107.3 180.0 136.7 69.4 0.0 0.1" i;l.l trichloroethane

Cp:V: ;-:••:,:::••: 49.7 37.2 61.0 59.9 CH-HBFC22B1 14.3 0.0 E** - HBr 10.0 9.6 5.6 Total : : 2 019.5 971.2 1 419.0 717.5 449.2 86.1 61.81 1989-starting year Source: MZP SR *• 1991 -starting year

1) consumption of A.I., B.H. and B.HI substances in two consecutive years 1996,1997 represents import of these substances on analytical and laboratory purposes in accordance with the general exception to the Montreal Protocol.

Note 1: In 1996, besides the above mentioned substances, 250 tonnes of recycled tetrachloromethane and 20 tonnes regenerated freon CFC12 were imported. However, amount of these substances is not calculated towards total consumption as given by valid methodology. Data concerning consumption of C.L, C.ll. and E substances from the previous years is not available.

Note 2: In 1997, besides the above mentioned substances, 40 tonnes of used freon CFC12 were imported. Following the methodology valid, this amount is not calculated towards consumption. 2.16 tonnes of methylbromide were also imported for the purposes of medicine and drug production and were received by Slovakofarma Pharmaceutical Comp. This amount is not calculated towards total consumption.

Since September 1993, monitoring of the total atmospheric ozone over the territory of Slovakia has been conducted by SHMU monitoring station located in Poprad - Ganovce. This station also moni- tors intensity of UV-B radiation. The average annual total atmospheric ozone value in 1997 was 323 Dobson units (D.U.). This represents 5% decrease in comparison to the long-term average value (1962- 1990) - data obtained from Hradec Kralove (the Czech Republic), but used for the territory of Slovakia as well. All monthly averaged values were lower, too; in March and May 8% decrease was recorded. The situation in July and August was more favourable than in the previous years, with negative deviation of monthly average values ranging from 2 to 3%. Weekly average values remained under the long-term average values.

Intensity of UV-B radiation on the Earth surface is characterised by distinctive daily and yearly pattern depending on the Sun elevation above horizon. The route of the sunlight is dilated through the ozone layer at the lower Sun elevation. Therefore, the harmful radiation is more effectively reduced. The highest values are being recorded in the period of May-August during sunny days, at noon. In May and June 1997, the average ozone value was 8% below normal. Despite this fact, the harmful UV-B radiation flow density exceeded the value of 175 mW per m2 which is considered to be high. The UV-B flow density is assessed by DIFFEY biological efficiency spectrum. The limit value of 175 mW per m2 was exceeded only during several days from the end of June to the first half of August. It was caused by prevalent cloudy weather conditions.

86 State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997

Figure 46 Total atmospheric ozone level over the territory of Slovakia (1997)

-i 35

400

S 340 —!

13 17 21 25 29 33 37 41 45 49 53 Week -Average value 1962 -1990 • Weekly average • Deviation Source: SHMU

Waste

In 1997, total amount of waste generated in the SR equalled 19.8 mil tonnes out of which 10.1 mil tonnes were of other waste, 9.7 mil tonnes were of special waste including 1.8 mil tonnes of municipal waste and 1.5 mil tonnes of hazardous waste. Data for statistics was collected by District Offices - sec- tions of the environment and elaborated by the Slovak Environment Agency (SAZP) - the Waste Management Centre in Bratislava using the Regional Information System on Waste (RISO).

Table 114 Waste generation in 1997 (mil tonnes)

Waste Amount Other 10.1 Special 9.7 Including : Municipal 1.8 Hazardous 1.5 Total 19.8 Source: OU

87 State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997

Figure 47 Trend in waste generation based on category classification (mil tonnes)

mil t 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 Source: OU In accordance with valid legislation, data collection concerning other waste production was not performed in 1997. The above mentioned value represents professional estimate based on 1995-96 data comparison. In compliance with new valid Waste Catalogue (the Regulation of the MZP SR No. 19/1996 Coll. on Waste Categorisation), 1992-1997 comparison in total waste generation is possible only with regard to changes stated in and approved by this regulation. In concrete terms, straw and manure have been excluded from the total waste generation as they are directly utilised in agriculture; also soil from construction sites (trenches) is excluded. These exclusions refer to waste generated in 1995 in total amount of 8.6 mil tonnes. Another legislative change concerned transfer of animal faeces, dung and liquid manure from other waste category to special waste category (amount of 5.4 mil tonnes). Compared to 1996, total waste generation in 1997 slightly decreased (by 0.4 mil tonnes) which represents 2 % of total amount. Other and special waste production remained more or less stable. The total production of special waste fell by 0.4 mil tonnes (3.9%).

From the total volume of special and hazardous waste generated, more than 54.6% was utilized. The most common disposal methods of the mentioned waste were landfill disposal followed by biological treatment and physico-chemical treatment, incineration and storage.

Waste Landfills Disposal of municipal waste on land is still the major disposal root in the SR. In 1997, 540 landfills were operated in Slovakia, out of which 124 fully complied with set technical standards. From the total amount of special and hazardous waste, 2.3 mil tonnes were deposited at landfills. This number represents 25.6% of total volume of special and hazardous waste being generated. 5 new landfills (Zlate Moravce, Michalovce, Spisska Bela, Slavosovce and Zilina region landfill) were under construction in 1997. Landfills at Brezova pod Bradlom, Dolny Bar, Zlkovce, Cerova and Pezinok were open in 1997 for the first time. The process of closing down and reclamation of landfills further continued.

88 State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997

Table 115 Special and hazardous waste treatment in 1997 (tonnes)

Methods of treatment of special and Total Waste amount hazardous waste Special excluding Hazardous hazardous Physico-chemical 337 245.37 1 983.22 335 262.25 % 3.61 0.03 22.59 Biological 783 784.26 450 346.72 333 437.54 % 8.40 5.74 22.47 Incineration 188818.18 119 801.60 69 016.55 % 2.02 1.53 4.65 Landfill disposal 2 389 940.00 2 066 949.30 322 990.69 % 25.61 26.33 21.77 Other methods 252 488.97 57 211.36 195 277.61 % 2.71 0.73 13.16 Recycling 5 095 344.60 4 928 211.20 167 133.45 % 54.60 62.79 11.26 Storage 161406.30 116 314.90 45 091.40 % 1.72 1.48 3.04 Methods not specified 123 810.98 108 030.98 15 780.00 % 1.33 1.38 1.06 Total 9 752 126.20 8 249 732.1 1 502 394.1 Source: OU

Waste Incineration Compared to 1996, the amount of waste being incinerated in 1997 decreased by 110 thousand tonnes. This decrease resulted from unsatisfactory technical conditions of incineration plants and from introduction of tighten emission limits. In Slovakia, 38 out of 78 existing incineration plants are used for hospital waste disposal. The main disposal centres for municipal waste are Bratislava and Kosice incineration plants. In 1997, 188 818 tonnes of special and hazardous waste were incinerated. This number represents 2.02% of total waste volume. In 1997, preparation for reconstruction of the municipal waste incineration plant in Bratislava, started. Reconstruction of hazardous waste incineration plants at Slovnaft a.s. Bratislava and Duslo a.s. Sal'a is under ongoing discussion.

Waste Storage In 1997, 161 thousand tonnes of waste were stored (1.72 % of the total waste volume). This volume represented the kind of waste for which incineration and disposal facilities are non-existent in Slovakia as yet.

Waste Recycling Most waste contains significant amount of valuable materials which can be recovered and reused in production processes. According to RISO data, 54.6% (5.1 mil tonnes) of the total volume of special and hazardous waste is being recycled or utilised in another way. High percentage of utilised waste results from a high degree of livestock breeding waste utilisation (4.2 mil tonnes). Other important kinds of waste suitable for recovery and reuse are scrap iron, waste paper and waste glass. To a lesser extent, waste is being used as secondary raw material such as rubber waste, waste tyres, non-ferrous metal scrap, waste textiles, waste, plastics, waste oils and sawdust. Iron scrap is being reused in VSZ Holding a.s. Kosice and Iron Works a.s. Podbrezova which used 1 250 thousand tonnes of iron scrap (1997). Iron scrap consumption estimated amount being used in engineering in 1997 was 50 thousand tonnes. The total iron scrap consumption in the SR reached 1 300 thousand tonnes (1997). For processing purposes, 159 thousand tonnes were imported from abroad. The export of iron scrap represented 214 thousand tonnes which fully complied with the EU association agreement.

89 State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997

Waste paper is reused by JCP a.s. Stiirovo, PT a.s. Zilina, HP a.s. Harmanec and SCP a.s. Ruzomberok. In 1997, above mentioned companies used 115.6 thousand tonnes of waste paper. Import from abroad represented 71.5 thousand tonnes. The Slovak export amounted to 5 324 tonnes. Skloobal a.s. Nemsova, specialized in waste glass processing, used 31.6 thousand tonnes of waste glass (1997). 22.8 thousand tonnes of waste glass were provided by household collection, 8 799 tonnes were imported. In 1997, Mach Trade Company based in Sal'a processed 6 955 tonnes of waste lead accumulators.

