JOSEPH ELLISON

coin, it is not easy to see upon what THE INDIANS OF -GEOGRAPHIC DISTRI- al legislature can interfere with the BUTION OF LINGUISTIC FAMILIES , of this power, original in the States, By J. NEILSON BARRY rrendered."35 Portland, Ore. tionality of the Specific Contract Act United States Supreme Court. In the Twelve distinct languages were spoken by the Indians odes,36 decided in 1868, the Court held who formerly lived in the present state of Oregon. This act to pay coined dollars can only be brief summary is an endeavor to indicate by modern names nent of coined dollars" and not notes. the localities which were once occupied by the various na- Wilson, decided in 1871, Justice Field, tions or stocks. In some cases a similar language was inion of the Court, held that the act of spoken in widely separated portions of the state, as, for *y, 1862, recognized the distinction be- example, the Wai-i-lat-pu-an speech of the Mo-la-las, or ned dollars. The act did not intend to Mo-lal-las, of Clack-a-mas County was similar to that of ng contracts payable by their express the Cay-use, or Kye-use, in Umatilla County. I the provision lawful money for all The Indians who lived in the present limits of the Ls payable in money generally and not United States, Alaska and the British possessions of North n a specific kind of money.37 America spoke fifty-eight languages, of which three were the Specific Contract Act and the state found only in Oregon, these being the Ku-san or Coos, the dly helped Oregon considerably to re- Ya-kon-an or Ya-quin-a and the Kal-a-poo-ian or Cal-a- ency in spite of considerable opposition. poo-ya. On the other hand the Til-la-mooks spoke the ] Eastern states notes were the medium Sa-lish-an language which was also used by the Sa-lish or ld was quoted at a premium, on the Flat Heads of western Montana, and by other tribes who 'as the medium of exchange and notes ranged over a wide area. The Ath-a-pas-can language of Lken at a discount. Whether the gold the Indians in Curry County and adjacent regions was simi- ie Pacific Coast or injured the national lar to that of the Indians living to the eastward of Hudson on open for discussion. Undoubtedly Bay, and in many other parts of North America. de good profits by buying their mer- The twelve nations or stocks in Oregon can be grouped with depreciated notes and selling on into some eighty tribes whose habitats can now be approx- nd silver coin, but the consumers, too, imately identified. In this brief summary there is no at- transaction. tempt to include such tribes as the Chillychandize, of which little is known except the mere name. The exact number of villages, or bands, is known in only forty-four of the eighty tribes which are here listed. mgon, p. 71 et seq. These aggregate four hundred. Since little can be gained v. Wilson, pp. 687-700. The facts of the case by giving hundreds of such names as Paiinkkhwutthu, these rrebilcock received from Wilson a promissory > year after the date, payable in specie. When have been omitted, although all that may appear to have red the principal and interest in notes, Trebil- interest are given, such as the euphonious Yu-la-lo-na vil- pt them, asserting that the promissory note only. Both the District and Supreme Court lage which formerly occupied the present site of Klamath ;ender in notes was legal and sufficient. But Falls. ipreme Court reversed the decision.

'A 50 J. NEILSON BARRY THE INDIANS OF OREC

Since the United States Bureau of Ethnology is the ac- In many cases there were two or mo cepted standard, this article is based upon the Handbook so these are given, as Mi-shi-khwut-m of American Indians, Bulletin Thirty, and the article and tun-tunne, since the latter form probab' map by J. W. Powell, in the Seventh Annual Report. Ban- for those Indians being known by the F Coquille. There was a wide difference the Indian names, as, for example, Mo-l spelled in twenty-seven different ways. by the Bureau of Ethnology is the on( usually followed by another, as Lak-i official name for the tribe, while Luc] i 0 cepted name for the river. The pronunciation of Indian names 0 alphabet is not very well adapted to in( 0 illustrated by the frequent mispronur z miliar names as Spokane and Willame always been great diversity in both spelling. In this list the syllables are suggest the pronunciation, while one ol forms is also given as an additional ai z ^1 by Yu-kwin-a. It should be born

LA- the popular local use is different from a as Ya-mel and Yamhill. - While a very great deal of time anc pended in an endeavor to make this lis - U: yet the subject is so difficult that it is all errors have been avoided. The wri appreciate the courtesy of anyone who notify him of any needed corrections, may be noted in some future number , It is most earnestly hoped that th inspire others to write monographs ol their manners and customs, and espy z really remarkable individuals among ti -F ple, since they rightly belong to Oreg THE ATHPASCAN croft's Native Races, and Pickering's Races of Man have The Ath-a-pas-can linguistic family been found of much value as have also nearly all the books distributed stock in North America, bei relating to early Oregon. Very helpful suggestions were ico to beyond the Arctic Circle in Ale kindly given by Mr. John Gill of Portland. J. NEILSON BARRY THE INDIANS OF OREGON 51

