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Home , Alanson Beers, Flag of Oregon, Oregon Geographic Names, Oregon State Capitol, Star in the Night

STATE UNIVERSITY L BRAR ES

III III Ill I liiiliiiI III 11011 12 0143738397

LB 3541 .072 1930

OREGON A Program for Observance of May 2 The State of Oregon By H E. Hoss, Secretary of State State of Oregon, thirty-third in the Union, displays proudly its rank in admission to statehood with thirty-three gold stars on its state THEemblem. The official flag adopted in 1925 bears also the same escutcheon which forms the major part of the state seal, as well as the words "State of Oregon" and the figures1859," all of which appear in gold upon a background of navy blue. On the reverse side of thestandard, a beaver m gold is shown, significant of the nickname of the commonwealth. Prior to the adoption of the , the military code of the state carried a provision for a regimental flag of blue silk with the arms of the state embroidered or painted in the center. In addition the numberand arm of service of the regiment was shown in a scroll. The section describing this early banner was included in the portion of the military code which has been repealed and the present code prescribes the use of national regimental emblems for army units within the state. In 1925, following the suggestion of various organizations for a state flag which could be used on formal occasions, particularly by groups represenung the state in national conventions, and upon a more urgent request made by Mr. J. M. Jones, Portland postmaster, who wished to see a flag presented to the federal department at Washington, D. C. to hang with those exhibited from other states, Senators Milton R. Kiepper and J. 0. Bailey introduced a measure in the state senate providing for an especially designedstandard for Oregon. The bill passed both the senate and the house and was signed by Governor Walter M. Pierce on February 26, 1925. In designing the style of the emblem, some semblance of the ensign described in the military code was retained, although the use of the escutcheon alone rather than the entire state seal was a new feature, and one which the designers believed would be more effective, with the escutcheon and its symbolical decorations properly shown in gold upon a navy blue background. Among the first two prepared following the adoption of a definite design were those made by a Portland retail store on special orders. The gen- eral staff of the Oregon National Guard purchased one of these standards to present to Governor Pierce, who wished the state to be represented by its official emblem at the program celebrating the 150th anniversary of the battle of Lexington. Following its display at Lexington, Massachusetts, it was returned to the possession of the governor. The other state banner was made under the direction of the employes of the Portland postoffice, who sent it to the federal department at Washington, D. C. to complete the displayof state ensigns exhibited there. The act which created the official flag states that it is "to be used on all occasions when the state is officially and publicly represented, with the privi- lege of use by all citizens upon such occasions as may be fitting and appro- priate." That the state flag is too little known is the belief of many who have urged its display more frequently. It is to be hoped that more standards of the official pattern will be made for general use as provided by the statutes. OREGON A PROGRAM with Suggested Material for Observance of Mayl

Issued by DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION

C. A. HOWARD Superintendent of Public Instruction

Prepared by WINIFRED GRAHAM Secretary

SALEM, OREGON: STATE PRINTING I)EPARTMENT 1930 Foreword

education of a child is not a thing of steady, measured progress. At times it moves forward with THEextreme deliberation while at other times, as a result of stimulated interest, it advances with vigorous strides. It is for the purpose of providing special impetus to the learning process in connection with certain phases of the educational program that provision is made for the recognition of special days.This booklet is designed to aid teachers in developing in the children of Oregon a vital and abiding interest in the state in which they live, an interest not alto- gether devoid of becoming pride. The material here presented has been selected with the utmost care with the desire that nothing may be included that is not historically accurate. A wide range of selections is offered so that there may be suitable material for every grade in the preparation of an Oregon Day program. The state flag has been used as the cover design in order that a pattern may be at hand from which schools may have flags made for their own use. Great care has been exercised in having this design prepared to conform in every detail with the specifications provided in the law. The state flag should become a familiar emblem to the children of the schools.

Superintendent of Public Instruction 4 OREGON: A Program for Obserzance of May 2

4

Description: On one side on a navy blue field the state escutcheon in gold, supported by thirty-three gold stars and bearing above said escutcheon the words "State of Oregon" in gold and below such escutcheon the figures "1859" in gold, and on the other side on a navy blue field a representation of the beaver in gold.Chapter 227, General Laws of Oregon, 1925.

State Bird has been chosen the "State Bird of Ore- gon." The Western meadowlark (Slur- nella neglecla), a bird of beautiful plu- mage and sweet voice, typically western, is native of every section of Oregon. A kiss of God! The moist, and mellow air; A smile of God! The sun's sad, tender gaze; A voice of God, that, ravishing and rare, In limpid fluting, fills the meadow ways.

So short!Sorith With earth's deep, spicy breath; So sweet! So brief! From matted fragrance drawn; Springing, like youth, to sink again in death; Pressing, persistent, at the door of dawn. A note, or two, Makes all earth's liquid joy; A word, a prayer, Lifts high her matin song; Yet mighty craftsmen modest tools employ, And wings unfledged, by meadow flight, By popular vote of the school children grow strong. of every county of the state of Oregon in So bright! So true! an election held throughout the schools The song that is to be! in the spring of 1927 and sponsored by Nor death, nor pain the Oregon Audubon society,and by Have place within its notes; A joyous chant, that through Eternity, proclamation of Governor I. L. Patterson Unceasing, toward a full perfection floats in July,1927,the Western meadowlark MAaY ALETHEA WOODWARD. OREGON: A Program for Observance of May 2 5 The Seal of the State Suggested Program 1.OREGONHer History; brief talks by various students. Discovery and exploration. (Trappers and fur traders. Settlement - (Colonists. Provisional government. Territorial government. Oregon as a state.

OREc,oNHer LocalHistory;the county, or the community. Suggested outline: The early settlement;the early leaders; later leaders, and prorni- nent or original characters; turning point in history of the locality; emigrationand immigration;presentconditionsand prospectsJoseph Schafer. The description of the Seal of the State of Oregon shall be an escutcheon, sup- Reminiscence of pioneer days. (Bya pioneer orstudent who hasintervieweda ported by 33 stars, and divided by an ordi- pioneer.) nary, with the inscription,The Union." In chiefmountains, an elk with branch- Origin of names of countyor town (see ing antlers, a wagon, the Pacific ocean, McArthur: Oregon GeographicNames). on which a British man-of-war departing, Collection by school children of objectsof an American steamer arriving. The Second interest historically, forpurpose of illus- quartering with a sheaf,plow, and tration. pickax.Crest - The Americaneagle. LegendState of Oregon, 1859. OREGONHer Geography andRe- sources. Location; surface; soil; climate;drainage; minerals; transportation facilities;peo- State Flower ple; products. THE OREGON GRAPE OREGoNAchievements of Her Sons 'This little sprig of it, and Daughters. So trim and so trig of it, Makes the heart of me hunger for home. Brief sketch to be selected from suchtopics as the following: (It is suggested that The Oregon grape (Berberis aquifa- the school substitute names of local in- hum) or Oregon holly, as it is sometimes terest. Space permits the listing of buta called, with its bright, glossy leaves, its few names.) blossoms of gold and its berries of blue, Dr. John McLoughlin, , Dr. Mar- was designated as the Oregon state flower cus Whitman, Sacajawea, Col. Joseph L. by the Oregon legislature in 1899. Meek, Gen. , JesseApple. gate, Sen. James W. Nesmith, George H. Williams, Joaquin Miller, Mrs. Abigail Scott Duniway, Tabitha Brown, Harvey State Motto W. Scott, Homer Davenport, Robert Gray, Meriwether Lewis, William Clark, AIls Volat Pro priis' 'Sheflies with , John Ball, HallJ. Kelley, Nathaniel Wyeth, John Jacob her own wings." Astot. 8 OREGON: A Program for Observance of May 2

An Oregon Creed

Oregon Is My Home.

I believe in the brightness of her sunshine, the warmth of her showers and the greenness of her trees, for they bring comfort to those who dwell among her hills.

I believe in the beauty of her streams, the majesty of her mountains and the glory of her sunsets, for they cause the soul of man to expand. I believe in her history, for it is the stirring epic of an heroic people.

¶ I believe in her men and women, for they have the courage of the pioneer and fear not to try new things.

¶11 believe in her children, for they are the sons and daughters of those who followed the rugged westward trail to the land of their dreams.

¶ I believe in her schools, for they are not dead with tradi- tion but are close to the life of the people.

¶ I believe in the courage and fortitude of her pioneers, and in the ultimate fulfillment of the destiny that they visioned.

Oregon Is My Home.

CHARLES A. HOWARD. OREGON: A Program for Observance of May 2 9 Oregon: "Land of the Empire Builders" KNOW YOUR OREGONI would sug-to the full development of these splendid gest that all citizens of the state familiarizeresources.I sometimes feel that we have themselves with Oregon. Know morebeen recreant to this trust, but if the new about its glorious pioneer traditionsitsgeneration can emulate those qualities of natural resourcesits beauties of natureimagination,courage and perseverance its industries and the many wonderful op-which we so highly honor in the pioneers portunities for her future development.and apply them to the magnificent task of In other words learn about the state anddeveloping the commonwealth they gave help make Oregon the front door of theus, we will not only have a gloriously . A. W. NORBLAD, abundant future, but we will perhaps prove Governor, State of Oregon, Salem. worthy of an illustrious and heroic past. ARNOLD BENNETT HALL, OREGON IS SO RICH in both legendary President, University of Oregon, Eugene. and factual history that it should not be difficult to interest itscitizens in the THE , with its study of early days. Unwinding like aclash of national claims to the territory, its novel from a master pen, the history ofbackground of the great migrations and the unfolds a veritablethe heroic adventures of the pioneers, is panorama of romance, tragedy, heroism,not surpassed in epic grandeur by that of privationelements which go into theany other state. It is well that our children blood and sinew of men and women toknow this history; for to know it is to love make good citizens. This generation ofOregon. W. J. KElta, Oregonians has a rich heritagelet us President, Oregon State each individually cherish and nurture it Agricultural College, Corvallis. that posterity may not suffer for our cus- todianship. HAL E. Hoss, EVERY OREGONIAN and every forward- Secretary of State, Salem. looking, progressive-thinking person truly loves Oregon.Its appealing resourceful- TINKERING WnH TAXATIONThe un- ness lies on the very forefront of the wave fortunate financial condition of Chicagoof advancing civilization, the essence of proves that, because of the many factorswhose spirit began its outreaching with the affecting taxation and the difficulty ofawakening of the movement accompanying foreseeing the effect of modifications ofthe advent of the Renaissance.The life tax laws, tampering with such laws should of Oregon examplifies the spirit of the be done only by experts. The less tax tink-preaching of Peter the Hermit, the voyage ering we do, the less civic embarrassmentof Columbus, the meaning of Horace we shall have. THOS. B. KAY, Greeley's advice, "Go west, young man" State Treasurer, Salem. Oregon is verily the land of promise, the "land where dreams come true."It is a THE PIONEERS who came over the Ore-privilege to live in Oregon. The story of gon Trail in the covered wagon, by theirheroic deeds of her founders is charac- heroism, industry, imagination, and cour- terized by the devotion of the pioneer pur- age, made possible the spendid common-pose. What more valuable or stirring lesson wealth which they have bequeathed to suc-can we, who enjoy the delights of this ceeding generations. We are the heirs and land of showers and sunshine, give this successors. As a result of their heroism,generation of childhood and youth than labor and sacrifice we live in this common-the inspiring heritage of adventure and wealth of incomparable beauty, of mag-achievement left by her early heroes? nificent resources, and bountiful future. J. S. LANDERS, With this heritage there comes a challenge President, Oregon Normal School, Monmouth. 10 OREGON: A Program for Observance of May 2