Situation in waste management was assessed on the grounds of municipal waste management statistics. In 1997, the total amount of municipal waste generated was 1.8 mil tonnes. In comparison to 1996, the increase by 0.1 mil tonnes was caused by GDP growth as well as by life-standard improvement. Per capita, 313 kg of waste per year was generated, out of which 7.88 kg of the individual components were selected. A slight increase (by 9.2%) was recorded in the amount of the secondary raw material obtained from municipal waste, mainly waste glass, waste metals and bio-waste. Municipal waste management expenditure per cap per municipality reached 127.49 Sk on average and the cost of waste separation was 8.99 Sk . According to municipal waste management analyses, prevalent part of above mentioned waste is being disposed via landfills operated in compliance with valid legislative regulations. However, when compared to 1996, the amount of waste being disposed using this method decreased by 19% which is caused by gradual introduction of waste separation in municipal sphere. Waste management benefits from the fact that waste production has been restricted as a consequence of growing public awareness in the area of waste separation.

Table 116 Waste separation in SR municipalities in 1997 (tonnes)

Kind of waste Amount of waste Being used as Secondary raw material Energy Other methods of generation recycling material SR total 42 379.6 39 162.7 774.2 2 442.7 Paper 8 140.9 8 021.9 52.1 66.9 Glass 12 127.0 12 090.5 0 36.5 Textiles 238.8 229.1 6.0 3.7 Plastics 752.7 670.2 0 82.5 Metals 12 575.3 12 423.8 0 151.5 Bio-waste 7 963.6 5 579.6 610.7 1 773.3 Hazardous 103.9 80.6 0 23.3 components Others 477.4 67.0 105.4 305.0 Source: SU SR

90 Table 117 Municipal Waste Management (tonnes)

Including

Denomination of waste Amount of Being recycled as Methods of disposal waste Landfills Incineration Secondary Composting Energy Within Outside For energy Without energy Other methods raw material generation municipality municipality production production material area area

Municipal waste total including: 77 5767.0 36 423.5 63 165.8 951.5 469 190.3 772 533.8 153 534.2 7 668.9 272 299.0

Household waste 907 606.6 27 726.8 2 144.3 446.6 243 250.2 531018.8 95 193.7 3 546.8 4 279.2

f-T Other waste similar to household 226 482.5 1 951.7 368.2 3.1 66 360.4 104 212.4 51211.7 306.5 2 068.5 n waste from municipalities o

Separately sorted household waste 1 484.0 169.7 - 6.6 269.8 880.0 0.1 2.5 155.3 n containing injurants W

Ceespool waste 324 462.3 1714.1 24 370.9 - 2 613.1 9 823.0 - 30.57 262 400.6

Bulky waste from households 83 188.0 2 650.3 576.6 119.0 39 829.6 36 407.0 2 211.0 633.7 760.8

Bulky waste from municipalities 81 788.3 1 574.1 366.1 311.0 34242.7 44 247.7 448.6 352.3 245.8

n Street litter 66 435.7 76.7 1 299.9 7.5 40 777.4 23 027.3 605.1 269.4 372.4

Green waste 84 319.6 560.1 34 039.8 57.5 18 307.1 22 917.6 3 864.0 2 557.1 2 016.4

% 100 2.05 3.6 0.05 26.4 43.5 8.6 0.43 15.3

Source: M^P SR State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997

In 1997, the MZP SR issued 150 permissions for import, export and transit of waste. Out of this number, 99 permissions referred to waste import, 15 permissions regarded hazardous waste export and 36 permissions were issued for transit of waste through the territory of the SR. In 1997 (regarding already existing processing facilities), the import of the following commodities was permitted - scrap iron, waste paper, waste copper and waste glass - with the intention of their utilization as secondary raw material. In some cases, insufficient number of existing facilities dealing with hazardous waste disposal and its recycling causes the need to export this waste abroad. The MZP SR issues hazardous waste export permissions in accordance to the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal (1989). Hazardous waste export permissions are issued on the grounds of officially written import permission issued by the relevant state administration environmental authorities of the country of waste import. There must be a guarantee that hazardous waste will be treated in accordance to regulations on environmental protection. In 1997, hazardous waste export was permitted into 7 countries: Belgium, the Czech Republic, Finland, France, Norway, Austria and Germany. Waste import and export in the above mentioned cases is subject to the Regulation of the MH SR No. 302/1995 Coll. on Condition for Official Permission for Import and Export of Commodities and Services in wording of the Regulation of the MH SR No. 101/1996 Coll., the Regulation of the MH SR No. 158/1996 Coll. and the Regulation of the MH SR No. 23/1997 Coll. Year 1997 was the first year of the second phase (the year period 1997-2000) of the Slovak Republic Waste Management Programme realization (POH SR). POH SR main objectives and measures until the year 2000 were specified on the grounds of complex analysis and the first phase progress evaluation. Approved objectives and measures reflected current economic situation in Slovakia and estimated economic development in the context of its results achieved in individual spheres of waste management. Year 1997 was also important in terms of the SR's international recognition in the field of waste management.

Table 118 List of Hazardous Waste Export permissions issued in 1997 (tonnes)

Denomination of waste Amount Lead dross 100 Light metal dross containing Al 13 500 Filter dust containing non-ferrous metals 600 Waste lead accumulators 900 Waste barium salts 18.2 Waste transformer, heat carrying and hydraulic oils containing polychlorinated biphenyls 321.7 (PCB) and polychlorinated terphenyls (PCT) Waste devices and equipment containing PCB 246.5 Other waste containing PCB 10 Waste aromatic amines 50 Waste catalysts 100 PCB and PCT 10 Total 15 856.4, Source: MZP SR

92 State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997

Attached to SAZP, Waste Management Centre based in Bratislava, the first Regional Training Centre for the Basel Convention and worldwide technology transfer implementation (RSC) was established following the selection process administered by the Basel Convention Secretariat. Within the framework of UNEP / SBD No. BS 3100/97-01 project, RSC administers a 2-year educational project focused on further education of managers working in the field of waste management. This project is open to 19 Central and Eastern European countries undergoing economic transformation process. RSC is also involved in activities supporting implementation of environmentally friendly methods of hazardous waste management.

Table 119 List of waste import permissions issued in 1997 (tonnes)

^Denorolnation^fwast^S'^^r-SK ' Amount 115 500 ^WMte-doiorate->:-:i"':J^Hv-i.i:N^:':vi:^JW?;j:;;i:;^*^i: ' :x • .x'^-x yy 'py 500 Waste chromium-magnesite ^ 6 000 Waste glass suitable for further processing ^ \ ; ' • :\ ' '",'•'•• •••'•'•••;,.,•• 21 850 : : ; : 'Waste:plasteri'":- '^-'->' =W' -^.':^s.' •M--^,:-?:i^-:H>^ ~ ^^yy-yy^sryy 2 500 Jlron'sca]^'v^Si^ 200 ^Scrap iron including means of transport and iMeliinery:(patticularly locomotives, vehicle: 420 220 railway fleet; aircraft, vessels) meant as secondary raw material' • ' •' : '':>;•:": ' ": '. •':•• •Waste from ihactiiningnot contaminated by hann&l substances- ^'^: " i: - 16 000 1 : : : :: ;::v : ; : ! ^Waste^'alloys^cbmpbunds'-'-'.'':;'^'"^- ''^ .x y-' x^ -"x '"" :-: ---''- '-:.:' .\'. •"".: ' '•'- 11460 i ; : ; : : -Wastecopper,alloys,compounds ,:; ':'^'.-:^- vA:v: •';"'••:/:' :'.::" ' P ' • • '•':••.:' - ' • : ••'• 23 951 ; •Waste from cables- ri:^'$x ^'^'x-m^x^- '•>;';-,:'viy.;x::M:. ••{^•'•'^•'•''ix: "xyy-:xf'' x\ 270 Waste transformer, heat carrying and hydraulic oils not contaminated by PCB and PCT. . 1600 : ••Wastepolyeftylene':/''-'----: •••-• •^•'•'.•^ " xx^x :,:v ":* -•' y-y ;xx'xy ;,xx -,:> ,-: :. 1 000

Waste tyres and their cuttings :. :^: 2 580 : : Textilesandfabricresidues :: yx xx\xrx[ .• >y. ' .xx:. •-..•..... •:-:-. •, • •• . /, . ... 345

Waste garments, rugs, textile T:? 'xy.xyxx *:•,-.;••;: :••.:;•-;,: ,•'.':: -x\\:y •-••,.yx,x] ' ••••:/••• 2 500

Total -••:•••:;• -yxx x >••:•••] xx,,.xx ;.:y. -:-A, ..•.,;;• •!:..:;:.•••:-:•••., •••••- •••••.••; 626 476 Source: M2P SR Table 120 Permitted amounts of hazardous waste import and export in 1997 (tonnes)

