PNAS Plus Significance Statements PNAS PLUS
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PNAS PLUS PNAS Plus Significance Statements PNAS PLUS Observation of highly stable and symmetric classical Landau theory of spontaneous symmetry lanthanide octa-boron inverse breaking. A paradigmatic counterexample is decon- sandwich complexes fined criticality, where quantum interference allows Wan-Lu Li, Teng-Teng Chen, Deng-Hui Xing, Xin Chen, for a direct and continuous transition between states Jun Li (李 隽), and Lai-Sheng Wang with distinct symmetry-breaking patterns, a phenom- Lanthanide borides constitute an important class of enon that is classically forbidden. In this work, we materials with wide industrial applications, but clusters extend the scope of deconfined criticality to a case of lanthanide borides have been rarely investigated. It where breaking of a global symmetry coincides with is of great interest to study these nanosystems, which confinement of a local (gauge) symmetry. Using may provide molecular-level understanding of the Monte Carlo simulations, we investigate a lattice re- emergence of new properties and provide insight into alization of this transition. Remarkably, we uncover designing new boride materials. We have produced emergent and enlarged global and gauge symme- lanthanide boride clusters and probed their electronic tries. These findings direct us in constructing a critical − field theory description. (See pp. E6987–E6995.) structure and chemical bonding. Two Ln2B8 clusters are presented, and they are found to possess inverse Diffusion in networks and the virtue sandwich structures. The neutral Ln2B8 complexes are of burstiness found to possess D8h symmetry with strong Ln–B8 bonding. A unique (d–p)δ bond is found to be important Mohammad Akbarpour and Matthew O. Jackson – – for the Ln B8 Ln interactions. The Ln2B8 inverse sand- The contagion of disease and the diffusion of in- wich complexes broaden the structural chemistry of the formation depend on personal contact. People are lanthanide elements and provide insights into bonding not always available to interact with those around in lanthanide boride materials. (See pp. E6972–E6977.) them, and the timing of people’s activities determines whether people have opportunities to meet and 1.1-billion-year-old porphyrins establish a transmit a germ, idea, etc., and ultimately whether marine ecosystem dominated by widespread contagion or diffusion occurs. We show bacterial primary producers that, in a simple model of contagion or diffusion, the N. Gueneli, A. M. McKenna, N. Ohkouchi, C. J. Boreham, greatest levels of spreading occur when there is het- J. Beghin, E. J. Javaux, and J. J. Brocks erogeneity in activity patterns: Some people are ac- The oceans of Earth’smiddleage,1.8–0.8 billion years tive for long periods of time and then inactive for long ago, were devoid of animal-like life. According to one periods, changing their availability only infrequently, hypothesis, the emergence of large, active organisms while other people alternate frequently between be- was restrained by the limited supply of large food par- ing active and inactive. This observation has policy ticles such as algae. Through the discovery of molecular implications for limiting contagious diseases as well fossils of the photopigment chlorophyll in 1.1-billion- as promoting diffusion of information. (See pp. year-old marine sedimentaryrocks,wewereableto E6996–E7004.) quantify the abundance of different phototrophs. The nitrogen isotopic values of the fossil pigments showed Systems genetic analysis of inversion that the oceans were dominated by cyanobacteria, while polymorphisms in the malaria mosquito larger planktonic algae were scarce. This supports the Anopheles gambiae hypothesis that small cells at the base of the food Changde Cheng, John C. Tan, Matthew W. Hahn, chain limited the flow of energy to higher trophic and Nora J. Besansky levels, potentially retarding the emergence of large Chromosomal inversions play an important role in local and complex life. (See pp. E6978–E6986.) adaptation. Strong evidenceexistsofselectionacting on inversions, but the genic targets inside them are Z Confinement transition of 2 gauge theories largely unknown. Here we take a systems genetics ap- coupled to massless fermions: Emergent proach, analyzing two inversion systems implicated in quantum chromodynamics and SO(5) symmetry climatic adaption by Anopheles gambiae.Weprofiled Snir Gazit, Fakher F. Assaad, Subir Sachdev, physiology, behavior, and transcription in four different Ashvin Vishwanath, and Chong Wang karyotypic backgrounds derived from a common pa- Universal properties of quantum (zero-temperature) rental colony. Acclimation to different climatic regimes phase transitions are typically well-described by the resulted in pervasive inversion-driven