OREGON'S PROGRESS in education dur- INFINITE VARIETY is an outstanding ing the past 20 years is a most gratifyingcharacteristic of Oregonvariety in cli- one. The standards of the institutions ofmate, in topography, in resources, -in nat- higher education have been graduallyural beauty.It is this that gives zest to raised, the curricula for both the elemen-living in this commonwealth. There is no tary and secondary schools have been en-monotony of sameness here. riched, and the organization for all edu- C. C. COLT, cational work has been strengthened. State Board of Higher Education, Portland. J. A. CHURCHILL, President, THROUGH KNOWLEDGE of the past, a Normal School, Ashland. vision of the future can best be obtained. Eighty-seven years agowithin memory EVERY LOYAL CITIZEN of Oregon can of father and sonOregon was won for justly be proud of this great state, of itsthe Union at historical Champoeg. Our many and varied resources, the beauty andstate was then a wilderness. In the interim, grandeur of its natural features, its signif i- the equivalent of but a day in the history cant history, its effective civic institutionsof older countries, see what progress has its future. H. E. INLOW, been made! Vision, then, by past accom- President, plishments, future opportunities and pre- Normal School, La Grande. pare for them through education. E C. SAMMONS, PIONEERS, HOME BUILDERS, EDUCA- State Board of Higher Education, Portland. TORSthose who blazed the trail in early Oregon were all three, and they planted AGRICULTURE is rightly the foundation the outposts of learning in the West.of all industries, and parents engaged in Some of the institutions they founded arethis occupation should put forth special stillcarrying on, monuments totheireffort during the grade school days to en- foundersandsourcesofintellectualcourage their boys and girls to take active growth to each new generation. Aroundinterest in this vocation. This interest, fol- them as a nudeus and an inspiration, thelowed by college training, will make men state has built up its splendid system ofand women who will carry on this line of elementary, secondary and higher educa-work in a more progressive way. It is the tion, which bears witness that so long asduty of parents to help their children look the pioneer spirit shall prevail, Oregoniansinto the future and choose a life work will svpport and cherish educational in-fitted to their individual needs. stitutions as otir most precious heritage, HERMAN OLIVER, our most important public enterprise and State Board of Higher Education, John Day. the surest guaranty of the progress and stability of our commonwealth. THE BRAVE MEN and glorious women C. L. STAIUt, who came to the last West in the covered President, State Board of wagons are a goodly company to be pic- Higher Education, Portland. tured in the education of Oregon youth and Oregon maturity. The nobility of their I WONDER if we fully appreciate ouraims, the loftiness of their ideals, the fine wonderful state: our educational facilities;moral, spiritual and civic standards that opportunities of all kinds at our hands;they set up around their firesides are the highest type of neighbors; fishing;models to study, are examples to emulate, hunting; out-of-door sports of all kinds;are ideals to cherish and exalt. They and everything that makes life worth living.their lives and acts are a great romance of Isn't it really a privilege to live in Oregon?history and their influence for education a pledge and a poem. F. E. CALLISTER, B. F. IRVINE, State Board of Higher Education, Albany. State Board of Higher Education, Portland. OREGON: A Program for Observance of May2 11

HIGHER EDUCATION IN OREGONOre- EDUCATION IN OREGON should in some gon offers to its young people an oppor- manner include the education of adult tunity to secure at reasonable cost thoroughOregonians about Oregon. The develop- courses in teacher training and an excellentment of a state depends first of all upon education in the arts, science, agriculture,the confidence of its people in their state. engineering, medicine, law and home eco-Knowledge of the resources and the possi- nomics. Each year an increasing numberbilities of Oregon inspires that confidence of students takes advantage of this oppor-and creates desire to develop and expand. turlity. A. R. WATZEK, L. D. FELSHEIM, Secretary, Board of Higher Education, Portland. President, Oregon Newspaper Conference, Bandon, THE OREGON FEDERATION OF Wo- MEN'S CLUBS has as one of its many de- IT HAS BEEN SAID that if a person is born partments, that of "Education" with manyin Virginia he never quite gets over it,I divisions, all of value and interest. Amongam proud of my native state, Virginia, but them we find "Education of the AdultI take greater pride in the state of my Citizen," which we feel is outstanding asadoption, Oregon, with its wonderful re- a factor in reducing illiteracy. Added tosources, and the alert and forward-looking this we have our Scholarship Loan Fund,spirit that dominates its citizenry. started in 1905 with $23.65. This amount R. R. TURNER, remained after all bills were paid for the President, Oregon State Sacajawea monument, which was a part of Teachers' Association, Dallas. the Lewis and Clark fair. At the sugges- BEFORE I WAS BORN my state gave to my tion of Sarah A. Evans of Portland thisparents ideals of life and love that made my was the beginning of our work whichhome a place of strength and beauty. In help- was permanently organized in 1908. Sinceless infancy my state joined my parents in pro- that time we have assisted 969 girls to atecting me and endowed me with that priceless higher education, which means not onlyheritage of citizenship. My state enriched my childhood with the romance and love of nature a higher education but a preparation forand the lessons of life that have been woven better womanhood, better motherhood,into the texture of my soul. In the stress and and better citizenship. storm of adolesence my state guided my foot- Mrs. G. J. FRANKEL, steps by lifting my eyes toward the stars in the President, Oregon Federation canopy of her blue heavens. My state through of Women's Clubs, Portland. her educational institutions offered me the op- portunity of gaining wisdom and taught me the ideals of useful citizenship. My state legalized THE SUMMER Rour'm-u OF THE CarL- my marriage and afforded me the opportunity DRENBy studying the objects of the and protection of a home, When my heart was National Congress of Parents and Teach-seamed with sorrow, and I thought the sun ers, it is made very dear that the welfare could never shine again, my state gave me the inspiration to labor and hope for the bright to of the whole child, physically, mentally, morrow. When my steps have slipped and I morally and spiritually, is the objective ofhave known the bitterness of lost friendships, all Parent-Teacher workers. The Summer my state has believed in me and wooingly she Round-up of the Children, one of the has called me back to live within the heights of various activities, is a campaign inaugu-myself. Now have come the children dearer to me than life itself and toy state is helping me rated by the National Congress of Parents to train them in clean, healthy citizenship. My and Teachers for the purpose of sending state calls me her son, She asks my service and to school a dass of beginners as near physi- my loyalty. She has a right to ask it.I will cally perfect as possible. This health ac- help her to do for others what she has done for tivity is worthy of every one's encourage-me. Iii this place in which I live, I will help her keep aflame and aloft the torch of a living ment and assistance. faith in her virtues of Justice, Freedom and Mrs. Wxwr T. BRIcE, Democracy, SmNn S. GEORGE, President, Oregon State Congress Commander, Department of Oregon, of Parents and Teachers, Portland. American Legion, Eugene. 12 OREGON: A Program for Observance of May2 "Oregon Is Going Ahead" By E. G. HitL4, OregonState Chamber of Commerce The 1929 salmon pack was 422,117 In 1924 the value of turkeys raised in cases, worth $5,905,024. The total oceanDouglas county was $90,000; in 1929 the and river catch was 15,569,040 pounds. value was $330,000. The 1929 walnut and filbert acreage Rogue River valley is the fastest growing was 4,000; 1,200 tons production, worthpart of Oregon, and has doubled in the $465,000. last eight years. Over 12,000 carloads of Oregon has 4.5 per cent of the country'sagricultural and industrial products were strawberry acreage and produces 6.8 pershipped in 1929. cent of the entire crop. The largest straw- Forty cars of high-priced bulbs were berry patch in the world, as far as known,shipped out of Grants Pass last season. is near Lacomb, and consists of 140 acres.One-half of the Ladino clover seed of the Eighty per cent of the bosc pears, highestnation is produced near Grants Pas. priced commercial pears, are grown in For the last two years Deschutes county Oregon. shipped one car per month of dairy The 1929 production of cranberries wasanimals to California. 6,000 barrels on about 50 acres.Coos Alsike clover won first and sixth prizes county produced about 2,200 busheLs inat the 1929 International Livestock Show, 1929the original home of cranberries inChicago. Oregon. Clatsop county produced the re- The average apple crop at Hood River mainder.Oregon produces about 150is 3,700 cars, and is worth $4,500,000. bushels per acre, against 75-80 bushels inThe average pear shipment is 900 cars, Cape Cod districts of New England. Inworth $800,000. 1926 J. S. Dellinger produced 750 bush- els per acre near Astoria, returning $2,200 There were 1,058,000 acres of wheat in per acre. Oregon in 1929. Oregon celery has repeatedly won first There are 2,501,000 head of sheep in prizes for quality. In 1922-23-24 it wonOregon in 1930 worth $22,531,000. first award at national contests in compe- There are 480,000 head of beef cattle tition with celery from all parts of theworth $20,927,000. United States and Canada. Total livestock sales in 1929 were about Oregon has one-fifth of the standing$30,000,000. timber of the United States. The totalagricultural production in Oregon leads the United States in fibre1929 in Oregon was $179,895,000. flax, acreage and quality. Oregon has 18,000,000 potential farm There are 3,489 miles of paved, oiledacres, less than 3,000,000 under plow in and rocked highways in Oregon. 1929. In 1928, 440 mills cut 4,371,924,000 Oregon has 60,000 farm families, the feet of lumber.(Latest United Statesnumber increasing at the rate of 1,000 census) new families yearly. There were 4,342,837 cases of canned Records show that Oregon is bringing fruits and vegetables packed in 1929. in approximately 75 new families every Two hundred and twenty thousand dairymonth, that 5,000 acres of land are being animals produced $25,500,000 in newpurchased, and that $250,000 of new wealth. wealth is being brought in. Oregon developed the first hen to lay During the last sixyears 4,359 families 300 eggs in a year. have located in Oregon; 180,487 acres of Oregon produces over 50 per cent of theland have been purchased; $18,127,878.50 nation's hops, 17,606 18,445,000represeitts new money invested in land, pounds, worth $2,213,000 in 1929. equipment, and household effects. OREGON: A Program for Observance of May 2 13 Know Your Oregon The commander of the boat's crew thattion of the Willamette and Columbia sounded the approach to the Columbiarivers. His monographs, petitions to con- river in advance of the ship which madegress and other writings laudatory of the formal discovery was John Boit, fifthOregon constituted an extensive literature. mate of the vessel. He was 17 years old. Indians of the lower Columbia did not John Ledyard was a Yan-have names for rivers as such, but only kee who sailed the northwest coast infor localities through which rivers flowed. 1778 with Captain Cook on a BritishTo them a river no more needed a name scientific expedition, and whose enthusi-than the air over a region would to us. asm for the country so interested Thomas The first white man to cross our con- Jefferson, in Paris in 1785 on diplomatictinent in northern latitudes was Alexan- business for the young republic, that thisder Mackenzie, who in July, 1793, reached may be said to have been among the firstthe Pacific coast of what is now Brktish events which culminated in Jefferson's Columbia. decision to organize the enterprise which, almost 20 years later, was led by Lewis William A. Slacum was a United States and Clark. navy paymaster who came to Oregon in A probably controlling influence in1836 as a confidential representative of fixing the name Oregon, and also itsPresident Jackson, and whose influence present spelling and pronunciation, waswas far-reaching in that he aided the the publication of "Thanatopsis." In thefirst movement to introduce cattle to make first form of the poem, as printed in thethe settlers independent of the Hudson's North American Review in 1817, theBay company. meter required the accent on the second The first steamship tosail on the syllable, and Bryant also used the "a" inPacific o:ean was the Beaver, brought to the last syllable, making it "O-re'-gan".the Columbia by the -Iudson's Bay com- The poet's revision, now the acceptedpany in 1836. version, scans with the pronunciation we The first effective local civil govern- now use - "Or'-e-gon"."Thanatopsis"ment on the Pacific coast was organized was widely popular in the period whenat Champoeg, May 2, 1843. these matters were uncertain and was Lieutenant Charles Wilkes, U. S. N., plausibly a deciding factor in determiningwho made a reconnaissance of the Oregon the present status of the name. country in 1841 commanded an official The first party of white men to arriveexploring expedition which, on the same in Oregon overland from the south wasvoyage, found the Antarctic continent. led by Jedediah Strong Smith in 1828. An idea of the lack of public knowl- The first ship to carry the Americanedge of western geography as recently as flag around the world was the Columbia,1843 can be obtained from the fact that and her commander was Robert Gray. Lieutenant John C. Fremont in that year A great English botanist, who exploredcrossed Oregon from north to south, east the Oregon country in the decade 1825-34of the , in full belief that in the interests of science, was Davidhis expedition would find winter quarters Douglas, for whom our ison a river supposed to rise in Great Salt named. Lake and flow into San Francisco bay. The original Oregon real estate boomer The first National Guard organization was Hall J, Kelley, of Boston, who cameto debark in the Philippines in support here by way of Mexico in 1834. He hadof Admiral Dewey was the Second Ore- platted on paper a townsite at the junc.gon regiment. 14 OREGON: A Program for Observance of May 2