States Bureau of Ethnology is the ac- In many cases there were two or more names for a tribe, s article is based upon the Handbook so these are given, as Mi-shi-khwut-me-tunne or Ku-kwil- i, Bulletin Thirty, and the article and tun-tunne, since the latter form probably explains the cause , in the Seventh Annual Report. Ban- for those Indians being known by the French word for shell, Coquille. There was a wide difference in spelling most of the Indian names, as, for example, Mo-la-la or Mo-lal-la was spelled in twenty-seven different ways. The form adopted by the Bureau of Ethnology is the one first given, and is usually followed by another, as Lak-mu-it, which is the

I z official name for the tribe, while Luck-i-a-mute is the ac- oI 0 _ cepted name for the river. w The pronunciation of Indian names is difficult, and our alphabet is not very well adapted to indicate the sounds, as . I 0 Lii illustrated by the frequent mispronunciation of such fa- *. z z miliar names as Spokane and Willamette. Also there has always been great diversity in both pronunciation and (I, spelling. In this list the syllables are divided in order to z0 4 suggest the pronunciation, while one of the many alternate T_ forms is also given as an additional aid, as Ya-quin-a, fol- I ^d by Yu-kwin-a. It should be borne in mind that often the popular ...... L;- local use is different from the standard form, 0 : e as Ya-mel and Yamhill...... v While a very great deal of time and effort has been ex- Ui pended in an endeavor to make this list absolutely perfect, -J ,: ,, ,,.. 0 yet the subject is so difficult that it is hardly possible that 4, : c; E all errors have been avoided. The writer will very greatly 0 0 16. appreciate the courtesy of anyone who will be so kind as to 4- ..' notify him of any needed corrections, in order that they -1' 6. - C.) 6- - may be noted in some future number of the Quarterly. U P It is most earnestly hoped that this brief sketch may -¾. inspire others to write monographs of the various tribes, 6- 0 their manners and customs, and especially of the many NV=NO>. ,$.. z really remarkable individuals among these interesting peo- -J ple, since they rightly belong to Oregon history. THE ATHPASCAN , and Pickering's Races of Man have The Ath-a-pas-can linguistic family was the most widely value as have also nearly all the books distributed stock in North America, being found from Mex- 1,gon. Very helpful suggestions were ico to beyond the Arctic Circle in Alaska, and from near John Gill of Portland. 52 J. NEILSON BARRY THE INDIANS OF ORE