•Country •• ;- •••^r' :'••'•' '' l'>':' :'x:: xXxxx Wasteimport Waste export Belgium :: : " ' • •': :-':" "••'x . 600 :Belarus : • ^xxx/xx-x-xxy. xyyy.ryx.jxx 3 200 - : : : :.TheCzechR«pubUc':;^ ; ^v-w:-;M.:.-^-!-:;: ....:A:; 171 260 2 618.2 • Finland"' .^y' x•;::;• xyxx-xyK'.yyxyxxy: . 300 ••France'''1::: •^^yyx:xyyy-- xyayyyx.,xx: 505 200 ••The Netherlands •':• "x '}:.'•'•:'••: ::x'.xyx: } : : 730 -

Croatia '".••• -i---:'- •.;•••••. •' .. ••.•yx.x.:..:.. : .:, :..• !: 2 500 - ^Lithuania •- : ^ : ^xxy.:Xx . •;;:•.•.••••,••:••: •• 600 - ^'Hungary ••x^xyxyxxy,. ;••;; :-yxy;:r,- <:,u, • 132 300 - ::Norway';:" ' --xxx,:;->;.'::"> -y ;^ -xyy •yx "• - 10 000 : : ; Poland', :•' ''•.:;:;:.:•••' . •: r-..-.:.-.: :'•'••• •. ::."'...v:- 49 150 - •Austria' '":::;:" :-.":'- - xx^^xyx^yy-x >x 1090 60

" Russian federation T ::xxx-yxx,i: r •,?>« ••.•,..• ..,-;;.- 18 815 - : :Slovenian ; v: ' '''•:xxyyxr..yyxy:.xyyy,::y ^ 70 - Germany-^C'-V;""-::'?:':-' '^'nxyyxy.yxx^. •y.y. 60 200 2 078.2

'• Switzerland ...-'.•'"• -x\::x\' : ,;•.-:--j••.•..•,„• 50 Italy :^: x:>y'~ 'x^.xxyyx.yxx- yxxxyx'x 30 - -Ukraine'^'-:'".-:":::;: xyyyytyy -xy.x'xxxyj-x 185 921 - -Great Britairiir^'v-V^K ''^xx-xxiyy -iy- 55 - ^oMy^xy-yyyyyyyyxyxyyy^y..^ 626 476 15 856.4 Source: MtP SR

93 State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997

Natural and Technological Hazards

In 1997, the trend in a number of accidents being recorded and causing water quality deterioration and contamination showed more or less stable development. According to data provided by the Slovak Environmental Inspectorate (SIZP), the main factors threatening water quality were as follows: • Low working and technological discipline (35 cases) • Unsatisfactory facilities conditions caused by insufficient maintenance (10 cases) • Inappropriate technical design of facilities (4 cases) • Transport and haulage (28 cases) The main substances contributing to water quality deterioration were: • Oil products (50 cases) • Alkali (10 cases) • Livestock faeces (8 cases) • Waste waters (11 cases) • Toxic substances (5 cases) • Insoluble substances (8 cases) • Pesticides (1 case) • Sillage fluids (1 case) From the total number of cases of alarming groundwater quality deterioration recorded, in 14 cases water was contaminated and in 32 cases water quality was threatened.

Figure 48 Trends in alarming water quality deterioration

number of accidental events surface water A groundwater ° n I 1989 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 Source: SIZP year

94 State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997

In comparison to 1997, the number of fires recorded in the SR increased by 1 145 and direct cost of damages increased by 586 908 000 Sk . The death toll increased by 6 persons and the number of injured persons fell by 12 cases (all comparing to 1996 statistics). Most fires occurred in March (2 196), April (1 492) and August (1 028). Increased incidence of fires during springtime was caused mainly by annually re-occurring fires accompanying dry grassland firing activities and human outdoor activities with nature. Higher fire risk in August resulted from post- harvest agricultural activities such as firing of straw residues left on the fields. The most common origin of fires was negligence and carelessness of adult population (6 305 cases). Technological accidents resulting from faulty material and construction caused 1 609 fires. 874 fires were initiated by children. 609 fires can be written down to arsoning activities and 302 fires to unsatisfactory conditions of heating units and stacks/chimneys. The highest occurrence of fires was recorded in Banska Bystrica and Presov regions - 1 588 cases . The lowest number of fires was in Trnava region - 883 cases.

Table 121 Number of fire accidents, cost of damages, rescued material values, death toll and number of injured persons (1992-1997)

Year Number of fire Cost of damages Rescued material Death toll Injured accidents (thousand Sk) values (thousand Sk) 1992 3 908 245 716.4 2 139 089.0 68 183 1993 6 354 491 306.3 2 209795.0 49 181 1994 6 960 280 971.1 2 020 964.8 38 153 1995 7 639 558 423.9 2 989 076.7 59 202 1996 9 462 342 461.4 2 365 331.6 61 167 1997 10 607 930 443.9 3 231081.0 67 180 Source: UPO MV SR

95 State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997 SK99K0201

Environmental Protection Economics of Environments Protection

Financial support and funding for the purposes of environmental protection is provided from State budget of the Slovak Republic (SR SR) through budgetary provisions of selected ministries and through the State Environmental Fund of the SR (SFZP SR). The contribution of particular Ministries to the total amount of capital investment (1 825 485 thousand Sk in 1997) was as follows: • the Ministry of the Environment (MZP SR) - 1 071 983 thousand Sk (58.7 % of total) • the Ministry of Agriculture (MP SR) -377 139 thousand Sk (20.7 % of total) • the Ministry of Health (MZ SR) - 113 695 thousand Sk (6.2 % of total) • the Ministry of Defence (MO SR) - 141 300 thousand Sk (7.7 % of total) • the Ministry of Education (MS SR) - 34 397 thousand Sk (1.9 % of total) • the Ministry of Labour, Social Affairs and Family (MPSVaR SR) - 5 993 thousand Sk (0.3 % of total) • the Ministry of Economy (MH SR) - 33 008 thousand Sk (1.8 % of total) • the Ministry of Transport, Post and Telecommunication (MDPaT SR) -175 thousand Sk (0.0% of total) • the Ministry of Justice (MS SR) - 22 293 thousand Sk (1.3 % of total) • the Ministry of Culture (MK SR) - 9 800 thousand Sk (0.5 % of total) • the Ministry of Finance (MF SK) - 5 726 thousand Sk (0.3 % of total) • the Office for the Strategy Development of Society, Science and Technology of SR (USRSVT SR)- 9 976 thousand Sk (0.6 % of total). Financial contribution of the above mentioned Ministries to the total capital investment (excluding MZP SR) amounted to 753 502 thousand Sk which represented 41.3 % of total investment.

Table 122 Environmental investments of the SR Ministries coming from the State budget and the State Environmental Fund (SFZP) - in thousand Sk Sector WWTP other WM Waste Air protection Total % Ministry sewerage actions management system MZPSR 364 795 260 137 103 872 343 179 1 071 983 58.7 MPSR 55 700 321 439 - - 377 139 20.7 MSSR 10 005 1 500 - 10 788 22 293 1.3 MPSVaR SR - - - 5 993 5 993 0.3 MOSR 37 352 85 235 - 18713 141 300 7.7 MKSR - - - 9 800 9 800 0.5 MZSR 1 000 - 700 111 995 113 695 6.2 MHSR 506 - 19 464 13 038 33 008 1.8 MVSR ------MSSR 2 433 13 903 300 17 761 34 397 1.9 MDPaT SR 175 - - 175 0.0 MFSR 5 726 - - - 5 726 0.3 USRSVT SR - - 9 176 800 9 976 0.6 Total 477 692 682 214 133 512 532 067 1 825 485 100.0 WWTP - waste water treatment plant Source: relevant Ministries WM - waste management

96 State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997

'/.•;

In 1997, 1 037 applications for SFZP financial support were approved (compared to 1 023 applications in 1996). On the grounds of issued approvals, agreements on SFZP financial support totalling 1 184 427 thousand Sk were signed (as opposed to 1 224 336 thousand Sk in 1996). Financial support for selected spheres was as follows:

Table 123 SFZP SR financial support according to the spheres

Sphere Number Thousands Sk Public water supplies 209 228 915 Waste water treatment plants and 252 364 795 sewerage system Air protection 259 343 179 Waste management 120 103 872 Nature conservation 76 34 458 Other water management facilities 23 31 222 Other activities 49 47 258 Research and promotion 49 30 728 Total 1037 1 184 427 Source: SFZP SR Financial resources for reduction of direct damages on the environment caused by serious accidents were released after official approval of the Minister of the environment. In 1997, 298 350 thousand Sk were spent on dealing with 4 emergency situations directly endangering the environment (compared to 1 762 007.80 Sk spent in 6 cases in 1996). Environmental protection expenses classed as investment subsidies amounted to 990 176 220.76 Sk. The state as of December 31st, 1997 represented additional subsidies from 1996 resulting from the lack of financial resources available at the end of 1996, using subsidies allocated in 1997 and subsidies balance from the final calculation.