A plague which destroyed four-fifths In 1813 Astoria passed from the hands of the Indian inhabitants of the Oregonof the Americans into the hands of the country, eliminated entire villages and inBritish, and Gabrielle Franchère tells how some instances extinguished whole tribes,the American colors were hauled down occurred between 1829 and the earlyfrom the factory and the British colors 1840's. run up, to the no small chagrin and mor- The leader in a noteworthy effort totification of those who were American break the early Hudson's Bay companycitizens. trade monopoly was Nathaniel J. Wyeth, Much of the recent growth and develop- who came to Oregon in 1832 and again inment of eastern and has 1834. He built Fort Hall, in what is nowbeen due to the introduction and develop- Idaho, and Fort William, on .ment of irrigation. The first man to traverse the entire Fort Vancouver was built by Dr. Mc- length of the was alsoLoughlin. perhaps the greatest geographer associated The first successful Methodist mission, with western historyDavid Thompson. founded by Jason Lee, in Oregon was situ- A pioneer,though not permanent,ated near present site of the city of Salem. American establishment on the Columbia Champoeg is situated about 30 miles river was founded by Captain Nathan Winship at Oak Point in 1810, a yearnorth of the present city of Salem. before Astoria was founded. It was dis- The United States in 1818 entered into couraged by spring floods and by Indiana joint occupation treaty with Great Brit- hostility, was abandoned the same yearain for the Oregon country, which was and never resumed. renewed for an indefinite period in 1827. An event, occurring outside of Oregon The first white women to cross the yet which profoundly affected the socialplains were Mrs. and and economic life of the territory, wasMrs. Eliza Spalding, wives of missionaries, the discovery of gold in California inin 1836. January, 1848. This not only stimulated The chief factor of the Hudson's Bay export trade by furnishing markets atcompany in Oregon from 1824 to 1845 good prices for Oregon produce, but gavewas Dr. McLoughlin. He is known as impetus to home enterprise by supplying"The Father of Oregon." a convenient, copious, and trustworthy The principal competitor of the Hud- medium of exchange as a substitute for theson's Bay company prior to 1821 was the Arcadian simplicity of barter and trade. North West company. The men who opened a road for immi- In 1842 the population of what is now grants across the mountains, around theOregon was doubled by the arrival of a south side of , were Joellittle company led by . Palmer, Samuel K. Barlow, and William Rector. A popular Oregon senator, killed at Ball's Bluff in the Civil War, was Col. E. The Columbia river was discovered andD. Baker. named by Captain Gray, whose ship bore Th most noted leader of the Modoc the name "Columbia." Indians was Captain Jack. By the Nootka convention of 1790, the A noted Indian chief who in 1877 re- country that gave up its exclusive claim tosisted the settlement of the Wallowa coun- the north Pacific coast was Spain. try by the white people was Chief Joseph. The ship that brought settlement to As- The first school in the Oregon country toria and was later mysteriously destroyedwas taught in 1832-33, at Vancouver, by in aayquot harbor was the Tonquin. John Ball. OREGON: A Program or Observance of May 2 15

The first bill proposing to admit Oregon A famous highway along part of the as a state was presented by Joseph Lane. northern boundary of Oregon is the Co- The man who financed the building oflumbia River highway. the railroad from Portland to Roseburg The most noted highway running north was Ben Holladay. and south through the state of Oregon is An early railroad builder in Oregon was the Pacific highway. Henry Villard. The Oregon official who negotiated the A noted Oregon author, who wrotetreaty with the Indians at Table Rock in "The Man With the Hoe," was EdwinSeptember, 1853, was Joseph Lane, who Markham. had been governor of the territory but had A state highway extending north andresigned. south through the state, just east of the Oregon is bounded on the north by Cascade range, is The Dalles-California. Washington, on the east by Idaho, on the The number of counties in Oregon nowsouth by California and Nevada, and on (1930) is 36. the west by the Pacific ocean. The author of the "History of the Pacific Oregon contains 96,699 square miles Northwest" is Joseph Schafer. and ranks ninth in size. Sacajawea was an Indian woman who Oregon initiated the national movement aided Lewis and Clark for direct primaries, the initiative and The river named the "Lewis" by Captainreferendum and the recall, and adopted Clark is now called the Snake. prohibitionindependentlyofnational When Astoria was taken over by theamendment. North West company its name was changed Oregon was the thirty-third state ad- to Fort George. mitted to the Union. The headquarters of the Hudson's Bay Oregon ranks first in the amount of company after 1825 were at Vancouver. standing timber, and in timber cut ranks A government training school for In-second. dians is situated at Chemawa, Oregon. The principal farm crop is wheat. In 1824 the southern boundary of Rus- School census of persons over 4 and sia's possessions on the Pacific coast wasunder 20 years of age in October, 1929, fixed at 54 degrees 40 minutes (N. L.). was 260,393, of which 132,253 were male The first territorial governor of Oregonand 128,140 were female. was Joseph Lane, appointedby President In 1929 there were 279 standard high schools in Oregon. Polk. The first newspaper published in Ore- In 1929 there were 7,214 students grad- gon was the Oregon Spectator,February 5,uated from Oregon high schools, of which 1846. 3,137 were boys and 4,077 girls. The first capital of Oregon was at Ore- The paper-making industry is prominent gon City. in Oregon because spruce and white fir Oregon became an organized territoryare plentiful. March 3, 1849, when Governor Lanefor- The earliest road east and west across mally took office. The act of Congressthe plains into Oregon is called the Oregon authorizing this was approved August 14,Trail. 1848. The Oregon normal school is situated The legendary "Bridge of the Gods"at Monmouth, the Southern Oregon nor- spanned the river now known as Columbia.mal school at Ashland, and the Eastern Oregon was admitted to the Union as Oregon normal school at La Grande. a state February 14, 1859,with 53,000 In illiteracy Oregon ranks with Iowa, population. Nebraska and Idaho as the lowest in the The first state wascountry, the percentage being 1.5; that of John Whiteaker. native-born .4 of I per cent, 16 OREGON: A Program for Observance of May 2 OREGON: A Program for Observance of May 2 17

PRIL 10, 1830, a covered (2) Follow-up studiesIn wagon train left fron- Celebrating the Covered Wagon Centennial connection with the history, tier St. Louis, for the geography, English, art, and (From the Journal of the National ¶.ucation Association, March, 1930) Rockies,thefirsteverto music departments, carry on thread its way along the old the following activities: . This significant of tides Gather from living pio- event marks a turning point so Map of the neers their stories, preserve relics, in our history. OREGON TRAIL documents of pioneer days. Frees the Missour, Poe,- to the Pac5ic Northwest Make collections for libra- with the prirscrpol connections, the forts stony ries of reliable books, pamphlets, When the fur-traders the Frse,ndtheTenrftorio! Divisions of and articles that tell the story of swapped their "mackinaw 1852 the Oregon Trail and our west- 7,0,1 boats"for the "prairie M0000,r 0-oil Pro, IS, or,grodS, ward march. Ooo,-SosI Mo/I, ot,547,fr,Ihdbr&o Expressinart,music, schooner,"they opened the OMO,-t,o/IS Oootolhood drama,andcreativelanguage way forthe home-building work the choice stories and the settlers to win and, hold our y55- spirit of the western pioneer. west. Our plains and moun- Essay contest. tains and deserts were con- Prepare to participate in the quered by means of the hum- state essay contest for the Ore- gon Trail Memorial Association ble covered wagon and the medals, which will be awarded, patient ox teams. in each state, one to a boy and one to a girl and one to their This year is the Covered school for the best essays on the Wagon Centennial. The Ore- 'S theme: The part my statehas gon Trail Memorial Associa- played in the opening and build- tion issues the invitation to T------ing of the lVest. After the study of the history of the great west, the people of the nation and as a part of, our national expan- particularly to the boys and sion and achievement, students of girls of our schools to partici- junior and senior high schools pate in this nationwide his- will be ready to deal in a con- crete and truthful way with this torical commemoration. Upon M X inviting theme. this Association, by reason of Details of the essay conresr can be _v,s secured from Oregon Trail Memorial an act unanimously passed by Ass'n. 95 Madison avenue, New York. Congress, rests responsibility Howard R. Driggs, president. for this movement. April 10, 1930, which Precious few of these pioneers yet live to What the Schools Can Do is the hundredth anniversary of the start-tell us their stories. Hundreds of them lie (1) Commemoration Day programCoy- President and Old Pioneer ing of the first wagon train, is the openingin unmarked graves along the oldtrailsered Wagon Centennial; preferably May 2, date of the Centennial, and December 29,shown in the above sketch made for us byo)or some other significant date. This program Calvin Coolidge and 1930, the hundredth anniversary of the birtha covered wagon pioneer. Others are at rest Ezra Meeker, two stalwart of Ezra Meeker, the dauntless pioneer who should be given in the auditorium, out-of- in cemeteries in every part of our land. Onedoors, or in classes.Its purpose is to honorAmericansthe president founded the Association, is the official clos- a New Englander, and tender tribute planned is the making of aour pioneers. - ing day. Mr. Meeker a native of' roster of these honored dead; another is to It should involve the following: Ohio, though for nearly all his adult life a resi- The Covered Wagon Centennial is of vitalsearch out those who yet live and pay them geography and interest to our entire nation. The west, we The Oregon Trail,its dent of the PacificNorth- the honor due, This cause offers a challeng- history. west. Mr. Meeker was a must remember, is the transplanted east, theing opportunity for all to give definite help Stories of the pathfinders and pioneersyouth past 14 when the blended north and south.It was won byin preserving our national traditions and Indians, explorers, fur-traders, missionaries, home- late John C.Coolidge, C heroes and heroines from every state east ofpromoting our national unity. building settlers, and ranchrnen. To be presented father of the president, the Mississippi.Not only the sons and through narration or dramatization. wasborn.Photograph daughters of those who fought for freedom Songs and other music of the Coveredtaken on White House Wagon days. grounds October,1924, but thousands of Americans of a later day For references for study of the Oregon just after Mr. Meeker had Trail, Introduction of living Oregon Trail pio- played valiant parts in this great oxteam see list of books and periodicals, neers resident in your Community, flown inan aeroplane migration that has added nearly a score ofcompiled by the Oregon State Library, and from Washington state to Address: A tribute to the pioneer builders the city of Washington. stars to our flag. printed on the last page of this program. of the west. 18 OREGON: A Program for Observance of May 2