Hudson Bay to the Pacific Coast in California. Those in (B) Between Floras Creek and Oregon were: tlements. (1) In Columbia County. (i) The Kwa-ta-mi or Sik-se The Tlats-ka-nai, or Class-can-eye-ah, around Clatskanie dians." These formed a divi River. These Indians murdered a number of the As- with three settlements. Th torians and of the Northwesters, and in 1824, when the sided on Sixes Creek. Hudson's Bay Company began operations, it was con- (ii) The Yu-ki-che-tunne oi sidered dangerous for less than sixty armed men to pass Euchre Creek. their territory. (C) Between Rogue River and (2) In Douglas County. teen settlements. (a) The "Upper" Ump-qua, or Om-kwa, (the "Lower" (i) The Chet-les-chan-tunne v Umpqua were a different nation). The principal set- Indians." tlements were called He-wut, or Hay-wut. For Chief (ii) The Khwaish-tunne-tunn Centernose see 0. H. Q., vol. VI, pp. 84, 86. lived on Wishtenatin Creek (b) The Nahan-khuot-ana, or "Cow Creek" Umpqua. Hustenate. (3) In Coos County. (b) The Chet-co or Chet-coos hac The Mi-shi-khwut-me-tunne, or Ku-kwil-tun-tunne, on vicinity of Chetco River. upper Coquille River. They had thirty-three settle- THE CHI-NOOK-AT ments. (The "Lower" Coquilles belonged to a differ- ent nation). The Chi-nook-an linguistic family (4) In Josephine County, extending into Curry County. the Columbia River, from The Dalles (a) The Da-ku-be-de-te, or Applegate Creek Indians. except part of Columbia County, Ore (b) The Tal-tush-tun-tu-de, or Gallice Creek Indians. by the Clats-ka-nies, who were Ath-a (c) The Cha-sta-cos-ta, or Ci-sta-qwus-ta, on Rogue nook-ans also ocupied Clack-a-mas Rii River, Grants Pass to the mouth of Illinois River. They ette River from Oregon City to the had thirty-three villages. lived along the coast on each side of I (5) In Curry County. lumbia. The principal tribes in Oregc (a) The Tu-tut-ni- or Too-toot-nie. "Lower Rogue (1) In Wasco County. River Indians." These Indians practiced polygamy and (a) The Was-co or Dalles Indians widows were buried alive in the graves of their de- (b) Chil-luck-kit-te-quaw from I ceased husbands. There were thirty-five bands or set- River, of whom tlements. (c) Smack-shop or Sinacsops we] (A) On Rogue River. Eleven settlemnents, among names of a number of villages a which were rious writers.. (i) Mik-on-ot-un-ne or Mack-en-oot-en-ay, fourteen (2) The Wat-la-la tribe ranged fror miles above the mouth of Rogue River. Their ter- Cascades. ritory adjoined the Cha-sta-cos-ta. (3) The Cath-la-heck-it lived at the I (ii) The Che-me-tunne or Yah-shoots or "Joshua Indians," who resided near Gold Beach. NEILSON BARRY THE INDIANS OF OREGON 53 acific Coast in California. Those in (B) Between Floras Creek and Rogue River, ten set- tlements. unty. (i) The Kwa-ta-mi or Sik-ses-tene or "Sixes In- r Class-can-eye-ah, around Clatskanie dians." These formed a division of the Tu-tut-ni, dians murdered a number of the As- with three settlements. The principal chief re- Northwesters, and in 1824, when the sided on Sixes Creek. mpany began operations, it was con- (ii) The Yu-ki-che-tunne or Eu-chee lived on ; for less than sixty armed men to pass Euchre Creek. (C) Between Rogue River and Cape Ferrelo, four- nty. teen settlements. Ump-qua, or Om-kwa, (the "Lower" (i) The Chet-les-chan-tunne were the "Pistol River different nation). The principal set- Indians." lied He-wut, or Hay-wut. For Chief (ii) The Khwaish-tunne-tunne or Wish-ta-nah-tin . H. Q., vol. VI, pp. 84, 86. lived on Wishtenatin Creek at a place now called huot-ana, or "Cow Creek" Umpqua. Hustenate. (b) The Chet-co or Chet-coos had nine villages in the me-tunne, or Ku-kwil-tun-tunne, on vicinity of Chetco River. liver. They had thirty-three settle- THE CHI-NOOK-AN ,ower" Coquilles belonged to a differ- The Chi-nook-an linguistic family occupied both sides of unty, extending into Curry County. the Columbia River, from The Dalles to the Pacific Ocean, -de-te, or Applegate Creek Indians. except part of Columbia County, Oregon, which was held *tun-tu-de, or Gallice Creek Indians. by the Clats-ka-nies, who were Ath-a-pas-cans. The Chi- cos-ta, or Ci-sta-qwus-ta, on Rogue nook-ans also ocupied Clack-a-mas River, and the Wil-lam- ss to the mouth of Illinois River. They ette River from Oregon City to the Columbia, also they villages. lived along the coast on each side of the mouth of the Co- y. lumbia. The principal tribes in Oregon were i- or Too-toot-nie. "Lower Rogue (1) In Wasco County. These Indians practiced polygamy and (a) The Was-co or Dalles Indians, near The Dalles. ried alive in the graves of their de- (b) Chil-luck-kit-te-quaw from The Dalles to Hood There were thirty-five bands or set- River, of whom (c) Smack-shop or Sinacsops were a sub-tribe. The River. Eleven settlements, among names of a number of villages are mentioned by va- rious writers.. t-un-ne or Mack-en-oot-en-ay, fourteen (2) The Wat-la-la tribe ranged from Hood River to the the mouth of Rogue River. Their ter- Cascades. ned the Cha-sta-cos-ta. (3) The Cath-la-heck-it lived at the Cascades. ~-me-tunne or Yah-shoots or "Joshua ,lo resided near Gold Beach.