Table 124 Allocated and actually spent financial provisions provided by SFZP SR in 1997 and 1996 (thousand Sk) Year 1996 Year 1997 Kind of activity Financial Financial resources actually Financial Financial resources actually resources spent resources spent provided provided Investment Non- Investment Non- Investment subsidies Investment subsidies subsidies subsidies Public water supplies 221 995 215 646 - 228 915 189 364 - Waste water treatment plants and 398 198 361714 - 364 795 326 906 sewerage system Air protection 337 360 318 067 - 343 179 261 314 - Waste management 147 284 140 066 - 103 872 92 174 - Nature conservation 8 725 - 18 643 34 458 - 22 799 Other water 32 218 17 937 - 31 222 16915 - management facilities Other activities 35 176 35 862 - 47 258 56 565 - Research and 23 380 - 21547 30 728 - 23 383 promotion Accidents 1762 591 - 298 754 - Total 1 226 098 1 089 883 40 190 1 184 725 943 992 46 182 Source: SFZP SR

97 State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997

Economic instruments of the environmental protection are understood as a part of economy management instruments complex leading to effective exploitation of natural resources and pollution reduction. The following table shows total capacities of the selected economic tools applied in 1997 (in comparison to 1996 in million Sk).

Table 125 Revenues from the selected economic instruments

Type of payment in million Sk 1997 1996 Difference Recipient Payments for pollution Penalties for air pollution 392 412 -20 SFZP SR Penalties for waste water discharge 195 234 -39 SFZP SR Penalties for waste disposal 174 220 -46 SFZP SR Payments for natural resources exploitation Payments for groundwater extraction 4.6* 13* -8.4 SFZP SR 305.7 129.5 + 176.2 SVF Payments for surface water extraction 940 915 + 25 watershed administration Payments for water supply from public 2 674 2 352 + 322 water supply and sewerage water supplies administration Taxes for occupied agricultural land 868 567 + 301 SFOZPPF Taxes for occupied forest land 33 125 -92 SFZL Reimbursement for mining facilities and exploited minerals 138 130 + 8 SRSR Exploited minerals separately 134 126 + 8 * Past period debts for payment for groundwater extraction were demanded on the grounds of judicial proceedings (in 1997) and part of payments was paid back in the first quarter of 1995 from the Ministry of Agriculture (in 1996). Source: fc

Table 126 Penalties imposed by Environmental State Administration Authorities (thousand Sk) - SFZP SR as recipient

Penalties / Sector 1997 1996 Difference Air protection 2 083 6 346 -4 263 Water protection 8 769 9 705 -936 Waste management 10731 15 068 -4 337 Nature conservation 852 8 452 -7 600 Total 22 435 39 571 -17 136 Source: SFZP SR

98 State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997

Environmental law

In 1997, preparation of legislative framework and policy making process regarding environmental issues further continued in effort to approximate them to the EU valid legislative system. The following generally valid regulations were enacted: • 229/1997 Coll. THE ACT which amends the Act No. 50/1976 Coll. on Territorial Planning, and on Building Order (the Building Act), in wording of later provision • 46/1997 Coll. THE GOVERNMENT ORDER of the Slovak Republic which declares binding part of the territorial plan of large territorial area of Kosice region • 47/1997 Coll. THE GOVERNMENT ORDER of the Slovak Republic on Pieniny National Park • 182/1997 Coll. THE GOVERNMENT ORDER of the Slovak Republic on the Nizke Tatty National Park • 258/1997 Coll. THE GOVERNMENT ORDER of the Slovak Republic on Poloniny National Park • 259/1997 ColL THE GOVERNMENT ORDER of the Slovak Republic on Muranska planina National Park • 41/1997 Coll. REGULATION of the Ministry of the Environment of the Slovak Republic on ascertain- ing of amounts of contaminating substances and data on meeting specified limits of contamination • 268/1997 Coll. REGULATION of the Ministry of the Environment of the Slovak Republic on the Fuel quality requirements, operative inventory management and range, kind and way of providing information to the air protection authorities. The following generally valid obligatory judicial regulations were proposed and elaborated: • Water Act proposal • Ozone Layer Protection Act proposal • State Environmental Fund Act proposal • State Geological Administration and Geological Services Act proposal (Geology Act) • Access to Environment Information Act proposal • Waste Act proposal • Territorial Planning and Building Order Act proposal (Building Act)

99 State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997

Environmental Impact Assessment

In 1997, in accordance to the Act of the NC SR No. 127/1994 Coll. On Environmental Impact Assessment, 160 proposed activities, facilities and constructions were assessed. 43 were subject to survey procedure and 117 were subject to obligatory assessment. In 1997, assessment procedures were completed for 69 constructions, facilities and activities. With regard to insignificant environmental impact MZP SR decided that 21 proposed actions would not be reviewed in accordance to legal framework. The most numerous group from among the assessed proposed actions included 19 proposals concerning waste management, 14 proposals on road and motorway construction and 7 proposals concerning water facilities construction. During the period oflegal procedures, final provisions issued by MZP SR complied in all cases with the proposed measures on reduction of negative environmental impacts.

Environmental Assessment and Eco-labelling .

The Slovak Government adopted the National Programme of Environmental Assessment and Eco-labelling (NPEHOV) by the Resolution No. 97 from February 6, 1996. Once organisation and administration network was established, this national programme was officially declared by the Slovak Minister of the environment of the SR on April 15, 1997 and published together with its initial directives. Initial directives concerned the following groups of products: • Directive No. 0001 - 100% cotton bed linen • Directive No. 0002 - toilet paper from 100% recycled fibres • Directive No. 0003 - paper tissues made of recycled fibres • Directive No. 0004 - plastic products containing waste plastics • Directive No. 0005 - water soluble coatings

100 State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997

• Directive No. 0006 - water soluble adhesives and binders • Directive No. 0007 - electric household washing machines. Right to use label 'Environment Friendly Product 0001' was given to the product: • 100% cotton bed linen of Technoconsulting - TEXICOM s.r.o. Ruzomberok. Right to use 'Label Environment Friendly Product 0002' was given to the following products: • Toilet paper up to 25 grams per m2 "Z" two-ply Harmasan 'Lekno' and 'Brectan' • Toilet paper more than 25 gram per m2 "Z" one-ply Harmasan 'Myval', 'Divy mak', 'Encian' of Harmanecke papierne a.s. Harmanec. Right to use label 'Environment Friendly Product 0005' was given to the following products: • Dispersed acrylic mate paint Ekokryl mat V 2045 • Dispersed acrylic lustrous paint Ekokryl lesk V 2062 • Paint Farmal V 2073 of Chemolak a.s Smolenice. The right to use label 'Environment Friendly Product' terminates at the end of 1999.

Environmental Management Systems

Following the trend in other developed countries, the Slovak Republic is trying to establish an effective system focusing on the monitoring of environmental impacts of producers, manufacturers and other organisations, together with products, technologies used and services provided. Apart from the environmental legislation and other systematic measures, Environmental Management Systems (EMS) are being gradually introduced. These systems represent generally appli- cable method of organisation management linking together environment protection principles, general principles of organisation running with objective of achieving environmental and economic goals.

J i •• s i.

VSZ OCEL. spol. 8 r. o. Oiwzny zavod Sludena valcovrta 044 54 Slovenska republic Main principles for EMS introduction into companies and organisations are formed by ISO 14000 group of standards called Environmental Management and issued by the International Organisation for Standardization Committee ISO/TC 207. In December 1996, Technical Normalization Committee TNK NO 72 called Environmental Management was officially declared by the Slovak Institute of Technical Normalization attached to UNMS Bratislava. The TNK is under

101 State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997 supervision of the Ministry of the Environment. Within its responsibilities the following standards were reviewed in 1997: • STN EN ISO 14001 - Environmental Management Systems (Specification completed with manual) • STN EN ISO 14004 - Environmental Management Systems (General instructions comprising principles, systems and supporting techniques) • STN EN ISO 14010 - Environmental Auditing (General principles) • STN EN ISO 14011 - Environmental Auditing (Auditing procedures, EMS Auditing) • STN EN ISO 14012 - Environmental Auditing (Qualification criteria for environmental auditors). The above mentioned standards will be issued in 1998.

ISO 14001 Standard is the certification standard for EMS implementation and certification. As it is not an obligatory standard, it was designed in a way that it can be applied in any size and type of organisation and type of organisation taking into consideration various geographical, cultural and social conditions. Efficiency of the implemented system is verified by certification auditing. Certification auditing results are used by certification organisation in the process of issuing official certificates.