"Lose thyrelf in the continuous woods W'bere rolls the Oregon, and hears no sound Sate his own dashings." BRYANT: Thanatopsis.

The woods, the deep The woods, the dense Primeval woods, Imposing woods, The incense-laden The towering, templed Oregon woods Oregon woods Where limpid streams and sunlit A sermon ev'ry leaf reveals, Rare symphonies the woodland peals bowers And columned aisles mid sylvan Abound in varied leaves and flowers lyres And censers swung in Nature's Tower skyward like cathedral spires. shrine The woods, the quaint Exhale a fragrant breath divine. Enchanted woods, The woods, the vast The elfin-haunted Resounding woods, Oregon woods The wind-swept, vibrant The sighing bough and hermit owl, Oregon woods The sprite at prayer and nymph The zephyr's pianissimo, in cowl, The cascade's deep fortissimo, The phantom note of mourning The litany of happy birds dove Are hallelujahs without words. Alt tell the rosary of love.

By permlss,on of the Oregon DaLlv Journal. OREGON: A Program for Observance of May 2 19 'Iii Oreq'K

Swales are hued Pale gold and cherry, In Oregon, In February Grass that was green I.' greener still, Waler furrows Leery foil Roam starts Pros, p,ne and fir, 50 Hazel., are A lOu'ny blue Calk,,,5 don New velvet cools, Frogs awake And dear the,, throats Thfoal tori a,ngs 4sd mpr,ngs begun /0Oregon In (l,.gm.,,

By permission of the Morning Oregonian.

The Oregon Trail (1843) Two hundred wagons, rolling out to Oregon Two hundred wagons, rolling out to Oregon Breaking through the gopher holes, lurch- Curved around the campfire flame at halt ing wide and free, when day is done, Crawling up the mountain pass, jolting, gruin- Rest awhile beneath the stars, yoke again and bling, rumbling on, lumber on, Two hundred wagons, rolling to the sea. Two hundred wagons, rolling with the sun, From East and South and North they flock, toAmong the barren buttes they wind beneath muster, row ott row, the jealous view A fleet of ten-score prairie ships beside Of Blackfoot, Pawnee, Omaha, Arapahoe 's flow. and Sioux. The bullwhips crack,the oxenstrain,theNo savage threat may check their course, no canvas-hooded files river deep and wide; Are off upon the long, long trail of sixteen They swim the Platte, they ford the Snake, hundred miles. they cross the Great Divide. The women hold the guiding-lines; beside theThey march as once from India's vales through rocking steers Asia's mountain door With goad and ready rifle walk the beard2d With shield and spear on Europe's plain pioneers their fathers marched before. Through cloudsofdustbeneaththesun, They march where leap the antelope and storm through floods of sweeping rain the buffalo Acoss the Kansas prairie land, across Ne- Still Westward as their fathers marched braska's plain. ten thousand years ago. 20 OREGON: A Program for Observance of May 2