A F_

54 J. NEILSON BARRY THE INDIANS OF 01

(4) The Sha-ha-la or Shah-ha-la ranged from the Cascades (b) The Cath-lah-com-up or C to the mouth of the Willamette, among whom were: posite Point of Rocks. (a) The Cath-lath-la-las, near Bonneville, Multnomah (c) The Kat-la-min-i-min or County. was opposite Scappoose. At (b) The Ne-er-cho-ki-oon or Ne-er-chee-ki-oo village captured deserters from Astoi near the Alderwood Country Club. At this village lived (C) On the main land, west side the "Friendly old Chief" so often mentioned in Van- (a) The Cath-la-com-a-tup or ( couver's Voyages. It was here that Clark lighted the was near Harborton. This port-fire, April 2, 1806. Multnomahh settlements. (5) From Oregon City to the mouth of the Willamette. (b) The Clan-in-na-tas or Clh (a) The Char-cowa lived on the west bank of the Wil- Point of Rocks. lamette River just above the falls. (c) The Ka-se-nois village was (b) The Clow-we-wal-la and near Scappoose. (c) The Cushooks or Cash-hooks were two settlements (7) The Cath-la-cum-ops (see aboi at the falls. bank of the Columbia from St. Helb (d) The Clack-a-ma or Klack-a-mat claimed the Clack- Columbia County. amas River and the west bank of the Willamette to its (8) From Prescott to Oak Point, no mouth. County. (e) The Ne-mal-quin-ner village near St. John's be- (a) The Skil-loot or Kre-luit or W longed to the Cush-hooks. ier. (6) The Wap-pa-to Indians was a name given to a num- (b) The Kat-la-gu-lak or Tle-gu- ber of tribes who lived on or near . Of Rainier. these the Mult-no-mahs were the most prominent. (c) The Teiakhochoe three miles , The Ne-cha-co-kee house, near Troutdale, was over (d) The Coo-ni-ac or Whill-wetz at two hundred feet in length. It belonged to the Wap-pa- The ferocious Clatskanies of the toes, or Cash-hooks, and was visited by Clark, April 3, the region below Oak Point. 1806. (9) In Clatsop County. (A) On Sauvie Island, the Columbia side. (a) The Cath-lam-et tribe claimed (a) The Mult-no-mah village, near Reeder Point. Tongue Point. (b) The Clah-na-quah or Clan-nah-queh, a Mult-no- (b) The Clat-sop tribe ranged fr( mah village near Willow Point. Point Adams, and along the coast (c) The Na-mo-it or Naw-moo-it village, near War- Their villages were: rior Rock, where Wyeth's Fort William was first (i) Kon-o-pe or Kon-a-pee near . established in 1834. (ii) Ne-a-coxy or Ne-ah-coxie, ni (B) On Sauvie Island, on Multnomah channel. (iii) Neah-keluk or Tia-k-elake, , (a) The Cath-la-nah-qui-ah or Gat-la-na-koa-iq, a (iv) Niakewankih or Neah-kowi Multnomah village near Burlington. Wyeth estab- the mouth of Ohanna Creek, sout lished Fort William at this place in 1835, but all the (v) Ne-ahk-stowt near Hammon( Indians of the village were then