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The Monita Secreta Or, As It Was Also Known As, The
James Bernauer, S.J. Boston College From European Anti-Jesuitism to German Anti-Jewishness: A Tale of Two Texts “Jews and Jesuits will move heaven and hell against you.” --Kurt Lüdecke, in conversation with Adolf Hitleri A Presentation at the Conference “Honoring Stanislaw Musial” Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland (March 5, 2009) The current intense debate about the significance of “political religion” as a mode of analyzing fascism leads us to the core of the crisis in understanding the Holocaust.ii Saul Friedländer has written of an “historian‟s paralysis” that “arises from the simultaneity and the interaction of entirely heterogeneous phenomena: messianic fanaticism and bureaucratic structures, pathological impulses and administrative decrees, archaic attitudes within an advanced industrial society.”iii Despite the conflicting voices in the discussion of political religion, the debate does acknowledge two relevant facts: the obvious intermingling in Nazism of religious and secular phenomena; secondly, the underestimated role exercised by Munich Catholicism in the early life of the Nazi party.iv My essay is an effort to illumine one thread in this complex territory of political religion and Nazism and my title conveys its hypotheses. First, that the centuries long polemic against the Roman Catholic religious order the Jesuits, namely, its fabrication of the Jesuit image as cynical corrupter of Christianity and European culture, provided an important template for the Nazi imagining of Jewry after its emancipation.v This claim will be exhibited in a consideration of two historically influential texts: the Monita 1 secreta which demonized the Jesuits and the Protocols of the Sages of Zion which diabolized the Jews.vi In the light of this examination, I shall claim that an intermingled rhetoric of Jesuit and Jewish wills to power operated in the imagination of some within the Nazi leadership, the most important of whom was Adolf Hitler himself. -
Expertise of July 1, 2000 Topic: Reform of European Anti
Expertise of July 1, 2000 Topic: Reform of European Anti-Trust Policy Meeting in a number of sessions, the last on July 1, 2000, the Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology’s Economic Advisory Council addressed the topic of the Reform of European Anti-Trust Policy and subsequently adopted the following position. In earlier analyses of German and European competition policy, the Advisory Council outlined the economic and legal reasons why, within a market economy, there must be a fundamental and effective prohibition of cartels. In connection with the establishment of the Economic and Mone- tary Union, the Member States, in the Maastricht Treaty, for the first time established as a legal tenet that the Community was committed to upholding a system of open markets based on free competition (further details in: Advisory Council paper of August 1994 entitled “Ordnungspoli- tische Orientierung für die Europäische Union”). Although the competition rules already in force remained unaffected by this step, it was stressed that the effective functioning of the instruments of monetary policy as set forth in the EC Treaty depended on the existence of competitive struc- tures. The purpose of the system of undistorted competition, which was enacted into law by the EC Treaty and includes a prohibition of cartels under Art. 81 EC Treaty, was to guarantee these prerequisites. 1. The EC Commission has announced fundamental changes in the manner in which cartels would be assessed. Its White Paper of May 12, 1999 (Official Journal C 321) proposes a Regulation based on Art. 83 EC Treaty. This measure is aimed at changing the present rules by which the cartel prohibition in Art. -
DEFENDING the WOLF the Useful Contradiction of the Bundesbank Carlo Bastasin
DEFENDING THE WOLF The Useful Contradiction of the Bundesbank Carlo Bastasin SEP Policy Brief No. 1 - 2014 The Deutsche Bundesbank, the German central bank, is commonly regarded as the Euroarea's boogeyman. The pressure imparted by the German monetary authority, for instance, rendered the European Central Bank reluctant to follow the footprints of the Federal Reserve and of other central banks, and engage in non- standard monetary policy measures that might rapidly put an end to the crisis that has been plaguing the euro zone. At several stages, during the current crisis, the ECB has been forced to take actions and prevent severe economic and financial dislocations. Given the institutional vacuum at the area-wide level and the lack of political capacity of the other institutions, the European Central Bank had often to move across the borders of its traditional domain. This has given reason to a slew of criticisms repeatedly and loudly voiced by the Bundesbank. Being also the most vocal policy actor evoking the fiscal risks associated with effecting implicit cross-border transfers via the ECB's balance sheet, the Bundesbank has appeared to have a “non- monetary” hidden agenda or even a “national political” mission. In fact, the Bundesbank has regularly appealed to two fundamental principles of sound economic and monetary policy management that cannot be easily overlooked by anybody concerned that monetary policy may lose its ability to preserve price stability. Should monetary independence be eroded by the increasing tasks devolved to the central banks, wider economic and political consequences might then arise. The first principle is the need to avoid fiscal dominance, not allowing inflation to be determined by the level of fiscal debts; the second is the “principle of responsibility” that sees a contradiction if individual responsibility is blurred by the intervention of joint liability as in the case of a State running unsound fiscal policies and being automatically bailed out by the mutualization of its liabilities. -