Two hundred wagons, rolling out to Oregon In thy crystal deeps, inverted, Creeping down the dark defile below the Swings a picture of the sky, mountain Crest, Like those 'wavering hopes of Aidenn Surging through the brawling stream, lunging, Dimly in our dreams that lie; plunging, forging on, [West. Clouded often, drowned in turmoil, Two hundred wagons, rolling toward the Faint and lovely, far away Wreathing sunshine on the morrow, Now toils the dusty caravan with swinging Breathing fragrance 'round today. wagon-poles Love would wander Where Walla Walla pours along, where Here and ponder broad Columbia rolls. Hither poetry would dream; The long-haired trapper's face grows dark and Life's old questions scowls the painted brave; Sad suggestions Where now the beaver builds his dam the "Whence and whither?" throng thy stream. wheat and rye shall wave. The British trader shakes his head and weighs On the roaring wastes of ocean, his nation's loss, Soon thy scattered waves shall toss; For where those hardy settlers come the 'Mid the surges' rhythmic thunder, Stars and Stripes will toss. Shall thy silver tongues be lost. Then block the wheels, unyoke the steers; the Oh! thy glimmering rush of gladness prize is his who dares; Mocks this turbid life of mine The cabins rise, the fields are sown, and Racing to the wild Forever, Down the sloping paths of Time. Oregon is theirs! Onward ever, lovely river They will take, they will hold, Softly calling to the sea; By the spade in the mold, Time, that scars us, By the seed in the soil, Maims and mars us, By the sweat and the toil, Leaves no track or trench on thee! By the plow in the loam, By the School and the Home! Sas L. SIMPsor't. Two hundred wagons, rolling out to Oregon, Two hundred wagons, ranging free and far, Two hundred wagons, rumbling, grumbling, rolling on, God tramps on through the scourging rains, Two hundred wagons, following a Star! God vaults into the saddle; By Arthur Guiterman, from "I Sing the Pioneer." Rides alone past the dusty plains; Copyright 1926. by E. P. Dutton and Company. God's back bends to the paddle. Cedar branches and sunlight through, And on, still on, speeds the lone Canoe! The Beautiful Willamette God rides our on his ancient quest, From the Cascade's frozen gorges, Healing, saving, Commanding. Leaping like a child at play, Here in the savage unknown west, Winding, widening through the valley, Settlement, cabin, landing Bright Willamerte glides away. Well they know the steady beat, Onward ever, lovely river In the stillness, of God's horse's feet. Softly calling to the sea; Time, that scars us, God leads to grace the pioneers Maims and mars us, Who walk each hour with danger; Leaves no track or trench on thee! Knows these grim men for his peers; Spring's green witchery is weaving Gives his bread to the stranger Braid and border for thy side; Doing all that a neighbor can, Grace forever haunts thy journey, God rides stilla weary man, Beauty dimples on thy ride; Through the purple gates of morning, God rides outand founds three states; Now thy roseare ripples dance, Their scourger, their defender; Golden, then, when day, departing, Guides their loves and tones their hates, On thy waters trails his lance. Leads them into splendor! Waltzing, flashing, Godin the Circuit Rider's breast Tinkling, splashing, Once more God built a worldour west, Limpid, volatile and free MARY CAROLYN DAVIES. Always hurried First prize in a contest sponsored by To be buried Mr. R. A, Booth of Eugene, read at the unveiling o the statue of the In the bitter, moon-mad sea. Cirniit Rider. OREGON: A Program for Observance of May 2 21 Oregon in 1834 An historical pageant by R. J. HENDRICKS In 1934* the centenary celebration ofpublished a monthly magazine called "The Ore- the coming of Jason Lee and his four com-gonian," and secured 3,000 members who were panions will be held in and around Salem, subscribers. Oregon. Lee, 6 feet 4, a giant in strength ALANSON BERItS, missionary blasksniith. J. L. WHITCOMB, missionary worker, (who and endurance (the height of Abraham with 35 others signed the memorial to congress Lincoln), light hair and fair complexion,which in 1838 Jason Lee took with him to blue eyes (Bashford says he resembledSenator Linn, who presented it to the upper Chief Justice Charles E. Hughes), kingly house January 28, 1839; Whitcomb married Cyrus Shepard's widow after the death of her in bearing (as much so as Dr. John Mc-first husband). Loughlin), kindly and companionable in Dr. ELIJAH WHITE, missionary physician. disposition, and sincerely devout in spirit, He led to the Oregon country in 1842 the first came as a missionary to the Flathead In- large party of people coming for actual settle- dims, responding to the call of the four ment. tribesmen who had been sent by their W. H. WILLSON, missionary carpenter. Be- people to the then village of St. Louis, Mo., came a physician. Platted the original sownsite searching for the white man's God and the of Salem. Donated Oregon state capitol site. Miss. ALANSON BEERS and Miss. ELIJAI-I white man's Book of Heaven. He had WHITE. stepped over the crest of the Rockies and SUSAN DOWNING, missionary teacher, be- camped in the old Oregon country June trothed to Cyrus Shepard. 15, 1834. Twelve years later, to a day, the ELVJRA Jol-INsoN, missionary teacher. internationalboundary agreement was ANNA MARIA PITMAN, missionary teacher. signed. Had he not come, and had he not Canadian Frenchmen and their wives and been a statesman in vision as well as a half-caste children. Christian in character and outlook, that A few white men, including trappers from event might not have transpiredindeed, the mountains and stragglers from the sea, and had he not come when he did, and had he Charles J. Roe. Indian children and students of the mission, not been the kind of man he was, theto the number of 30 to 40, with neighboring British flag might now fly over all the tribesmen. country west of the Rockies. It is freely SCENE argued that the influences that radiated A grove of firs by the river side near 'he from the urihewn log house 18 by 22 feet mission, extended the arc of the republic to the TIME Pacific.The little party arrived at the mission site on the east bank of the Wil- Sunday, July 16, 1837 (As the company .1ispcses of itself on rude lamette 10 miles below what is now Salem, improvised seats, most of the Indians seanding October 6, 1834, and began building that or sitting on the ground, Jason Lee reads the rude historic small house. lines, beginning, and the company sings:) "When all thy mercies, 0 my God, Ci1tAcrERs My rising soul surveys, JASON Lac, head of the mission. Transported with the view, I'm lost, In wonder, love and praise." DANIEL LEE, his nephew, Methodist mis- (Jason Lee continues, and the company takes sionary. up the words:) Cvaus SHEPARO, missionary teacher. Organ- ized irs 1835 the first Sunday school of the old "Through every period of my life, Oregon country, still going as the First Metho- Thy goodness I'll pursue; dist Sunday school of Salem, Oregon. Letters of And after death, in distant worlds, his and his wife's led Methodists of Lynn, The pleasing theme renew." Mass., to organize the Oregon Provisional Emi- (Jason Lee leads in prayer. An old chronicler gration society in August, 1838. The societysays, "He fervently addressed the throne of 22 OREGON: A Program for Observance of May 2 grace, while every knee bent in the attitude of MISS DOWNING supplication, and many prayers went up as a "And she even kept it from me, and from memorial before God.") Cyrus, too. We have had no secret, Our vows were made and known in Massachusetts before MISS JOHNSON Mr. Shepard went with the Lees in1834. (Speaking to Mrs. Beers.) I gladly came to him half around the world to "Have you heard that there is to be a doublethis wilderness, and counted it my duty as well wedding ?" as my joy and happiness." MRS. BEERS MRS. WHITE "No, Who else? I have heard nothing. Who "And Mr. Lee and Miss Pitman have known can it be?" each other on1y two short months.'fItis MISS JOHNSON whispered, though, that Miss Pitman was chosen by the good ladies of the missionary boardas 'They say Mr. Roe is to wed the half-breeda suitable person to become the bride of Mr. daughter of Captain McKay, the Jean BaptisteLee, and with her knowledge and consent; Deportes McKay who came with the Astorthough he knew nothing of this cunning plan party in 1812. But we must be quiet, for Mr.of the doting matchmakers in New York, And Lee is beginning to speak." all of us have sensed that with both itwas a case of love at first sight. Why not? They are JASON LEE peculiarly fitted for each other, if ever mortal 'My beloved friends and neighbors: More man and woman were. But they have been than two years have passed since God, in Hiswonderfully adroit in keeping the secret of providence, cast my lot among you.During their intended surprise for us today." this period I have addressed you many t rues MRS. BEERS and on various subjects, and I trust that vu "I am not resentful for being denied the bear me witness this day that I have never, in sweet sharing of their secret.It adds to the any one instance, advised you to do thatwhich zest and interest of this high day among us. is wrong, but that I have, on all occasions, And there are only five white urged you to 'Cease to do evil and learn to do women west of the Missouri who might share it; the five ofus well.'I have frequently spoken to you, in nohere at the mission; excepting Narcissa Whit. measured terms, upon the subject of the holyman at Waillatpu and Mrs. Spalding at Lapwai institution of marriage, and endeavored to im- 200 to 300 miles away." press you with the importance of that duty. It is an old saying, and a true one, that example MRS. \VHITF speaks louder than precept, and I have long "See, Daniel Lee stands ready to tie the nup- been convinced that if we would have others tial knot, It is a pretty ceremony, anda histori- practice what we recommend, circumstancescal one. It is the first marriage of a whiteman being equal, we must set the example. And to a white woman west of the Rockies and north now, my friends, I intend to give you unequivo- of the California line." cal proof that I am willing in this respect to MRS BEERS practice what I have so often commended to "Now comes the turn of Cyrus Shepard, erect you,'. and stately, and Susan Downing, Surelyone MISS JOHNSON good turn deserves another, and it isproper "What can this mean? This is a real sur- that the first white groom should perform the prise. He is going over to Miss Pitman, He is ceremony for the second, turn about being fair taking her by the hand, and leading her forward, play, They make a fine appearance,as fresh as to meet Daniel Lee," the beautiful flowers in the mission garden of Cyrus. Though Cyrus himself is saidto deny MRS. WHITE himself proper clothes for most occasions, be- "Will wonders never cease? To think Miss cause he wishes to curb his natural pride. It is Pitman was so calm and self possessed at the one of his many ways of mortifying the flesh; dinner last evening in the mission house in like the hair shirt of some religious orders." honor of Mr. Shepard and Miss Downing, when MISS JOHNSON she served us all so graciously and well and "And now comes the second surprise inthis made no sign, outside of her interest in theday of romance, which isno surprise, Mr. Lee betrothed couple," is calling for Mr. Roe, who isto marry the half- breed daughter of Captain McKay." MRS. BEERS JASON LEE "Yes, Miss Piunan surely kept a straight face "Let us add our voices to the music of the and made her fluttering heart a very jailor ofbirds in the trees overhead her feelings, kept in the dungeon of solitary on this thrice blessed day, devoted to the ceremonials that harkour confinement by an effort in which not many of memories back to that memorable her sex could excel," scene in Cana of Galilee that was hallowed by the helpand OREGON: A Program for Observance of May 2 23 participation of the Master who performed hisvised communion cups:)"This is the unfer- first miracle that the wedding feast might notmented fruit of the vine, such as was the water lack for anything, as we sing together: turned to wine by the Master at the wedding Watchman, tell us of the night, feast of Cana,When the miracle of water What its signs of promise are, turned to wine can again be performed, no one Traveler, o'er yon mountain height, will hesitate to drink, nor be harmed thereby." See that glory beaming star." (No one refused the cup, neither the white DANIEL LEE men and women nor the Indians and hal/- castes. There followed the love feast, in which "On this blessed day a stake has been driven; every Methodist spoke.) three stakes, marking the dividing line between the old and the new. * The general committee representing all the coun- try of this coast west of the Rocky mountains, ro have "There is a glory beaming star in the night oversight concerning the forrhromrng cenrenary cele- of moral and spiritual darkness, herald of the bration (for1934),will soon be organized, coming day. t Mrs. Dye in her "McLoughlin and Old Oregon" "In potential value this house on the Wil- says of Jason Lee and Miss Pitman:"They had met before in New York City, but his recollection had been, lamette is greater than the fort on the Columbia 'She is not a lady that I should fancy for a wife'." yonder at Vancouver. Here we have the evan- gels of the higher life; here is the first center ofChristianity. and culture inthe Oregon country. An Oregon Sun Knows "The wedding ceremonies we have witnessed are the sacraments of the home and that family Where to Set that set apart a people from the savagery of the By ANTHoNY EUWER wilderness.They mean organizedsociety; schools, colleges, the state, the nation." you halted on the trail SAYhaveJust as the day was done, JASON LEE And glimpsed through fretted firs enlaced 'Cotne thou to us, and we will do thee The dying of the sun? good, for the Lord has spoken good concerning Or come upon an open space Israel.'These words from Numbers 10:29 And fairly held your breath, spoken by Moses in another wilderness, shall be As down a score of canyons there the text of my sermon on this blessed Sabbath You watched its scarlet death? day." And did it strike you somehow that (There followed a sermon that made history, No matter where you get, There were two converts and two baptisms, In Oregonold Oregon lVebley Hauxburst was one, and he became a The sun knows where to set? leading man and cbartes' member of the First Methodist churchofSalem. He built the first have you stood upon the bridge gristmill in the . He was the At homing time of day first white Person converted in Oregon. He be- ANDAnd seen a freighter anchored there came a trustee of the andof All dingy, battered, gray lVillamette University. Charles I. Roe was the Until the sun bejewelled her decks other.) With colors manifold, DANIEL LEE Transfusing masts and riggingto A maze of tangled gold? "Many tears bear testimony that no hearer is And did it strike you somehow that past feeling.I have heard great sermons that No matter where you get, moved men, but not another in such a setting as rn Oregonold Oregon, this, nor one with a like sincere effect upon those who heard, even though part of you have The sun knows where to set? little understanding of the spoken language. ()R have you through an autumn haze But all have felt the unspoken moving of the Watched that red disk descend spirit. To meet the level harvest fields, "Now we will have the sacrameflt of the Just at his journey's end? Lord's Supper, and a love feast will follow. The And have you ever marveled how institution of marriage stands forth a sacred It always seemed to find thing now in this wilderness, sanctified by the Some quaint old barn or stack of hay rites of religion and sanctioned by the tenets of To settle down behind? of the law of organized society.' And did it strike you somehow that MR. BEERS No matter where you get, (Ar be with Mr. Wbitcomb Mr. Willson, In Oregonold Otegon, Dr. White aud Cyrus Sbepard pass the impro- The sun knows where to 24 OREGON: A Program for ObservanceofMay 2

A Day with the Cow Column in1843 By JESSE APPLEGATE (Read before the Association in 1876; reprinted from transartions of that society.) The migration of a large body of men,share the pasture and be guarded and women and children across the continentdriven by the whole body. This discontent to Oregon was, in the year 1843, strictly anhad its effect in the division on the Blue. experiment; not only in respect to theThose not encumbered with or having but members, but to the outfit of the migratingfew loose cattle attached themselves to the party. Before that date, two or three mis-light column; those having more than four sionaries had performed the journey onor five cows had of necessity to join the horseback, driving a few cows with them, heavy or cow column. Hence the cow col- three or four wagons drawn by oxen hadumn, being much larger than the other reached Fort Hall, on Snake river, but itand much encumbred with its large herds, was the honest opinion of the most of thosehad to use greater exertion and observe a who had traveled the route down Snakemore rigid discipline to keep pace with the river, that no large number of cattle couldmore agile consort.It is with the cow be subsisted on its scanty pasturage, orcolumn that I propose to journey with the wagons taken over a country so rugged andreader for a single day. mountainous. It is four o'clock A. M.; the sentinels on The emigrants were also assured that theduty have discharged their riflesthe signal Sioux would be much opposed to the pas-that the hours of sleep are overand every wagon and tent is pouring forth its night sage of so large a body through their coun- tenants, and slow-kindling smokes begin large- try, and would probably resist it on accountly to rise and float away in the morning air. of the emigrants' destroying and frighten-Sixty men start from the corral, spreading as ing away the buffaloes, which were thenthey make through the vast herd of cattle diminishing in numbers. and horses that make a semicircle around the encampment, the most distant perhaps two miles The migrating body numbered over away. 1,000 souls, with about 120 wagons, drawn The herders pass to the extreme verge and by 6-ox teams, averaging about six yokescarefully examine for trails beyond, to see that to the team, and several thousand loosenone of the animals have strayed or been horses and cattle. stolen during the night.This morning no trails led beyond the outside animals in sight, The emigrants first organized and at-and by 5 o'clock the herders begin to contract tempted to travel in one body, but it was the great, moving circle, and the well-trained soon found that no progress could be madeanimals move slowly towards camp, clipping here and there a thistle or a tempting bunch of with a body so cumbrous, and as yet so grass on the way. In about an hour 5,000 ani- averse to all discipline. And at the crossingmals are dose up to the encampment, and the of the "Big Blue" it divided into two col- teamsters are busy selecting their teams and umns, which traveled in supporting dis- driving them inside the corral to be yoked, The tance of each other as far as Independencecorral is a circle 100 yards deep, formed with wagons connected strongly with each other, the Rock on the Sweetwater. wagon in the rear being connected with the From this point, all danger from Indianswagon in front by its tongue and ox chains. It is being over, the emigrants separated into a strong battier that the most vicious ox can not small parties better suited to the narrow break, and in case of an attack of the Sioux would mountain paths and small pastures in their be no contemptible intrenchment, front. From 6 to 7 o'clock is a busy time; breakfast is to be eaten, the tents struck, the wagons Before the division on the loaded and the teams yoked and brought up in there was some just cause for discontent inreadiness to be attached to their respective respect to loose cattle. Some of the emi- wagons. All know when, at 7 o'clock, the signal to march sounds, that those not ready to take grants had only their teams, while otherstheir proper places in the line of march must fall had large herds in addition, which mustinto the dusty rear for the day. OREGON: A Programfor Observance of May 2 25