dead. (vi) Ne-co-tat or Go-taht, the o6 THE INDIANS OF OREGON NEILSON BARRY 55 or Cath-lit-cum-up was op- r Shah-ha-la ranged from the Cascades (b) The Cath-lah-com-up posite Point of Rocks. t Willamette, among whom were: h-la-las, near Bonneville, Multnomah (c) The Kat-la-min-i-min or Clam-nah-min-na-mun was opposite Scappoose. At this village Franchere 4o-ki-oon or Ne-er-chee-ki-oo village captured deserters from Astoria. Multnomah channel. )od Country Club. At this village lived (C) On the main land, west side of d Chief" so often mentioned in Van- (a) The Cath-la-com-a-tup or Cath-lah-com-mah-tups of the four s. It was here that Clark lighted the was near Harborton. This was one ', 1806. Multnomahh settlements. Clah-in-na-ta was near "ity to the mouth of the Willamette. (b) The Clan-in-na-tas or va lived on the west bank of the Wil- Point of Rocks. The Ka-se-nois village was supposed to have been Lst above the falls. (c) ^-wal-la and near Scappoose. (see above) claimed the west s or Cash-hooks were two settlements (7) The Cath-la-cum-ops bank of the Columbia from St. Helens to Deer Island, in ma or Klack-a-mat claimed the Clack- Columbia County. Point, near Quincy, Columbia the west bank of the Willamette to its (8) From Prescott to Oak County. quin-ner village near St. John's be- (a) The Skil-loot or Kre-luit or Wiltk-lil-luk near Rain- sh-hooks. ier. miles below Indians was a name given to a num- (b) The Kat-la-gu-lak or Tle-gu-lak two lived on or near Sauvie Island. Of Rainier. Point. mahs were the most prominent. (c) The Teiakhochoe three miles above Oak kee house, near Troutdale, was over (d) The Coo-ni-ac or Whill-wetz at Oak Point. n length. It belonged to the Wap-pa- The ferocious Clatskanies of the Athapascans infested s, and was visited by Clark, April 3, the region below Oak Point. (9) In Clatsop County. stand, the Columbia side. (a) The Cath-lam-et tribe claimed from Puget Sound to ,io-mah village, near Reeder Point. Tongue Point. na-quah or Clan-nah-queh, a Mult-no- (b) The Clat-sop tribe ranged from Tongue Point to to Tillamook Head. ear Willow Point. Point Adams, and along the coast o-it or Naw-moo-it village, near War- Their villages were: near Astoria. iere Wyeth's Fort William was first (i) Kon-o-pe or Kon-a-pee near Seaside. 1834. (ii) Ne-a-coxy or Ne-ah-coxie, Adams. stand, on Multnomah channel. (iii) Neah-keluk or Tia-k-elake, at Point -la-nah-qui-ah or Gat-la-na-koa-iq, a (iv) Niakewankih or Neah-kowin, or Wa-han-na, at Illage near Burlington. Wyeth estab- the mouth of Ohanna Creek, south of Point Adams. illiam at this place in 1835, but all the (v) Ne-ahk-stowt near Hammond, Clatsop County. village were then dead. (vi) Ne-co-tat or Go-taht, the old "Kloot-je" house,