Kieler Studien
Institut für Weltwirtschaft The Kiel Institute for World Economics Annual Report 2003 Contents I. The Institute in 2003: An Overview 3 II. Research and Advisory Activities 6 1. Main Areas of Research 6 2. President’s Department 7 3. Growth, Structural Change, and the International Division of Labor (Research Department I) 10 4. Environmental and Resource Economics (Research Department II) 21 5. Regional Economics (Research Department III) 27 6. Development Economics and Global Integration (Research Department IV) 35 7. Business Cycles (Research Department V) 43 8. Interdepartmental Research 53 9. Cooperation with Researchers and Research Organizations 53 10. Advisory Activities and Participation in Organizations 61 11. Commissioned Expert Reports and Research Projects 64 III. Documentation Services 72 1. The Library 72 2. The Economic Archives 75 IV. Teaching and Lecturing 77 1. Universities and Colleges 77 2. Advanced Studies Program 77 3. Guest Lectures and Seminars at Universities 79 V. Conferences 80 1. Conferences Organized by the Institute 80 2. External Conferences 84 VI. Publications 96 1. In-House Publications 96 2. Out-of-House Publications 103 VII. Appendix 114 1. Recipients of the Bernhard Harms Prize, the Bernhard Harms Medal, and the Bernhard Harms Prize for Young Economists 114 2. Staff (as of January 1, 2004) 116 3. Organization Chart 121 I. The Institute in 2003: An Overview The Kiel Institute for World Economics at the University of Kiel (IfW) is one of the world’s major centers for international economic policy research and documentation. The Institute’s main activities are economic research, economic policy consulting, and the documentation and provision of information about international economic relations. -
The Group of Twenty: a History
THE GROUP OF TWENTY : A H ISTORY The study of the G-20’s History is revealing. A new institution established less than 10 years ago has emerged as a central player in the global financial architecture and an effective contributor to global economic and financial stability. While some operational challenges persist, as is typical of any new institution, the lessons from the study of the contribution of the G-20 to global economic and financial stability are important. Because of the work of the G-20 we are already witnessing evidence of the benefits of shifting to a new model of multilateral engagement. Excerpt from the closing address of President Mbeki of South Africa to G-20 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors, 18 November 2007, Kleinmond, Western Cape. 2 Table of Contents Excerpt from a Speech by President Mbeki....................................................................2 Executive Summary...........................................................................................................5 The Group of Twenty: a History ......................................................................................7 Preface............................................................................................................................7 Background....................................................................................................................8 The G-22 .............................................................................................................12 The G-33 .............................................................................................................15 -
Mr. Tietmeyer Reviews the Central Bank Council of the Deutsche Bundesbank on Its 50Th Anniversary Address Delivered by the President of the Deutsche Bundesbank, Prof
Mr. Tietmeyer reviews the Central Bank Council of the Deutsche Bundesbank on its 50th anniversary Address delivered by the President of the Deutsche Bundesbank, Prof. Hans Tietmeyer, during the ceremony marking the 50th anniversary of the first meeting of the Central Bank Council at the Land Central Bank of Hesse in Frankfurt/Main on 5/3/98. On March 8, 1948, eleven men gathered next door in the building of the then Land Central Bank of Hesse. The Central Bank Council - which at that time was still “provisional” - of the Bank deutscher Länder, which had been established on March 1, was meeting for the first time. An American officer of the Allied Banking Commission (appropriately named Mr. Freeman) convened the first meeting at 10.30 a.m. There will be quite a few fiftieth anniversaries in the coming weeks and months occasioned by the flood of major events relating to Germany which took place in 1948 and 1949. Many of these events were certainly more dramatic and spectacular than the first meeting of the Central Bank Council. Yet, if we remember this meeting now, it is because a crucial decision for the future began to take shape at that time. If that which was begun on March 8, 1948 had not met with success, the history of the D-Mark (and perhaps also the history of our country) would have taken a different course. It is true that the preparations for the introduction of the D-Mark were carried out elsewhere and by others, particularly by the Allies themselves. Yet, with monetary reform on June 20, when the first D-Mark banknotes came into circulation, the fate of the new currency began to be linked to the viability and the stability orientation of the German Central Bank Council. -