Table 127 In 1997, in compliance with ISO 14001 Standard the following Slovak organisations were issued with certificates

Organisation Certificate issued Certifying body MATADOR a.s. Puchov 15Ih May 1997 DET NORSKE VERITAS Netherlands SLOVNAFT a.s. Bratislava 18th July 1997 SQS Switzerland Division Cold Rolling VSZ OCEC s. r.o. KoSice 26th August 1997 RW TUV Germany

Accreditation of EMS Certification Authorities in the Slovak Conditions Technical Committee for Accreditation of EMS Certification Authorities (TVA-COE) attached to the Slovak Accreditation system started to work on January 1, 1997. Within its responsibilities, TVA-COE has elaborated accreditation methodology based on EN 45012, ISO/IEC Guide 61 and EAC Guide 5 Standards, and meeting the EARA international criteria, a group of assessors and environmental auditors for accreditation and certification procedures was formed.

102 State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997

Environmental Education

The Government of the SR approved the Environmental Education Conception by the Resolution No. 846 from 25th November, 1997 focusing at • pre-school and school environmental education improvement • general environmental education • informing citizens about the environmental situation • environmental education of the state administration staff • international co-operation in environmental education. In April 1997, International Exhibition of Equipment and Technologies for the Envi- ronment Protection and Conservation ENVIRO Nitra took place for the second time. This event is being annually organized to celebrate Earth Day'. III. year of International Festival of Films, TV Programmes and Videos ENVIROFILM (oriented on environmental issues) has become a permanent part of the activities organized on the occasion of the International Environment Day. International jury reviewed 72 films from 19 countries with a main award being given to the Danish film 'Pachnuci hrniec s rybami' directed by Steen Jensen. Films participating in the 4-day festival were presented to more than 4 500 people in both Banska Bystrica and Zvolen. Within its programme, festival also included conferences on Landscape - Mankind - Culture and Conservation and on possible exploitation of karst environment for medi- cal purposes. Seminar on environmental education problems was designed for teaching staff; seminar 'Environmental Management' focused on the National Programme of Environmental Assessment / r^^H|^H£?*^^_ *" WMk£^!&l!%M an^ Eco-labelling,' seminar on the Effective Management of Pol'ana PLA - Biosphere Reserve was aimed for nature conservation- ists. Public-oriented ones were 'Green dis-

103 State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997

cussions' on various environmental topics such as: • environmental situation • natural resources exploitation and protection • international aspects of speleotherapy in the Slovak Republic. Inge Aarhus, co-ordinator of the Committee for Environment and Nature Conservation assisting preparation of the Lillehamer Winter Olympic Games 1994 presented results of its work. Several exhibitions were organised within ENVIRO- FILM framework. The exhibition called Green World - the largest one and for the first time organised biennially and on international level - attracted highest number of visitors and received positive comments from the public. 4 564 paintings and other works of art from 281 schools from Slovakia, Russia and Greece were received for the compe- tition. The following exhibitions offered a new perspective on environmental education and environmental issues: • Attractions of Banska Bystrica organized in co-operation with the Central Slovak Museum • Ozone Layer Protection and Water protection and its Effective Extraction organized by SHMU • Otis tarda and its protection • Photographic exposition called Fauna, Flora and Landscape of the Strazovske vrchy Hills and the Sul'ovske skaly Rocks NNR. Upon festival completion, presentation of festival films carried on in 9 other towns of Slovakia, helping to raise public awareness of environmental issues. The first Environmental Education Centre (EEC) Poniklec in Manfnska Tiesnava attached to the Slovak Environment Agency was established by the MZP SR with the prospective of setting up EEC centres in all regions of Slovakia. The EEC main objective is to draw attention to environmental education problems and to raise public awareness of environmental issues. Their activities should be adjusted to specific regional conditions. Periodical magazine of the Slovak Academy of Sciences (SAV) called The Environment, periodical magazine Protec- ted Areas of Slovakia and popular magazine ENVIROMAGAZIN continued to be published by SAZP.

104 State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997

International Co-operation International Organizations

Within the UN framework, the Slovak Republic participated in the following activities: UN European Economic Commission - UNEEC UN Industrial Development Organization - UNIDO UN Development Programme -UNDP UN Human Habitat Organization - HABITAT UN Environment Programme -UNEP UN Commission on Sustainable Development - CSD The SR participated in all relevant activities of the UNEEC co-ordinated by the Environmental Policy Committee, especially in relation to preparation of the Pan-European Conference of the Ministers of the Environment held in June 1998 in Aarhus (Denmark). The Slovak delegation took part in the Pan-European Conference of the Environment and Transport Ministers in Vienna in November 1997. Projects on the environment improvement, co-ordinated by the Slovak Centre of Cleaner Production and in co-operation with UNIDO, were implemented in the selected stressed regions of Slovakia. UNDP established the programme called CAPACITY 21 to support the conclusions of the UN Conference on Environment and Development in 1992. This programme should assist countries with estab- lishment of capacities for continuous sustainable development. The Programme CAPACITY 21 for the SR was signed by the UNDP and the Slovak Government in May 1997. Its main objective is to establish a network supporting environment assessment, emphasizing continuous sustainable consciousness of citizens and to support participation of specialised subjects in the EIA (Environment Impact Assessment) process, that are aimed towards application of sustainable development principles in the Slovak conditions. The Slovak delegation took part in the session of the UNEP Governing Council as its member. The UNEP executive director Elisabeth Dowdeswell officially visited the SR in September 1997. The Slovak delegation took part in the session of the UN Commission for Sustainable Development in April and June 1997. It took part in the separate session of the United Nations General Assembly on Sustainable Development.

In March 1997, the Minister of the Environment of the SR took part in the structure dialogue at the extended session of the EU Ministers Council of the Environment and the Ministers of the Environment from the associated countries in Brussels. In September 1997, he took part in the consultative meeting with the EU Director of the Environment and Nuclear

105 State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997

Safety and Ministers of the Environment from the associated countries in Brussels. In 1996, the OECD Committee on Environmental Policy declared that the SR is able and prepared to act in accordance with the OECD mem- bership obligations in the environment sphere. After that, in 1997, the branch activities of the Ministry of the Environment of the SR were concentrated on preparation of the 4th Pan-European Conference of Environment Ministers in the Danish Aarhus.

International Conventions and Other Forms of Multilateral Co-operation

Within the framework of the Basle Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal, Regional Training Centre (RTC) for Central and Eastern Europe was established and it has operated since February 1997. The main activity of RTC is oriented towards: • training • information technology (Clearing House). The task of RTC is to organize training courses for 19 Central and Eastern European Countries: Albania, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Croatia, the Federal Yugoslav Republic, Lithuania, Latvia, Republic of Macedonia, Hungary, Moldavia, Poland, Romania, Russian Federation, the Slovak Republic, Slovenia and Ukraine. By the end of 1997, RTC organized the following courses: 1. Implementation of the Basle Convention into the national legislation; juridical and institutional aspects of implementation along with the transfer principles of hazardous waste and its prevention (2-6 June 1997) 2. Identification of hazardous waste, its inventory, classification and characterization of hazardous features (20-21 October 1997) 3. Control Information Systems on Waste (1-5 December 1997) According to the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution, the SR took part in discussions of the steering committee of the organisation and its support workgroups. In September 1997, the Slovak delegation took part in a jubilee meeting of the Montreal Protocol participating countries held in Montreal (Canada). Following the RAMSAR Convention on Wetlands of International Importance, Especially as Waterfowl Habitats (RAMSAR, 1971), the Slovak National Co-ordinating Secretariat continued to work towards agreed engagements. Within the framework of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), Washington 1973, the Slovak National Co-ordinating Secretariat continued its activities including completion of the annual national report. Within the framework of the Convention on Biodiversity, implementation of the project funded from the Global Environment Facility (GEF) funds continued. The Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern, 1979) was realized. In December 1997, at the 3rd UN Framework Convention on Climate Changes in Kyoto, the Slovak

106 State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997 delegation accepted the commitment to reduce greenhouse gases production by 8% by the year 2010, as compared to 1990. In September 1997, following the initiative of the Polish Minister responsible for the environment, 10 ministers of the Central and Eastern European Countries signed so-called Torun Declaration on Environmental Protection Co-operation. In October 1997, state secretary of the MZP SR participated in the 11th Conference of the ministers responsible for urban planning (CEMAT) and presented the Conception of Urban Planning in the Slovak Republic. Bilateral Co-operation

During 1997, the following bilateral agreements were signed: • Agreement between the Government of the Slovak Republic and the Turkey Government on co-operation in environment protection (Ankara, 2.4.1997) • Agreement between the Government of the Slovak Republic and the Government of the Republic of Germany on co-operation in environment protection (Bratislava, 14.7.1997) • Agreement between the Ministry of the Environment of the Slovak Republic and the Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment of Cuba on co-operation in environment protection (Havana, 22.3. 1997) • Agreement on co-operation in geology between the Ministry of the Environment of the Slovak Republic and the Ministry of the Environment Protection, Natural Resources and Forestry of Poland (Stetin, 25.6.1997) • Agreement between the Ministry of the Environment of the Slovak Republic and the Ministry of the Environment Protection of Belarus on co-operation in environment protection (Bratislava, 8.7.1997).