There are 60 wagons. They have been divided a two hours' walk may be a day's travel away; into 15 divisions or platoons of four wagonsand though the evening air is a better conductor each, and each platoon is entitled to lead in itsof sound, on the high plain during the day the turn. The leading platoon today will be thereport of the loudest rifle sounds little louder rear one tomorrow, and will bring up the rearthan the bursting of a cap; and while the report unless some teamster, through indolence or neg- can be heard but a few hundred yards, the ligence, has lost his place in the line, and is con- smoke of the discharge may be seen for miles. demned to that uncomfortable post. It is withinSo extended is the view from the bluff on which 10 minutes of seven; the corral but now a strongthe hunters stand, that the broad river glowing barricade is everywhere broken, the teams beingunder the morning sun like a sheet of silver, attached to the wagons. The women and chil-and the broader emerald valley that borders it, dren have taken their places in them. The pilotstretch away in the distance until they narrow at (a borderer who has passed his life on the vergealmost two points in the horizon, and when first of civilization and has been chosen to the post seen, the vast pile of the Wind River Mountains, of leader from his knowledge of the savage andthough hundreds of miles away, looks clear and his experience in travel through roadlesswastes),distinct as a white cottage on the plain. stands ready, in the midst of his pioneers and We are full six miles away from the line of aids, to mount and lead the way. Ten or fifteen march; though everything is dwarfed by dis- young men, not today on duty, form another tance, it is seen distinctly. The caravan has been cluster. They are ready to start on a buffalo about two hours in motion and is now as widely hunt, are well mounted and well armed, as they extended as a prudent regard for safety will per- need be, for the unfriendly Sioux have drivenmit. First, near the bank of the shining river is the buffalo out of the Platte, and the huntersa company of horsemen; they seem to have must ride 15 or 20 miles to reach them. The cow found an obstruction, for the main body has drivers are hastening, as they get ready, to thehalted while three or four ride rapidly along the rear of their charge, to collect and prepare thembank of the creek or slough. They are hunting for the day's march. a favorable crossing for the wagons; while we It is on the stroke of seven; the rush to andlook they have succeeded; it has apparently fro, the cracking of whips, the loud command to required no work to make it passable, for all oxen, and what seemed to be the inextricablebut one of the party have passed on, and he has confusion of the last 10 minutes has ceased.raised a flag, no doubt a signal to the wagons to Fortunately every one has been found and everysteer their course to where he stands. The lead- teamster is at his post. The dear notes of a ing teamster sees him, though he is yet two miles trumpet sound in the front; the pilot and hisoff, and steers his course directly towards him, guards mount their horses; the leading divisions all the wagons following in his track. They (the of the wagons move out of the encampment, andwagons) forma line three-quarters of a mile in take up the line of march; the rest fall into their length; some of the teamsters ride upon the places with the precision of clock work, until thefront of their wagons. some march beside their spot so lately full of life sinks back into that soli- teams; scattered along the line companies of tude that seems to reign over the broad plain andwomen are taking exercise on foot; they gather rushing river as the caravan draws its lazybouquets of rare and beautiful flowers that line length towards the distant El Dorado. It is withthe way; near them stalks a stately greyhound, the hunters we shall briskly canter towards theor an Irish wolf dog, apparently proud of keep- bold but smooth and grassy bluffs that bounding watch and ward over his master's wife and the broad valley, for we are not yet in sight ofchildren. Next comes a band of horses, two or the grander but less beautiful scenery (of Chim-three men or boys follow them, the docile and ney Rock, Court House and other bluffs, so sagacious animals scarce needing this attention, nearly resembling giant castles and palaces),for they have learned to follow in the rear of made by the passage of the Platte through the the wagons, and know that at noon they will be highlands near Laramie. We have been traveling allowed to graze and rest. Their knowledge of briskly for more than an hour. We have reachedtime seems as accurate as of the place they are to the top of the bluff, and now have turned tooccupy in the line, and even a full-blown thistle view the wonderful panorama spread before us.will scarce tempt them to straggle or halt until To those who have not been on the Platte, mythe dinner hour has arrived. Not so with the powers of description are wholly inadequate tolarge herd of horned beasts that bring up the convey an idea of the vast extent and grandeurrear; lazy, selfish and unsocial, it has been a of the picture, and the rare beauty and distinct- task to get them in motion, the strong always ness of the detail. No haze or fog obscuresready to domineer over the weak, halt in the objects in the pure and transparent atmosphere front and forbid the weak to pass them. They of this lofty region. To those accustomed only seeni to move only in the fear of thedriver's to the murky air of the seaboard, no correctwhip; though in the morning, full of repletion, judgment of distance can be formed by sight,they have not been driven an hour before their and objects which they think they can reach inhunger and thirst seem to indicate a fast of days' 26 OREGON: A Program for Observance of May 2

duration. Through all the long day their greed as the requisite grass and water can be had at the is never satisfied, nor their thirst quenched, norend of five hours' travel of the wagons. Today, is there a moment of relaxation of the tediousthe ground being favorable, little time has been and vexatious labors of their drivers, althoughlost in preparing the road, so that he and his to all others the march furnishes some season ofpioneers are at the nooning place an hour in relaxation or enjoyment. For the cow-driversadvance of the wagons, which time is spent in there is none. preparing convenient watering places for the But from the standpoint of the hunters, theanimals, and digging little wells near the bank of vexations are not apparent; the crack of thethe Platte. As the teams are not unyoked, but whips and loud objurgation are lost in the dis-simply turned loose from the wagons, a corral tance. Nothing of the moving panorama, smooth is not formed at noon, but the wagons are drawn and orderly as it appears, has more attractionsup in columns, four abreast, the leading wagon for the eye than that vast square column inof each platoon on the left, the platoons being which all colors are mingled, moving here slowly formed with that in view. This brings friends and there briskly, as impelled by horsemen riding together at noon as well as at night. furiously in front and rear. Today an extra session of the council is being But the picture in its grandeur, its wonderfulheld, to settle a dispute that does not admit of mingling of colors and distinctness of detail, delay, between a proprietor and a young man is forgotten in contemplation of the singular who has undertaken to do a man's service on the people who give it life and animation. No other journey for bed and board. Many such engage- race of men with the means at their command ments exist, and much interest is taken in the would undertake so great a journey, none savemanner in which this high court, from which these could successfully perform it, with no there is no appeal, will define the rights of each previous preparation, relying only on the fertilityparty in such engagements. The council was a of their own invention to devise the means tohigh court in the most exalted sense. It was a overcome each danger and difficulty as it arose. senate composed of the ablest and most respected They have undertaken to perform with slow- fathers of the emigration.It exercised both moving oxen a journey of 2,000 miles. The waylegislative and judicial powers, and its laws and lies over trackless wastes, wide and deep rivers, decisions proved it equal and worthy of the high ragged and lofty mou'ntains, and is beset withtrust reposed in it.Its sessions were usually hostile savages. Yet, whether it were a deepheld on days when the caravan was not moving. river with no tree upon its banks, a rugged defileIt first took the state of the little commonwealth where even a loose horse could not pass, a hillinto consideration; revised or repealed rules too steep for him to climb, or a threateneddefective or obsolete, and enacted such others attack of an enemy, they are always found ready as the exigencies seemed to require. The com- and equal to the occasion, and always conquer-mon weal being cared for, it next resolved itself ors. May we not call them men of destiny?into a court to hear and settle private disputes They are people changed in no essential particu- and grievances. The offender and the aggrieved lars from their ancestors, who have followedappeared before it; witnesses were examined, closely on the footsteps of the receding savage, and the parties were heard by themselves and from the Atlantic seaboard to the great Valleysometimes by counsel. The judges being thus made fully acquainted with the case, and being of the Mississippi. in no way influenced or cramped by technicali- But while we have been gazing at the pictureties, decided all cases according to their merits. in the valley, the hunters have been examiningThere was but little use for lawyers before this the high plains in the other direction. Some darkcourt, for no plea was entertained which was moving objects have been discovered in the dis-calculated to hinder or defeat the ends of justice. tance, and all are closely watching them to dis- Many of these judges have since won honors in cover what they are, for in the atmosphere ofhigher spheres. They have aided to establish on the plains a flock of crows marching milesthe broad basis of right and universal liberty two away, or a band of buffaloes or Indians at 10pillars of our great Republic in the Occident. times the distance, look alike, and many ludi-Some of the young men who appeared before crous mistakes occur. But these are buffaloes,them as advocates have themselves sat upon the for two have struck their heads together and highest judicial tribunals, commanded armies, are, alternately, pushing each other back. The been governors of states, and taken high position hunters mount and away in pursuit, and I, ain the senate of the nation. poor cow-driver, must hurry back to my daily It is now 1 o'dock; the bugle has sounded toil, and take a scolding from my fellow herders and the caravan has resumed its westward for so long playing truant. journey. It is in the same order, but the evening The pilot, by measuring the ground and tim- is far less animated than the morning march; ing the speed of the wagons and the walk of hisa drowsiness has fallen apparently on man and horses, has determined the rate of each, so as tobeast; teamsters drop asleep on their perches and enable him to select the nooning place, as nearly even when walking by their teams, and the OREGON: A Programor Observance of May 2 27