'A 56 J. NEILSON BARRY THE INDIANS OF ORI

near the "Seaside House." The noted shell-heap was bands in the vicinity of Luckiamute at this place. one of the bands was named Mo-ha (vii) Ka-ta-ta's village, mentioned by Lee and Frost, (8) The San-ti-am or Tsan-halpam-; was at the site of Fort Stevens. Santiam River in Marion and Li Coboway or Comowool was a noted chief of the Clatsops. were four bands. THE KALAPOOIAN (9) The Ya-mel or Tcha-yamel-amin the Yamhill River in Yamhill Coun The Kal-a-poo-ian stock occupied the Willamette Valley (10) The Yon-kal-la lived on Elk and above Oregon City, and the Yon-kal-la division lived in the the Umpqua Valley, Douglas Count, Umpqua Valley in Douglas County. Various writers have mentioned a number of bands or settlements, which have not THE KUSAN been identified. The Ku-san or Coos lived in Coos C (1) The A-hant-chu-yuk or A-hand-shi-yuk-amin, also flatten their heads. There were four called Pudding River and Indians. They (1) On Coos Bay. lived in Clack-a-mas and Marion counties. (a) Mel-u-kitz on the north side of (2) The At-fal-a-ti or Twal-a-ty consisted of twenty-three (b) A-na-sitch or Hau-nay-setch bands. They occupied the Tualatin Valley in Washing- the bay. ton County and the adjacent region. (2) The "Lower" Coquilles. (3) The Cal-a-poo-ya or Kal-la-poo-yah ranged on the (a) Mul-luk at the site of Rando watershed between the Willamette Valley and the Ump- Coquille River. qua Valley, in Lane County. There were five bands. (b) Na-su-mi or Nas-ah-mah near (4) The Che-mek-et-as is supposed to have been a band The "Upper" Coquille Indians belo living around Salem, Marion County. can stock. (5) The Che-la-mela or La-malle or Long Tom Indians THE LUTUAMIAN lived on Long Tom Creek, in Lane County. There is much uncertainty in regard to the origin of the name The Lutuamian or Lutnami India Long Tom. Alexander Ross in Adventures mentions the County. Long-tongue-buff, page 236. The name Lap-tam-bif was (1) The Klam-ath or Klaw-mut call borne by Old Ben at the Grande Ronde reservation in ni or E-uks-kni. They consisted of i 1877. He came from the Mohawk River, Lane County. portant settlements on Upper Klama One of the bands of the Cal-a-poo-ias was called Tsank- and Williamson rivers. lightemifa. See valuable data by Lewis A. McArthur, (2) The Mo-doc or Mo-dock divisioy , Oregon Historical Quarterly, Klamath Lake into California. Ir volume XXVII p. 325, and by Leslie M. Scott in volume Kintpuash, or "Captain Jack," a wa XXIV, p. 264. which General Canby was assassinat (6) The Chep-en-a-fa or Chep-en-a-pho or Mary River settlements in Oregon, of which Yu-l Indians lived near Corvallis, Benton County. math Falls. (7) The Lak-mu-it or Luck-a-mi-ute consisted of eight J. NEILSON BARRY THE INDIANS OF OREGON 57 aside House." The noted shell-heap was bands in the vicinity of Luckiamute River, Polk County. one of the bands was named Mo-hawk. l's village, mentioned by Lee and Frost, (8) The San-ti-am or Tsan-halpam-amim lived along the te of Fort Stevens. Santiam River in Marion and Linn Counties. There )wool was a noted chief of the Clatsops. were four bands. THE KALAPOOIAN (9) The Ya-mel or Tcha-yamel-amim had six bands along the Yamhill River in Yamhill County. .n stock occupied the Willamette Valley (10) The Yon-kal-la lived on Elk and Calapooya creeks, in and the Yon-kal-la division lived in the the Umpqua Valley, Douglas County. Douglas County. Various writers have of bands or settlements, which have not THE KUSAN The Ku-san or Coos lived in Coos County. They did not ,hu-yuk or A-hand-shi-yuk-amin, also flatten their heads. There were four settlements: iver and French Prairie Indians. They (1) On Coos Bay. ias and Marion counties. (a) Mel-u-kitz on the north side of the bay. i or Twal-a-ty consisted of twenty-three (b) A-na-sitch or Hau-nay-setch on the south side of upied the Tualatin Valley in Washing- the bay. he adjacent region. (2) The "Lower" Coquilles. )-ya or Kal-la-poo-yah ranged on the (a) Mul-luk at the site of Randolph, on the north of !n the Willamette Valley and the Ump- Coquille River. ne County. There were five bands. (b) Na-su-mi or Nas-ah-mah near Bandon. *et-as is supposed to have been a band The "Upper" Coquille Indians belonged to the Athapas- Dm, Marion County. can stock. ela or La-malle or Long Tom Indians THE LUTUAMIAN Dm Creek, in Lane County. There is , in regard to the origin of the name The Lutuamian or Lutnami Indians occupied Klamath ander Ross in Adventures mentions the County. , page 236. The name Lap-tam-bif was (1) The Klam-ath or Klaw-mut call themselves E-ukshik- n at the Grande Ronde reservation in ni or E-uks-kni. They consisted of eight bands, with im- Irom the Mohawk River, Lane County. portant settlements on Upper Klamath Lake, and Sprague of the Cal-a-poo-ias was called Tsank- and Williamson rivers. valuable data by Lewis A. McArthur, (2) The Mo-doc or Mo-dock division ranged from Little ic Names, Oregon Historical Quarterly, Klamath Lake into California. In 1873, under Chief 325, and by Leslie M. Scott in volume Kintpuash, or "Captain Jack," a war was fought during which General Canby was assassinated. They had twelve a-fa or Chep-en-a-pho or Mary River settlements in Oregon, of which Yu-la-lo-na was at Klam- r Corvallis, Benton County. math Falls. t or Luck-a-mi-ute consisted of eight

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58 J. NEILSON BARRY THE INDIANS OF ORE(