International Programmes and Projects

The Ministry of the Environment of the SR co-ordinates and participates in the multilateral and bilateral projects finan- cially supported by the foreign grants. In 1997, the co-operation continued in the following projects: 1. Phare - National Programme 2. Phare MCPE - Multinational Co-operation Programme on Environment 3. Phare CBC - Cross-border Co-operation Programme 4. Phare DISAE - Development of the Implementation Strategies for Approximation in the Environment 5. projects in co-operation with the World Bank's GEF - Global Environmental Facility 6. projects guaranteed by UNESCO 7. projects guaranteed by UNEP 8. projects guaranteed by UNIDO and other projects in co-operation with Belgium, Denmark, the Netherlands, Japan, Canada, Korea, Luxembourg, Norway, Austria, Republic of Germany, Switzerland, Italy, Ukraine, USA and Great Britain.

107 World Natural Heritage Gombasecka in Slovakia cave - Jasovska cave

- Silicka radnica cave

Jolkyito BaradloY

StordDomlco

VfCHOD

VCHOD

Kannrtnd iJefl

Wm indidqfcfi pflQod

' SudxS dwdbo

Domica Ochtinska Cave cave aragonite cave Excursion trail Periodical watercourse

108 State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997

Alphabetical List of Abbreviations

API Air pollution indices EMEP European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme APId Daily air pollution indices ENP Extractible non-polar substances APIs Short-term air pollution indices API* Annual air pollution indices EOAR Average Concentration of Radon Activity AQS, Average daily concentration of the pollut- EU the European Union ing substance; it is a mean concentration FAR Folk Architecture Reserve level recorded at a designated point with- GDP Gross Domestic Product in a pan of 24 hours. Average daily concentration is also understood as the mean GEF Global Environment Facility of at least 12 (periodical) average concen- GSSR Geological Service of the Slovak Republic tration levels recorded every 30 minutes GWh Giga Watt hours within a span of 24 hours (arithmetic ha hectar mean) HABITAT UN Human Habitat Organisation AQS Annual average pollutant concentration as arithmetic mean average 24-hour con- HBUSR Main Mining Office of the Slovak centration Republic AQS, Average 30-minute pollutant (short HTR Historical Town Reserve term) concentration IS Insoluble solids

AQS81, Average 8-hour pollutant concentration ISZP Information System of the Environment AOT40 Accumulated exposure over threshold 40 IUCN World Conservation Union (International ppb Union for Conservation of Nature and a.s. share company Natural Resources) kraj administrative region BOD5 Biochemical oxygen demand BUSAV Biological Institute of the Slovak kt kilotonnes Academy of Science km2 square kilometres CBC Cross-border Co-operation Programme LVU Forestry Research Institute CITES Convention on International Trade in MCPE Multinational Co-operation Programme Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and on Environment Flora MDPT SR Ministry of Transport Post and COD Chemical oxygen demand Telecommunications of the Slovak CMS Partial Monitoring System Republic Coll. collection of laws MFSR Ministry of Finance COPK Nature and Landscape Protection Centre MHSR Ministry of Economy of the Slovak Republic 3 CSD UN Commission on Sustainable mil m million cubic metres Development mil tons million tonnes CSSR Czechoslovak Socialist Republic MKSR Ministry of Culture of the Slovak dB decibel Republic D.U. Dobson's unit MOSR Ministry of Defence of the Slovak Republic DISAE Development of the Implementation Strategies for Approximation in the MPSR Ministry of Agriculture of the Slovak Environment Republic

109 State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997

MPSVaR SR Ministry of Labour, Social Affairs and SFZL State Fund of Forest Reclamation Family of the Slovak Republic SFZP State Environmental Fund MSSR Ministry of Education of the Slovak SHMU Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute Republic SIZP Slovak Environmental Inspectorate MSSR Ministry of Justice of the Slovak Republic Sk Slovak crown (currency) MW MegaWatt SNP SR Administration of the Slovak National MZSR Ministry of Health of the Slovak Republic Parks MZPSR Ministry of the Environment of the SPM ' Solid particulate matter Slovak Republic s.p. state company NCM National Cultural Monument SR Slovak Republic NCSR National Council of the Slovak Republic (NR SRI s.r.o. company limited by guarantee (Ltd.) SR SR State budget of the SR NO2-N Nitrates-N NP National Park SPP s.p. Slovak State Gas Enterprise NPKC National Monuments and Landscape SS Soluble solids Centre STN Slovak Technical Standard NPEHOV National Programme of Environmental StVaK Central Slovakia Water and Sewage Assessment and Ecolabelling Company NM Nature Monument SU SR Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic NR Nature Reserve SZU SR State Health Institute of the SR NNM National Nature Monument SVF State Watermanagement Fund NNR National Nature Reserve t tonnes OECD Organisation for Economic Cooperation UGKK Office of Geodesy Cartography and and Development Cadastre of the SR ORO specific protection regime UJD Nuclear Regulatory Authority of the SR OU District Office UKSUP Central Control and Testing Institute of pcs pieces Agriculture PCB polychlorinated biphenyls UN United Nations PCT polychlorinated terphenyls UNCEP UN Conference on Environment and PDE air-dose-equivalent Development pH acidity in pH UNDP UN Development Programme PLA Protected Landscape Area UNEEC UN European Economic Commission PM Particulate matter UNEP UN Environmental Programme PMS Partial Monitoring System UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific POHSR Waste Management Programme of the and Cultural Organisation Slovak Republic UNIDO UN Industrial Development Organisation PS • Protected Site UPO MV SR Office of Fire Protection of Ministry of RAMSAR Convention on Wetlands of International Interior the SR Importance, Especially as Waterfowl UPKM Preventive and Clinical Medicine Habitats Institute RAO Radioactive waste USRSVT SR Office for the Strategy Development of REC Regional Environmental Centre for the Society, Science and Technology of the Central and Eastern Europe Slovak Republic REP Regional Energy Supplying Company VaK Water and Sewerage Company REZZO Register of Emissions on Air Pollution VAT Value Added Tax Sources VOC volatile organic compounds RIS Branch Information System VUP Food Research Institute RISO Regional Information System on Waste VUPU Soil Fertility Research Institute SAZP Slovak Environment Agency VUVH Water Research Institute SAZP-COPK Centre of Nature Conservation and VUZH Research Institute of Irrigation Landcape Protection of the Slovak Environment Agency VVaK East Slovakia Water and Sewage SAV Slovak Academy of Sciences Company SE Slovak Electricity Company WHS World Heritage Site SeVaK North Slovakia Water and Sewage WWTP waste water treatment plant Company ZE Power plants linked to independent SO2-S Sulphates-S industrial units SFK State Cultural Fund 'Pro Slovakia' ZsVaK West Slovakia Water and Sewage SFOZPPF State Fund of Conservation and Company Reclamation of Agricultural Land Fund

110 State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997

Text to pictures

Front SIMILAR AND DIFFERENT Page 6: • Environmental publications and periodi- cover: • Circus aeruginosus cals of the MZP SR • Aquilegia vulgaris • Seat of the President of the SR - Grassal- Page 7: POLLUTER PAYS PRINCIPLE kovich Palace in Bratislava restored • Still the biggest source of SO2 air pollu- • The highest peak of Slovakia - the tion in Slovakia - SE a.s. Power Plant Gerlach Peak (2655 m a.s.l.) in TANAP Novaky

Page 1: SYMBOLS OF THE SLOVAK LANDSCAPE Page 10: CONSEQUENCES OF CO2 EMISSION GROWTH - CLIMATE CHANGES • Devin NCM - a Slavic castle - part of • Earth warming caused by greenhouse Bratislava effect • Museum of the Slovak National Uprising in Banska Bystrica with surrounding area - Page 11: POLLUTANTS CONCENTRATIONS IN NCM THE ATMOSPHERE OF REGIONS DIF- FER - IN QUANTITY AND ALSO IN Page 2: BIOLOGICAL AND LANDSCAPE DIVER- COMPOSITION SITY • We cannot still be satisfied with the • Krivafi (2494 a.s.l.) in TANAP immission situation in Upper Nitra • Rupicapra rupicapra tatrica • It managed to survive • Pulsatilla alba Page 15: WERE THE FLOODS IN 1997 CAUSED Page 3: SLOVAKIA - THE COUNTRY IN THE BY CLIMAT CHANGES? CENTRE OF EUROPE • Where remained the middle of the Mora- • Litvorove Lake in Bielovodska Valley va river before its mouth to the Danube NNR (TANAP) river? • St. Juraj Romanesque rotunda NCM in Skalica"(llth century) LET US PROTECT STRATOSPHERIC OZONE AND LET US PROTECT OUR- Page 4: REGIONS AND THEIR CENTRES SELVES BEFORE TROPOSPHERIC • Bratislava (HTR): Old City Hall and OZONE Roland's fountain • Impacts of tropospheric ozone and • Nitra (HTR): Nitriansky castle NCM stratospheric ozone quantities on a man and other organisms are different. • Banska Bystrica (HTR): Square with the Town castle NNM Page 16: WATER - THE PRIORITY NUMBER ONE • Kosice (HTR): St. Alzbeta Cathedral • Studenovodske waterfalls in the Studena NCM valley NNR in TANAP • Presov (HTR): St. Mikulas parochial church Page 17: • Water means life - Danube floodplains • Zilina (HTR): Budatfnsky castle PLA • Trencin: (HTR): Trenciansky castle NCM • Trnava (HTR): St. Mikulas Cathedral Page 19: GROUND WATER SHOULD NOT BE USED FOR ECONOMIC PURPOSES age 5: • Chopok regional monitoring station in- • Micinske travertines NNR - ground water cluded in EMEP network spring

