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Kutafuta Maisha: Seeking a Life Kutafuta Maisha: Seeking a Life Political Disengagement as a Life-Improving Strategy – a Study of Youths in Politically Polarized Zanzibar Kristin Birkeland Galteland Masteroppgave ved Sosialantropologisk institutt UNIVERSITETET I OSLO 20. mai 2010 2 Kutafuta Maisha: Seeking a Life Political Disengagement as a Life-Improving Strategy – a Study of Youths in Politically Polarized Zanzibar Kristin Birkeland Galteland 3 © Kristin Birkeland Galteland 2010 Kutafuta Maisha: Seeking a Life Political Disengagement as a Life-Improving Strategy - a Study of Youths in Politically Polarized Zanzibar Kristin Birkeland Galteland http://www.duo.uio.no/ Trykk: Reprosentralen, Universitetet i Oslo 4 Summary Youths in Zanzibar live under tough socio-economic conditions. As they follow developments in rural mainland Tanzania, and in other countries, they develop notions of what “the ideal” life different from previous generations’. Youths tend to not consider farming and fishing as real jobs anymore, rather seeking jobs in offices and business. In Zanzibar, it is believed that supporters of the ruling party have greater economic opportunities. For decades, Pemba Island has been the stronghold of the political opposition. Young Pembans therefore find it hard to seek the privileges of ruling party supporters. As there is little room in their community for critique of the opposition party, they seek to become apolitical through political disengagement. This is a difficult project, since the opposition party over time has become a central part of the people’s shared identity. This master thesis discusses everyday forms of resistance in Wete town on Pemba Island, where politics are strongly polarized. The thesis is also a discussion on collective memory, and notions of differences between ethnic and political groups. 5 Acknowledgements First of all, I wish to thank the people in Wete, who welcomed me into their homes and hearts, and made me feel welcomed from the first moment I arrived. I wish to give thanks to the bright youths in Wete for sharing their lives, and to my neighbours for their kindness. Special thanks to Sheikha, Eddi and Fatma for opening up your home and including me in your lives. Thank you Kjersti Larsen for believing in me, Kjetil Tronvoll for the opportunity I have secretly dreamt of for five years, Silje and Eli Johanne for sharing experiences from your fieldwork in Zanzibar, Hajj M. Hajj for sharing your endless knowledge and Fatma Kheri for your friendship. Thanks to family and friends for your encouragements. And finally, great thanks to Sveinung Mikkelsen for your patience, for spending endless hours reading and commenting, and for keeping up my spirit. 6 Table of Contents SUMMARY .......................................................................................... 5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................ 6 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................... 10 THESIS QUESTION ............................................................................................................................................. 10 GENERAL INFORMATION ON ZANZIBAR ............................................................................................................ 12 PREVIOUS RESEARCH ON ZANZIBAR ................................................................................................................. 13 THEORETIC OUTLINE ........................................................................................................................................ 14 YOUTHS ....................................................................................................................................................... 14 IDENTITY AND BELONGING........................................................................................................................... 15 RESISTANCE ................................................................................................................................................. 15 DISENGAGEMENT ......................................................................................................................................... 15 HIDDEN AND PUBLIC TRANSCRIPT ................................................................................................................ 16 COLLECTIVE MEMORY .................................................................................................................................. 16 DISCOURSE ................................................................................................................................................... 17 AGENCY ....................................................................................................................................................... 17 SETTING THE SCENE : ARENAS AND INFORMANTS ............................................................................................. 18 BARAZA ....................................................................................................................................................... 18 MASKANI ..................................................................................................................................................... 18 STUDY GROUPS ............................................................................................................................................. 19 LOCAL NGO S AND OFFICES ......................................................................................................................... 19 POLITICAL SPACE ......................................................................................................................................... 20 GENDERED SPACES ....................................................................................................................................... 20 WORKING AS AN ELECTORAL OBSERVER ...................................................................................................... 20 METHOD : REFLECTIONS ON FIELDWORK .......................................................................................................... 21 APPROACHING WETE AS FIELD SITE ............................................................................................................. 21 VISITING ....................................................................................................................................................... 21 REFLECTIONS ON PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION ............................................................................................. 22 LANGUAGE ................................................................................................................................................... 23 GROUPS OUT OF PLACE : STUDYING YOUTHS ................................................................................................. 23 ETHICAL CONCERNS : REFLECTIONS ON MY PRESENCE IN THE FIELD ................................................................ 24 REFLECTIONS ON BEING BIAS ....................................................................................................................... 24 ORGANIZATION OF THE THESIS .......................................................................................................................... 24 7 CHAPTER 2 PEMBA ’S EMERGENCE AS OPPOSITIONAL ...................................... 26 THE COSMOPOLITE ZANZIBAR .......................................................................................................................... 26 THE EMERGENCE OF POLITICAL ETHNIC IDENTITIES IN COLONIAL TIMES ........................................................ 28 THE ZANZIBAR REVOLUTION ............................................................................................................................ 29 THE REVOLUTIONARY ERA ............................................................................................................................... 30 MULTIPARTY SYSTEM IN ZANZIBAR .................................................................................................................. 31 THE 2001 VIOLENCE ..................................................................................................................................... 33 ETHNICITY TODAY ........................................................................................................................................ 34 THE TEMPORALITY OF HISTORY .................................................................................................................... 35 RECAPITULATION OF MAIN POINTS................................................................................................................... 37 CHAPTER 3 HALI YA PEMBA – THE CONDITION OF PEMBA ................................. 38 MAISHA NI MAGUMU - LIFE IS TOUGH ................................................................................................................. 39 EVERYDAY LIFE IN WETE ............................................................................................................................. 40 LOCAL UNDERSTANDINGS OF POVERTY ............................................................................................................ 44 DEALING WITH POVERTY .............................................................................................................................. 46 FARMING .....................................................................................................................................................
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