THE SALISHAN c) The Wi-am or Way-yam-pams The Sa-lish or Sae-lies of western Montana are com- (4) In Wasco County. monly called Flatheads. The term Sa-lish-an is applied to The Te-ni-no tribe, of which two bai the widely distributed tribes who spoke a similar language. (a) The Tyigh, or Tai-aq, band Those in Oregon were: White River. (1) In Tillamook County. (b) The Til-ku-ni, or Til-han-n( (a) The Til-la-mook or Kil-la-mouck who occupied the nitia. region about Tillamook River and Bay. (5) The Klick-i-tat, or Klick-a-tacks, (b) The Ne-ha-lem or Na-e-lum were a branch of the the Willamette Valley, and as far as Tillamooks who lived about Nehalem River. The name THE SHASTAN is said to be the term applied by the Chinooks for the The Shas-ta or Wai-ri-ka Indians v country of the Tillamooks. upper California, but extended into s (c) The Nes-tuc-ca or Nes-tack-ee lived around Nes- County, Oregon. They ranged on Jei tucca River. This name was that of the country. They Butte Creeks. called themselves Staga-ush or Tagahosh. They were a THE SHOSHONEAN branch of the Tillamooks. The Sho-sho-ne or Sho-sho-nee mdin (2) In Lincoln County. tribution in California, Nevada, Utah, The Si-letz or Sai-letc lived about the Siletz River. The ico, Texas, Wyoming and Idaho. TI name was subsequently applied to all the Indians on southeastern part of Oregon. the Siletz Reservation. (1) In Jefferson County. THE SHAHAPTIAN The To-wah-na-hi-ooks or Zwan-hi Des Chutes River. The Sha-hap-tian or Shy-to-gas were often called Nez (2) In Lake and Harney Counties. Perces. (a) The Yahuskin, on Goose, Silve (1) In Wal-low-a and Union Counties. ney lakes. The Wil-le-wah, Grande Ronde Indians and Joseph's (b) The Wal-pa-pi or Woll-pah-p band of Nez Perces. Chief Joseph fought a war in Silver, Warner and Harney lake; 1877. this tribe was killed in 1867. (2) Umatilla County. (c) The Tu-zi-yam-mos or O-cho-h (a) The U-ma-til-la or You-ma-tal-la lived on the Uma- Warner Lake. Their chief was H tilla and Columbia rivers. Chief Yeck-a-tap-am was (d) The Wah-tat-kin or Wah-tat-1 prominent in 1812. tain. (b) The Akaitchis lived on the Columbia. (e) The Lo-him or Low-him or Wi' (3) Along the Columbia. (f) The Ou-a-luck in Eureka Vall (a) The Tuk-push or John Day Indians, lived on the (g) The Hoo-ne-boo-ey or Hoo-ne-l lower John Day River. Mountains. (b) The Des Chutes or Falls Indians lived on the Des (h) The Togwingani on Malheur L Chutes. "Captain Egan," who was killed 1878. J. NEILSON BARRY THE INDIANS OF OREGON 59 THE SALISHAN c) The Wi-am or Way-yam-pams resided at Celilo. iae-lies of western Montana are com- (4) In Wasco County. ads. The term Sa-lish-an is applied to The Te-ni-no tribe, of which two bands were: id tribes who spoke a similar language. (a) The Tyigh, or Tai-aq, band on Tygh Creek and re: White River. ,ounty. (b) The Til-ku-ni, or Til-han-ne, band about Wapi- wok or Kil-la-mouck who occupied the nitia. lamook River and Bay. (5) The Klick-i-tat, or Klick-a-tacks, temporarily invaded em or Na-e-lum were a branch of the the Willamette Valley, and as far as Umpqua, about 1830. lived about Nehalem River. The name THE SHASTAN > term applied by the Chinooks for the The Shas-ta or Wai-ri-ka Indians were a small stock rillamooks. in upper California, but extended into southeastern Jackson -ca or Nes-tack-ee lived around Nes- County, Oregon. They ranged on Jenny, Bear and Little lis name was that of the country. They Butte Creeks. *s Staga-ush or Tagahosh. They were a THE SHOSHONEAN 'illamooks. The Sho-sho-ne or Sho-sho-nee Indians were vnty. of wide dis- tribution in California, Nevada, Utah, Colorado, New Mex- -letc lived about the Siletz River. The ico, Texas, Wyoming and Idaho. They ranged over the zquently applied to all the Indians on southeastern part of Oregon. vation. (1) In Jefferson County. THE SHAHAPTIAN The To-wah-na-hi-ooks or Zwan-hi-ooks, on the upper Des Chutes River. l or Shy-to-gas were often called Nez (2) In Lake and Harney Counties. (a) The Yahuskin, on Goose, Silver, Warner mnd Union Counties. and Har- ney lakes. Grande Ronde Indians and Joseph's (b) The Wal-pa-pi or Woll-pah-pe Snakes, on Goose, 3rces. Chief Joseph fought a war in Silver, Warner and Harney lakes. Chief Pauline of this tribe was killed in 1867. ty. (c) The Tu-zi-yam-mos or O-cho-ho tribe ranged about 1-la or You-ma-tal-la lived on the Uma- Warner Lake. Their chief was Ho-tcu or O-cho-ho. bia rivers. Chief Yeck-a-tap-am was (d) The Wah-tat-kin 312. or Wah-tat-kah. Locality uncer- tain. is lived on the Columbia. (e) The Lo-him or Low-him or Willow tmbia. Creek Indians. (f) The Ou-a-luck in Eureka Valley, southern Oregon. Ah or John Day Indians, lived on the (g) The Hoo-ne-boo-ey or Hoo-ne-boo-ley, south of Blue T River. Mountains. Lites or Falls Indians lived on the Des (h) The Togwingani on Malheur Lake. Their chief was "Captain Egan," who was killed during the war of 1878.