111 State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997

Page 21: • Dobsinska Ice Cave NNM with an under- Page 37: • Nuphar luteum in Torozlin NR ground glacier - a Small Hall ENDANGERED AND PROTECTED Page 24: • Outlet of mining water into the stream of FAUNA SPECIES the Upper Nitra area (Cigef) • Bison bonasus • Ablepharus kitaibelii Page 25: WATER CLEANING BECOMES A NECES- SITY WITH TIME Page 38: • Falco cherrug • Waste water treatment plant for our • Otis tarda houses

lh Page 27: DO WE SUFFICIENTLY USE NATURAL Page 39: 30 ANNIVERSARY OF PIENAP CURATIVE SPRINGS? • How will PIENAP cope with the opening • Curative water springs for patients of of the international pedestrian and cyclic Bardejovske spa (colonnade) crossing Szczawnica - Lesnica through the Dunajec prielom? POTABLE WATER IS FOR DRINKING • Krater NR - a small lake in Vysne NOMINATION TO THE WORLD HERI- Ruzbachy spa TAGE • Will the Dobsinska Ice Cave become the Page 28: RELIEF FORMS ARE CONDITIONED BY World Heritage Site in 1999? ROCKS - LANDSCAPE DIVERSITY IS DEFINED BY RELIEF Page 40: LANDSCAPE DIVERSITY • Stonefall in the Somoska NNR in the • Ostra rock NR in the Slovak Paradise NP Cerova highland PLA • Krasna Horka castle NCM in Slovak Karst Page 30: LANDSCAPE AND MAN PLA • Unhealable wound after limestone mining in the Plesivska plateau in the Sloven- Page 41: RESTORATION OF CULTURAL MONU- sky kras PLA opposite Gombasek MENTS CONTINUES • Town castle in the Kremnica NCM (HTR) Page 31: SOIL - A NURTURER • Fil'akovsky castle CM - in the Cerova • ,,Semi-desert" in the Camovsky brook highland PLA watershed • Stands damaged by soil contamination Page 42: THE MOST VALUABLE MONUMENTS OF caused by animal production excrements NATURE AND MAN IN THE COUNTRY - near to Cenkovo WORLD HERITAGE SITES • Soil to be analysed, decontaminated and • WHS St. Ghost church NCM in Zehra fertile (1275) • WHS Vlkolfnec FAR Page 34: WHERE DID THE EVERLASTING RELA- TION TO SOIL REMAIN? • WHS Spisska Kapitula HTR with St. • Ziarska hollow and its "old environmen- Martin romanesque Cathedral tal load" • Bardejov HTR - square after the renova- • Forest residues on contaminated soil tion above Jelsava • A tourist trail can also look like this - Page 43: SITES FROM A TENTATIVE LIST FOR constantly wider and deeper INSCRIPTION TO THE WORLD HERI- TAGE LIST Page 35: HARMONY MEANS LIFE • Switch-back forest railway in Kysuce PLA • Dependence of plant and animal realm and Horna Orava PLA - 1 (Vanessa c-album) • Wooden articular church in Kezmarok • Fritillaria meleagris (1717)-3 • Kyjatice church NCM (13th century) - 4 Page 36: PROTECTED PLANTS IN PROTECTED • St. Kozma and Damian wooden church AREAS IN DIFFERENT COMMUNITIES • Gentiana asclepiadea in Janosikova kolkaren NCM in Venecia-Lukovo (1709) - 2 NNR in Vel'ka Fatra PLA • Adonis vernalis in Devfnska Kobyla NNR Page 44: UPDATED ENVIRONMENTAL REGION- • Iris pumila in Zoborska forest-steppe NNR ALIZATION OF THE SR CAME INTO in Ponitrie PLA THE WORLD

112 State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997

• A team of authors conducted by Peter HIDDEN SCARS IN THE COUNTRY DO Bonus, director of SAZP-COKOO in Koike NOT ACHE SO MUCH under the supervision of SEKPO MZP SR • Long-standing mining of rose marble in during the presentation of the environmen- Tuhar tal regionalization of the SR • Mountain landscape under the Tatra Page 63: SHALL WE AGAIN MINE GOLD IN SLO- • Lowland landscape of Podunajsko VAKIA? • Sporadic particles of gold in antimonite Page 45: TWO FACES OF THE 9 ENDANGERED from Magurka in the collections of the AREAS IN THE SR National Museum in Prague • 1) Bratislava region- Hviezdoslavovo square / Petrzalka Page 64: CAN WE STILL IMAGINE OUR LIFE WITHOUT ELECTRICITY? Page 46: • 2) Trnava-Galanta region - HTR Trnava / • Nuclear power plant injaslovske Bohuni- former nickel smelter in Sered' ce ensured in 1997 still 37.7% of the total energy consumed Page 48: • 3) Upper Nitra region - Bojnice castle NCM / non-reclamated spoil banks in Page 67: THE VERY LAST NATURAL FORESTS OF Horna Nitra LOWLANDS AND HOLLOWS • Alder stand in Ruzinske jelsiny NR Page 49: • 4) Upper Povazie region - Besefiovske • Rozsutec NNR in Mala Fatra NP travertines NM / atmosphere in • Belianske Tatry NNR in TANAP - bio- Ruzomberok centre of biospheric importance

Page 51: • 5) Middle Pohronie region - Banska Page 68: CALAMITY WITHOUT A COMMENTARY Bystrica HTR / red sludge pit in Ziar hollow • Residue of forest stand in the Green lake valley in TANAP Page 52: • Zvolen castle Page 69: In the Central Slovakia after the whirlwind Page 53: • 6) Middle Spis region - Spisska Nova Ves (8 July, 1996) with the highest church in the SR / metallurgical industry in Krompachy Page 70: NEITHER THE AGRICULTURAL LAND- SCAPE SHOULD STAY WITHOUT TREES Page 54: • WHS Spissky castle NCM • In the Zilina hollow

Page 55: • 7) Middle Gemer region - NCM early ACROSS THE LAST MARSH ECOSYS- Page 71: Gothic church in Kraskov from the 13th cen- TEMS tury / Rimava banks between Hacava and • In the Gortva floodplain in Dubna with Miitnik bifurcation or without it already?

Page 56: • 8) Kosice region - HTR Kosice / VSZ a.s. AGRICULTURAL LAND EXPLOITATION Page 72: Kosice metallurgical works CAN BE VARIOUS • Incorrect - sludge-drying bed of SEZ, I.p. Page 58: • 9) Middle Zemplfn region - Zatinsky luh Heating company Zilina NR in Latorica PLA / Chemko a.s. Strazske chemical factor/ A CONNECTION TO BRATISLAVA'S Page 73: HEART Page 60: CONSEQUENCES, WE SHALL NOT GET • Through a new bridge from Petrzalka RID OF WITHIN A SHORT PERIOD OF directly to the President Palace - a reality TIME that has to be reckoned with during the • An area of black spoil heaps near Sered' reconstruction of the area under the in the Trnavskogalantska endangered area Bratislava castle.

PREVENTION IS CHEAPER THAN CON- Page 74: IT DID NOT MANAGE TO RUN ACROSS SEQUENCES REMOVAL • Roads - barriers for migrating animals • Cement works in Lietavska Liicka (Lepus europaeus)

Page 61: • Polluted environment in Rimava valley in WHAT TYPE OF TRANSPORT IS ENVI- the Central Gemer area RONMENTALLY MOST ADVANTAGE- OUS? Page 62: • It did not survive • Railway transport should have green light

113 State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997

Page 75: • Water transport (Gabakovo water dam ) Page 94: IS IT STILL WATER? • In the Central Pohronie endangered HOW AND IN WHAT ENVIRONMENT AREA DO WE LIVE? FLOODS ENDANGER WATER QUALITY • Free measuring of blood cholesterol and IN WELLS sugar during the international exhibition • Flood on the Morava river in 1997 affect- ENVIRO Nitra 97 ed also Slovakia (in Devin)

Page 78: SHALL WE PASS A BILL ON OZONE Page 95: NUMBER OF FIRES INCREASED IN THE LAYER PPROTECTION ? SR FROM 1992 TO 1997 ALMOST • How did the ozone hole originate in 1979 THREE TIMES to 1990? • Fire risk - Earth! • This time Petrzalka, "the third largest Page 79: WHAT DO THE MEASUREMENTS city of the SR", was on fire. SHOW? • Nuclear safety must be of the first priori- Page 96: WILL COLLECTORS BE USED TO A ty and must reach 100% level. LARGER EXTENT ALSO IN SLOVAKIA? • Environment in Cyprus and Turkey is Page 80: • Radon risk benefiting from them already. Will our environment and at the same time family Page 82: • Radioactive waste and company budget profit from them, too?