Axel a Weber: Global Imbalances – Causes and Challenges
Axel A Weber: Global imbalances – causes and challenges Introductory remarks by Professor Axel A Weber, President of the Deutsche Bundesbank, at the international conference “20 Years of Technical Central Bank Cooperation”, Eltville, Hesse, 28 October 2010. * * * 1. Introduction Ladies and gentlemen I am highly delighted to welcome you to this notable conference at the Bundesbank Training Centre in Eltville. Central bankers and other officials from 42 countries have gathered here today to discuss various experiences and common challenges. I would like to thank Mr Thomas Gierenstein and Mr Jürgen Sterlepper as well as their team for organising this conference. We are holding it to celebrate 20 years of technical central bank cooperation within the Bundesbank. While the Bundesbank has always been available to provide foreign central banks with technical assistance, the momentous events of the early 1990s prompted the Bank to institutionalise this kind of work. It was, in particular, Hans Tietmeyer, my pre-predecesssor and Vice-President at the time who was quick to grasp the far-reaching importance of those historic events for central banking: the fall of the Iron Curtain, the collapse of the communist regimes in central and eastern Europe, the subsequent transformation in those countries from a planned economy to a market economy as well as the break-up of the Soviet Union and the resulting formation of new, independent states. Many of those states had to start from scratch in establishing their own national central banks. All things considered, there was a major and vital need for central bank cooperation. Hence, in the first few years of its existence, the activities of the Bundesbank’s “Technical Central Bank Cooperation” were very much focused on the process of restructuring the banking system in those countries. -
Friedrich A. Von Hayek Papers, Date (Inclusive): 1906-2005 Collection Number: 86002 Creator: Hayek, Friedrich A
http://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/kt3v19n8zw No online items Register of the Friedrich A. von Hayek Papers Processed by Linda Bernard and David Jacobs Hoover Institution Archives Stanford University Stanford, California 94305-6010 Phone: (650) 723-3563 Fax: (650) 725-3445 Email: [email protected] © 1998, 2003, 2011 Hoover Institution Archives. All rights reserved. Register of the Friedrich A. von 86002 1 Hayek Papers Register of the Friedrich A. von Hayek Papers Hoover Institution Archives Stanford University Stanford, California Contact Information Hoover Institution Archives Stanford University Stanford, California 94305-6010 Phone: (650) 723-3563 Fax: (650) 725-3445 Email: [email protected] Processed by: Linda Bernard and David Jacobs Date Completed: 1998, 2000, 2011 Encoded by: James Lake, ByteManagers using OAC finding aid conversion service specifications, and Elizabeth Phillips © 2011 Hoover Institution Archives. All rights reserved. Descriptive Summary Title: Friedrich A. von Hayek papers, Date (inclusive): 1906-2005 Collection number: 86002 Creator: Hayek, Friedrich A. von (Friedrich August), 1899-1992. Extent: 139 manuscript boxes, 8 oversize boxes, 23 card file boxes, 5 envelopes, 2 audio tapes, 16 videotape cassettes, digital files(66 linear feet) Repository: Hoover Institution Archives Stanford, California 94305-6010 Abstract: Diaries, correspondence, speeches and writings, notes, conference papers, conference programs, printed matter, sound recordings, and photographs, relating to laissez-faire economics and associated concepts of liberty, and especially to activities of the Mont Pèlerin Society. Most of collection also available on microfilm (91 reels). Sound use copies of sound recordings available. Physical Location: Hoover Institution Archives Language: English and German. Access Collection is open for research. -
Family Businesses in Germany and the United States Since
Family Businesses in Germany and the United States since Industrialisation A Long-Term Historical Study Family Businesses in Germany and the United States since Industrialisation – A Long-Term Historical Study Industrialisation since States – A Long-Term the United and Businesses Germany in Family Publication details Published by: Stiftung Familienunternehmen Prinzregentenstraße 50 80538 Munich Germany Tel.: +49 (0) 89 / 12 76 400 02 Fax: +49 (0) 89 / 12 76 400 09 E-mail: [email protected] www.familienunternehmen.de Prepared by: Institut für Wirtschafts- und Sozialgeschichte Platz der Göttinger Sieben 5 37073 Göttingen Germany Univ.-Prof. Dr. Hartmut Berghoff Privatdozent Dr. Ingo Köhler © Stiftung Familienunternehmen, Munich 2019 Cover image: bibi57 | istock, Sasin Tipchai | shutterstock Reproduction is permitted provided the source is quoted ISBN: 978-3-942467-73-5 Quotation (full acknowledgement): Stiftung Familienunternehmen (eds.): Family Businesses in Germany and the United States since Indus- trialisation – A Long-Term Historical Study, by Prof. Dr. Hartmut Berghoff and PD Dr. Ingo Köhler, Munich 2019, www.familienunternehmen.de II Contents Summary of main results ........................................................................................................V A. Introduction. Current observations and historical questions ..............................................1 B. Long-term trends. Structural and institutional change ...................................................13 C. Inheritance law and the preservation -