phenotypic www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.ss11530 PNAS | July 24, 2018 | vol. 115 | no. 30 | 7657–7661 Downloaded by guest on September 24, 2021 differences whose magnitude and direction depended upon gen- headgroups move through a membrane-exposed hydrophilic der, environment, and epistatic interactions between inversions. groove, as a credit card moves through a card reader. Here we Inversion-affected loci were significantly enriched inside inversions, show that TMEM16 and GPCR scramblases transport lipids with as predicted by local adaptation theory. Drug perturbation sup- very large headgroups, suggesting an out-of-the-groove trans- ported lipid homeostasis and energy balance as inversion-regulated port mechanism. We propose that scramblases locally deform the functions, a finding supported by research on climatic adaptation in membrane to translocate lipids both within and outside multiple systems. (See pp. E7005–E7014.) the groove. (See pp. E7033–E7042.) Unrestrained markerless trait stacking in Nannochloropsis Hsp70–Bag3 complex is a hub for proteotoxicity-induced gaditana through combined genome editing and signaling that controls protein aggregation marker recycling technologies Anatoli B. Meriin, Arjun Narayanan, Le Meng, Ilya Alexandrov, Xaralabos John Verruto, Kristie Francis, Yingjun Wang, Melisa C. Low, Jessica Varelas, Ibrahim I. Cissé, and Michael Y. Sherman Greiner, Sarah Tacke, Fedor Kuzminov, William Lambert, Jay McCarren, This work dissects how cells monitor failure of proteasomes and Imad Ajjawi, Nicholas Bauman, Ryan Kalb, Gregory Hannum, and Eric R. Moellering trigger signaling responses defining whether cells survive pro- teotoxic stress or undergo apoptosis. The monitoring mechanism Stacking traits in microalgae is limited by a lack of robust genome involves detection of a buildup of abnormal polypeptides re- modification tools and selectable marker availability. This presents a leased from ribosomes. Accordingly, the system simultaneously key hurdle in developing strains for renewable products including monitors effectiveness of several major processes, including biofuels. Here, we overcome these limitations by combining in- protein synthesis, folding, and degradation. A special scaffold ducible Cre recombinase with constitutive Cas9 nuclease expres- complex composed of heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) and its sion in the industrial strain, Nannochloropsis gaditana.Withthis cofactor Bcl-2–associated athanogene 3 (Bag3) links accumula- system, we demonstrate marker- and reporter-free recapitulation of tion of abnormal polypeptide species with a number of protein an important lipid productivity trait. In addition, we generate a strain kinases involved in various signal-transduction pathways. A star- harboring seven-gene knockouts within the photosystem antennae tling finding is that an Hsp70–Bag3–regulated kinase, LATS1, encoding genes. The combined use of relatively mature (Cre) and regulates very early events of formation of protein aggregates; emerging (CAS9) genome modification technologies can thus ac- thus protein aggregation appears to be a tightly regulated pro- celerate the pace of industrial strain development and facilitate cess rather than the simple collapse of abnormal proteins. (See basic research into functionally redundant gene families. (See pp. pp. E7043–E7052.) E7015–E7022.) Affinity switching of the LEDGF/p75 IBD interactome is Fully human agonist antibodies to TrkB using autocrine governed by kinase-dependent phosphorylation cell-based selection from a combinatorial antibody library Subhalakshmi Sharma, Katerina Cermáková, Jan De Rijck, Jonas Spyros Merkouris, Yves-Alain Barde, Kate E. Binley, Nicholas D. Allen, Demeulemeester, Milan Fábry, Sara El Ashkar, Siska Van Belle, Martin Alexey V. Stepanov, Nicholas C. Wu, Geramie Grande, Chih-Wei Lin, Lepsík, Petr Tesina, Vojtech Duchoslav, Petr Novák, Martin Hubálek, Meng Li, Xinsheng Nan, Pedro Chacon-Fernandez, Peter S. DiStefano, Pavel Srb, Frauke Christ, Pavlína Rezáˇcová, H. Courtney Hodges, Ronald M. Lindsay, Richard A. Lerner, and Jia Xie Zeger Debyser, and Václav Veverka Neurotrophin receptors are a class of receptor tyrosine kinases that The transcription coactivator LEDGF/p75 contributes to regulation couple to signaling pathways critical for neuronal survival and of gene expression by tethering other factors to actively transcribed growth. One member, TrkB, is particularly interesting because it genes on chromatin. Its chromatin-tethering activity is hijacked in plays a role in many severe degenerative neurological diseases. two important disease settings, HIV and mixed-lineage leukemia; The TrkB natural ligand brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is however, the basis for the biological regulation of LEDGF/p75’s not suitable