words of command are now addressed to the cian and complete success in the case above re- slowly creeping oxen in the soft tenor of women ferred to, saved us many prolonged and perhaps or the piping treble of children, while the snoresruinous delays from similar causes, and it is no of the teamsters make a droning accompaniment. disparagement to others to say that to no other But a little incident breaks the monotony of the individual are the emigrants of 1843 so much march. An emigrant's wife, whose state of indebted for the successful conclusion of their health has caused Dr. Whitman to travel nearjourney as to Dr. . the wagon for the day, is now taken with violent All able to bear arms in the party have been illness. The doctor has had the wagon drivenformed into three companies, and each of these out of the line, a tent pitched and a fire kindled.into four watches; every third night it is the Many conjectures are hazarded in regard to thisduty of one of these companies to keep watch mysterious proceeding, and as to why this loneand ward over the camp,; and it is so arranged wagon is to be left behind. And we too mustthat each watch takes its turn of guard duty leave it, hasten to the front and note the proceed-through the different watches of the night. Those ings for the sun is now getting low in the west forming the first watch tonight will be second and at length the painstaking pilot is standingon duty, then third and fourth, which brings ready to conduct the train in the circle which hethem through all the watches of the night. They has previously measured and marked out, whichbegin at 8 o'clock p. m. and end at 4 o'clock a. m. is to form the invariable fortification for the It is not yet 8 o'clock when the first watch is night. The leading wagons follow him so nearly to be set; the evening meal is just over, and the around the circle that but a wagon length sepa- corral now free from the intrusion of cattle or rates them. Each wagon follows in its track, thehorses, groups of children are scattered over it. rear closing on the front, until its tongue andThe larger are taking a game of romps; "the wee ox-chains will perfectly reach from one to thetoddling things" are being taught the great other and so accurate the measure and perfectachievement that distinguishes man from the the practice that the hindmost wagon on thelower animals. Before a tent near the river a train always precisely closes the gateway, as eachviolin makes lively music, and some youths and wagon is brought into position.It is droppedmaidens have improvised a dance upon the from its team (the team being inside the circle),green; in another quarter a flute gives its mellow the team unyoked and the yokes and chains areand melancholy notes to the still night air, used to connect the wagon strongly with that inwhich, as they float away over the quiet river, its front. Within 10 minutes from the time the seem a lament for the past rather than a hope for leading wagon halted, the barricade is formed,the future. It has been a prosperous day; more the teams unyoked and driven out to pasture.than 20 miles have been accomplished of the Everyone is busy preparing fires of buffalo chips great journey. The encampment is a good one; to cook the evening meal, pitching tents and one of the causes that threaten much future delay otherwise preparing for the night. There axe has just been removed by the skill and energy of anxious watchers for the absent wagon, for therethat "good angel" of the emigrants, Dr. Whit- are many matrons who may be afflicted like itsman, and it has lifted a load from the hearts of inmate before the journey is over; and they fearthe elders. Many of these are assembled around the strange and startling practice of this Oregonthe good doctor at the tent of the pilot (which doctor will be dangerous. But as the sun goesis his home for the time being), and are giving down the absent wagon rolls into camp, thegrave attention to his wise and energetic counsel. bright, speaking face and cheery look of the doc-The care-worn pilot sits aloof, quietly smoking tor, who rides in advance, declare without words his pipe, for he knows the brave doctor is that all is well, and both mother and child are"strengthening his hands," comfortable. I would fain now and here pay a But time passes; the watch is set for the passing tribute to that noble and devoted man, night; the council of old men has broken up, and Dr. Whitman.I will obtrude no other nameeach has returned to his own quarter; the flute upon the reader, nor would I his were he of our has whispered its last lament to the deepening party or even living, but his stay with us wasnight; the violin is silent and the dancers have transient, though the good he did was perma- dispersed; enamored youth have whispered a nent, and he has long since died at his post. tender "good night" in the ear of blushing maid- From the time he joined us on the Platte ens, or stolen a kiss from the lips of some future until he left us at Fort Hall, his great experience bridefor Cupid here, as elsewhere, has been and indomitable energy were of priceless value busy bringing together congenial hearts, and to the migrating column. His constant advice, among these simple people lie alone is consulted which we knew was based upon a knowledge ofin forming the marriage tie, Even the doctor the road before us, was, "Travel, Travel Travel; and the pilot have finished their confidential nothing else will take you to the end of yourinterview and have separated for the night, All joumey; nothing is wise that does not help you is hushed and repose from the fatigues of the along; nothing is good for you that causes aday, save the vigilant guard, and the wakeful moment's delay." His great authority as a physi-leader, who still has cares upon his mind that 28 OREGON: A Program for Observance of May 2 forbid sleep. He hears the 10 o'clock relief tak-the authority to call out the military strength of ing post and the "all well" report of the returned the column, or of so much of it as was in his guard; the night deepens, yet he seeks not thejudgment necessary to prevent a stampede or needed repose. At length a sentinel hurries torepel an enemy. Tonight he is at no loss to him with the welcome report that a party is determine that the approaching party are our approachingas yet too far away for its char-missing hunters, and that they have met with acter to be determined, and he instantly hurries success, and he only waits until by some further out in the direction in which it was seen. Thissignal he can know that no ill has happened to he does both from inclination and duty, for inthem. This is not long wanting. He does not times past the camp had been unnecessarilyeven await their arrival, but the last care of the alarmed by timid or inexperienced sentinels,day being removed, and the last duty performed, causing much confusion and fright amongsthe too seeks the rest that will enable him to go women and children, and it had been a rule that through the same routine tomorrow. But here all extraordinary incidents of the night should I leave him, for my task is also done, and unlike be reported directly to the pilot, who alone hadhis, it is to be repeated no more. Office of the Superintendent of Public Instruction Article VIII, paragraph 1, of the Ore- Governors of Oregon who by authority gon Constitution, adopted on Februaryof the constitution acted in the capacity of 14, 1859 reads in connection with the state superintendent of schools were: superintendent of public instruction as Whiteaker, John (Dem.), Mar. 3,1859- follows: Sept. 10, 1862; elected 1858. Superintendent of Public Instruction.The Gibbs, A. C. (Rep.), Sept. 10, 1862-Sept. 12, governor shall be superintendent of public in- 1866; elected 1862, struction, and his powers and duties in that Woods, George L. (Rep.), Sept, 12, 1866- capacity shall be such as may be prescribed by Sept. 14, 1870; elected 1866. law; but after the term of five years from the Grover, LaFayette (Dem.), Sept. 14, 1870- adoption of this constitution, it shall be compe- Feb. 1, 1877; elected 1870. tent for the legislative assembly to provide by law for the election of a superintendent, to Superintendents of public instruction provide for his compensation, and prescribe hisacting after the detachment of the office powers and duties. from the office of the governor by the A careful check up of the records ofruling of the legislature of 1872 were: early legislatures, however, indicates that Simpson, Sylvester C. (Dem.), Jan. 30, 1873- the legislature of 1864 did not provide for Sept. 14, 1874; appointed by the governor. the election of a state superintendent of Rowland, L. L. (Rep.), Sept, 14, 1874-Sept. 9, 1878; elected 1874. public instruction; nor was further provi- Powell, J. L. (Rep.), Sept. 9, 1878-Sept. 11, sion made for this office until the 7th regu- 1882; elected 1878. lar session of the legislature, that of 1872, McElroy, E. B. (Rep.), Sept, 11, 1882-Jan. at which session the office was detached 14, 1895; elected 1882; reelected 1886;re- from that of the governor. At this same elected 1890. Irwin, G. M. (Rep.), Jan. 14, 1895-Jan. 9, session it was provided that the state super- 1899; elected 1894. intendent was to be elected at the general Ackerman, J. H. (Rep.), Jan. 9, 1899-Jan. 3, election of 1874, at art annual salary of1911; elected 1898; reelected 1902; reelected $1,500, and that in the first instance he 1906. was to be elected by joint ballot of the Alderman, L. R. (Rep.),Jan.4, 1911-June 28, legislature of 1872. The law was approved 1913; elected 1910. by the house and senate October 22, 1872, Churchill, J. A. (Rep.), July 1, 1913-Jan. 10, 1927; appointed to succeed L. R. Alderman, re- and by the governor on October 29, 1872.signed; elected 1914; reelected 1918; reelected The legislature adjourning, October 23, 1922. 1872, before a joint ballot was had, the Turner, R. R. (Dem.), June 1, 1926-Jan. 3, firstsuperintendent served,beginning 1927; appointed to succeed J. A. Churchill. re- signed. October 29, 1873, by appointment of Gov- Howard, C. A. (Rep.), Jan. 3, 1927; ernor Grover. elected 1926. OREGON: A Program for Observance of May 2 29 The Wedding of Duncan M'Dougal to a Chinook Princess We have hitherto had so much to relatethe purpose. If the suitor and his present find of a gloomy and disastrous nature, that itfavor in the eyes of the father, he breaks the matter to his daughter, and inquires into the is with a feeling of momentary relief westate of her inclinations. Should her answer be turn to something of a more pleasing com- favorable, the suit is accepted and the lover has plexion, and record the first, and indeedto make further presents to the father, of horses, only, nuptials in high life that took placecanoes, and other valuables, according to the beauty and merits of the bride; looking forward in the infant settlement of Astoria. to a return in kind whenever they shall go to M'Dougal, who appears to have been a housekeeping. man of a thousand projects, and of great, We have more than once had occasion to though somewhat irregular, ambition, sud- speak of the shrewdness of ; but never was it exerted more adroitly than on this occa- denly conceived the idea of seeking thesion, He was a great friend of M'Dougal, and hand of one of the native princesses, a pleased with the idea of having so distinguished daughter of the one-eyed potentate Com- a son-in-law; but so favorable an opportunity of comly, who held sway over the fishing tribebenefiting his own fortune was not likely to of the Chinooks, and had long supplied theoccur a second time, and he determined to make the most of it. Accordingly, the negotiation was factory with smelts and sturgeons. protracted with true diplomatic skill.Confer- Some accounts give rather a romanticence after conference was held with the two ambassadors. Comcomly was extravagant in his origin to this affair, tracing it to the stormyterms; rating the charms of his daughter at the night when M'Dougal, in the course of anhighest price, and indeed she is represented as exploring expedition, was driven by stress having one of the flattest and most aristocratical of weather to seek shelter in the royalheads in the tribe. At length the preliminaries abode of Comcomly. Then and there he were all happily adjusted. On the twentieth of .July,early in the afternoon, a squadron of was first struck with the charms of thecanoes crossed over from the village of the piscatory princess, as she exerted herself toChinooks, bearing the royal family of Comcomly, entertain her father's guest. and all his court. The "journal of Astoria," however, which That worthy sachem landed in princely state, was kept under his own eye, records this unionarrayed in a bright blue blanker and red breech as a high state alliance, and great stroke ofclout, with an extra quantity of paint and feath- policy. The factory had to depend, in a greaters, attended by a train of half-naked warriors measure, on the Chinooks for provisions. Theyand nobles. A horse was in waiting to receive were at present friendly, but it was to be fearedthe princess, who was mounted behind one of they would prove otherwise, should they discover the clerks, and thus conveyed, coy hut compliant, the weakness and the exigencies of the post, andto the fortress. Here she was received with de. the intention to leave the country. This alliance, vout, though decent, joy by her expecting bride- therefore, would infallibly rivet Comcomly togroom. the interests of the Astorians, and with him the Her bridal adornments, it is true, at first powerful tribe of the Chinooks. Be this as itcaused some little dismay, having painted and may, and it is hard to fathom the real policy ofanointed herself for the occasion according to governors and princes, M'Dougal despatched the Chinook toilet; by dint, however, of copious two of the clerks as ambassadors extraordinary,ablutions, she was freed from all adventitious to wait upon the one-eyed chieftain, and maketint and fragrance, and entered into the nuptial overtures for the hand of his daughter. state, the cleanest princess that had ever been The Chinooks, though not a very refinedknown, of the somewhat unctuous tribe of the nation, have notions of matrimonial arrange- Chinooks. ments that would not disgrace the most refined From that time forward, Comcomlywas a sticklers for settlements and pin-money. Thedaily visitor at the fort, and was admitted into suitor repairs not to the bower of his mistress,the most intimate councils of his son-in-law. but to her father's lodge, and throws down aHe took an interest in everything that was going present at his feet. His wishes are then disclosedforward, but was particularly frequent in his by some discreet friend employed by him forvisits to the blacksmith's shop; tasking the labors 30 OREGON: A Program for Observance of May 2

of the artificer in iron for every kind of weapon Every gaze was fixed upon her in silent scrutiny, and implement suited to the savage state, inso- until the American flag was recognized. A much that the necessary business of the factory general shout was the first expression of joy, was often postponed to attend to his requisitions.and next a salutation was thundered from the The honeymoon had scarce passed away, and cannon of the fort. M'Dougal was seated with his bride in the for- The vessel came to anchor on the opposite tress of Astoria, when, about noon of the twen-side of the river and returned the salute. The tieth of August, Gassacop, the son of Comcomly,boat of Mr. M'Dougal went on board, and was hurried into his presence with great agitation,seen returning late in the afternoon. The As- and announced a ship at the mouth of the river.torians watched her with straining eyes, to dis- The news produced a vast sensation. Was it acover who were on board, but the sun went ship of peace or war? Was it American or down, and the evening closed in, before she was British? Was it the Beaver or the Isaac Todd? sufficiently near.At length she reached the MDougal hurried to the water side, threw him-land, and Mr. Hunt stepped on shore. He was self into a boat, and ordered the hands to pull hailed as one risen from the dead, and his return with all speed for the mouth of the harbor. was a s!gnal for merriment almost equal to that Those in the fort remained watching the entrance which prevailed at the nuptials of MDougal. of the river, anaious to know whether they were We must now explain the cause of this gen- to prepare for greeting a friend or fighting an tiemans long absence, which had given rise to enemy. At length the ship was described crossingsuch gloomy and dispiriting surmises. From "Astoria," by Washington Irving. the bar, and bending her course towards Astoria. G. P. Purnams Sons. New York City.