AT HOW MANY DECIBELS WILL SHE Page 97: MONEY - THERE WILL PROBABLY BE FROWN AND AT HOW MANY BOLT ? NEVER ENOUGH OF THEM IN THE STATE ENVIRONMENTAL FUND (SEF) • An amusing billboard in Petrzalka - a delight not only for ears abut also for eyes • In 1998 the SEF should be divided into two parts - returnable and unreturnable Page 83: WITHOUT ENVIRONMENTAL RISK WHO WILL PAY THE FINE ? • If it only was possible also in nature Page 98: • Polluter pays! Page 84: WHAT IS OUR SITUATION WITHIN Page 99: NEW NP WERE DESIGNATED AND EUROPE? BORDERS OF THE OLD ONES WERE • Toxic heavy metals monitoring - a condi- CHANGED tion for being incorporated in EU • Low Tatras NP with new borders since 1997 Page 85: UV-B RADIATION IS A MENACE TO LIFE ON THE EARTH CONTRASTS UNDER THE CONSTRUC- • Will the stratospheric ozone layer protect TIONAL SUPERVISION us against it? Till when? • Modern town houses in Lucenec and old town houses in Spisska Sobota HTR (a part Page 87: HOW THESE WASTES ORIGINATED IS of Poprad). WELL KNOWN, HOW TO DISPOSE THEM WE DO NOT KNOW SO FAR Page 100: THE EIA ABBREVIATION BECAME COM- • Central Gemer endangered area - Jelsava MON ALSO IN OUR COUNTRY • Waste dump under the Tatra mountains • One of the first assessed investments - water dam Zilina Page 88: • Recyclable waste paper ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND PROD- Page 90: THIS IS NOT OUR NOTION OF THE SEP- UCTS FROM SLOVAKIA ARATED WASTE COLLECTION • First examples of environmentally • Containers for separated waste collection labelled products stored near Zvolen without being used Page 101: MANY FORMS OF ENVIRONMENTAL Page 92: BEWARE OF HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT TRANSPORT • A stand of the MZP SR sector is waiting • Waste import, export and transit requires for the exhibition opening a strict control according to the Basel con- • EMS implementation in VSZ OCEL s.r.o. vention. metallurgical works in Kosice confirmed

114 State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997

Page 102: • EMS certification in MATADOR a.s. Page 107: INTENSIFICATION OF MULTILATERAL Puchov AND BILATERAL FRIENDLY RELATIONS • Harmasan toilet paper - 100% recycling LEADS TO EUROPEAN INTEGRATION • We have a common interest in Morava Page 103: ENVIROFILM 97 - A CONTRIBUTION TO floodplain water and ecosystems protection THE ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION IN with Austria. SR • Number of participating countries is on APPROVED STRATEGY OF BIODIVERSI- the increase TY PROTECTION CONCERNS ALSO ME • Lynx lynx SHOW CAVES • Entrance hall of the Ochtinska aragonite Page 108: WORLD NATURAL HERITAGE IN SLO- cave NNM - WHS VAKIA PRESENTS ITSELF • Jasovska cave NNM ENVIRO NITRA '97 INTERNATIONAL • Domica cave NNM EXHIBITION - A SOURCE OF INFORMA- • Ochtinska aragonite cave NNM TION AND INSTRUMENT FOR BUSI- NESS DEVELOPMENT • Gombasecka cave NNM and Silicka ice • In the exhibition hall of the MZP SR sec- cave NNM tor • Big friends of a man - small bats

A RARE CLUB OF YOUNG ENVIRON- Page 109: NUMBER OF SHORT CUTS IS ON THE MENTALISTS IN PETRZALKA INCREASE • Young environmentalists from the pri- • Bubo bubo in Vefka Fatra PLA mary school at Benadicka street in Bratislava Page 111 NATURAL AND CULTURAL HERITAGE OF SLOVAKIA Page 104: ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION • Stratenska cave in Slovak Paradise NP • Recycled paper production demonstration (Enviro Nitra International Exhibition Page 116: ON A GOTHIC RO UTE 1997) • Gothic dominating characteristics of the • A touching interest of blind persons in Spis rural landscape - Spissky Stvrtok the World Heritage emblem on the board situated in the information centre in Page 118: LAST BUT NOT LEAST Vlkolinec FAR • WHS Ochtinska aragotite cave NNM • Children learning the nature - Sul'ovske • WHS Spissky castle NCM rocks NNR in Strazske hills PLA • WHS Vlkolinec FAR • WHS Banska Stiavnica HTR - Old castle Page 105: UNO PAYS PERMANENT ATTENTION TO GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL PROB- Back MAN AND NATURE LEMS cover: • Papilio machaon • UNO centre in New York - venue of the • Also mushrooms need protection 5th meeting of UN Commission for (Langerniannia gigantea) Sustainable Development the SR is a mem- • Do not let it become desolated again - a ber of, too. castle in the Somoska NNR in Cerova high- lands PLA attracts daily attention of foreign BEFORE BECOMING THE EU MEMBER visitors • In front of the European Parliament in Brussel • Limestone Sugar loaf in Zadielska valley NNR in the Slovak Karst PLA Page 106: EU flag in front of the EU building in Brussel

WILL SLOVAKIA BE ELECTED TO THE WORLD HERITAGE COMMITTEE? • Moments of expectation during vote counting after the second ballot at the General meeting of contractual countries to the World Heritage Convention in Paris in 1997 with the participation of 153 states.

115 State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997

Table of Contents

• BASIC INFORMATION ABOUT THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC 3

• INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND INFORMATION SYSTEM , 5

• COMPONENTS OF THE ENVIRONMENT 7 AIR 7 Emission Situation 7 Ambient Air Quality 11 Atmospheric Precipitation 15 Tropospheric Ozone 15 WATER 16 Surface Water .". 16 Groundwater Resources 19 Waste Water 25 Drinking Water 27 GEOLOGY 28 Geological Factors 28 SOIL 31 Area Statistics 31 Soil Contamination 31 Soil Reaction and Active Extractable Aluminium 34 Soil Erosion 34 FLORA AND FAUNA 35 National Strategy of Biodiversity Protection 35 Flora 35 Fauna 37

• NATURE AND LANDSCAPE PROTECTION 39 NATURAL HERITAGE 39 CULTURAL MONUMENTS 41 SLOVAK CONTRIBUTION TO THE WORLD HERITAGE 42

• THE STATE OF ENVIRONMENT IN SELECTED REGIONS 44 Bratislava Region 45 Trnava - Galanta Region 46 Horna Nitra (Upper Nitra) Region 48 Home Povazie (Upper Povazie) Region 49 Stredne Pohronie (Middle Pohronie) Region 51 Stredny Spis (Middle Spis) Region 53 Stredny Gemer (Middle Gemer) Region 55 Kosice Region 56 Stredny Zemplin (Middle Zemplfn) Region 58

116 State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997

• STATE OF THE ENVIRONMENT - CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES 60 ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND TECHNOLOGIES 60 Gross Domestic Product - GDP 60 Industry 60 Mineral Resources Exploitation 62 Power Plant Engineering, Gas Engineering, Heat Production 64 Forestry 67 Agriculture 70 Transport 73 PUBLIC HEALTH 75

• ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS AND PRESSURES 79 PHYSICAL RISK FACTORS 79 Radiation 79 Radon and its Radioactive Decay Products 80 Radioactive Waste (RAO) 82 Noise 82 CHEMICAL RISK FACTORS 83 Chemical substances 83 Xenobiotics in the food chain 84 THE OZONE LAYER DEPLETION 85 WASTE 87 Waste Generation 87 Waste Management 88 Municipal Waste Management 90 Import, Export and Transit of Waste 92 NATURAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL HAZARDS 94 Water Quality Deterioration as a Result of Various Accidents 94 Fire Risk 95

• ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION 96 ECONOMICS OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION 96 State Budget 96 Slovak State Environmental Fund 97 Economic Instruments 98 ENVIRONMENTAL LAW 99 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 100 ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND ECO-LABELLING 100 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS 101 EMS Standardisation 101 EMS Certification 102 ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION 103

• INTERNATIONAL CO-OPERATION 105 INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS 105 United Nations Organisation 105 EUandOECD 105 INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS AND OTHER FORMS OF MULTILATERAL CO-OPERATION 106 BILATERAL CO-OPERATION 107 INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMMES AND PROJECTS 107

• ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 109

• TEXTS TO PICTURES Ill

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