Europe and the Euro
This PDF is a selection from a published volume from the National Bureau of Economic Research Volume Title: Europe and the Euro Volume Author/Editor: Alberto Alesina and Francesco Giavazzi, editors Volume Publisher: The University of Chicago Press Volume ISBN: 0-226-01283-2 Volume URL: http://www.nber.org/books/ales08-1 Conference Dates: October 17-18, 2008 Publication Date: February 2010 Chapter Title: How Central Bankers See It: The First Decade of European Central Bank Policy and Beyond Chapter Author: Stephen G. Cecchetti, Kermit L. Schoenholtz Chapter URL: http://www.nber.org/chapters/c11670 Chapter pages in book: (327- 374) 9 How Central Bankers See It The First Decade of European Central Bank Policy and Beyond Stephen G. Cecchetti and Kermit L. Schoenholtz 9.1 Introduction Otmar Issing: “There was a clear view from a number of outside observers that we would fail and that it would be a disaster in any respect.” As late as 1997, less than a year before the European Central Bank (ECB) was scheduled to come into existence, there was widespread skepticism about whether the European Monetary Union (EMU) would begin on schedule as a broad union and, in some quarters, whether it would happen at all. Yet here we are a full decade after the advent of EMU and today there are fi fteen countries where the euro is legal tender. The twenty- one members of the Governing Council of the ECB make monetary policy for a region of 320 million people with a gross domestic product (GDP) of roughly €9 trillion. -
Central Banking Institutions and Traditions in West Germany After the War by Jörg Bibow the Levy Economics Institute May 2004
Working Paper No. 406 Investigating the Intellectual Origins of Euroland’s Macroeconomic Policy Regime: Central Banking Institutions and Traditions in West Germany After the War by Jörg Bibow The Levy Economics Institute May 2004 “The reasons for the success of German monetary policy in defending price stability are in part historical. The experience gained twice with hyperinflation in the first half of this century has helped to develop a special sensitivity to inflation and has caused the wider public to believe in the critical importance of monetary stability in Germany. For this reason, the strong position of the Bundesbank is widely accepted by the general public - questioning its independence even seems to be a national taboo. This social consensus has yielded strong support for the policy of the Bundesbank. … No government has ever seriously considered modifying the Bundesbank Act as a means to deal with cases of conflict, although it could have done so with a simple majority of the Parliament. Historical experience in Germany testifies to the success of the concept of an independent central bank. Inflation rates have remained far below the average rates of most other industrial countries. Stable prices have contributed to a fairly stable social climate, which is felt to have favored growth of the German economy; this has strengthened its role in the world economy. The German currency, the Deutsche Mark, has become a major reserve currency in the world and the “anchor currency” in the European Monetary System, and it enjoys a high standing. ... In the light of the success of the Bundesbank, it is only natural that the German public will expect that any successor, which could take its place at the European level, should be at least as well equipped as the Bundesbank to defend price stability” (Hans Tietmeyer 1991: 182-3; Bundesbank president 1993-9). -
Summary Proceedings
Summary Proceedings of the Forty-Fifth Annual Meeting of the Board of Governors September 25-27, 1990 International Monetary Fund Washington, D.C. ©International Monetary Fund. Not for Redistribution International Standard Serial Number ISSN 0074-7025 ©International Monetary Fund. Not for Redistribution CONTENTS Page Introductory Note ix Address by the President of the United States, George Bush 1 Opening Address by the Chairman of the Boards of Governors, the Governor of the Fund and the Bank for Kenya, George Saitoti . 5 Presentation of the Forty-Fifth Annual Report by the Chairman of the Executive Board and Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund, M. Camdessus 12 Discussion of Fund Policy at Second Joint Session Report by the Chairman of the Interim Committee of the Board of Governors on the International Monetary System, Michael H. Wilson 22 Statements by the Governors for Italy—Guido Carli* 25 Italy—Guido Carli 29 Indonesia—J. B. Sumarlin 33 France—Pierre Bérégovoy 38 Japan—Ryutaro Hashimoto 40 Côte d'lvoire—Kablan D. Duncan* 46 China—WANG Bingqian 52 Philippines—Jesus P. Estanislao 56 Kuwait—Sheikh Ali Al-Khalifa Al-Sabah 58 Austria—Ferdinand Lacina 61 Israel—Michael Bruno 63 Greece—Efthimios Christodoulou 67 Discussion of Fund Policy at Third Joint Session Report by the Chairman of the Joint Ministerial Committee of the Boards of Governors on the Transfer of Real Resources to Developing Countries (Development Committee) B.T.G. Chidzero 73 Statements by the Governors for Islamic Republic of Iran—Mohsen Nourbakhsh 76 Federal Republic of Germany—Karl Otto Poehl 79 United Kingdom—John Major 83 India—Madhu Dandavate 87 *Speaking on behalf of a group of countries.