Beekman Essay Contest Sponsored by the Oregon Historical Society At the opening of each school year the The winners of the 1930 contest, which Oregon Historical Society announces forclosed March 15, 1930, have not yet been school children rules covering an Oregonannounced. The winners of the 1929 con- history essay contest for that school year.test were: Rules governing the contest may be secured First prizeMargaret Frances Wakefield, from the Oregon Historical Society, Public Franklin High School, Portland. Auditorium, Portland. The subjects for Second prizeMary B. Lueddemann,St. these contests are closely allied with Ore- Helens Hall, Portland. Third prizeThornton Call, Franklin High gon history, the subjects for the 1928, School, Portland. 1929, 1930 contests having been respec- Fourth prizeBonnie Short, Henley High tively "The Provisional Government of School, Klamath Falls. Oregon," "The Territorial Government of The prizes received by these students ranged Oregon," and "The Admission of Oregon ftom $60 to $30 and included bronze medals. to Statehood." Honorable mention, for which each person received a copy ofHistory of the Oregon Con- Considerable interest has been displayed stitution, by Charles Henry Carey, included: by the school children of the state in these Doris Ekstrand, Albany high school, Albany. contests. In 1928 there were 64 entrants; Marie Kerr, Franklin high school, Portland. Maxine Virginia Mieth, St. Helens hall, Port- in 1929 there were 90 entrants;1930 en- land. trants to the contest number 46. Ida Carson, Yachats high school, Yachats. OREGON: A Pro grain for Observance of May 2 31 Beaver Money

The industrial prosperity of a communitylus Magruder, James Taylor, George Aber- is inseparately connected with the questionnethy, W. H. Wilson, William H. Rector, of a medium of exchange and standard ofJ. G. Campbell and Noyes Smith. value. In the early days of the fur trade The five-dollar dies were made first by Ham- exchanges were made in terms of the skin ilton Campbell, a Methodist missionary, and Thomas Powell, a blacksmith from Salem, was of the beaver, the animal most numerous the machinist for doing the forging. The coins in the valley of the Columbia. When thewere made of virgin gold, without alloy. The agriculturalresourceswere utilized,a dies have on the obverse the initials of the bushel of wheat took its place beside themembers of the Oregon Exchange company, beaver skin as a standard of value. MetalKMTAWRGS. TheirsitialGwasamjs-- take, and should have been C for Campbell; in and metallic money was scarce at first, but the center is a beaver on a log. Below is T. 0. the discovery of gold in California made (Territory of Oregon) and below that, 1849, its dust abundant; although it was nor ableflanked by two branches. On the reverse around to command as much in exchange as the the edge is 'Oregon Exchange Company." and in the center the inscription, " 30 G Native same amount of gold in the form of a Gold, 5D.' coin. A suitable and convenient medium The ten.dollar dies were made later by Vic- of exchange was badly needed, and in 1849 tor Wallace, an expert machinist and are finer an act of the Provisional legislature wasthan the five-dollar dies, although similar in passed authorizing the coinage of gold. design. The error made in the initial of Camp- bell is corrected and the abbreviation for Ore- Before it was carried into effect the Provi- gon Territory is 0. T. instead of T. 0. Another sional government was supplanted by the variationisthe omission of the initials of Territorial government and the coinageAbernethy and Wilison. act declared unconstitutional. Thus denied Both the five-dollar and ten-dollar diesand help by the Federal government, eight a coin are in the possession of the Oregon His- prominent citizens formed the Oregon Ex- torical Society. BARBARA C. ELLIOTT, Secretary, Oregon Historical Society. change company and started a private mint (The museum of the Oregon HistoricalSociety, to make five and ten-dollar gold coins as under the direction of George H. Hiines,curator,is siniared in the Public Auditorium at Third andMarket outlined in the defeated legislativeact. streets. Portland. The above are only severalof the many articles that may be viewed by school children These men were W. K. Kilborne, Theophi- interested in Oregon h,story.) 32 OREGON: A Program for Observance of May 2

Read About Oregon (Compiled by the Oregon State Library) GEOLOGY Cleland. Little pioneers of the fir-tree country. Condon. Oregon geolog'. Homer. Days and deeds in the Oregon country. McCornack. The geologic story of Oregon. Earner. A short history of Oregon. Smith. Physical and economic geography of Oregon. Kingsley. Story of Lewis and Clark. Siernbrrg. Life of a fossil hunter. Lange. Shawnees warning. Williams. Oregon caves. McMeirry. Pioneers of Rocky mountains and the West. Powers. Marooned in Crater Lake. ANIMAL LIFE (To be published, June. 1930.) Bailey. Handbook of birds of the western U. S. Sabin. Opening the West with Lewis and Clark. Bailey. Wild animals of Glacier national park. Sprague. Boy pathfinder. Eliot. Birds of the Pacific coast. Wade. Trail blazers. Essig. Insects of western North America. Finley. American birds. FICTION Hoffman. Birds of the Pacific states. Balch. The bridge of the gods. Jewel: & Gabrielson. Birds of the Portland area. Conner. Quest of the Sea-Otter. Johnson. Seashore animals of the coast. Cooper. Red pioneers. Keep. West coast shells. Dye. The conquest. Lord. First book upon the birds of Oregon. Hargreaves. The cabin at the trail s end. Pollock. Excursions about birdland. Hargreaves. Ward of the redskins. Reed. Western bird guide. Plough. The covered wagon. Taverner. Birds of western Canada. Plough. The magnificent adventure. PLANT LIFE Monroe. Behind the ranges. Armstrong. Field book of western wild flowers. Monroe. Happy Valley. Berry. Western forest trees. Morrow. On to Oregon. Clements. Flowers of coast and Sierra. Morrow. We must march. Clenienc,. Wild flowers of the wear. Gilkey. Spring flora of northwestern Oregon. OREGON HISTORY lienshaw. Wild flowers of North American mountains. Bancroft. History of Oregon. 2 you. Oregon. University. Common Ore?on ferns. Bancroft. History of the Northwest coast. 2 vols'. Parsons. Wild flowers of California. Bash ford. Oregon missions. Piper & Beauie. Flora of S. W. WashinBeon. Bell. Opening a highway to the Pacific. Piper & Beattie. Flora of the Northwest Coast. Brooks. First across the continent. Saunders. Western flower guide. Carey. History of Oregon. Sudwortb. Forest trees of the Pacific slope. Carey, ed. The Oregon Constitution. Sweetser. Some trees and shrubs of Oregon. Down. A history of the Silverron country. Dye. McLoughliri and old Oregon. BIOGRAPHY AND PIONEER LIFE Gbent. Road to Oregon. REMINISCENCES Goodwin. The trans-Mississippi West. Adair. Life experiences. Homer. Oregon, her history, her great men. Applega.te. Recollections of my boyhood. Irving. Astoria. Banks. Live boys in Oregon. Johnson. Short history of Oregon. Clarke. Pioneer days in Oregon history. 2 vols. Lewis. Economic resources of the Pacific Northwest. Dave,s pore. The country boy. Ligheon. Lewis and Clark. Geer. Fifty years in Oregon. Lyman. The Columbia River. Lasckley. Oregon follcs. McArtbur. . Lockley. Oregon trail blazers. Parkman. The Oregon trail. Lockley. Oregon's yesterdays. Schafer, History of the Pacific Northwest. .McCornack. . Schultz. The bird woman (Sacajawea). Meeker. Ox-team days on the Oregon trail. Skinner. Adventurers of Oregon Schafer.Prince Lucian Campbell. Victor. Early Indian Wars of Oregon. Starbuck. Crossing the plains. Wheeler. The trail of Lewis and Clark.2 vols. Sleeves. Book of remembrance. Waggoner. Stories of old Oregon. SCENERY OF OREGON. LEGENDS. A GROUP OF OREGON POETS ESSAYS Blake. Poems from old Champoeg. Doney. Halfway to noon. Davies. Drums in our Street. Hodge. Mount Multnomah. Davies. Skyline trail. Judson. Myths and legends of the Pacific Northwest. Davies. Youth riding. Lam pman. How could I be forgetting. Euwer. Rhymes of our valley. Lancaster. The Columbia highway. Fuller. White peaks and green. Oregon Bureau of Mince. Columbia River Highway, Hall Grace. Homespun. Oregon Bureau of Mines. Some little-known scenic Halt Grace. Patchwork. pleasure places in Cascade range. Hall; Hazel. Cry of rime. Putnam. in the Oregon country. Hall, Hazel. Walkers. Rush. Tales of a western mountaineer. Hall, Hazel. Curtains. Sharp. Summer. Higinson. The voice of April-land. Sharp. Where rolls the Oregon. Markham. Gates of Paradise. Stephens. From an Oregon ranch. Markham. Lincoln, and other poems. Wilkinson. The Dingbat of Arcady. Markham. Man with the hoe. Williams. Guardians of the Columbia. i%furkbam. Shoes of happiness. Miller. Poems. REFERENCES Peck. The book of the Bardons. Clark Down and Blue.History of Oregon.(State Reed. The open hearth. adopted text, 6th grade.) Simpson. Gold-gated Wear. Oregon Historical Quarterly. FOR CHILDREN History of Oregon, issued by the state department of education, free as long as copies last. May also Chandler. Bird.woman of Lewis and Clark expedition. be obtained at the Oregon state library. Clark, Down & Blue. A history of Oregon. The Oregon Blui Book, distributed free of charge by Cleland. Early days in the fir-tree country. the secretary of stare, Salem. NOTEMany of the early histories, which have amIable for reference in many libraries. long been out of print. are not mentioned here but are