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Snakes, Sai-du-ka, or Said-yu-ka, and Aigspaluma were were three settlements. There are t, general terms for the Indians of this region, and not ent spellings of this name. the names of tribes. (3) In Malheur County. THE YAKONAN The Too-el-i-can, or Ban-nocks (See Bonneville, Chap. The Ya-kon-an Indians were the so 45). Sho-sho-ko, meaning the "walkers" was applied tives of the Chinookan type of culture, generally to the poorer Snakes who had no horses, but ent language. the name did not signify a tribe. (1) In Lincoln County. (4) In Baker County. (a) The Ya-quin-a or Yu-kwin-a oc( Possibly some Wi-hin-asht or We-hin-nas of the Boise lages, from Elk City on the Yaquina country may have lived along Snake River. and along the coast. THE TAKILMAN (b) The Al-se-a or Al-si-ya had twen river and along the coast. The Ya- The Ta-kil-man or Upper Rogue River Indians are Ya-chats River. grouped under two divisions: (2) In Lane County. (1) The Ta-kel-ma ranged in Josephine and Jackson The Si-u-slaw or Sa-you-slaw occupied counties from Illinois River to Table Rock, and on upper and lived on Siuslaw River and alon Cow Creek, in Douglas County. There were twenty- (3) In Douglas County. eight settlements. The Ku-itsh or Ku-itc or Lower Ur (2) The Lat-ga-wa, or Upper Ta-kel-ma, ranged eastward twenty-one villages. They lived alo from Table Rock, and extended to Jacksonville. the Umpqua River for thirty miles. In Josephine County there does not appear to have been the river was occupied by AthapascE any very definite line marking the range of the Takelma from territory occupied by Indians of the Athapascan stock. THE WAIILATPUAN The Wai-i-lat-pu-an or Wi-a-let-pun Indians were espe- cially identified with Washington, since Dr. Marcus Whit- man established his mission among them near Walla Walla, Wash., in 1836, and was killed in 1847. (1) The Cay-use or Kye-use was the name most commonly applied to the groups living in Washington, and to those who ranged along the headwaters of the Grande Ronde, Umatilla and Walla Walla rivers, in Union, Umatilla and Morrow counties. (2) The Mo-la-la or Mo-lal-la groups occupied the Molalla River Valley in Clackamas County, and ranged along the Cascades from Mount Hood to . There J. NEILSON BARRY THE INDIANS OF OREGON 61

*ka, or Said-yu-ka, and Aigspaluma were were three settlements. There are twenty-seven differ- s for the Indians of this region, and not ent spellings of this name. i tribes. ounty. THE YAKONAN or Ban-nocks (See Bonneville, Chap. The Ya-kon-an Indians were the southern representa- ko, meaning the "walkers" was applied tives of the Chinookan type of culture, but spoke a differ- e poorer Snakes who had no horses, but ent language. ot signify a tribe. (1) In Lincoln County. ,nty. (a) The Ya-quin-a or Yu-kwin-a occupied fifty-six vil- ri-hin-asht or We-hin-nas of the Boise lages, from Elk City on the Yaquina River to the ocean, ave lived along Snake River. and along the coast. THE TAKILMAN (b) The Al-se-a or Al-si-ya had twenty villages on Alsea river and along the coast. The Ya-hach band lived on L or Upper Rogue River Indians are Ya-chats River. divisions: (2) In Lane County. ia ranged in Josephine and Jackson The Si-u-slaw or Sa-you-slaw occupied thirty-four villages Inois River to Table Rock, and on upper and lived on Siuslaw River and along the coast. Douglas County. There were twenty- (3) In Douglas County. The Ku-itsh or Ku-itc or Lower Umpqua Indians had a, or Upper Ta-kel-ma, ranged eastward twenty-one villages. They lived along the coast and up I and extended to Jacksonville. the Umpqua River for thirty miles. The upper part of unty there does not appear to have been the river was occupied by Athapascan Indians. ine marking the range of the Takelma pied by Indians of the Athapascan stock. THE WAIILATPUAN 1-an or Wi-a-let-pun Indians were espe- th Washington, since Dr. Marcus Whit- mission among them near Walla Walla, Lwas killed in 1847. )r Kye-use was the name most commonly oups living in Washington, and to those g the headwaters of the Grande Ronde, lla Walla rivers, in Union, Umatilla and or Mo-lal-la groups occupied the Molalla ulackamas County, and ranged along the lount Hood to Mount Jefferson. There

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